India (Hindi: भारत Bhārat; see also other Indian languages), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, the most populous liberal democracy in the world.[disputed] Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi). It borders Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Indonesia in the Indian Ocean.
Home to the Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became a modern nation state in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread nonviolent resistance.
India is the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing power. Economic reforms have transformed it into the second fastest growing large economy; however, it still suffers from high levels of poverty, illiteracy, and malnutrition. A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
The name India (pronounced /ˈɪndiə/) is derived from Indus, which is derived from the Old Persian word Hindu, from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ινδοί), the people of the Indus. The Constitution of India and common usage in various Indian languages also recognise Bharat (pronunciation (help·info), /bʰɑːrət̪/) as an official name of equal status. Hindustan (/hin̪d̪ust̪ɑːn/ (info)), which is the Persian word for “Land of the Hindus” and historically referred to northern India, is also occasionally used as a synonym for all of India.
History
Stone Age rock shelters with paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to 3300 BCE in western India. It was followed by the Vedic period, which laid the foundations of Hinduism and other cultural aspects of early Indian society, and ended in the 500s BC. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the Mahajanapadas were established across the country.
Paintings at the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 6th century.In the third century BCE, most of South Asia was united into the Maurya Empire by Chandragupta Maurya and flourished under Ashoka the Great. From the third century CE, the Gupta dynasty oversaw the period referred to as ancient "India's Golden Age." Among the notable South Indian empires were the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Pallavas, Pandyas, and Cholas. Science, engineering, art, literature, astronomy, and philosophy flourished under the patronage of these kings.
Following invasions from Central Asia between the tenth and twelfth centuries, much of north India came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, and later the Mughal Empire. Mughal emperors gradually expanded their Kingdoms to cover large parts of the subcontinent. Nevertheless, several indigenous kingdoms, such as the Vijayanagara Empire, flourished, especially in the south. In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, the Mughal supremacy declined and the Maratha Empire became the dominant power. From the sixteenth century, several European countries, including Portugal, the Netherlands, France, and the United Kingdom, started arriving as traders and later took advantage of the fractious nature of relations between the kingdoms to establish colonies in the country. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the British East India Company. A year later, a nationwide insurrection of rebelling military units and kingdoms, variously referred to as the India's First War of Independence or Sepoy Mutiny, seriously challenged the British Company's control but eventually failed. As a consequence, India came under the direct rule of the British Crown as a colony of the British Empire.
Mahatma Gandhi (right) with Jawaharlal Nehru, 1937. Nehru would go on to become India's first prime minister in 1947.During the first half of the twentieth century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress and other political organizations. In the 1920s and 1930, a movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, and displaying commitment to ahimsa, or non-violence, millions of protesters engaged in mass campaigns of civil disobedience. Finally, on 15 August 1947, India gained independence from British rule, but was partitioned with independent governments for the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan in accordance to wishes of the Muslim League, along the lines of religion to create the Islamic nation state of Pakistan. Three years later, on 26 January 1950, India became a republic and a new constitution came into effect.
Since independence, India has suffered from religious violence, casteism and insurgencies in various parts, but has been able to control them through tolerance and constitutional reforms. Terrorism in India is also a major security problem, especially in Jammu and Kashmir, North-east India and recently in major cities like Delhi and Mumbai, 2001 Indian Parliament attack being the most prominent one. India has unresolved territorial disputes with China, which in 1962 escalated into the Sino-Indian War; and with Pakistan, which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999. India is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations (as part of British India). In 1974, India conducted an underground nuclear test. This was followed by five more tests in 1998, making India a nuclear state. Beginning in 1991, significant economic reforms have transformed India into one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, adding to its global and regional clout.
Government
National Symbols of India
Flag Tricolour
Emblem Sarnath Lion Capital
Anthem Jana Gana Mana
Song Vandē Mātaram
Animal Royal Bengal Tiger
Bird Indian Peafowl
Flower Lotus
Tree Banyan
Fruit Mango
Sport Field hockey
Calendar Saka
The Constitution of India, the longest and the most exhaustive constitution of any independent nation in the world, came into force on January 26, 1950. The preamble of the constitution defines India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India has a quasi-federal form of government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.
The President of India is the official head of state elected indirectly by an electoral college for a five-year term. The Prime Minister is, however, the de facto head of government and exercises most executive powers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and, by convention, is the candidate supported by the party or political alliance holding the majority of seats in the lower house of Parliament.
The legislature of India is the bicameral Parliament, which consists of the upper house called the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the lower house called the Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha, a permanent body, has 245 members serving staggered six year terms. Most are elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the state's population. The 543 of the Lok Sabha's 545 members are directly elected by popular vote to represent individual constituencies for five year terms. The other two members are nominated by the President from the Anglo-Indian community if, in his opinion, the community is not adequately represented.
The executive branch consists of the President, Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet being its executive committee) headed by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature, with the Prime Minister and his Council being directly responsible to the lower house of the parliament.
India has a unitary three-tier judiciary, consisting of the Supreme Court, headed by the Chief Justice of India, twenty-one High Courts, and a large number of trial courts. The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction over cases involving fundamental rights and over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the High Courts. It is judicially independent, and has the power to declare the law and to strike down union or state laws which contravene the Constitution. The role as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution is one of the most important functions of the Supreme Court.
Politics
The North Block, in New Delhi, houses key government offices.India, at the federal level, is the most populous democracy in the world. For most of its democratic history, the federal government has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC). State politics have been dominated by several national parties including the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)), and various regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election owing to public discontent with the "Emergency" declared by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National Front coalition in alliance with the Left Front coalition won the elections but managed to stay in power for only two years.
The years 1996–1998 were a period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several regional parties and became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term. In the 2004 Indian elections, the INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various left-leaning parties and members opposed to the BJP.
Foreign relations and military
The Sukhoi-30 MKI is part of the Indian Air Force.Since its independence in 1947, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a leading role in the 1950s by advocating the independence of European colonies in Africa and Asia. India is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. After the Sino-Indian War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, India's relationship with the Soviet Union warmed at the expense of ties with the United States and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has fought four wars with Pakistan, primarily over Kashmir. India also fought and won an additional war with Pakistan for the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971.
In recent years, relations between the United States and India, have improved. Shown here are PM Manmohan Singh and President George W. Bush exchanging handshakes in March, 2006.In recent years, India has played an influential role in the ASEAN, SAARC, and the WTO. India is a founding member and long time supporter of the United Nations, with over 55,000 Indian military and police personnel having served in thirty-five UN peace keeping operations deployed across four continents. Despite criticism and military sanctions, India has consistently refused to sign the CTBT and the NPT, preferring instead to maintain sovereignty over its nuclear program. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with the United States, China, and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations in South America, Asia, and Africa.
India maintains the third largest military force in the world, which consists of the Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force. Auxiliary forces such as the Paramilitary Forces, the Coast Guard, and the Strategic Forces Command also come under the military's purview. The President of India is the supreme commander of the Indian armed forces. India became a nuclear power in 1974 after conducting an initial nuclear test, Operation Smiling Buddha. Further underground testing in 1998 led to international military sanctions against India, which were gradually withdrawn after September 2001. India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and has a "strong nuclear non-proliferation record" according to the White House, despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
Subdivisions
India is a federal republic of twenty-eight states and seven Union Territories. All states, the union territory of Puducherry, and the National Capital Territory of Delhi have elected governments. The other five union territories have centrally appointed administrators and hence are under direct rule of the President. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis. Since then, this structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is divided into basic units of government and administration called districts. There are nearly 600 districts in India. The districts in turn are further divided into tehsils and eventually into villages.
Administrative divisions of India, including 28 states and 7 union territories.States:
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orissa
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Union Territories:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
National Capital Territory of Delhi
Puducherry
Major Cities: Mumbai • Delhi • Bangalore • Kolkata • Chennai • Ahmedabad • Hyderabad • (others)
Geography
Topographic map of India.India, the major portion of the Indian subcontinent, sits atop the Indian tectonic plate, a minor plate within the Indo-Australian Plate.
India's defining geological processes commenced seventy-five million years ago, when the Indian subcontinent, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, began a northeastwards drift—lasting fifty million years—across the then unformed Indian Ocean. The subcontinent's subsequent collision with the Eurasian Plate and subduction under it, gave rise to the Himalayas, the planet's highest mountains, which now abut India in the north and the north-east. In the former seabed immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast through, which, having gradually been filled with river-borne sediment, now forms the Indo-Gangetic Plain. To the west of this plain, and cut off from it by the Aravalli Range, lies the Thar Desert. The original Indian plate now survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India, and extending as far north as the Satpura and Vindhya ranges in central India. These parallel ranges run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand in the east. To their south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau, is flanked on the left and right by the coastal ranges, Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats respectively; the plateau contains the oldest rock formations in India, some over one billion years old. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6°44' and 35°30' north latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' east longitude.
India's coast is 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi) long; of this distance, 5,423 kilometers (3,370 mi) belong to peninsular India, and 2,094 kilometers (1,301 mi) to the Andaman, Nicobar, and Lakshadweep Islands. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coast consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches, 11% rocky coast including cliffs, and 46% mudflats or marshy coast.
Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal. Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna and the Kosi, whose extremely low gradient causes disastrous floods every year. Major peninsular rivers whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding include the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Kaveri, and the Krishna, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal; and the Narmada and the Tapti, which drain into the Arabian Sea. Among notable coastal features of India are the marshy Rann of Kutch in western India, and the alluvial Sundarbans delta, which India shares with Bangladesh. India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India's south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea.
India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoons. The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden southwest summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India's rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.
Flora and fauna
The Indian peacock is India's national bird.India, which lies within the Indomalaya ecozone, displays significant biodiversity. One of eighteen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian, 11.7% of all fish, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species. Many ecoregions, such as the shola forests, exhibit extremely high rates of endemism; overall, 33% of Indian plant species are endemic. India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; the teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain. Important Indian trees include the medicinal neem, widely used in rural Indian herbal remedies. The pipal fig tree, shown on the seals of Mohenjo-daro, shaded Gautama Buddha as he sought enlightenment.
Many Indian species are descendants of taxa originating in Gondwana, to which India originally belonged. Peninsular India's subsequent movement towards, and collision with, the Laurasian landmass set off a mass exchange of species. However, volcanism and climatic changes 20 million years ago caused the extinction of many endemic Indian forms. Soon thereafter, mammals entered India from Asia through two zoogeographical passes on either side of the emerging Himalaya. Consequently, among Indian species, only 12.6% of mammals and 4.5% of birds are endemic, contrasting with 45.8% of reptiles and 55.8% of amphibians. Notable endemics are the Nilgiri leaf monkey and the brown and carmine Beddome's toad of the Western Ghats. India contains 172, or 2.9%, of IUCN-designated threatened species. These include the Asiatic Lion, the Bengal Tiger, and the Indian white-rumped vulture, which suffered a near-extinction from ingesting the carrion of diclofenac-treated cattle.
In recent decades, human encroachment has posed a threat to India's wildlife; in response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was substantially expanded. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial habitat; in addition, the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980. Along with more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries, India hosts thirteen biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; twenty-five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention.
Economy
The Bombay Stock Exchange, in Mumbai, is Asia's oldest and India's largest stock exchange.For most of its post-independence history, India adhered to a quasi-socialist approach with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. However, since 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms and reduced government controls on foreign trade and investment. Foreign exchange reserves have risen from US$5.8 billion in March 1991 to US$300 billion in March, 2008, while federal and state budget deficits have decreased. Privatization of publicly-owned companies and the opening of certain sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate. With a GDP growth rate of 9.4% in 2006-07, the economy is among the fastest growing in the world. India's GDP in terms of USD exchange-rate is US$1.089 trillion. When measured in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP), India has the world's fourth largest GDP at US$4.726 trillion. India's per capita income (nominal) is US$977, while its per capita (PPP) is US$2700.
India has the world's second largest labour force, with 516.3 million people, 60% of whom are employed in agriculture and related industries; 28% in services and related industries; and 12% in industry. Major agricultural crops include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes. The agricultural sector accounts for 28% of GDP; the service and industrial sectors make up 54% and 18% respectively. Major industries include automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer electronics, food processing, machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel, transportation equipment, and textiles. Along with India’s fast economic growth comes its growing demand for energy. According to the Energy Information Administration, India is the sixth largest consumer of oil and third largest consumer of coal.
Although the Indian economy has grown steadily over the last two decades; its growth has been uneven when comparing different social groups, economic groups, geographic regions, and rural and urban areas. Income inequality in India is relatively small (Gini coefficient: 36.8 in year 2004), though it has been increasing of late. Wealth distribution in India is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups earning 33% of the income. Despite significant economic progress, a quarter of the nation's population earns less than the government-specified poverty threshold of $0.40 per day. In 2004–2005, 27.5% of the population was living below the poverty line.
More recently, India has capitalised on its large pool of educated, English-speaking people, and trained professionals to become an important outsourcing destination for multinational corporations and a popular destination for medical tourism. India has also become a major exporter of software as well as financial, research, and technological services. Its natural resources include arable land, bauxite, chromite, coal, diamonds, iron ore, limestone, manganese, mica, natural gas, petroleum, and titanium ore.
In 2007, estimated exports stood at US$140 billion and imports were around US$224.9 billion. Textiles, jewellery, engineering goods and software are major export commodities. While crude oil, machineries, fertilizers, and chemicals are major imports. India's most important trading partners are the United States, the European Union, and China.
Demographics
Population density map of India.With an estimated population of 1.13 billion, India is the world's second most populous country. Almost 70% of Indians reside in rural areas, although in recent decades migration to larger cities has led to a dramatic increase in the country's urban population. India's largest cities are Mumbai (formerly Bombay), Delhi, Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), Chennai (formerly Madras), Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore), Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.
India is the second most culturally, linguistically and genetically diverse geographical entity after the African continent. India is home to two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman linguistic families. Hindi, with the largest number of speakers, is the official language of the union. English, which is extensively used in business and administration, has the status of a 'subsidiary official language.' The constitution also recognises in particular 21 other languages that are either abundantly spoken or have classical status. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.
Over 800 million Indians (80.5%) are Hindu. Other religious groups include Muslims (13.4%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%), Jains (0.4%), Jews, Zoroastrians, Bahá'ís and others. Tribals constitute 8.1% of the population.
India's literacy rate is 64.8% (53.7% for females and 75.3% for males). The state of Kerala has the highest literacy rate (91%); Bihar has the lowest (47%). The national human sex ratio is 944 females per 1,000 males. India's median age is 24.9, and the population growth rate of 1.38% per annum; there are 22.01 births per 1,000 people per year.
Cities by population Rank Core City State Pop. Rank Core City State Pop.
The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Shah Jahan as memorial to wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding universal value".India's culture is marked by a high degree of syncretism and cultural pluralism. It has managed to preserve established traditions while absorbing new customs, traditions, and ideas from invaders and immigrants.
Multicultural concerns have long informed India’s history and traditions, constitution and political arrangements.
Indian architecture is one area that represents the diversity of Indian culture. Much of it, including notable monuments such as the Taj Mahal and other examples of Mughal architecture and South Indian architecture, comprises a blend of ancient and varied local traditions from several parts of the country and abroad. Vernacular architecture also displays notable regional variation.
Indian music covers a wide range of traditions and regional styles. Classical music largely encompasses the two genres - North Indian Hindustani, South Indian Carnatic traditions and their various offshoots in the form of regional folk music. Highly regionalised forms of popular music include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the bauls is a well-known form of the latter.
Indian dance too has diverse folk and classical forms. Among the well-known folk dances are the bhangra of the Punjab, the bihu of Assam, the chhau of Bihar and Orissa and the ghoomar of Rajasthan. Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama. These are: bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, kathakali and mohiniyattam of Kerala, kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, manipuri of Manipur, odissi of the state of Orissa and the sattriya of Assam.
Theatre in India often incorporates music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue. Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances, and news of social and political events, Indian theatre includes the bhavai of state of Gujarat, the jatra of West Bengal, the nautanki and ramlila of North India, the tamasha of Maharashtra, the terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu, and the yakshagana of Karnataka.
Scene from Kalidasa's The Recognition of Śakuntalā as painted by Raja Ravi Varma.The Indian film industry is the largest in the world. Bollywood, based in Mumbai, makes commercial Hindi films and is the most prolific film industry in the world. Established traditions also exist in Bengali, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, and Telugu language cinemas.
The earliest works of Indian literature were transmitted orally and only later written down. These included works of Sanskrit literature – such as the early Vedas, the epics Mahābhārata and Ramayana, the drama Abhijñānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā), and poetry such as the Mahākāvya – and the Tamil language Sangam literature. Among Indian writers of the modern era active in Indian languages or English, Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize in 1913.
Indian cuisine is characterized by a wide variety of regional styles and sophisticated use of herbs and spices. The staple foods in the region are rice (especially in the south and the east) and wheat (predominantly in the north). Spices originally native to the Indian subcontinent that are now consumed world wide include black pepper; in contrast, hot chili peppers, popular across India, were introduced by the Portuguese.
Traditional Indian dress varies across the regions in its colours and styles and depends on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men; in addition, stitched clothes such as salwar kameez for women and kurta-pyjama and European-style trousers and shirts for men, are also popular.
Many Indian festivals are religious in origin, although several are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. Some popular festivals are Diwali, Thai Pongal, Holi, Onam, Vijayadashami, Durga Puja, Eid ul-Fitr, Bakr-Id, Christmas, Buddha Jayanti and Vaisakhi. India has three national holidays. Other sets of holidays, varying between nine and twelve, are officially observed in individual states. Religious practices are an integral part of everyday life and are a very public affair.
Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, although urban families now prefer the nuclear family structure due to the socio-economic constraints imposed by traditional joint family system.
Sports
India's national sport is field hockey although cricket is the most popular sport in India. In some states, particularly those in the northeast and the states of West Bengal, Goa, and Kerala, football (soccer) is also a popular sport. In recent times, tennis has also gained popularity. Chess, commonly held to have originated in India, is also gaining popularity with the rise in the number of Indian grandmasters. Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played nationwide. India is also home to the ancient martial arts, Kalarippayattu and Varma Kalai.
South Asian countries. China's south-west neighbors. Area of 297 47 million square kilometers. Population 9 38 billion (1995), ranking second in the world. New Delhi. Northwest Mountain Terrain, constant River Indus Plain, Deccan Plateau of three parts. Most of the tropical monsoon climate. Industry has become a more complete system. Agriculture as an economic sector. Main crops include rice, wheat, cotton, jute, peanuts, sugar cane and tea, production tops in the world.
Translated by Google
yìn dù
Countries in the South Asian subcontinent, and China, Myanmar, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and other countries bordering on the east Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, west, south and Sri Lanka, the Maldives across the sea, an area of 2,974,000 square kilometers, population of 730 million, the capital of New Delhi. Originally known as "Tianzhu"
Translated by Google
一白酋督印度卒
一白酋督印度卒
Death of a White Emirates Governor of India. - Qing Xu Ke "clean barnyard class notes class war"
Translated by Google
Travel
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
印度 旅游
Best time to travel in India: India is a typical tropical monsoon climate, the weather in most areas can be divided into cold season, hot season and rainy season retreat, there are mountains, subtropical grasslands, deserts, tropical rain forests and other climate. Vary widely around the average annual precipitation, roughly 2000-4000 mm. In addition to regular winter snow outside the northern mountain region, the climate mild and pleasant cool. Coldest in January, the average temperature of the North 15 ℃, but in the mountains, western Rajasthan and southern Punjab minimum temperature up to minus 2.5 ℃; southern average temperature is as high as 27 ℃, dry climate, the best tourist season in India . Summer started from March, when rainfall was low, the weather was dry and hot, temperatures can reach most parts of above 40 ℃, the Ganges River in central to 43 ℃, in some parts of the South Deccan Plateau up to 49 ℃, southwest of the coastal plain in the 29-32 ℃. Generally every year in October to next March is the best tourist season in India. The rainy season starting from June until early 9,10 months, around the sudden increase in annual precipitation, from a few hundred mm to 4,000 mm in the monsoon retreat. December, the majority of dry and sunny area, just southeast coastal areas frequently affected by tropical storms, vulnerability to water Folk Festivals of India: the numerous holidays in India, but local conditions vary. A nationwide, there are regional, there is political, there are folk in nature, but more of a religious nature, rich in ethnic color. National holiday New Year's Day January 1 National Day January 26 Independence Day August 15 Gandhi's death anniversary on January 30 Religious festivals Hindu Festival of Lights on October -11 Hindu Festival in September -10 January Tokachi In addition to ten Hindu dated May -6 Islamic Eid al-Fitr in February Islamic Eid al-Adha in April Christian Easter in April Christian Christmas December 25 Sikh Nanak's Birthday Festival in November Jain Maha Vastu section once every 15 years, 3 held India reminded: religion According to Hindu custom, the widow is not allowed to point auspicious mole, because the person they are ominous. Jinmiao shoes that no one must abide by the rules. India's many temples, although the canons of various religions are different, Jinmiao take off your shoes is exactly the same rules. Whether you are a rich, or ordinary civilians, in the presence of God are equal. In the time of entering the temple, we must take off their shoes, it is said that respect for God. So many Indians often wear slippers is justified only refer to the various temples in front, as long as the place to find a lost slipper on the line. For the ladies, visited the temple, it is best not wear stockings. The Indian temple, mostly sand, stone pavement, as long as half an hour onto the socks will surely be broken. Hindu temple entrance, people often look at the shoes, visitors can make him keep the shoes, went out and then back, generally not a problem, remember to give a few rupees to see shoes, tip the person because they are in order to to make a living. Power Standard AC voltage of 220 volts, 50 Hz power frequency. Two holes are mostly round plug sockets, domestic common flat plug does not directly into, preferably with a conversion plug. Working Hours India, 5 days per week work system implementation. ─ office hours the week to Friday, generally, the banks closed Saturday. Government agencies daily office hours 9:00 am-13:00; 14:00-17:30 Office hours 9:00 am daily business sector-13: 00; 14:00-17:00 With government officials and business people usually choose a date later in the morning or afternoon. It is customary in India to wait. When visiting the company must make an appointment well before, but arrived on time, it often has to wait, time do not have to look very serious. Currency Allowed to bring into or out of Indian currency. Unlimited amount of foreign immigrants, but the time must be accurately reported in the entry. Out, the amount shall not exceed the entry number when reporting. National Bank of foreign currency must be converted into Indian currency, the conversion must have a receipt, the unspent Indian currency convertible into foreign currency before leaving the country must present a valid receipt. All foreign visitors must pay the hotel bills in foreign currency. Tip Hotel to plus 10% service charge, it is not an extra tip, if the higher class hotels have to 7% of the luxury tax. Commissioned at the airport or station luggage, each piece should be the counter to pay 1 rupee tip, do not have to pay attendant. Taxi fare is usually 10% more, but not required. Diet Best not to drink untreated water directly to the hotel room with the water bottle, often after drinking should not meet, and a sense of physical discomfort or diarrhea, ice, too, should be avoided for drinking. Is best to buy bottled drinking water, mineral water, at the hotel or the general market may be purchased. India generally prohibit public drinking, but in the hotel or other private places no such restriction, except in the market can be bought outside dryday whiskey and beer. Beer can still be printed, but the whiskey is of poor quality, within the tax-free, as possible to bring from abroad into. Communications China Mobile's cellular mobile telephone (gms) can be used in India, but in some small areas may not have signal, such as Khajuraho, Agra. However, India is filled everywhere by the std / isd / fax marked cabin, can provide communication services. Photography Castles, tombs and other places to receive tickets to pay additional camera is needed. The most stringent is the Taj Mahal, even if the additional costs paid, to use the camera is also very limited areas, the main building from the Taj Mahal is still a long distance. In addition, the need to pay attention to the Red Fort in Delhi, Agra Taj Mahal, Khajuraho temples are not using a tripod. Given this situation, a substitute for a tripod (like bean bags) may be very useful. Red Fort in Delhi, using a digital camera to an additional payment of fees. Some can not take pictures in places such as the Ganges in Varanasi shore terminal Palace (ghat), there are two is used to burned his body, that burningghat. This is not allowed to take pictures. If the boat on the river, you can take on far few, but so close, the owner will ask you to put away the camera. India's public toilets: Difficult to find public toilets in India, according to local custom, as long as the place is the toilet wall. Even in the crowded streets of varanasi, _set_ to no public toilets in the door. Proposal can go to McDonald's. There was a convenient and clean the toilets. Indian cuisine: Indian staple food is rice and pasta. Northern wheat, corn, beans, etc, the eastern and southern coastal areas to the majority of rice, millet and grains in central Deccan Plateau Zeyi based. The different religious taboos because some can not eat meat in India, gradually evolved into a mainly vegetarian diet system. Indians do not eat outside in addition to beef, chicken and lamb are the main food, the cow is worshiped as a god in India. Beverages, India has a very broad popular tea, called chai. Because it is hot, especially for cold and wet in the morning, drink, feel good. Rashid (lassi) is a kind of yogurt, divided into ordinary yogurt, fruit yogurt (banana, mango, etc.). Recommends tourists yogurt, or even discomfort in the stomach can drink. Alcoholic beverages in India are not readily available. Although India has breweries also have their own whiskey, but in general stores and restaurants can not buy beer, the owner may be worried about people of different taboo taboo. Usually in a restaurant frequented by tourists, can ask for, the restaurant will go out to buy the back, beer is more expensive, the most common brand of kingfisher, need 80 rupees a bottle. Overall, Indian food is characterized by a large majority of mushy vegetables, but also to a variety of colors, so often yellow soup, green paste, red mud. If there is no period of adaptation, it is very difficult habit. In addition, both in the home or restaurant, the Indians believe that the best drink untreated water (it would be best to boil), there is always a cup of cold water on the table. Health situation in India is not a good diet, most tourists come here to have symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort. Therefore, since the constitution of different individuals, attention to food hygiene is essential. The main thing the Indian food list: dal: One of the main vegetarian dishes, consists of several soybean mixed spices, brewed from a long time. tandoori: Indian-style baking. lassi: Indian yogurt. Indian dessert: sweet fragrant slippery, well worth tasting. chutney: India's small dip, slightly acidic flavor in a little mint. Recommended restaurants: bukhara: mauryasheratonhotel & towers, newdelhi Characteristics: 14 hours after a barbecue and a dal brewed known. Tel: 26112233 chorbazaar Characteristics: kashmir areas northern India and the Ministry of main dishes, the restaurant decoration and unique style, all the used car markets to the classic cars, antique beds, antique furniture, as decoration, the restaurant smelled incense in India. lmb (laxmimishthanbhanbar) Features: jaipur the century-old, where nana particularly fresh, mainly vegetarian, but also supply of Chinese food. India Shopping: Kit Po (jaipur) the whole of India's most famous shopping malls, and known around the world pinkcity par. Cold Mountain from Kashmir made of cashmere wool shawl, a variety of design and delicate, exquisite handmade jewelry and silver jewelry, precious stones, silk carpet, style of thousands of the sari, to the mirror-studded linen table cloth, where are readily available. In London to sell a thousand dollars in clean cashmere shawl Po as long as two or three hundred. In addition, various arts and crafts style of the representatives of India. Jewelry variety, attractive prices attract the visitors. Ivory or sandalwood carved wooden elephant, and the fine work of inlaid wood surface, are very memorable items. Brass, copper and bronze objects, one by one with great care, provide visitors a wide range of choice. Fine marble carvings, exquisite design, a long history, has a very high appreciation value. Different categories of leather products, clothing and shoes, everything. If you want to buy expensive specialty, may wish to buy the same piece of work with the Taj Mahal's marble countertops. 25-year run to national construction costs from one of the world's seven wonders of the white marble used in the Taj Mahal is India's specialty, can be used as desktop or wall decoration, can also be used for the desktop. If the following square with round or square pillar and support of the closure, and then hidden inside a light source, close the room lights, the light will be revealed through the granite countertops to. The entire table as luminous pearl, the interior decoration of the best. Finally, to remind you, shopping the most important thing is to shop around, and then remember to bargain. In addition to state-run shops, restaurants, shops and bookstores, the other all you can bargain shop, but the bigger the better Kanjia range. India Transportation: India's road, rail traffic is developed, in developing countries could perhaps be considered among the best. Major sub-state highway roads, state highways and border road level three, the small medium and large cities across the country as a single entity, forming a huge road network. India's air routes are also connected on five continents, is the forefront in developing countries. Train The basis of a good railway network in India, are also common, long ago reached 64,000 kilometers, China's total railway mileage than long. Comparison of available infrastructure, building the railway system better than the surrounding buildings, most of the red walls white window European architecture. However, the hardware facilities of the Indian railway system is not high, a lot of line switch is used in artificial and mechanical signals (Yang Qi). There are many grades trains, superfast, fast, express, passenger. Different level of fare different from the old body is different. In principle, _select_ trips to time priority, but should try to avoid passenger, this crowded and slow P-off, car is very old. Within the station's waiting room classification by ticket, dining room, and women-only waiting room (lady'swaitingroom). The waiting room there are toilets and shower room. While the sea of people inside and outside the station, but the classification of the waiting room is very quiet, people are consciously abide by the classification system. Tickets can also be divided into many levels. There 2ndclasschair (hard seat); 2ndclasssleeper (hard); 2nda / c (air conditioning hard), and 1sta / c (air soft) and so on. 2ndclasssleeper more economical, since not equipped with bedding, comfort is poor, especially the intolerable cold winter night, the majority of domestic passenger travel in India. Air-conditioned comfort of a good car, the price may be 2ndclasssleeper 2-3 times, drinks and meals on board, usually wealthy individuals in India and foreign tourists to ride. Train ticket into the ticket office (bookingoffice) and pre-sale at (reservationoffice), some of the major stations (such as New Delhi) have specialized foreign box office (internationaltouristbureau), but some internationaltouristbureau no ticket, just to provide advice and rest, buy Tickets to reservationoffice, such as coke Trump. Some foreigners station ticket window, such as Varanasi. Foreigners buying in ticket office or window, to avoid the congestion of ordinary window, but the swap to pay or provide proof of U.S. dollars. Train travel in the barrier city, such as Khajuraho, a network of ticket reservation office. Many hotels offer ticket purchasing services, general admission fee of 50 rupees / Zhang. The train should pay attention to care of their luggage, people with a chain lock luggage in the car. Particular attention to the shoes, although many Indians do not wear shoes or slippers, but your sneakers or hiking shoes, or likely to become prey. So after falling asleep at night, take good care of his shoes. Coach India's road traffic than the poor, particularly across the occasion of the state road, so cars should be the means of train traffic aids. Only barrier to the train, such as Khajuraho, then consider traveling by car. But the trains are late, must be psychologically prepared. In addition, some look very luxurious tourist bus, passenger car is actually relatively old. Long-distance cars condemnation, usually start on time, and some cities only one bus a day, so be sure to know in advance the departure time, hotels are usually very willing to provide this information. Even if the adjacent cities of the coach, at least 5-6 hours driving time, so often over a meal time. Drivers usually large town a little pause, a small roadside food stalls, and if worried about health status, can prepare some food. Bus In the cities, most people travel is dependent on the bus. India's bus has a very interesting phenomenon, that is, the door is not shut, as long as the speed slow down, up and down passengers at any time. Even the station, the bus only slowed down the speed often, passengers are often in the car sliding on and off. In case of too many passengers, no less than crowded inside, people will climb up the roof. Trains, buses can be manned on the roof, which is a common phenomenon in India. Motorized three / Human rounds / taxi The three vehicles, the body is marked with the word taxi. Cities have taxis, the only motorized small cities (autorickshaw) or human (cyclerickshaw) tricycle. These are the main transport chamber. In addition, in New Delhi also has carriage. Tricycle fare to bargain asking price will be higher, you can first person to inquire about the hotel generally costs, make counter-offer preparation. When the time of intense competition, some may be open driver price is also lower than normal prices, but to a destination, to charge you regular price, generally will not ask for out of regular prices. Pedicab driver station may be introduced as you hotels, inns, etc., but absolutely can not listen to their words. Sometimes too hard bargain fares, they will take you shopping the way, want you to buy things, pick up from kickbacks. Accommodation in India: India's best reflect the rich and the poor housing and poor. In the cities, the rich zones on the blocks of unique style to the performance of private villas, the building's elegant, beautiful environment, no less than any developed residential area of decision. The slum is quite different, low and broken roof crowded, dirty streets of cross-flow, dust. Slightly under the rain, here is a piece of mud, could not find a place scraps. However, the number of residents in the affluent district is better than several times, even several times. In terms of tourists, backpackers hotel or inn frequented is their first choice. Tourist cities tend to have a region similar to the kind of hotel or inn more concentrated, each place can go to this region, relatively few after making a decision. Pedicab driver near the train station you may be introduced as a hotel or inn, do not believe in the words of pedicab driver, no matter how much hype they say, do not accept their description of the hotel. Although the hotel you have _select_ed may also rebate to the pedicab driver, but he introduced me to your hotel will no doubt be more. Many large hotels are equipped with sports facilities, a number of sports clubs receive temporary membership, such as the Delhi Golf Club, Mumbai's Arabian Sea Sports Centre. Zhu lake in northern Mumbai is also a good beach to go outside, but more tourists. Each November to March the following year, held in the Mahala Kashmir Jockey Club race track. Name Interpretation: named after the Indian River. River name comes from the Sanskrit "reliability", which means "River." Do not say: Borneo more Independence Day: August 15 (1947) National Day (Republic Day): January 26 (1950) National Anthem: "the people's will" National Flower: Lotus State bird: Blue Peacock State tree: linden Capital: New Delhi (newdelhi) Location: Located in the South Asian subcontinent, Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh are neighbors, near the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Area: the territory of the Indian government said it was 3,287,800 square kilometers. Indian area ranks seventh in the world. Population: 1,027,000,000 Nationalities: 11 ethnic groups in the country: Hindustan family; Bengali, Tailu solid family, Mala Ti group, Tamil, Gujarat race, Ka Nada family, 马拉雅拉姆 family, Ao Liya family, clan of Punjab, Sikh. Language: the language of India, complicated exceptions, the language of the Constitution recognizes 10 kinds of over 1,600 kinds of registration. With English and Hindi the official language of India. Religion: predominantly Hindu, Islamic, Christian, Sikh and so on. Time difference: 2 hours later than Beijing Time 30 minutes Currency: INR (rupee), 1 dollar equals 42 Indian rupees. Area Code: 354 India also known as "Borneo more" and "Indian" comes from the Sanskrit name (only the truth prevail), named after the Indian River. India is the world's second most populous country with a billion people and hundreds of languages. India is the world's four ancient civilizations, and "the Kingdom of the film" reputation, has created a splendid civilization Indus. Agriculture dominates the economy, the main crops are rice, wheat, cotton, jute, sugarcane and tea. Mainly the mining and textile industries, as well as iron and steel, power, petroleum, rubber, coal, matches and so on. As calculated by purchasing power, India is the world's fourth largest economy. Major cities New Delhi, Calcutta and the East Coast's largest port in Mumbai, India's largest textile center. Tourism projects in India can be broadly into three parts: first, the castle cemetery, the famous red Fort, Humayun Tomb, the Taj Mahal, representing the highest level of architectural art in India; and Gandhi, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in India, "Mahatma" Gandhi tomb, then you can pay tribute to what the ancient Buddhist holy shrines in India, along with other famous Rajgir, Nalanda Temple, the last of the tourism project is to visit the grotto temples in India, where the colorful Buddhist statue sculpture and painting, is the study of ancient India, the perfect place for arts and culture. History: India is the world's four ancient civilizations, around 2000 BC of Indian River created a splendid civilization. About the 14th century BC, the original Aryan people living in Central Asia the one into the South Asian subcontinent and conquered the local indigenous. About 1000 BC, began to form different ethnic and social division of labor based on caste system. The rise of the 4th century BC Mauryan start unified the Indian subcontinent, during the reign of the 3rd century BC Asoka vast territory, a strong regime, Buddhism flourished and began to spread. Small medieval buildings, the rise of Hinduism. Since the 11th century, from the northwest invaded the Muslim nation and has long been ruled India. Establishment of the Mughal Empire in 1526, became one of the world powers. 1600 British invasion, the establishment of the East India Company. In 1757, India and the UK Placido war broke out between India and gradually reduced due to defeat a British colony. In 1849, the British occupied the whole territory of India. 1857 outbreak of anti-British uprising the following year, direct rule of the British Government in India. June 1947, the British India into two dominions of India and Pakistan. 15 August the same year, India and Pakistan achieved independence after the partition. January 26, 1950, India announced the establishment of the Republic of India, but is still member of the Commonwealth. Customs: Hindu prevalence of "animism" nature worship. Devout Hindus have three cherished dream life: to worship Lord Shiva to the holy city, to wash the holy Ganges bath, drink holy water, buried in the Ganges. The cattle of God, its worship. Economy: India is a large agricultural country, the main agricultural products are rice, wheat, milk, oil, sugar cane, tea, cotton and jute. National land area of about 1.6 million hectares, 0.17 hectares per capita. India is the world's largest dairy state, is the world's major cotton-producing countries and the tea country. Cattle, goats, sheep, water, number of cattle living in the world. India has mica, coal, iron, aluminum, chromium, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, phosphates, gold, oil and other rich resources, including production and reserves of mica in the world, ranking first in production of bauxite and coal production fifth in the world, mica, exports accounted for 60% of world exports. 53 million hectares of forest coverage was 16%. India's main industries include manufacturing, electricity, mining, textile, food, precision instrument, automobile manufacturing, software manufacturing, aviation and space industries. In recent years, the Indian government to implement comprehensive economic reform, economic development is impressive. India is currently in astrophysics, space technology, molecular biology, electronics and other high-tech fields have reached a considerable level. India's main export commodities include jewelry products, cotton yarn and cotton fabric, chemical products, machinery and metal products, petroleum products, leather, marine products, iron ore and other minerals. In addition, India's tourism and service industries are relatively developed, in a considerable proportion of the national economy. India's main tourist attractions are Agra, Delhi, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Nalanda, Mysore, Goa, Hyderabad, Terry Van Lang so special. Railway is India's largest state sector, is also the main means of transport, the total length of the ranking first in Asia and fourth in the world. In recent years, rapid development of road transport has been assumed 80% of passenger traffic and 60% of the cargo, the national daily average of over 60 million passenger trips, as one of the world's largest road network.
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Administrative Division
印度 行政区划
Country is divided into 28 states (Pradesh) and 7 union territories (union territory). State under the county, established under the Central Territory area. Please use your attention, India, the number of local governments at county level may increase individual. 1950. 1. 1: Cooch Bihar and 入西孟加拉 Province 1950. 1.24: Northern Province was renamed the United Provinces 1950. 1.26: Constitution came into force, India is divided into nine administrative provinces Class A, Class B 8 provinces, 10 provinces and 2 C Class D Class Territory; Changed its name to East Punjab Punjab (India); big change Rajasthan Rajasthan Province Territory 1950. 5. 2: Chandernagore owned by the French possessions in India changed 1950.12. 5: Sikkim became a protectorate of India Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India to become. 1951: Assam province Devant Geary Bhutan surrounding areas go through the agreement 1953.10. 7: move to the new capital of Punjab province city of Chandigarh 1953.10. 1: Andhra Province was established separate from the Madras province, as the A Class Province, Andhra Pradesh with Telugu. 1954: 比拉斯普尔 province into the province of Himachal 1954.10. 2: Chandernagore and 入西孟加拉 Province 1956: Hyderabad to move to the provincial capital of Hyderabad from Kurnool 1956. 5.28: France ceded to India, Pondicherry, a union territory 195.9. 1: Tripura Union Territory status to the province 1956.11. 1: Local Reorganization Act into effect, abolished the difference between ABC three provinces. Based on factors such as language and culture, the old 27 states and 14 provinces were reorganized into a number of UTs. Lakshadweep Islands from the mainland in the bill, an independent union territory. 1957.12. 1: Naga Hills-Tuensang UTs separation from Assam 1960.5. 1: "Bombay Reorganization Act," passed the state Mumbai (Bombay) to cancel, Gujarat and Maratha family of their own ethnic organizations in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Actual implementation may 1964. 1961. 8.11: Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and _set_ into the union territory of India. It is the former Portuguese colony independence in July 1954. 1961.12.19: Portugal is the formation of India into India, Goa - Daman - Diu union territory. 1963.12. 1: Naga Hills-Tuensang area more directly under the central Nagaland (have information that the establishment of Nagaland in 1962 alone) 1966.11. 1: According to the "Punjab Reorganization Act," the Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh union territory, the northern part of the region into Himachal Pradesh. Chandigarh, the capital of the state previously, after splitting the capital of two states in Chandigarh. Punjab Bang Xike all believers, Haryana Hindu followers. 1968.8: Madera Hobsbawm changed its name to Tammy Nadu. 1970: Ahmedabad, Gujarat, moved the capital from Gandhi Najia Er. 1971. 1.25: Himachal Pradesh, Union Territories Himachal Pradesh upgraded. 1972. 1.21: Analysis based Aru Assam UTs that Qiaer Bang (1954 located northeast border Affairs, announced that the sovereignty of China), Meghalaya and Mizoram, Union Territories. Assam, Shillong, the capital moved to Judith from Istanbul, Shillong is the capital of Meghalaya. Manipur, Tripura, Union Territories and Union Territories to the state the same name. (I said that the establishment of Tripura in 1969) 1972.12.17: India-Pakistan Simla negotiations and conducted large-scale assignment, the two sides agreed that the "ceasefire" was renamed "Line of Control." 1973.11. 1: Maisuo Pradesh to Karnataka. Lakedaifu - Mini Coy - Amin DeVito Islands, renamed Lakshadweep union territory UTs. 1975. 4.26: Strong and Sikkim as a protectorate of Sikkim. 1985. 7.24: Agreement by Punjab, Chandigarh union territory will eventually be incorporated into the Punjab. But has not yet implemented, is still debated. 1986.7: Mizoram UTs to Mizoram. 1987. 2.20: "Aru UTs that Qiaer Bang" to "Arusha that Qiaer Bang" (which most of the sovereignty of China announced that the door corner, Luo corner, under the Zayu area). 1987. 5.30: Goa - Daman - Diu union territory is divided into Goa and Daman - Diu union territory. 1996: Tammy Nadu capital, Madras was renamed Chennai; The spelling of the capital of Maharashtra by the Bombay to Mumbai Mumbai (Department of language may change.) Prior to this, the capital of Himachal Pradesh capital Shimla and the state of Kerala and Trivandrum has also changed the spelling. 1999. 7.20: West Bengal State Council decided to name more West Bengal, but only agreed to be implemented by the Indian Parliament. 2000.11. 1: check 蒂斯加尔邦 new, from the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh's 16 counties. 2000.11. 9: new Uttaranchal from Uttar Pradesh in 13 counties. India's 27 states. This is the temporary name of the temporary capital in Dehradun, the next controversy. 2000.11.15: Jharkhand new, composed of 18 counties from the southern state of Bihar. 2001.1. 1: West Bengal capital Kolkata, the spelling changed from the Calcutta Kolkata (suspect is language change) 2006. 9.20: Pondicherry union territory Pondicherry rewrite the name of the local language of Puducherry (Tamil "Metro" means.) 2007.1. 1: Uttaranchal renamed as Uttar La Nadu (Uttarakhand), the new name in Sanskrit is "Northern areas" means. Act in December last year confirmed.
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