Lou said that ice worms, still made worthless little skill
Lou said that ice worms, still made worthless little skill. Ming Zhang Fengyi, "Fu Ji war policy across the river": "I (Li Jing) own Tulong Jian, Ao fishing hooks, shooting the birds Po bow, then why get technical ice worms hair angle."
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Outline
Ice worms are distributed in a cold glacier annelids. Year-round living in the snow, their survival mechanism is still not very clear. Because the ice worm peculiar ecological environment, the research activities of life in cold state is important. Ice worms studies are gaining more and more attention. Standard will focus on aspects of the ice worms living environment, habits, morphological classification, physiological and biochemical characteristics and so on. Due to the current ice worm itself is still a lot of mysteries, still the majority of scholars have studied extensively.
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Taxonomy
Ice worms scientific name mesenchytraeus solifugus, solifugus comes from the Latin, meaning "flees the sun", meaning to escape the sun. Ice worms as melanenchytraeus solifugus by emery first reported in 1898. Malaspina glacier is obtained from a sample collected in 1894 in the second Alaska expedition in mount saint elias. moore (1899), later renamed to this bug melanchytraeus solifugus, and the first time in the world this was confirmed. Morphological study found two subspecies: m.solifugus distributed in North, m.solifugus rainierensis distributed in the south, in addition to the study also found some small differences ice worms and other areas of Vancouver Island in the distribution (tynen, 1972) Ice worms (mesenchytraeus solifugus) is the only known animal living in ice. Ice worms surface is black, is annelids, reproductive belt, Oligochaeta, up to 4cm long.
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Environment
Ice worms mainly in the coastal glaciers in the northern Pacific Ocean, is the only kind of life is about living in the 0 ° c glacial environment animals. In the United States mainly in southern Alaska to Oregon (latitude roughly equivalent to China's Heilongjiang) the majority of the northern coastal region (inland not found). . In Russia, Greenland and other places have similar animals found. Ice worms can exist in a variety of habitats, including snow, steep ice (steep avalanche cones), glacier crevice surface (crevasse walls), glaciers and ice pool (glacial rivers and pools), and hard hard glacier ice. But the texture is generally believed that the distribution is more and more commonplace in the region. In the ice in the ice worms crawling prevalent in the scientist's verbal description.
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Form
Ice worms on body length, different documents have different reports. Generally, ice worms 2 cm long, 0.5 mm in diameter. Skin color is dark, dark brown or black, very conspicuous in the snow.
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Habits
Due to the special weather conditions in cold regions, winter activities conducted field investigations have not been reported. And because ice worms are generally active in the summer, so the current research activities on the ice worms summer more. Ice worms can be active temperature range is very small, wikipedia information that ice worms live in a small temperature range, at -6.8 ° c when the body will be frozen, and sustained higher than 5 ° c will decompose. This decomposition process is called "autolysis" enzyme is thawed cells, followed by melting off the worm gradually realized. On the specific temperature range, the type of data also differ slightly. Ice worms have a very clear day and the night-volt phenomenon, which is mainly determined by the temperature. In the geographical distribution of ice worms, when the ice surface temperature in summer often rises above 5 ° c, it is easy to destroy the ice worm enzyme activity in vivo. Through scientific observation, ice worms generally drilled from the ice in the evening feeding, when the morning sun will appear will drill ice. How overwintering insects present on the ice is still inconclusive. Because the ice worms will be frozen at very low temperatures, and the Alaska winter temperatures can be below -40 ° c, and therefore on how to survive the winter ice worms are still unable to answer. There are many hypotheses. Some people think that in the winter, when ice worms will escape winter in the snow layer. Because the snow surface temperature is relatively high, more suitable for the physiological characteristics of the ice worm. Some people think that ice worms will produce a similar physiological state of hibernation in mammals, such as when the temperature suitable for re-activation. Unlock the mysteries of the winter ice worm research multicellular animal tissue or organ cryopreservation is very meaningful.
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Food Sources
Ice worms are the most important source of food micro-algae and bacteria living in the ice surface. There are also reports that the feeding process is not the Canadian ice worms devouring resolved. As long as the ice surface will be devouring organic matter.
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Life
Currently no related specifically to carry out the experiment. shain is the study of the world's ice worms most authoritative experts. He had ice worms in the fridge cultured without feeding any food, ice worms survived for two years. shain infer ice insect life probably between five to ten years.
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Molecular biological characteristics
anglela (2003) and others on the ice in vivo molecular biological other kinds of insects were compared. They head for the ice worms do a large-scale festival cdna sequence analysis. They found that the protein encoded by the ice worm has several characteristics, namely, small proteins, two are not polarized, three is a small electrostatic charge. These features are suitable for cold ice worms living environment. In addition, the ice worms f1atp synthase complex differentiation particularly fast compared with other ice worm proteins exhibit an adaptation to cold temperatures. The study also found that ice worms f1 atp of β and γ subunits exhibit a non-conservative, ice worms in the subunit contact sites and catalytic sites will use its own specific amino acid to replace. Currently on the molecular characteristics of the ice worm research is under way. Study ice worms antifreeze mechanism, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of its nucleic acid and protein characteristics. Above this figure ms behalf ice worms, other control animals bacteria, E. coli, plants, algae and insects in the water at different temperatures atp content. As can be seen from the figure, in general atp organisms are not present at the zero activity. And as the temperature rises, the content will continue to increase its activity. The only ice worms (ms) of atp below zero can exist, but as the temperature increases activity levels decline. This is also the peculiar ice worms.
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Significance
nasa2005 professor daniel shain 4,206 in funding to study ice worms. Mainly because of the glacier, and many similar temperature outside surface temperature of the planet, they hope to find the mysteries of biological resistance to low temperatures. In addition, the National Geographic magazine also invest in research ice worms. They believe the research to understand the mechanism of ice worms in the frozen state has an important role in organ transplantation. Furthermore, due to the characteristics of the distribution of ice worms, insects change an ice distribution range can also detect the temperature of the world climate change.
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Weakness
Ability to withstand high temperatures of ice worms is extremely fragile, as long as the temperature is higher than four degrees Celsius, the ice will melt insect cell membranes, intracellular enzymes also look into a pile of hay viscous substance. Ice worms is known on Earth only frozen undead creatures, scientists have the ideal qualities of extraterrestrial life. Scientists believe that this rare insect ice cold constitution can prove there may be the same as cold as ice insect life on the alien planet. They walk freely in the ice at the polar low active living, slightly viscous heating it into a ball. "Seattle Times" reported on February 21, the United States will join NASA biologist and "National Geographic" invested heavily in research polar ice worms, hope whereby a major step in the journey to explore extraterrestrial life. Polar ice is one of the few insects biologically active at low temperatures in polar regions. They are called biologists, the largest invertebrates, frozen earth in the most active creatures. Polar ice worms live in the snow glacier area. In the USA and Alaska, Oregon, British Columbia and the area near the polar glaciers can find them on the scene. They head is very small, black lines in the snow like a trace of thin. They may not be the world's most cold-blooded animals. In the biting cold temperature glacier region, almost frozen popsicles and other animals, and even cells are frozen "gurgling" sound. However, this low polar ice worms for it is the most comfortable living environment. Scientists have discovered that ice insect cell membranes and enzymes of normal metabolism at low temperatures, the cell membrane to maintain the inherent elasticity. Ice worms not only resistant to frost still hungry. Scientists once the ice worms in the refrigerator a few studies. Two years later, eat or drink in the freezer ice worms still tenaciously survive. But ice worms have fatal flaws - span. Ability to withstand high temperatures of ice worms is extremely fragile, as long as the temperature is higher than four degrees Celsius, the ice will melt insect cell membranes, intracellular enzymes also look into a pile of hay viscous substance. Wear ice Mysteries: Icebreakers have surgery? Many mystery surrounding the ice worm, the most incredible ice worms can freely walk through the solid ice. Nobody knows how they are out to break the ice. Some scientists say that ice worms may be drilled along the ice cracks the ice surface; Some people have speculated Jormungar icebreaking surgery. More than biologists suspect, ice and ice insect body may contain substances. Whenever they wear ice and rows, cells in the body release energy, the ice melted around to form a channel, like a "hot knife through butter based." A study of snow animal experts say, many snow fleas, nematodes and snow spider in the snow, ice worms are the most amazing animals. Polar bears thick fur makes it cold with the outside world cut off from their own and can save energy. Antarctic cod have blood antifreeze, making life as usual in the ice and snow. However, naked, tiny ice worms rely on to keep warm, even wear ice? Biologists Cape Wenzel said: "When the temperature drops, ice worms soon as the body to produce energy Riga gasoline tank.." Hiding mystery: Winter extinct? Ice worms lifestyle is full of mysteries. They always live in snow glacier area, whereabouts secret. A massive summer ice worms on ice out, come out in search of food. According to researchers looking for ice worms that may be too easy to trample tens of thousands of intertwined ice worms. Ice worms out Sun_set_, sunrise and interest. Before the sun rises in the summer, ice worms have Duohui ice. After the sun goes down the ice worms come out from the cave, search algae, pollen and other residues can be digested food. So their school called "solifugus", that is, avoid the sun. In the winter, ice worms gathering mostly covered with snow, no algae or other food, they hide underground. But so far, no one knows how the winter ice worms in the ground. In winter ice worms seem extinct. Scientists suspect they are hiding in the snow at the end of hibernation. However, recently researchers found that if dug deep enough in the winter may have seen ice worms. Biologists have made many trips to the United States two snow-capped mountains to dig Lei Nike ice worms. They still find ice worms are hiding in a hole three meters below the ground. Uncover the mystery: it is possible to find extraterrestrial life Ice worms is known on Earth only frozen undead creatures, scientists have the ideal qualities of extraterrestrial life. Scientists believe that this rare insect ice cold constitution can prove there may be the same as cold as ice insect life on the alien planet. In 2005, NASA (nasa) invested $ 200,000 research project funded ice worms. nasa think ice worms can live in such a hostile environment composure, might itself prove there is a similar alien on Jupiter's ice hockey or other planets. United States, "National Geographic," also noted that ice worms, funded researchers find ice worms. "National Geographic" that ice worms value in terms of organ transplantation extraterrestrial life than it represents a more practical significance. Jormungar cell metabolism can be maintained at normal temperatures. The transplanted organ in the refrigerator, but the process consumes energy, fast shrinking. If ice can uncover the secrets of insect metabolism, doctors can make use of chemical and pharmaceutical organ preservation longer. In 1887, the famous photographer Curtis Seattle ice worm was first discovered, it was named "Snow eel." But little attention. In recent years, global warming endangered polar animals, ice worms slowly into the researcher's attention. A University of Washington graduate student of biological American Ben Lee ice worms elected their thesis topic. Lee said: "It is hot ice worm, for its research almost empty, yet it is so wonderful." Scholars in the eyes of the "ice worm" Indeed rich literary imagination, in the early 20th century, the ice worms appeared in the writer's strokes, some books and poetry can also see the ice worms figure. It is less than 5 cm long, living under the thick ice of small insects, then it is already witnessed in the eyes of the poet of love, reflections of life. Writer Robert Sevres in his works repeatedly mentioned this magical little bugs. In particular, the novel is a famous poem "98 marks": "In the land of snow patch of pale blue, exposure to the Promise; polar plains of light and shadow, the polar bear in singing dance; ah, you are my darling , my life, my soul; polar ice worms when homing, I'll see you. " And Ben Lee also studied the ice just looking insect itself, he had a goal of 140 is to memorize Savvis President poem "Blue Snow": When everything becomes clear, you approached wait shy, tiny insects crowded together, stretched blue nose, for the continuation of life, they find all the nutrients they chew each other to each other's tail until the tenacious live. So beloved by poets, perhaps because they are still able to survive in such a harsh environment. But in the next 50 years due to global warming, which they would survive the ice slowly disappear, until then it will become an ice worm extinct animals, humans could only lament their magic in poetry the .
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Taxonomy
Ice worms scientific name Mesenchytraeus solifugus, solifugus comes from the Latin, meaning "flees the sun", meaning to escape the sun. Ice worms as Melanenchytraeus solifugus by Emery first reported in 1898. Samples are obtained by the Malaspina Glacier 1894 collection at the second Alaska expedition of Mount Saint Elias. Moore (1899), later renamed to this bug Melanchytraeus solifugus, and the first time in the world this was confirmed. Morphological study found two subspecies: M.solifugus distributed in North, M.solifugus rainierensis distributed in the south, in addition to the study also found some small differences ice worms and other areas of Vancouver Island in the distribution (Tynen, 1972) Ice worms (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) is the only known animal living in ice. Ice worms surface is black, is annelids, reproductive belt, Oligochaeta up 4CM long.