Export controls is in some countries, especially the developed capitalist countries, in order to achieve certain political, military and economic purposes, for some commodities, particularly strategic materials and advanced technical information, export restrictions or export ban. Export controls are usually developed capitalist countries to implement an important means of trade discrimination policy. These countries export control laws, is always the name of the country's "political interests", "security interests" and "economic interests" banner, a pretext to prevent "strategic goods" and "shortage of supplies of domestic" exports to certain countries or regions and developed.
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The precise definition of export controls:
"Export Control is a government through the establishment of a series of reviews, restrictions and control mechanisms to prevent, directly or indirectly limit their goods or technology or spread through various distribution channels to target countries in order to achieve national security, foreign and economic interests of the "
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The purpose of export control
1. Political and military purposes. By restricting or prohibiting certain other countries may increase the military strength of the material, in particular, exports of strategic goods, or group of countries to safeguard their own political interests and security. Also a country by banning the sale of products or a group of countries with the technology as a means of implementing foreign policy. 2. Economy. Controls on the export of commodities, can limit the outflow of some shortage of materials is conducive to national price controls on goods, reducing export demand, the impact on domestic inflation. Meanwhile, the export controls to help protect the domestic economic resources to maintain a certain amount of supplies of domestic reserves, thereby using its own resources to the development of domestic processing industries.
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Export control of goods
Need to implement export control of goods generally have the following categories: (1) strategic materials and advanced technical information, such as military equipment, weapons, warships, aircraft, advanced computer and communications equipment, advanced equipment and technical information. Export controls on such goods, mainly from the "national security" and "military defense" of needs, and from maintaining technological leadership and economic advantages to consider. (2) The shortage of domestic production and living materials. The aim is to ensure that domestic production and living needs, the suppression of domestic commodity prices, stable domestic market. If Western countries tend to be oil, coal and other energy commodities export controls. (3) the need to "automatic" limit the export of goods. This is to ease trade friction with the importing country, the requirements of the importing country or forced under pressure from the other side, had some highly internationally competitive goods export controls. (4) historical relics and art treasures. This is for the protection of their cultural and artistic heritage and national spirit to take the needs of the export control measures. (5) country in the international market dominated by large exports of key commodities and goods. For some single export commodity, export market concentration, and the market price of commodities tends to be volatile in developing countries, the export controls on such goods, the purpose is to stabilize the international market price and ensure normal income. For example, the OPEC (OPEC) member countries in oil production and exports control, in order to stabilize oil prices.
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The form of export control
Export control mainly in the following two forms: 1 unilateral export controls. It is a country in accordance with national export control laws, the establishment of a special executive body of the country's exports of certain commodities for approval and licensing. Unilateral export controls entirely their own decisions by a State, not his country obligations and responsibilities. (2) multilateral export controls. It refers to several governments, through a certain way to create an international system of multilateral export business organizations to discuss and prepare a list of the multilateral export control, export control regulations of ways to coordinate their export control policies and measures to achieve common political and economic goals. November 1949 the establishment of export controls that COCOM Coordinating Committee, also called Batumi organization, is a typical international multilateral export control agency.
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Export control measures
Control of exports of a country there are many ways, for example, countries can export goods franchise, imposing high export tariffs, the implementation of export quotas, export controls, but the most common and most effective means is to use export licensing system, an export license permits and special permits are divided into general permit. 1. General permit. General permit, also known as general permit, this permit is relatively easy to obtain, exporters need not specifically apply to the relevant bodies, as long as the export declaration to fill out the license number of such ordinary commodities, after verification by Customs at the office proper export licensing procedures. 2. Special permit. Exports of goods belonging to the scope of special license must apply for special permits to the relevant bodies. Fill in the permit exporters to clear goods name, quantity, number, and output control purposes, and then attach the transaction approval certificate and instructions to obtain approval before being exported, such as not approve the export ban. In general, the implementation of a country's trade policy aims to expand exports and reduce imports, but some countries for political and economic considerations and the implementation of export control policy. Export control of a country's external trade and trade Shixing discriminatory one of the means to implement export controls, is controlled on the implementation of the policies of countries and adversely affect the national economy. In short, the export control state management of foreign trade is only a kind of economic means, the differential treatment and discrimination of foreign policy and political tool. Since the 1970s, countries have to relax export controls, export controls in particular, tend to be less political, but it is still important as an economic means and political tools exist.
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百科 Daquan
Export Control A country's export controls on exports from their own interests to implement the direct trade and Indirect control. Widely practiced in Western countries in wartime export controls; usually for some specific business Products in particular, strategic materials and advanced technology to issue an export license, export quota And export of foreign exchange and other means in order to control exports of species, number and amount of target Of. Export control approach are: ① direct state control, regulation, distribution and even export To prohibit the export of measures, such as export licenses, export quotas and export of foreign exchange and other. ② country Home of a price way to encourage or restrict exports, such as export credits, export subsidies, Export tax rebates, export taxes or increase domestic consumption tax. Export control of goods are: ① strategic materials and advanced technical equipment, advanced technology, information, weapons. ② In order to meet domestic Production requires raw materials, semi-manufactured goods and domestic market supply of daily necessities And so on. ③ some of the relics, precious works of art. States generally are based on national policies and laws Independent export controls, and _set_ up a special executive body, some of their goods into the Line approval and licensing. However, in exceptional circumstances, in several countries to coordinate with each other out Japanese control policies and measures to achieve the common political and economic purposes, a joint export control System. Founded in 1949 as COCOM.
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