[British cartoon] cartoon. Sha Ting "hedge mind" 25: "So, there are daily life of all people embarrassing program, are all carried out in front. And more children, poverty, quarrels, is the gray cartoon theme. And all Meng Yu is an important figure in the play. "
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No. 3
[British cartoon] cartoon.
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Cartoon History
Cartoons, the English "cartoon" the Chinese transliteration. The etymology of the word, there are two different versions: One is that it comes from the French in the "carton"; the other is that it originated in the Italian "cartone". The Dutch in the seventeenth century, the painter's pen the first time, with cartoon sketches alongside the means exaggerated. And the French Ohno Leidu Meander (1808-1879), represented by satire cartoonist, is the development of the political cartoon to the height of art. Today, the Western political cartoon is still an important part of popular culture. Development in the history of cartoon art, the British played a very important role. As we all know, the United Kingdom was the first establishment of a modern parliamentary democracy in the country, but also the first to enter one of the industrial revolution. The establishment of democracy, ensuring the freedom of speech and the press people for the development of cartoon art foundation of society; industrial revolution, led to the prosperity of newspaper publishing industry for the development of cartoon art to provide a material guarantee. Back in the late 17th century, the British press had already seen a lot of humorous cartoon like illustrations, but the lack of regular full-time painter and art style, it is also not real cartoons. As the newspaper publishing industry's prosperity, to the early 18th century, there has been full-time cartoonist, cartoon style of the British gradually shape. With the same humorous caricature of the European continent than in Britain more cartoons drawn on the social customs, known for subtle humor. This period, the more influential artists, including William Muhuo Gus cartoon (1697-1764), James Gill Ray (1757-1816) and Thomas Rowlandson (1756-1827). Among these, Hodges's representative of the "Prodigal Son" and "Ha Luote roaming mind," and so on, Rowlandson was mainly created the "Xintakesi doctor trip of a lifetime." It is worth mentioning that the works of Hodges, who is no longer the traditional single painting, but developed into an interrelated series of paintings, with a comic strip of the prototype. In 1841, the famous "clumsy" (Punch) Illustrated founded in London. The Humor of this well-known journals, in cartoon history of the development occupies a prominent position. In fact, it is this publication of the contributor, the famous painter John Ridge and editing marks the first time you used to humorous caricatures officially named "cartoon." At the same time, this publication is the traditional cartoon an important bridge for the transition to comic books. In the earlier "clumsy" pictorial, it has been a lot of serialized comic strip of the concept and similar works. And John Ridge drawn, "Mr Bu Ruike Adventure", but also with the composition of many comic elements. The late nineteenth century, color printing led to the emergence of a revolution in the publishing industry. Accordingly, the color comics began to appear in people's field of vision. In 1901, the famous publisher 哈姆士沃思, in the acquisition of several magazines, based on the establishment of a joint publishing company (referred to as "AP"), has published "elf", "blister", "Smile" "Rainbow," "Tiger Tim" magazine and "Jungle Carnival" and comic publications. Henderson, another publisher, but also launched the "fun" (1906), "Cartoon World" (1909), "Jing Si Bon" (1910) and "sparks" (1918) and other magazines. Others, such as "Terai Phillips and Huo Mushi," published by the "fireworks" and Pearson published "Transactions of the large", have different degrees of involvement of the publication and distribution of color comics. During this period, the United Kingdom Comics is an important change in orientation by the readers of the publication is to gradually shift children and young adults. The AP is the biggest beneficiary of this trend, they successfully launched the "Tiger Tim" cartoon image, so that the children became the favorite cartoon star. Its sister as a "teddy bear" has also made good sales. In addition, the "Tiger Tim" One of the authors Foxwell also created the "tigers Gillian" and "Miss Hippo" and other girl comics. Compared with political cartoons and comic books, animation development process seems to be more legendary. As mentioned earlier, the modern film and television animation art is an important part of art. However, in animation and film, "Prehistoric stage", but the two are one. Until after the invention of photography, film and animation began to split. In 1895, the French Lumiere brothers first public demonstration of their "movie machine" and show a "train stop", "sea Garden" and other films. Modern film was born. But the first animated film to come out in the decades before. Which was partly due to high production costs of animation. Today, animation is still the cultural products that require high investment. In 1906, Blake in the Edison laboratory Dayton (J. Stuart Blackton) produced a "funny face, humor-phase" (The Humorous phases of Funny Faces), which is the world's first animated film. Since then, from France Emile Cole (Emile Cohl) the further development of the animated film techniques, and has produced over 250 animated shorts remnants. He is also the first screen of a photographic method of using cover, will combine animation and live performance of the pioneers. Because Cole for outstanding contribution to the development of animation, he has been regarded as the father of contemporary animation. Wen Semai Kai's success is symbolic. He had his own accomplishments as a cartoonist and the accumulation of great importance to the role of creating a shape, interesting story structure and the popular new animation mode. In McKay, the U.S. animator who are embarking on their European counterparts with a different path. A cartoon is the New World era is coming.
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Cartoon Empire
Half of the twentieth century, the U.S. level of development of cartoon art are world leading position. And no doubt, this leader is comprehensive. As early as 1840, Boston, DC Johnston called the company to issue "Kelaisipa" single-page pictorial, which may be the first cartoon in the works of the United States. Since then, with the continuous influx of European immigrants, the original cartoon art popular in Europe also began to visit the United States. 1880, U.S. newspaper magnate Pulitzer in his "New York World," the newspaper added Sunday special, and in which increased cartoon column. Shortly thereafter, another giant Hearst Newspapers also began its own "New York Magazine" and "American humorist" and other publications published cartoons on a regular basis. This means that the cartoons on the circulation in increasing the role of the press, has been widely recognized. The above two newspapers of the strong intervention, no doubt to the cartoon is still in the infancy of the United States contributed an injection agent, since the development of the United States pulled into the fast lane cartoon. In 1895, the famous cartoonist Ott Lookout (RFOutcault) created a series of comic "yellow kids" (Yellow Kid) began to founder in the Pulitzer's "New York World" (New York World) published. But shortly afterwards, Ott Lookout with the "yellow children" with Hearst's switched to the "New York Magazine" (New York Journal). "Yellow kids" is the name of the original series "Hogan's Alley", the story's hero is a young six or seven years old, dressed in dirty pajamas large head, called "Mickey Dugan" of small children. In fact, this piece pajamas in the beginning is blue. To 1896, due to the application of a new technology will enable people to easily dyed yellow paper, Dugan and it has put on yellow clothes. Later, the Otter Lookout and add the hero in the cartoon's dialogue, so that we more easily understand the story theme. It also makes the "yellow children" has become a veritable comic. As the "yellow kids" image has gained recognition, smart business people will use this image as the basis for developing a lot about the "yellow children" peripheral products, including toys, statues, advertising posters and so on. Although the "yellow children" also experienced many twists and turns, but the first was published in its seventh year, that is, 1902, the "yellow children" series has finally published the booklet. It should be noted that the "yellow children" not only to promote the success of the development of American cartoons, but also for the commercial operation of comic classic paradigm. In the early twentieth century, cartoons are always looking for the intersection of American culture. In the process, resulting in a number of outstanding works and memorable cartoon image. However, until the early thirties, the United States before the golden age of cartoons ever come. For the "golden age", there is such a brilliant description: the golden age of American Comics superhero is on the rampage in the era of cheap Illustrated. Well known, such as Superman (SUPER MAN), Batman (BATMAN), The Flash (FLASH), Diving Man (AQUA MAN), and many other super heroes are produced in this period. Common feature of these super heroes is to have a bodybuilder-like figure, ordinary people can not have the super ability to keep down the evil and powerful enemy, save the world. The most representative and continuing influence, I am afraid will be a Superman and Batman. "Superman" series was first in the "Action Comics" (ACTION COMICS) published the first, and quickly swept the nation. January 16, 1939, "Superman" started in newspaper. 1941, has been more than three hundred kinds of paper, The Daily serial "Superman" comics. And the "Superman" as the theme cartoons, movies and TV series, is emerging in the next half-century. It is no exaggeration to say that "Superman" has become a sign of the times. Almost at the same time the success of Superman, "Golden Age", another superhero Batman are also into the people's vision of them. Batman formerly called Kunbu Xi, came from a prominent wealthy family. In his early age, parents were killed by criminals, and thus become orphans, brought up by the housekeeper. Growing up, he vowed to fight to eradicate evil. So, he dressed as a bat filled with masked cavalier. Getting rid of the sanctions law, slipping through the net who has become his most important mission. Batman's story first appeared in "Detective Comics" (DETECTIVE COMICS) on the second seventeen. Compared with Superman, Batman is a no ordinary people super powers, which is his charm. The Batman main tool to fight evil in a variety of scientific and technological inventions, the most famous is the universal bike Batmobile. In the Golden Age of the many super heroes, Wonder Woman (WONDER WOMAN) can be a "alternative." This is not just because it broke the previous male monopoly of the super-hero, more importantly, a thorough reconstruction of the emergence of her cartoon world gender order, making the role of women is no longer a vassal of male heroes, and truly become dominate the protagonist of the story. Therefore, when the "Wonder Woman" series at the end of 1941 in the "All-Star Comics" (ALL STAR COMICS) soon after the launch, it has been warmly welcomed by many female readers. Marvel not emerge accidentally. In fact, it is the comic art and American culture, the inevitable result of the collision. American culture is the core of the so-called "individualism." This is a personal struggle and the importance of advocating the protection of personal interests priority thrust of the culture. Out of this cultural background, especially in the thirties of the Great Depression and World War II to the dramatic impact of the U.S. society, people appreciate and desire the "savior" type of super-heroes, as their hopes and symbol of strength. Because in the real world can not find such a figure, so people will turn to the fiction of the world in search of spiritual sustenance. During World War II, the U.S. economy has not worn down by war, but was an unprecedented development and growth. Excited because of the war out of patriotism into the mainstream of American culture at that time. Ever since, the comic book super heroes have also put in to defend the nation against the Nazis in the battle. "Golden Age" also was at the peak. With the cartoons in the influence of American society is becoming increasingly the development of American comics have gradually moved toward the diversification of education appears comics, science cartoons, comics and other new western theme. Meanwhile, the blind pursuit of profit maximization of commercial speculation, so comics in the United States, violence, pornography and other undesirable factors surge surprised even some comic publications marked "not suitable for children." As a result, the public and the comics industry to become the focus of public criticism, and eventually led to the "golden age" of decline. The spring of 1945, Dr. Mann 弗雷德里克魏 "to lure the innocent," a book published. Dr. Wei Siman is a society at the time very influential intellectuals, but also political celebrities. He has always firmly believed that "the violent and dark content, comic books, contributing to juvenile crime and the source of social chaos." Although the subsequent investigation showed that the vast majority of Dr. Wei Siman thesis is the lack of factual basis, but this book was published in the mainstream media just to meet the widespread criticism of the comics industry, it immediately received public support and recognition . For a time, comic books became a super-banned books, people talk about drugs commonly used to talk about comic tone. April 1954, the U.S. Senate Committee on Juvenile Delinquency Survey for the effects of comics on young people hold a public hearing, Dr. Wei Siman to attend as a witness. He claimed: Comics are defiled innocence of children, juvenile delinquency triggered the culprit, as opposed to comic books in terms of Hitler's small potatoes. "Children tend to son began to suffer from the toxic comics." He even asked immediately ban the sale of comic books. Although the hearing will not be able to form a clear conclusion, but the Senate ultimately issued an inspection standards required to eliminate every possible poison young comics and morality of the content. In fact, this is pronounced in public opinion of the "golden age" of the death penalty. Shortly after the hearing in the Senate, comics publishers in the October 26, 1954 established the "Association of the United States comic magazine," and formulated the "Federation of internal inspection standards", also called the cover of the next publication of the cartoons clearly marked restriction level. Twists and turns with the U.S. comic industry development process compared to the same period of the American animation industry has always maintained a strong momentum of development. But to look back on this history, without mentioning Disney Walt Disney and his company. In fact, before Walt Disney, the U.S. already has a number of outstanding animator, but as it was Walter who prompted the U.S. animation industry is truly a leap toward the person. Therefore, we have sufficient reason to believe that "the animation in the history of Walt Disney is the first master." In 1923, only 22-year-old bid farewell to the home of Walt Disney in Kansas, leaving Hollywood for development. At the time the land of Hollywood is a business, at which point the film is still in the silent phase, as it is only placed in animated films add to the fun program just before the performance starts. There, he started from scratch, to only $ 3200 incorporated the "Disney Brothers animation studio." Walter came to Hollywood in the past year, he completed his first animated work - from the live and animated cartoon characters co-star of the silent "Alice in cartoon country." The emergence of Mickey Mouse, of course, Disney has provided a tremendous intangible as_set_s. However, to Mickey and his friends become the superstar everyone loved, Walt Disney Company must also have the new production concepts. The core idea is that the new emphasis on design and innovation story. Before Disney, animated film screening as an ordinary pad field before the program, they often do not pay attention to visual effects value story arrangement. Disney's Mickey Mouse series is the opposite, early in the production of a plot to carry out a detailed arrangement to allow short seventy-eight minutes become very interesting little film, coupled with well-made picture, Disney The animation suddenly got rid of almost all the competitors. In addition to advanced creative ideas, sensitive to innovation is Disney's other trump card. In the late 20's, bid farewell to the silent film era, the emergence of sound film caused the film industry revolution. Walter keen aware of the change coming, began to try to create a sound cartoon. November 18, 1928, as the first film in the history of synchronized sound cartoon Pictures, "Steamboat Willie" at the Colonial Theater in New York City grand premiere, and achieved success. To 1932, Disney launched the first color cartoon, "Flowers and Trees" (Flowers and Tree). In addition to expected sensation, it also won an Oscar for the Disney animated short award. Five years later, that is, 1937, Disney spent several years carefully built the first full-motion cartoon drama "Snow White" (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) release. This is a landmark animation, a landmark. And because this work achieved great commercial success, making the Disney feature film production program began to tilt. Then, in 1940, the Walt Disney Company for the introduction of the "Pinocchio" and "Fantasia," two animated films. Among them, the "Fantasia" is seen as the modern animated classic, introduced at the beginning it has been widely praised. Has introduced new work in the same time, Disney's cartoon lineup has been expanded, in addition to outside Mickey Mouse, Minnie (Minnie), Pluto (Pluto), Goofy (Goofy) and Donald Duck (Donald Duck) and other new image also start to appear in the Disney animated films. With the emerging star of the outstanding works and cartoons, Disney has finally established in the early 40's cartoon empire in its dominance. Although experienced many ups and downs, but the Walt Disney and his company is still the indisputable success of that era. Today, Disney has become a worldwide "entertainment empire", which is proved from another point of view the success of Walt's vision and ahead of its time. All in all, during this period, both the American comic industry or animation industry, have made great progress. It should be noted that in the process of development, around the cartoon products, the U.S. entertainment industry, formed a complete system of business operations to achieve the cartoon itself virtuous circle of development. The "American cartoon" is precisely on this basis, was able to meet its global expansion, as a wave of cultural forces can not be overlooked.
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Cartoon Wave
Before and after World War II, although the European and American cartoon cartoon world products still occupy the mainstream of the market, but due to economic changes in society and popular culture, cartoon art in the development worldwide, but also presents an unprecedented comprehensive, diversified development trend. There is no denying that the cartoon industry in an emerging new wave and swept across the world. Cartoon business in the United States embarked on the road, while the European cartoonists and animators seem to still cling to their inherent artistic philosophy. But even so, this period is also absolutely no lack of European cartoon classic. Later, because there was "Berlin Illustrated" need to be able to draw a comic strip artist responsible for this famous writer, publisher and editor 库尔特库森贝格 Dr. Theo has found Eric Russell, want to be able to undertake this work by him. Ultimately, the "Berlin Illustrated" positive deal, the Nazi authorities lifted the ban on Aili Xi, but added a series of harsh review of conditions and the absolute prohibition of his works in any politically related content. Nevertheless, Aili Xi or in the period 1934 to 1937, has completed more than 200 works, which is the famous "Father and Son" series of comics. Rampant in the fascist years, this comic is like an oasis of humanity, as the German people to face the harsh reality of life is best to comfort the soul, which has won many people's favorite. "Father and Son" known as a symbol of German humor, and its popularity quickly moved beyond the borders. Perhaps no one would have thought, the outbreak of World War II to the European animation industry in a "ZTE" opportunities. Because the impact of World War II, originally connected into a cartoon world market is split into a number of blocks, the objective to stimulate the development of national cartoon industry independent. Also, because many governments regard the cartoon as the war an important means of mobilization and propaganda, it began to appear in government investment to support the development of national animation industry situation. Compared with Western Europe, Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, slightly behind the animation industry, but has their own style and system. Alexander Basque gold, Bram Pug sisters are all the former Soviet Union an outstanding representative of the animation world. Among them, Bram Pug sisters completed in 1925, "China's war" (Chinese on Fire), it is well known for the Chinese audience. Although some Western commentators believe that Russia's animated too rigid, but on the whole, the former Soviet Union or from the animation house in the country's rich cultural heritage to explore a lot of good material, take out a lot of good animation. Back in the United States. In the "golden age" style of the late diversity was inherited by the new generation of American cartoonists, resulting in a lot of great comics. October 2, 1950, the famous American cartoonist Charles Schulz (Charles Schulz) began to publish his "Peanuts" comic series (PEANUTS). In the five decades since then, peanut achieved unprecedented success, has been translated into 21 languages in 75 countries, more than 2,600 newspapers too. Comic hero dog "Snoopy" is become known as a "global three hundred and fifty million loyal readers," the super-comic star. "Peanuts" appeared in the comics industry marked the rise of new forces. Similar success stories include Jim Davis and his "Garfield" series. During this period, the U.S. comics industry is another outstanding performance in the consolidation of business profit model. American comics industry in the 20th century thirty or forty years, has formed a "comic book publishers → → distribution of the network (including store) → reader" business model. After the war, this mode of operation is basically no major changes, the difference is that the size and distribution network coverage of the readership has been significantly expanded. Not involved in the original comics and some sales have begun to get involved in the general comic book distribution. Today, the U.S. comic industry's output value of 2.3 billion dollars, although the absolute size is still quite limited, but a considerable margin. America's largest comic book publisher to Marvell Comics Press (Marvel), for example, the Press in fiscal 2000 total sales of 2.31 billion, while total net income is as high as $ 88,900,000, accounting for 38.9% of total sales. In addition to journals and books published outside of comics, cartoons for product development and intellectual property surrounding the re-development (image of authority) is also becoming an American comic book industry in the new profit growth point. Success in the animation at the same time, Walt and his company, led by daring to enter the amusement park industry. In 1955, Walter in Los Angeles on the west, the establishment of the world's first theme park - Disneyland. Today, located in Disneyland around the world, has become the world's love for cartoon paradise forever in the hearts of people. The twentieth century, with the rise of computer multimedia technology, animation production and the production is facing new revolution. Disney once again serve as the new technology, beach-goers, a series of big blockbuster animation, including drawing on Hans Christian Andersen's "Little Mermaid" (1990), adapted from the Arab classic "Arabian Nights story" (1992), based on Shakespeare's famous novel "The Lion King" (1994), reflecting the early North American colonial life, "Pocahontas" (1995), and all of the first animated film using digital technology, "Toy Story" and so on. The animated film not only reflects the launch of Disney's ability to master new technologies, but also triggered a "theater tradition" of the return, the people guarding the home of the TV but not buy a ticket to the theater to go watch cartoons. This is the TV replaced movies as the most important media after the animation has never been a phenomenon. On the other hand, the "Dream" as the representative of the industry's cutting-edge competition with Disney is also gradually rise, continue to offer fans of the cartoon world beautiful "animated feast."
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Cartoon Conclusion
Development of modern cartoon art brief review will help us to grasp the regularity factor. From a macro point of view, the modern cartoon art is a system of cultural industry, its development and prosperity to a large extent, depend on the level of socio-economic concept of consumption and popular culture. Therefore, if a country wishes to obtain the cause of the rapid development of cartoon - or even catch up with the advanced world level, we must first establish a sound industrial chain from start to start, gradually cartoon industry input and output of a virtuous circle. Cartoon history of the development in China has more than a century. However, for various reasons, the Chinese cartoon industry is always in the edge of industrial development have not been able to achieve a virtuous circle. What is gratifying is that over the past decade, China's cartoon industry also are moving in the "industry" and "virtuous circle" direction. This allows all people concerned about China's cartoon see hope. However, in the process of development, the Chinese cartoon industry is inevitable to face many new situations and new problems, and how to deal with and respond to these new problems and new situations of China's cartoon industry has become an urgent task. In this regard, the contemporary Japanese cartoon (from the Second World War to the twentieth century) rise, provides us with a successful example of fresh and vivid. As China and Japan, other Asian countries, historical traditions and cultural environment has many identical or similar to, but the cause of Sino-Japanese cartoons are "after the hair", are facing intense foreign competition in mature cartoon products. Therefore, the "Japanese model" for the cartoon industry in China today has more reference and reference value. Cartoon (words to explain) (1). [British cartoon] cartoon. Sha Ting "hedge mind" twenty-five: "So, there are daily life of all people embarrassing show, are all carried out in front. And the number of children, poverty, numbness of the mouth, that is the subject of these gray cartoon. And all Meng Yu, in his key players are. " (2). [British cartoon] cartoon.