Of human life and activities, prevent disease, improve health, prolong life, improve the labor force a system of knowledge. China's existing system of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine both and gradually Integrative Medicine is the medical direction of development. Medicine development and social economic structure, political system, science and technology philosophy are closely related.
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No. 2
Medicine
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No. 3
Ancient medical personnel training institutions. "Old Tang Tai Zong Ji on": "﹝ ﹞ September Guichou Zhenguan three years, states like home medicine." "Three Electoral History of Song": "Medicine, Chang Temple in the early scribe, until the time set Shenzong Bureau officials and contractors lifting one professor, three hundred students. "Yuan Xisi" Zengcheng Three Wise Kings Temple in mind ":" Three Sovereigns of worship and respect before, medicine, religion founded on. "
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To protect and promote human health, prevention and treatment of diseases of the content of science
To protect and promote human health, prevention and treatment of diseases of the content of science. Qing Zhao Lian, "Tai Yi Xiao Ting continuously recorded in business": "Business Court sentenced King rising of clouds, Zhejiang, public tenth generation descendant of the Yi Wen, engineering medicine, square essence, each more miraculous." Lu Xun "Old Topic Fujino President ":" His enthusiasm for my hope, tireless teaching, small speaking, for the Chinese, that China will have a new medicine. "
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No. 5
Medicine (medicine), is dealing with a scientific health-related issues, to treat and prevent disease and improve the physical and psychological quality of the body's own purposes. Medical science is only a narrow treatment of the disease, but there are claims that preventive medicine is the first medicine, clinical medicine as a second medicine, rehabilitation medicine for the third medicine. Medical application of basic medical science side is the theory and found that, for example, biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, statistics, epidemiology, etc., to treat disease and promote health. However, the medicine also has a humanities and the arts side, it is concerned not only the body's organs and disease, but the person (physical and mental) health and life. Physical, psychological, social model is widely accepted theories, while others, such as physiological and psychological spiritual community care, whole person, team, whole, entire family's health are also important theory of modern medicine. With the change of medical model, medical humanities are more and more attention. Medical ethics is the most well-known principle of methodology is indeed the beginning of four: autonomy, doing good, not harm, justice. Medicine can be divided into modern medicine (which is usually said that the Western medicine) and traditional medicine (including Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine and Mongolian medicine, etc.) a variety of medical systems. Different regions and ethnic groups have a corresponding number of medical system, aims and objectives are different. Indian traditional medicine system is also considered very developed. The general direction of research, including basic medicine, clinical medicine, laboratory medicine, preventive medicine, health medicine, rehabilitation medicine and so on. * 1 Basic Medical * 2 Clinical * 3 Third Medical * 4 Laboratory Medicine * 5 Preventive Medicine * 6 special medical * 7 traditional medicine o 7.1 in Medicine + 7.1.1 Basic Theory + 7.1.2 Classical theory o 7.2 Tibetan medicine o 7.3 Mongolian Medicine * 8 of Pharmacy Basic Medicine Medicine Medical Biochemistry Medical Biomathematics Biophysics Medical Cell Biology Human Anatomy Human Physiology Human Embryology Histology Medical Genetics Human Immunology Medical Parasitology Medical Microbiology Medical Virology Pathology Pathophysiology Pharmacology of human medical experiments Animal Medical Psychology Medical Informatics Biomedical Engineering student nurse aid rules the new center Diseases Clinical Medicine O Clinical Diagnostics Laboratory Diagnosis. Diagnostic Imaging Diagnostic Radiology + school + school + Nuclear Medicine Ultrasound Diagnostics Clinical Therapy * Occupational Therapy physical therapy students learn chemotherapy Blood Therapy organs Therapy Physical Therapy Diet Therapy Psychological Therapy Language Therapy within the science of urology Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery Geriatrics Pediatrics Dentistry ENT Ophthalmology Dermatology Infectious Diseases Medical Oncology Neurology Psychiatry Emergency Medicine Family Medicine, Anesthesiology Nursing School of Medicine hospice Health Medicine Rehabilitation Medicine Audiology Third Medical * Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Laboratory Medicine * Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Laboratory Science o o o Clinical Immunology Clinical Microbiology Clinical Parasitology o o o Clinical Laboratory Science Clinical blood smear study o physiological function: the electrocardiogram * Forensic Pathology * Preventive Medicine * Public Health * Epidemiology * Medical Statistics * Occupational Health * Occupational Medicine * Science * Social Medicine endemic behavior of Medicine * * * Food Hygiene Medical Geography * Personal hygiene * * Maternal and Child Health, child and adolescent hygiene Special Medicine Maritime Medicine Military Space Medicine Traditional Medicine Chinese Medicine Basic Theory Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine in the basic medical science in pharmacy prescription history of various theories of Chinese medicine Classical theory Huang Di Nei Jing Treatise on Febrile Diseases Golden Chamber Clinical Medicine Chinese Internal Medicine TCM, Chinese Gynecology of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture Chinese Massage Andrology scientific medicine Orthopedics Ophthalmology Bone learn traditional Chinese medicine Chinese medicine of otolaryngology EMERGENCY Tibetan medicine Mongolian Medicine Pharmacy
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Medical Overview
The development of human medicine today - the twenty-first century, mainly the formation of the Oriental medicine (mainly referring to the traditional Chinese medicine Chinese medicine, the other a Tibetan, Mongolian and other World Traditional Medicine) and Western medicine (ie Western) two branches, both in fusion of form and the formation of a third Medicine - Integrated Traditional and Western medicine, and comparative study of Chinese and Western medicine to the modern system with Huitong medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine that is formed in China thousands of years ago, is built on people with the disease and the lessons learned from the long struggle of yin and yang, the eight principal organs based on the syndrome, the use of simple dialectics and speculative reasoning, understanding of the body, nature, relations between disease, developed an order to "function" includes the concept of functional organs is a unique system of medical philosophy. In treatment, in addition to drugs, there are acupuncture, massage, qigong, ear and other special treatment, it is the world's most comprehensive traditional medicine as a medicine system. In particular, it is for human health and the Chinese people made great contributions to national reproduction. Western medicine in the last three or four centuries to build in anatomy, biology, and on the basis of modern science and technology, developed one of "Anatomy of people, physical people" concept, the emerging scientific theory of modern medical system. The main use of scientific experiments, from macro to micro, up to now the molecular genetic level, developing very rapidly, more than any other one medical science, the mainstream of the world's medical history. Western medicine can be seen, a is the "functional people" philosophy of the concept of a unique system of medical theory, one is "Anatomy of people, body man" for the emerging concept of the theoretical system of modern medical science, neither is a man of integrity object of science, both from the theoretical advantages are not scientific, is bound to affect their development. Also proved that all of this, the long-term stagnation in Chinese medicine, efficacy is not true. Although Western medicine to the current genetic and molecular level, but the high incidence of disease, the majority of clear understanding of disease etiology, pathogenesis, do not understand this, treatment will be restricted, in a small SARS, avian flu actually in front of helpless In diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, uremia and other diseases in front of a lot more had to seek help or the help of traditional Chinese medicine. One is the effect is not true that a considerable number of diseases are some of them can not be treated, which is why combining Chinese and Western medicine. However, since the two are two theories, two-lane running stock cars, irrelevant, in theory there is no possible combination, but nothing more formal integration. It appears the treatment of Western medicine can not help the disease had Chinese, and Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine treatment is often diagnosed by Western medicine, as well as a piece of Chinese and Western therapy with the situation. As for the disease through medicine, comparative medicine, post-modern medicine, behavioral medicine, and the so-called "medical", are not be called an independent medical science, on this point will be the relevant sections in the soul of medicine relevant comments. In short, currently the world's variety of Chinese and Western medicine-based medical science there is not integrity defects, that are based on incomplete human subjects of medical science, it can not solve or even exist in the Western and Chinese medicine all the history of Humanities and Social Sciences Fuzzy difficult problems, become an obstacle to the fetters of medical science forward. Indeed, to solve the existing Chinese and Western medicine in the Humanities and social sciences and even all the difficult ambiguity, apparently has been completely beyond the scope covered by the Chinese and Western medicine, we have to jump out of the theoretical framework of Western medicine, established a new system of medical theory. The system regardless of all the problems involved from the breadth, or from the depth, should be far more than the existing Chinese and Western medical theory and Western medical theory and the existing theoretical framework into their range. To shoulder the historic mission, original life, medicine system - the soul of medicine soul medicine came into being, she not only from the macro or strategic satisfactorily explained and resolved in the human history of medical humanities and social sciences all the difficult Fuzzy problems, but also to inspire people to life, had to understand human beings, human life had to know this multi-dimensional world.
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Medical definition, alternative medicine health break
Medical definition of (medicine), definition of health to deal with people in a good state of human physiology as a science-related issues, to treat disease and improve prevention of physical health for the purpose of human physical body. Only a narrow medical treatment and disease limit the effective functioning of the body recovery, general medical and health science including China derived therefrom, Western nutrition. Now the world's main Western medicine and Western medicine and Oriental micro-macro system in the two medical systems. Medical science with the application of basic medical theory and practice of continuous improvement of the verification, such as biochemistry, physiology, microbiology, anatomy, pathology, pharmacology, statistics, epidemiology, medicine and medical skills to treat disease and promote health. Although things side due to different ways of thinking led to the study of human health and the outside world and the pathological mechanism of macro and micro in a different order, but in the near future in the Western practice of the rich accumulation of experience and the birth of the theory of the formation of new medical Bijiang - ------- human medicine. Unlike modern medicine, different from the traditional Chinese medicine, medical born Goldwater, Goldwater is to get rid of medicine, pathology, physical recovery is advocated new medicine, human medicine out of the errors, the distinctive treatment of disease, any disease can be either be safe from danger as from heavy to light the way to recovery. Jinshui medical knowledge to the human body is a living body, living body has its own powerful self-healing of the physical features that help the body recover independent role in life is the fundamental treatment of disease. For today's diseases of modern civilization, modern difficult disease, modern chronic diseases, sub-health, one sick, and achieved great success, the treatment rule as "gastrointestinal clean, air flow, Xuanfu open, Ying-Wei Chang," people living body movement in line with the natural rhythm, ultimately enhancing the human physiology, disease eradication purposes.
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Medicine Classification
Medicine can be divided into modern medicine (which is usually said that the Western medicine) and traditional medicine (including Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine and Mongolian medicine, etc.) a variety of medical systems. Different regions and ethnic groups have a corresponding number of medical system, aims and objectives are different. Indian traditional medicine system is also considered very developed. The general direction of research, including basic medicine, clinical medicine, laboratory medicine, preventive medicine, health medicine, rehabilitation medicine and so on. Based medicine, including: Medical and Biological Physics of Medical Biology, Mathematics, Medical Biochemistry Medical Cell Biology, Human Anatomy Human Physiology Human Embryology Histology Medical Genetics Human Immunology Medical Parasitology Medical Microbiology Medical Virology human pathology pathophysiology Pharmacology Laboratory Animal Medicine Medical Psychology Medical Informatics Biomedical Engineering student nurse emergency center patients learn new rules. Clinical medicine, including: Clinical Diagnosis Laboratory Diagnosis. Diagnostic Imaging Diagnostic Radiology + school + school + Nuclear Medicine Ultrasound Diagnostics Clinical Therapy * Occupational Therapy physical therapy students learn chemotherapy Blood Therapy organs Diet Therapy Therapy Language Therapy Physical Therapy, Psychological Therapy Surgery within the science of urology Obstetrics and Gynecology Geriatrics Pediatrics Dentistry ENT Ophthalmology Dermatology Infectious Diseases Medical Oncology Neurology Psychiatry Nursing Anesthesiology Emergency Medicine Family Medicine Sexual Medicine Hospice Care Medicine Rehabilitation Medicine School of Audiology.
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Origin of Medicine
Chinese and Western medicine about the same origin. Include: ① the ambulance, find food instinct behavior. If injured animals will lick its wounds, heat will escape into the water, people and animals with instincts ambulance. The human instinct to seek food when in looking for food, and gradually found a green onion, ginger, garlic, rice, barley, etc. Although the food or condiments, but with treatment effect; ② life experience to create a medicine. First ancient human labor to create a weapon through, resulting in a stone needle, bone needles and other medical devices, and gradually mastered the use of tools to treat diseases of the experience. At the same time, it was found to getting a vivid physical activity, physical fitness, "guided surgery", "Five Animals Play" formation, but also the experience of ancient people produced by the accumulation of life view of health care; ③ medicine, co-witch and points. Subject to the primitive intelligence has not yet civilized, changes in the natural world and the universe of all abnormal phenomena, fearful, difficult to make scientific and rational explanation, so he might miss a supernatural power to dominate them. Therefore, witchcraft and medicine was the confluence of Chinese and Western medicine there's a history. In the historical process of Chinese medicine, "I wish from the" surgery followed thousands of years, belonging to the Yuan and Ming clinical "Thirteen," one of the subjects, but for the purpose of medical anatomy can be traced back to AD 11 years (three years of the new dynasty of Wang Mang Han) , is the ancient Chinese EBM bud. Because Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism formed by merging pattern of Chinese culture, "Despising" derived from the retreat tendency to re-realized that the sparse evidence, the inevitable lack of logical reasoning, leading to evidence-based medicine in China is difficult with the West in the future success medicine in the same category. Ancient Egyptian physicians used mantra, drawing characters and herbal treatment, and the former is a witch doctor. Western medicine in ancient Greece to begin the separation of witch doctors, Aristotle had described the animal's internal organs and organ, the highest achievements of ancient Greek medicine Hippocrates representatives among the materialist philosophy used in medicine, in "On St. disease", said: "known as the 'sacred' disease (referring to epilepsy and some psychiatric patients), in my opinion nothing is more divine than other diseases, more holy, and, like any other disease originated in the natural reasons. because the symptoms of these diseases strange, and people they know nothing about them, full of doubts and therefore attributed its cause and nature of God. "founded by Aristotle, materialism medical system, accelerating the the process of scientific medicine; ④ Axial Age in the peaks of Western medicine for. Yasi Bei and Adams once said: "If history has an axis, then we must as this axis has a meaning of a series of all human events, ... ... occurred in 800 BC to 200 years between the spirit This process seems to constitute an axis. ... ... extraordinary events are concentrated in this period. ... ... and is independently in China, India and the West. " This stage, the East, Western philosophy, science, culture, an important period of development. At this point philosophers uprisings, Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism schools and many academic formation of unprecedented prosperity, the development of Chinese culture played a foundation role; in the classical period of Greek civilization to create the emergence of Democritus , charges the end of Aspen, Archimedes, Socrates and other philosophers and wise men. In the Eastern and Western scientific and cultural advances of the background, the "Yellow Emperor" and "Hippocratic Collection" represents the Chinese and Western medicine in the peaks of two natural born for it. "Via" come out, marking the medicine from the simple accumulation of clinical experience, raising it to the system of summing up. On the "Complete Works of Hippocrates," the famous Italian historian Cass Teague Medical slightly Nigeria said: "The little bud of natural science era in medicine has advanced on behalf of the most valuable documents. Hippocratic School Although the medical anatomy, physiology, pathology of defective knowledge, though only a small and rough studied animals, but it is mainly based on clinical trials and based on philosophical reasoning, and finally raised to be difficult Nengshiyixue over the height. This is a historical phenomenon of the most significant, and probably the most important because it shows through the experience, the actual observation and correct reasoning, can be extremely valuable precious materials, he did address ... ... the medical history, beginning with a decisive orientation. "comparison" Yellow Emperor "and" The Complete Works of Hippocrates ", both theoretical construction has many similarities: keep Waste witch doctors, the overall concept of the balance, philosophical speculation clinical practice. The "Yellow Emperor" emphasizes the five internal organs as the center of the holistic view, measured from the outside in, you can not rely on the usual anatomic diagnosis and treatment of disease. The system is self-consistent theory, hard to break; "Hippocratic Collection" Although no systematic basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology, but stressed that the specific anatomical structure, opened for the first of its kind medical evidence. These differences for the Chinese and Western medicine in the future points to the line foreshadowed.
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The formation and development of medical
Eastern and Western cultural and historical background is in the formation of Western medicine, the development of the soil. 2nd century AD, the Eastern and Western medicine, two great masters of Zhongjing and Galen, passing a different academic thinking, and create a different medical paradigm, development and improvement of the different theoretical system so that Chinese and Western medicine each to the two completely different path of development. Zhongjing physician in the writings of the Han Dynasty, "Febrile Diseases," before there is "via", "Classic", "Materia Medica" and other classic medical books. Zhongjing summed up the achievements of medicine before the Han Dynasty inherited the "via" the basic theory and a wealth of medical knowledge, combined with their own clinical practice, written in a "Febrile Diseases." Their contribution is to establish a theoretical system of Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment for the later development of clinical medicine, and laid a solid foundation. In the West, Galen's life when living in the Roman Empire, the ruling of his son Anthony. That time, the prosperity of the Roman Empire, as Galen's medical achievements and the prosperity of Western medicine, providing a reliable political, economic, technological and cultural guarantees. Hippocrates, Galen inherited academic ideas, writings remnants of 200 books, 83 books in the existing, covering anatomy, physiology, pathology, health, medicine, "Hippocrates Collected Works" studies, philosophy, linguistics, logic science, mathematics, history, law and so on. Promote evidence-based medicine, with emphasis on scientific methodology of his experiments, disease, local positioning thinking, attention to formal logic, emphasizing the interpretation of the law and so, on the later development of Western medicine far-reaching impact. Wei, Sui and Tang dynasties, because of his summary of clinical experience, and the succession order to play the "Yellow Emperor", "Febrile Diseases" and other classic medical works of the theory, there have been many famous doctors. Such as Wang Shu Jin Dynasty and the "Pulse" and the Mi's "Acupuncture and B by" Sui Chao Yuan Fang's "theory to treat patients," Sun Ssu Tang's "Qian Jin Yao Fang" and "Qian Jin Yi Fang." Song and Yuan Dynasties growing our economy and science and technology development, academic and cultural areas of contending, in particular, innovative thinkers, as in the theory of innovation and breakthrough medical progress, and provide a favorable cultural background. Song Chen no choice of "Three Syndrome due to a very one side of the" one book, put forward three for doctrine; and produced the four most famous schools, the fiery advocate of LIU Wan Su; Zhang was pushed from the "evil attack on"; Li Gao that "internal injuries and stomach, riddled by the students" theory; Zhu Zhenheng creatively illustrate the phase evolution of the fire. And Western medicine with the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and gradually into the darkness of the Middle Ages the Millennium, science becomes the handmaiden of theology, the priest to replace physicians. From the 13th century, before gradually see again until the 15th century, breaking the feudal religious barriers, was able to develop rapidly. Leonardo da Vinci to create a modern anatomy, Vesalius founded anatomy and physiology; in 1731 founded the Italian Moore Ghani pathological anatomy; 1855 Virchow, Germany created the cellular pathology; in the Western scientific methodology in the development of medical guide. To laboratory-based empirical methods (observation experiments and comparative analysis), and the Medical Research "scholastic philosophy" a complete break, relying on the natural science provides the technical means and methods, train their awareness of science physician give the medical properties of the natural sciences, so get rid of the speculative reasoning mysticism and the achievements of the biomedical model under experimental science. At this point in the field of medicine in the evidence-based medicine has been unable to Western in the same category. But compared to Western medicine in the medical advantages of starting from a macro, focusing on the whole, stressing the local and partial, the link between local and global, attention to differentiation, advocated the "three for Expelling" the individualized treatment strategy and so on.
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Differences between Eastern and Western medicine and Blending
Whether in medicine or Western medicine, from both the existing development trend of thinking, are thinking towards the modern system theory, Chinese medicine theory and modern scientific system of the same type between the systems, are essentially the same and describe the expression Science in the form of two different ways. Thinking in the modern system is expected to achieve fusion or unity, as in Western medicine to achieve a new level of development or uniform blend of the anchor, to give hope to take this medicine to bring life sciences as well as good opportunities for development, then the medical Theory brings a new revolution.
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Modern Chinese History
The last century, the beginning of this century, in 1996, Tsinghua academic nature of the Chinese gas, meridian essence, yin and yang, five elements, like Tibetan, Chinese philosophy and so has a new holistic understanding and creative interpretation. For example, Deng Yu and other discovery: gas is flowing in the 'information - energy - material' hybrid entity; fractal dimension of the meridian anatomy; mathematical yin and yang; Chinese fractal _set_s: Fractal Yin Yang _Set_ - Yin and Yang _set_ fractal dimension the number of fractal _set_s the five elements - the five elements _set_ fractal dimension; fractal five viscera system - cum heart system, the liver system, spleen system, lung system, renal system; three Chinese Philosophy - Philosophy of the proposed new Third: similar Outlook - Fractal Theory and so on. Also includes the history of the development of modern acupuncture meridians, the progress of modern Chinese History gas, combining Chinese and Western history, the history of Chinese medicine and so on.
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Ancient (classical) TCM history
Chinese medicine originated in the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period, according to legend Fu Xi invented acupuncture and try herbs. 3000 years BC, the Chinese Yellow Emperor wrote the first medical book Human - "I wish the families," after the pharmaceutical world in this book, based on continuously updated excision, and gradually formed a later "Yellow Emperor "and the" Yellow Emperor foreign economic ", by the wish by the Division in the separation of pure medicine out of formed later in the medicine. And one of the "Yellow Emperor" in the world's first proposed the "dead had been ill for treating disease," the disease prevention and health for a healthy view of preventive medicine. In the Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 207 BC) the emergence of the world's first specialist in forensic medicine - "Lingshi." Qin Lv provisions of unknown cause, in principle, the case should be carried out post mortem examinations, without judges to test if the law will be punished. Qin's "closed consultation style" of the forensic identification methods, procedures, which are more detailed records. In the case of life to identify the main content inspection body position, the site of injury, number, direction and size. Lingshi survey is completed, you must submit a written report, called "Yuan book", is the world's first forensic identification and site investigation report. Qin also established the world's first hospital infectious disease - "Pandora moved by", and developed the first treatment of infectious diseases in the isolation system. According to Hubei Province in 1975 Yunmeng Shuihudi Qin bamboo slips unearthed in the record: At that time, where the examination by the doctor after a patient found to have collapsed bridge of the nose, hands-free fine hair, hoarseness, nasal stimulation is not sneezing and other symptoms, should be sent to Pandora moved to the isolation and treatment. This shows that ancient Chinese treatment of infectious diseases, have long been a capable and effective. To the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC - AD 8), the theory of yin and yang of Chinese medicine has been very complete, there Taicang male doctors and the public by Yang Chunyu Yi Qing. Eastern Han Dynasty and the emergence of the famous physician Hua Tuo Zhang Zhongjing. Zhongjing perfect dialectical theory of traditional Chinese medicine, he was master of the world's first clinical medicine, is known as the Hospital of St. He is the "Treatise on the" "treatment woman side", "flavin side," "articulate theory" and "flat sick side" and so medical books, medical books were finally handed down the generations and was compiled as "Febrile Diseases" and the "Golden Chamber." Zhongjing with the basic principles of diagnosis and treatment, in "Treatise on the" in the category of "eight principal syndromes" and "Six on the rule," Differential Treatment by these two methods, then by "Eight" (sweat, spit up, down, and , warm, clear, complement, consumption) in treatment of disease. "Eight principal syndromes" is a book carrying out diagnosis and treatment of specific principles, the so-called "eight principles" (yin, yang, tables, interior, cold, hot, virtual, real) is the use of "four diagnostic" (look, smell, and asked, cutting ) analysis and inspection of the site of disease, nature and summarized it, "Six of governance" is the theory of meridians in clinical medicine on the specific application. Eastern Han Dynasty, Hua Zeyi proficient in surgery and anesthesia world famous, Hua Tuo was the first use of anesthesia for surgery, he invented Mafeisan is the world's first narcotic drugs, but also created the world The first fitness gym, "Wu Qin Xi." Unfortunately, medical books written by Hua Tuo's "green book bag" last to be burned. In the Han Dynasty, a large number of books such as medicine and calendar spread to Tibet ("Tibetan King Magazine," it reads.) Han also appeared in the specialized gynecological hospital, Western Han Dynasty, "milk round", is the world's first maternity hospital. Northern and Southern Dynasties Period (420 -589) of the advent of the world's first two pediatric monograph, the late King notes that the "herbal medication in children", and Xu Shu loud "treatment I left riddled with complex side." Southern Song Yuanjia twenty years (AD 443), the imperial doctor that Qin Chengzu create the world's first medical school. To the 6th century AD, the Sui Dynasty and improved the medical education institutions, and the name "Imperial Medical Department", the Department sub-doctors, medicine two, that is the highest official imperial doctor, whom Cheng Assistant, under the main drugs, doctors, the Garden division, Medical Doctor, assistants, massage, Dr. Zhu, Dr. Ban, most teachers and students reached 580 thousand. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 618 -907), the Sun Ssu summarize previous theory and sum up experience and to collect up to more than 5,000 prescriptions, published "The Great Medical sincere", "Qian Jin Yao Fang" and "Qian Jin Yi Fang" three The medical works, later dubbed him King of Medicine. After the Tang Dynasty, a large number of Chinese medical theories and writings of rumors to the Turks, Goguryeo, Japan, Central Asia, West Asia and other places. In the late Tang to Song, pediatric monograph "skull skull by" came to prevail and the world medical history of a famous pediatrician Qian Yi (AD 1032-1113) of the inspired by the book, the author of the famous masterpiece of Pediatrics, "Pediatric Medicine card straight tactic ", later known as B the money," the Holy of Pediatrics, "" Young Branch of the originator. " Northern Song Dynasty (960 -1127), the Song government established the Imperial Medical Bureau of Imperial College, Medical Division has been very comprehensive, and unified the Chinese acupuncture points, publishing "Figure Classic." Song of Song Ci published the world's first forensic science book, "Xi Yuan Ji Lu." In the Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644), a famous medical scientist Li Shi Zhen medical masterpiece, "Compendium of Materia Medica," a book, this book is not only a monograph drugs, including botany, zoology, mineralogy, chemistry and other aspects of knowledge. "Compendium of Materia Medica" was published soon after introduced into Japan, Korea and Vietnam and other Asian regions, in the 17-18 century AD, has been translated into many European languages. On the other hand, Li is the first one to raise the spirit of the brain responsible for sensation, also found that gallstone disease, patients using ice for cooling and heat disinfection technology invented physician. In addition to Wang Shu, and the "Pulse", Mi's "Acupuncture and B by" Hongjing's "Materia Medica variorum", Ge Hong's "elbow for Emergencies", Chao Yuan Fang's "theory to treat patients," Su Jing "New Revised Materia Medica," Wang Tao of the "Taiwan Miyao," Yuan Dan Gongbu of the "Four Medical Classics," "Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang," Wang only "acupoints acupuncture bronze figure by" a large number of medical books, etc. published. Since the Ming Dynasty Chinese medicine development has reached its peak, there have been many medical schools. At the same time the so-called East Korean Chinese medicine research has also been greatly developed, such as Xu Jun wrote "Donguibogam." Since the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese invaded by Western powers, fortunes weak. At the same time modern medicine (WM) influx, a serious impact on the development of Chinese medicine. There were many who advocated the Chinese medical modernization of Chinese medicine are enormous challenges. People started thinking of western medical system to view, save and waste medicine into the debate. Belong to the Chinese medical system, Kampo medicine in Japan, South Korea's Oriental Medicine is also true. 2003 "atypical pneumonia" has been started by the Chinese side showed signs of recovery. During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese medicine as the "Ancient" in the medical example by the Chinese Communist Party policy support to develop. Modern, traditional Chinese medicine in China is still a common means of treating disease.
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In modern times, the history of modern medicine
Modern Medicine Modern Western medicine is gradually on the rise after the Renaissance medicine, generally include the 16th century, 17th century, 18th and 19th century European medicine. The late 16th century feudal society, handicrafts and business development, factory hand appears, productivity growth also contributed to the search for new markets. 1492 Columbus discovered the New World, 1497 Vasco da Gama discovered Cape of Good Hope, 1519 ~ 1522 Magellan around the globe. Many drugs (such as opium, camphor, rosin), from the East into Europe, America discovered, Europe has also been cinchona, Guaiacol, cocoa fruit. Since the rise of capitalism, first in Italy, formed a bourgeois intellectuals. Their thinking is characterized by courage to challenge the church, against the shackles of religious superstition. Their slogan is: "I am a man, man all I should know" in order to oppose the theology of the rule. One hand, they spread a new culture, while studying and trying to imitate ancient Greek culture, so this period is called "Renaissance." In 1543 Copernicus published "On the celestial bodies", is the beginning of the Renaissance history of science. ① medical revolution. Renaissance, the suspect dogma, against the authority of the wind rising. Thus, the medical community also had a to Paracelsus (1493 ~ 1541) as the representative of the medical revolution. ② Establishment of human anatomy. Ancient people that the body is the soul dwelling place, in a feudal society, the nation, without exception, against the autopsy. Therefore, lack of development of human anatomy, medical books of this era, such as Galen's anatomy book, the anatomy is based almost entirely drawn to the animal organs. Instead, Renaissance culture, the people as the center of attention in the medical field is one of the first importance of the human body. In short, the 16th century European medical authorities out of the shackles of the ancient and begin an independent development, its main achievement was the establishment of human anatomy. This is both an ancient discipline that the new level of resurrection, but also a new journey marked the beginning of medicine. The progress of physiology. The 17th century, the concept has been very popular measure. The first use of measuring instruments in the medical community is Shengtuoliao (1561 ~ 1636). He has produced a thermometer and pulse meter. Also created a large scale as the cottage-like, in which they live, sleep, exercise, eat; in the excretion before and after he weighed his own weight, so painstakingly carried out over 30 years. He found that when the weight is also not reduce the excretion of that reason is "imperceptible sweating." This can be the earliest metabolic studies. Experiment, measuring the application of life sciences started to enter the science track. Marked by the discovery of blood circulation. WS Harvey (1578 ~ 1657) also graduated from the University of Padua, in his past, the University of Padua anatomist who has the heart have been found and explained Xuexun link. In 1553, the Spanish scholar M. Servetus (1511 ~ 1553) confirmed that the blood from the right ventricle into the left ventricle, not through the hole in the septum, but through the lungs as a "long and wonderful detour." Harvey was first in scientific research, applied the experimental methods of vivisection, animals, direct observation of the activities of the body. He also precisely calculated from the left ventricle into the artery, and pulmonary artery from the right ventricle into the blood. He analyzed that the blood may come from not eating, they can not stay in the body tissues, he concluded that since the left ventricle into the arterial spray of blood, must be the return of the right ventricle from the venous blood. This discovery of blood circulation. Harvey in 1628 published a book, "Movement of the heart." Microscopy applications. With the rise of the experiment, there have been many scientific instruments, microscopes that appear early 17th century. Microscope bring people to a new level of awareness. After this, the scientists used microscopes to obtain a series of important discoveries. 18th century Europe in the 18th century, capitalism has entered a _set_ period. 18th century, American, French revolutions, the bourgeoisie took power in most countries in Western Europe, and the outward expansion forces, the development of world trade. Stimulation in the commodity needs, the first occurrence of the cotton textile industry in the United Kingdom major innovation of technology, weaving machines and textile machines are invented, 1784 J. Watt improved the steam engine made it not only used in the textile industry, also used in a variety of industrial and mining. Production machines to replace manual production, this is the so-called industrial revolution. Manual workers, a machine worker, the industrial proletariat formed first in the UK. At the same time also has been highly developed productive forces of capitalism. ① Establishment of pathological anatomy. To the 18th century, medical experts have dissected many corpses, the normal structure of the human body has a clear understanding on this basis, they may recognize a number of unusual structure. Pathological anatomist GB Morgagni, Italy (1682 ~ 1771) in 1761 published "On the location and cause of the disease," a book that describes the disease under the influence of changes in organs and cause disease, made a scientific basis for speculation . He is the local damage as the disease, and that each disease has its corresponding organs in a lesion. In his only start after the physician with "focus," explained symptoms. This idea of the future of the entire medical field is very large. ② percussion invention. The latter half of the 18th century, the Austrian doctors Auenbrugg JL (1722 ~ 1809) invented the percussion. His father was a hotel owner, a large cask used finger tapping sound of speculation based on the bucket drinker. Later, Auenbrugg this method used in people's chest to find the "Focus." After much empirical observation, including the autopsy tracking, he founded the percussion method applied so far. But the percussion method of application, or a 19th century thing. ③ the beginning of clinical teaching. In the 17th century, Europe is no organized clinical education, medical school students to learn, as long as the school, after passing a test can receive diplomas. Mid-17th century the Dutch University of Leiden, the introduction of clinical teaching and to remove religious restrictions, absorbed many foreign students. To the 18th century, medical teaching flourished, Leiden University established a teaching hospital beds, H. Bull Harvey (1668 ~ 1738) it became world famous therapist. Harvey full use of Boolean bed teaching, he was doing before the autopsy, as far as possible to provide students with clinical symptoms and their relationship with the pathological changes of the information, which is after the clinicopathological conference (CPC) of the pioneer. ④ the achievements of preventive medicine. E. Jenner (1749 ~ 1823) invented the vaccination method, which is the 18th century an important event in preventive medicine. 16th century, China has the employer to prevent smallpox smallpox vaccination. Early 18th century, this approach spread to Britain through Turkey, Jenner discovered vaccination in practice than the safer smallpox inoculation. He added that improving the safety of vaccination for humans to contribute to the ultimate eradication of smallpox. 18th century, the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Peasants pouring into the cities. Capitalists just to make money, do not care about the livelihood of workers. Workers live in filthy, humid slums, hard day and not enough food and clothing, so many diseases. Such problems caused some people's attention, coupled with the spread of Enlightenment thought love an impact on some people, so public health and medical aspects of social problems have gradually been raised. JP Frank, Germany (1745 ~ 1821) wrote "a complete system of medical supervision," which comes to public health and social medicine problems. At the same time, there were calls to improve prison health, the liberation of the mentally ill (not to harsh methods such as wearing leg irons, handcuffs and the like to treat the mentally ill). Such activities are mainly personal activities, until the 19th century, the government was increasing emphasis on these issues. 19th century 19th century, following the major European countries, Britain, France, the bourgeois revolution has erupted, the United Kingdom in the 19th century and completed mid-18th century industrial revolution began, after France, Germany, Russia, the United States and other countries have also completed the Industrial Revolution . Bourgeois revolution and the industrial revolution to destroy the feudal forces, and promoting social development and the relations of production change, so that productivity increased substantially. This is the development of natural science played a facilitating role. The 19th century, great progress in natural science and technology. Physics, there is the law of conservation of energy and the proposed conversion, optical advances, further improvements such as the compound microscope objective lens (1823), a colorless lens (1830), oil equipment (1886) and so on. The progress of the electrical, heating, electrical therapy to half of one after another. Chemistry, there are atomic theory, elements of the proposed cycle rate, and the emergence of synthetic organic compounds. German F. Wheeler (1880 ~ 1882) Synthesis of urea in 1828, breaking the boundaries between organic and inorganic. Biology, there is cell theory, evolution and genetic law proposed. 19th century European medicine major progress in the following areas. ① cytopathology. The early 19th century cell theory proposed in the 19th century, pathologists R. Feier Xiao Ye Deguo promote cell pathology, the disease research deep into the cellular level. The basic principles of his theory, including: cell from a cell; the body is the sum of cells; disease pathology can be used to illustrate the cell. ② Establishment of bacteriology. Mid-19th century, the fermentation industry needs, as the physics, chemistry, advances and improvements in microscopy, bacteriology was born. L. Pasteur, France (1822 ~ 1895) began to study the role of fermentation after microbial prove that microbial fermentation and infectious diseases are caused. German R. Koch (1843 ~ 1910) found that Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and anthrax bacilli, and improved methods of cultivating bacteria and bacterial staining method, also proposed three laws of Koch. Their work laid the foundation of Microbiology. After 30 years of the 19th century, is the bacteriological era, most of the major pathogens were found in this period. Pasteur also studied chicken cholera, anthrax and rabies in cattle and sheep, etc., and with the reduced virulence of microorganisms for vaccine research method first, which created the classical immunology. After working at the Pasteur Institute who И.И. Meiqi Kafelnikov of Russia (1845 ~ 1916) described the phagocytosis system, and certain infectious diseases, immune phenomenon; published in 1880, the confrontation between microorganisms and their discussion of variation; the 20th century, also found that lactic acid bacteria and pathogens in human intestinal antagonistic to each other and with the lactobacillus to treat some of the enteropathy. He contributed greatly to the early immune. ③ pharmacology. Early 19th century, a number of herbal active ingredients have been extracted. For example, in 1806 proposed by the opiate morphine; 1819 presented by the Golden Rooster Napi quinine and so on. To the mid-19th century, urea, chloroform, have been synthesized. 1859 salicylates successful synthesis of anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin refined into the 19th century. Subsequently refined the synthesis of various drugs continued to develop. Later, people began to study the performance and role of drugs. To clinical medicine and physiology, based on animal experiments as a means to generate the experimental pharmacology. ④ experimental physiology. The 19th century, applied physics, chemistry, theoretical and experimental methods of the body, thus the rise of experimental physiology gradually. Magendie F. French (1783 ~ 1855), German JP Mile (1801 ~ 1858) and the French C. Bernard (1813 ~ 1878) have used animal experiments on the nervous and digestive systems such as a large number of physiological research. Their work laid the scientific basis of modern physiology. ⑤ diagnostics progress. A consequence of pathological anatomy and pathology of cells, then pay particular attention to clinical pathology of internal organs for research and diagnosis, try every means to find "Focus", so to enrich diagnostic methods, diagnostic tools and auxiliary diagnostic tool increasing. Inspection of the 19th century has more or less from the direct observation of patients into research laboratory test results. Mid-18th century, Auenbrugg been invented and improved percussion method, however, by the then conservative Law percussion doctors contempt and ridicule, not been applied. Until the early 19th century, French doctors JN Cole, Visa (1755 ~ 1821) after 20 years to promote the study of percussion, only to promote the percussion method in clinical application. Auscultation is R.-T.-H. Laennec invented (1781 ~ 1826), he is a French pathologist, clinical home. His writings from Hippocrates, you can get for heart and lung auscultation in China. At first he used a direct auscultation of the ear, and later made into a stethoscope, first with the paper, with a wooden post. He examined many of the patients studied with a stethoscope that all the smallest phenomenon. For a number of autopsy, the anatomic results contrast with the clinical phenomenon, in order to improve the auscultation method. In 1819, he published "indirect auscultation" and under this new screening method diagnosed lung and heart disease. Many clinical diagnostic aids such as blood pressure measurement, temperature measurement, body endoscopy are applied in the 19th century. The use of new lighting and optical devices, optical devices have been invented and a series of use. There the Germans earlier H. Helmholtz (1821 ~ 1894) of the ophthalmoscope, followed by laryngoscopy, cystoscopy, esophagoscopy, endoscopy, bronchoscopy and so has the invention, which enriches the clinical medical diagnostic tools body cavity and to the subsequent treatment is possible. Since the development of chemical, clinical chemical analysis of test methods used to check the contents of blood, which greatly improved the diagnosis. Microscopy continues to progress, to promote the clinical diagnostics form an important position gradually made it part of the body fluid and solid organizational structure and physical components, and to study the structure of normal and abnormal feces composition. To the late 19th and early 20th century, microbiology and immunology as the achievements, the doctor's diagnosis is more abundant. ⑥ the progress of surgery. Before the 19th century, surgery is very backward. Pain, infection, bleeding and other major without solving the basic problems, which limits the number and scope of operation. Mid-19th century, the development of anatomy and anesthesia, antisepsis method and the application of aseptic method of the late 19th and early 20th century the development of surgery, played a decisive role. The important achievements of the above aspects, in order to pave the way for the development of surgery. In addition the rapid development of science from the beginning. The late 19th century, generally well-developed body cavity surgery, so many clinical professionals (such as gynecology, urology, ophthalmology, etc.) in addition to disposal of foreign medical, surgical methods to obtain an important position. Modern science and technology of modern medicine, not just of one thing, one phenomenon, but of things, the phenomenon of change and development process of the relationship between things. By the "finishing material" science, the development of a rigorous system together. medical pattern. 20th century medicine, the natural progress of science, firmly based on experimental basis, with unprecedented advances in technology; was seen only from the biological point of view to consider the health and disease, there is a great limitation . 1977, the American physician Engel GL (1913) proposed biological - psychological - social medical model claim that the biological, psychological and sociological aspects of comprehensive survey of the three human health and disease problems, to make up for the past purely from biological perspective of the defect, which the future development of medical and health will be of great significance. In short, since the 20th century, the medical access to a great development. The research level, to the development of micro and macro, molecular medicine and Systems Medicine times. Disciplinary system, the subject of cross between discrete and integration of disciplines in hand. The international orientation of medical research is increasingly evident; scientific results achieved, not just individual efforts.
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Integrated Medicine
"Space ethics" (Zhang Yunfei a) presents an "integrated medicine", the following is the text extract: The basis of integrative medicine is a comprehensive theory, the theory must adopt a variety of medical long, continuous improvement in practice. For example, the theory of integrative medicine to a comprehensive theory of the fall. "Diagnosis" includes the examination and determine the two aspects. The so-called judge, referring to the disease, the cause of the judgments. In this process, the doctors of the disease a more comprehensive grasp of the law is very important. Comprehensive judgments, requiring absorbing. For example, in the etiology of judgments, Chinese medicine focuses on the essence through the appearance, although the nature of Chinese medicine to grasp this kind may not be very accurate, but the depth of the etiology, dialectical thinking is valuable. Determine the condition of the work, almost entirely done by a doctor. With a more comprehensive knowledge and experience to be able to make more accurate judgments, and thus provide the basis for the defense of disease differentiation. This requires a comprehensive doctors (at least within their own areas of expertise) more comprehensive grasp of all kinds (even the other safe and effective) treatment, exclusively for the sake of patients, from the practical needs of the disease, choose the most efficient treatment program. The following sequence, only a general reference only. Of patients doctors should mobilize the initiative to form a good doctor-patient interaction, to achieve the best therapeutic effect. For example, natural therapy and physical therapy, patients rely mainly on themselves to adhere to the doctor just to provide the necessary guidance only. Much of the content of physical therapy, but also ordinary people can be implemented, the doctor should selflessly effective way to teach patients, relatives and friends whom or to guide its implementation. These treatments are all doctors should give priority to value and actively promoted. Of course, such an approach with the hospital's income is contradictory, so he asked the hospital and doctors have a good medical ethics, but also a reasonable health care system to fully take care of the interests of various parties. First consideration is psychological therapy. If the cause of the psychological level, often through the appropriate psychological adjustment to achieve the effects. In addition, for any patient, the doctor should give spiritual comfort and encouragement. Especially for diseases directly related with the spirit (such as psychosis, depression), psychological therapy should be considered first. Then consider that natural therapies, including the daily needs of the conditioning, the environment adjustment. Especially for insomnia, stomach problems, such as diet-disease is directly related to daily life, we must fully understand the patient's living habits to guide them to observe good health. Then consider the physical therapy, including hydrotherapy, Gua Sha, moderation, massage, acupuncture and so on. These practices have their own strengths, experience has shown that they are effective in the context, it should be extended. If these methods are ineffective or not enough, we must consider the drug therapy. That is, if not drugs, not as much as possible. Doing so, both to save costs, reduce side effects, it can also save resources and protect the environment. Of course, non-drug therapy is clearly not the whole answer. Thus, while strengthening pharmaceutical research, master of drug laws, making good medicine, not only necessary, but it is precisely the core task of medical workers lies. Because ordinary non-drug therapy is also relatively easy to grasp, and the medical profession should only be promoted and the promotion of it. The surgical treatment is the last resort option, that is, to be cautious and can not do as much as possible, because under normal circumstances, high risk surgery, injury large. But this is only for general purposes. If a simple procedure will solve the problem, while other methods are difficult to solve the problem, you should choose surgery. If the non-operation is not to be moving, even major surgery should be done decisively. Therefore, the development of surgical research, improve surgical techniques, but also the responsibilities of medicine and doctors. These are generally speaking, not all cases to be rigid to the above procedures to _set_. Each approach has its scope of application, which are to be summed up in the medical practice to improve. If you follow the principle of gradual and orderly progress, the road of integrative medicine is not difficult to walk. For example, just the right method is a very simple technology, ordinary people grasp the doctor more easily mastered. Physical therapy is just the right areas of law (for further study of its principles), originated in civil society. Just the right method is an important traditional Chinese medicine techniques, however, are not even many Chinese herbalists also use it. It is the treatment for a variety of diseases or the role of adjuvant therapy for abdominal pain and is especially effective for migraine. Hereby briefly below for reference. When the time of abdominal pain, dip your fingers with water, just the right place at the pubic region, showed a dark red or purple until the local (and the color of a few days away, without leaving any traces on the skin without injury) so far. Pubic region in three inches below the belly button, I am four fingers close together, the width of the middle is the three-inch joints. Can also take part in any number of points around the pubic region (mainly in pain, Chinese medicine, pain points, called "Ashi") draw the line. This method, especially for migraine headache is also effective, and that is when the on_set_ of pain dark shape into the core of the scalp (long-pinching is Zihei, ill the Zihei), relax, often within a short stop in or eased. Just the right way is also very important. Bone with finger joints generally (General use of the thumb and index finger first joint of the first joint) provided between the pulling force, to increase the effectiveness. Evils accumulate a long period, however, is timely and resolve, that was peace. Some were diagnosed as "unknown etiology" of severe abdominal pain, headache, by just the right method, actually be recovered. Therefore, the treatment of headache, abdominal pain specialists, whether practitioners or physicians, can easily master this technique. If we can use this method to relieve the patient's pain and teach this method be extended to patients, it is undoubtedly very high efficiency. But not to say that as long as the master of this technique to be good for Liao headache pain, but only that the doctors on the basis of the original experience, and then add a skill, and even continue to have more techniques that provide the best patient services. For example, the issue of headache pain, just the right method can be used as supplementary means least, even in a lot of time to first use as an emergency tool. In fact, in many cases, just the right alone can cure headache, abdominal pain, and sometimes, in the case of ineffective drugs could play a role in just the right law, the public has a large number of such instances. No pain is pain, do not make General pain, common sense also. Of course, when the trial of the invalid, it should prompt the use of other methods. After all, it can not replace a comprehensive diagnosis of the cause, can not replace the role of other techniques. The use of any method, can not exaggerate its role. General medicine, is to ask a doctor to gradually get treatment for the disease, more and more laws and comprehensive understanding, which from the perspective of the treatment efficiency of various treatment options to be weighed. Doctors say is more individual techniques to master. Rise to the theory as integrative medicine, in its mature stage should have a complete theoretical system (continuously updated), the best treatment of various diseases to the general summary of the program (in the exploration of development). At the same time, there is research to focus on the relationship between different methods, it is necessary to grasp its complement, and pay attention to the conflict, particularly in the use of different drugs for treatment, to prevent the occurrence of adverse reactions, the problem is in the process of Integrative Medicine is also very important, in a sense, it can be said of integrative medicine is a medical practice and theoretical exploration well to a comprehensive medical approach and important phase. Above is a quote from "the universe of ethics" of the "perfect life"
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English Expression
: medical service
n.: medicine, physic, the learned professions, medical science, study of medicine
disease