Galileo Jiali Lei (1564 ~ 1642) is the late great Italian Renaissance Italian astronomer, mechanics, philosophers, physicists, mathematicians. The pioneers of modern experimental physics is also known as "the father of modern science." He was carried out to maintain truth indomitable fighters. Engels said he was "no matter what obstacles, breaking the old can be desperate, said that creation of a new one of the giants." February 15, 1564 was born in Pisa, January 8, 1642 and died in Pisa. Galileo family name Jiali Lei (galilei), his full name is galileo galilei, but his name has been called pass galileo, rather than call his name. Because of translation problems, so named theories, to Galileo Jiali Lei prevail.
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Life
Galileo in 1564 was born on February 15 the western coast of Italy, Pisa, Florence, his country of origin, the door came the decline of a noble family. Galileo's father was a frustrated musician, versed in Greek and Latin, mathematics is also quite accomplished. Thus, Galileo was a good childhood family education. Galileo at the age of twelve, into the 瓦洛姆布洛 Sa monastery near Florence, received a classical education. Seventeen years old, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine at the same time concentrated on studying physics and mathematics. Because of family financial difficulties, Galileo did not get a diploma, he left the University of Pisa. In difficult circumstances, he still insisted on scientific research, Euclid and Archimedes studied the many works to do a lot of experiments and published many influential papers, which received great attention at the academic , known as "contemporary Archimedes." Galileo was in the age of 25, Professor of Mathematics University of Pisa. Two years later, Galileo as the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment, offended the church and lost the job. Galileo, after leaving the University of Pisa, in 1592 taught at the University of Padua to Venice until 1610. Galileo in this period was the golden age of science. Here, his mechanics, astronomy and other areas have achieved fruitful results. 1610, Galileo's writings to his popular books published in the form out, named "Star Messenger", the book published in Venice, a sensation in Europe at the time, but also won the highest honor of Galileo. Galileo was hired as "court philosopher" and "the court's chief mathematician", since he returned to his hometown of Florence. Galileo's court in Florence to continue scientific research, but his astronomical discoveries and his writings clearly reflected astronomy out of the Copernican heliocentric view. Thus, Galileo began to receive the church's attention. Began in 1616, Galileo by the Roman Inquisition began over twenty years of brutal persecution. Galileo's later life very miserable, take care of his daughter Sailisite even before he died. Loss of her daughter's too sad, so Galileo blind. Even in such conditions, he still did not give up his scientific research. January 8, 1642, at 4 am, the great Galileo - for science, for truth and life of the soldiers fight, the scientific giants passed away, at the age of 78 years. Died on the eve of his departure, he repeated the phrase: "the pursuit of science requires a special courage." Galileo is a small hill where the eldest son of Elsie, son, father placed great hope. He found a very clever little Galileo, what small things are full of curiosity, not only that, the child ingenuity, he seems to always be restless, not draw pictures, that is, playing, and often to the brothers and sisters do Many smart mobile toys, had a great time. Galileo first into the 佛伦勃罗萨 small convent school. In this school, he devotes himself to studying philosophy and religion, for some time, Galileo wanted to in the future when a small church dedicated to the missionaries. However, the situation where the mountain DU heard immediately after his son home, he persuaded Galileo to study medicine, this is the future of his son had designed a way. 17 years old, Galileo entered the University of Pisa, famous, according to the wishes of his father, he became a medical student. University of Pisa, is the oldest university, the school library collection of books, which are very similar Galileo's mind, but Galileo was not much interest in the medical, he rarely class, a class to teach the teaching of the content of their kinds of questions, the professor who is difficult to answer, in the eyes of the professors, Galileo was a very liked the bad students. However, Galileo is not only interested in medicine, he diligently studied mathematics, physics and other natural sciences, and those who look with suspicion since ancient times been regarded as a classic doctrine. You know, living in a time of Galileo, it is the history of the famous European Renaissance, and Italy is the birthplace of the Renaissance. At that time, many big cities in Italy such as Florence, Genoa and Venice, into the center of East-West trade, built the firm, the bank hand and the first workshop, there has been the seeds of capitalist relations of production. Developed together with trade, the invention of printing, the spread of new ideas more than ever more rapidly. So, people thousands of years of religious theology and his thinking began to have shaken the traditional dogma. By chance, the court mathematician Galileo Ma Dou Liqi heard lectures. The young mathematician vast knowledge, rigorous logic, especially proof of mathematical problems in his confirmation when the ways in which Galileo was fascinated. His eyes bright, as if found a very magical world, and this is his dream realm of mathematics! He was all excited, and immediately find the court mathematician Mary Douli Qi, asked him a number of puzzling problems. Ma Dou Liqi was originally to follow the Grand Duke of Tuscany, from Florence to Pisa, he gave the court of the page boy about math, did not think there will be an enthusiastic audience, and his questions very interesting, it shows the superior wisdom and deep knowledge foundation. When I heard Mary Douli Qi University of Pisa, Galileo is when medical students can not help but blurt out: "ah, Galileo, you have talent, you will become a great mathematician." Galileo's blush, and he talked about his weariness of Medicine, talked about his father's expectations, but also talk to their own wishes because they can not learn at their own distress. "Do not be discouraged." Ma Dou Liqi said gently: "You are right to self-study, what difficulties are you any time I am a loyal friend." Ma Dou Liqi listening to the encouragement, the more assiduously Galileo mathematics and physics, he borrowed from the court mathematician, each book are hard to read, like a sponge to absorb water as down. However, he was not the kind of superstitious books, those people think is the truth the authority of the conclusions in Galileo's mind often with unexpected questions, he often frustrated by this, being in deep thought . Once, he was familiar with Galileo wandered the cathedral of Pisa, he sat on a bench, eyes stared at the altar of carved pillars and arched, abruptly, the church hall, shaking up the central giant lamp , is the repair of houses, where workers install chandeliers. It would have been is a very common thing, chandeliers swaying like a pendulum, the arc in the air to draw invisible. However, like a touch of the power, like Galileo, intently tracking the swinging chandeliers at the same time, he used his right hand wrist of the clock, calculating the first swinging chandelier pulse frequency, this calculation time swinging chandelier. The results of this calculation, Galileo discovered a secret, and this is a chandelier swing time, regardless of the size of the arc is always the same. At first, chandeliers put a very powerful, gradually, it slowed down, but every swing time, pulse frequency is the same. Galileo opened his mind churn, he thought, the book is clearly written on the conclusion that, put through a short arc faster than after a long arc, which is to say the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who also No doubt. Is something wrong with my eyes, or how it was. He made a mad like a college dorm room like a running back, behind closed doors repeat the test. He found a different length of rope, chains, and I do not know where to get the iron ball, wooden ball. In the roof, a branch outside the window, fascinated to repeat again and again, with the hourglass of time down swinging. Finally, Galileo had to conclude that boldly: Aristotle, the conclusion is wrong, decided to swing cycle is the length of rope, and it is the end of the weight of the object does not matter. Moreover, the length of the pendulum the same rope, the vibration cycle is the same. This is the Galileo discovered the movement of the pendulum. Needless to say how happy Galileo. But at the time, who would believe that a scientific discovery medical students, not to mention he concluded that Aristotle rejected the authority of the famous saying. At this point, where mountains of DU in the shop more and more depressed, I heard that Galileo did not follow their wishes to study medicine, but all day long obsession with irrelevant experiment, therefore, strict father decided to stop Galileo a little go on to university, so he went home to become a clerk. Galileo was very discouraged, he left the University of Pisa back to Florence. But his chosen path is unshakable. Believe science A very lively streets of Florence, a little window dressing, light business store, which is where the mountain wool Du store opened. Every day, when the pedestrians hurry through here, you always can see the red hair Galileo afford to sit at the front desk lost in thought, or no one else in there playing some strange things, like pan ah, iron Yeah, Yeah plate; and more often, he is buried in the books, seen him as focused as his father call out even hear you. Since the return home, Galileo had to against their will in his father's shop in as a clerk, but his heart did not forget one fifteen mathematics and physics. There is no adequate study conditions, and no teacher can ask for help, he tried to find some natural science books, to hard tenacious self. His favorite book is Euclid's "Geometry Principles" and the writings of Archimedes. "Geometric principle" is the world handed down the first geometry book, and the writings of the Greek scientist Archimedes, contains a wealth of mathematical and mechanical knowledge, especially in some of the physical experiment, the great Galileo attractive. About experiments, Galileo's interest in the most concentrated. Also the University of Pisa, he produced a hands-on "Pulse count", which he designed based on the movement of the pendulum can be used to measure the situation of the patient's pulse, popular with doctors welcome. Now, in his father's shop in, not to mention the experimental conditions, but he still do with some routine equipment test, although this will inevitably have to endure his father's curse, he is not wrong according to dry. The summer of 1589, shops in Florence for 4 years spent living in self-Galileo, the mathematician Mary Dou Liqi been encouraged by the court, especially the aristocratic Marquis recommended Gate security plans, he finally won the pizza University professor of mathematics and science jobs. At this time, he was only 25 years old. Now, Galileo do not have to worry about for a living, although wages are not high, but he can complete their daily teaching, the focus of scientific research in his longing. In the near future, Galileo was the beginning of this article describes the free fall experiment on the Leaning Tower of Pisa he threw the iron ball, eloquent testimony not only of objects of different weights fall by the same high degree of freedom when the speed is the same More importantly, this bold conclusion overturned the authority of Aristotle conclusion. In those conservative-minded, rigid mind the eyes, the move is tantamount to digging their graves, Aristotle, Galileo began to irreconcilable believers and the. At the University of Pisa, spent a semester, Galileo also lost his post. Because he offended a relative Qiao Fanni Grand Duke. Qiao Fanni is ignorant of this, he claimed the invention of a dredger, hypocritically came to seek the views of Galileo. When the Galileo model of careful observation of the dredger after bluntly told him that the design sub-scientific principles, can not be used. Qiao Fanni touch with a bloody nose, not only do not accept the views of Galileo, but stubbornly insist on water experiments, the results of the ship sank. Shishi judged Galileo proved entirely correct, but angry Qiao Fanni vent their anger on the contrary, Galileo, spread gossip, attack him as "serpent." Aristotle, who has long been disgruntled followers, took the opportunity of an attack on him for a time the city is so much noise storm. In this atmosphere, University of Pisa, Galileo could not stay out. Galileo once again turned to the Marquis Gate security plans. The nobles cherish talent out hand of friendship again, he used his influence to recommend to the University of Padua, Galileo, Padova is an academic air in northern Italy, a strong town, from the beautiful coastal city of Venice far, fall under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Venice. 1592, 28-year-old University of Padua, Galileo was appointed as mathematics, science and astronomy professor. Since then, Galileo ushered in the golden age of life.
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Telescope
It was the winter of 1604, in the southern sky, a sudden extremely bright star, The space of the uninvited guest to attract the attention of many people, but the fall in the second year after mysteriously disappeared. People can not help but make a series of questions, this is what a star? It comes from, and where to go? The night sky in the stars, what exactly is in accordance with the laws of motion? However, all these problems, who do not know. Galileo watched every night in the mysterious sinking, the stars, as long as the weather was fine, he would never miss this golden opportunity. He daydreams out of mind also been many problems, he increasingly felt that the secret of human understanding of the universe too little. However, even with the naked eye is limited after all, had not yet invented the telescope. Galileo was thinking, can not think of ways to make people more acuity of vision, more extended, like the myth of the telescope that can see the distant stars? We arrived in June 1609, Galileo heard of news that the Dutch have a businessman Li Paxi glasses found in the occasional in the distance with a lens to see invisible things. "Is this not exactly what I need clairvoyance it?" Galileo is very happy. Soon, a student of Galileo's letters from Paris, to further confirm the accuracy of this information, the letter said that although Li Paxi do not know what to do, but the glasses made a business definitely mirror tube, using it can make magnified the object many times. "Mirror Tube!" Galileo saw the letter several times over and over again, quickly ran into his laboratory. He got goose management of paper and pen, and began to draw a diagram of a lens imaging. This prompted the mirror control Galileo was inspired, it seems to magnify objects mirror tube secret is to choose what kind of lens, in particular, convex and concave to match. He got the information about the lens, constantly calculated and forget the twilight climb up the windows, have forgotten how to dawn broke into the room. The whole night, Galileo finally understand that the convex and concave lenses in a proper distance, as the Dutch saw it, the distant object the naked eye can not see can see the magnified. Galileo was very happy. He attend to rest and quickly started grinding lenses, this is a very time-consuming and requires careful job. He did well for several days, a pair of convex and concave lens grinding, and then produced an elaborate two-tier metal tube can slide. Now, the experiment with his invention. Galileo carefully put a bigger one end of the tube lens safety, the other end of the placement of a smaller concave lens, and then put the tube in front of the window. When he looked from one end concave, the miracle, that the church seemed distant sight, you can clearly see the cross on the tower, even a dove _set_tled on the cross are also seen very realistic. Galileo's telescope made the news soon got around. "I made the news reached Venice telescope", in a letter to brother's letter, Galileo wrote: "A week later, he ordered me to the telescope was presented to the Speaker and members of their watch, they were very much surprised. gentleman and lawmakers, although very old, but all in order, the highest bell tower in Venice board, looked far from a vessel in the harbor, see very clearly; without my binoculars, is overlooking the two hours, also see disappear. This instrument enables the utility of objects other than those 50 miles, 5 miles look like that. " Galileo invented the telescope, through continuous improvement, to 30 times magnification, can enlarged 1000 times. Now he has clairvoyant like, you can pry the secret of the universe. This is a landmark in astronomy a revolution, thousands of years astronomers observed the moon and stars the naked eye alone era is over, replaced by the optical telescope, with this powerful weapon, the door to modern astronomy was opened. Now, every starry night or a bright moon, Galileo put his telescope aimed at the distant deep sky, regardless of fatigue and cold, night after night watching. In the past, people always thought the moon was a smooth objects, self-luminous like the sun. But Galileo found through the telescope, the moon and the earth we live, have a high and steep mountains, there are low-lying depressions (at the time of Galileo called it a "sea"). He also from the moon bright and dark parts of the movement, that the moon does not light itself, the moon's light come from the sun. Galileo telescope across the sky again in the Galaxy, the Galaxy before it was believed that water vapor on Earth cemented white mist, Aristotle is one such thought. Galileo decided to test this claim is correct the telescope. The night sky with a telescope to his hazy band of light, shocked, that is not the original cloud, but millions of stars gathered together. Galileo also observed the stained clouds in the sky - known as the cluster and found that many star clusters are gathered together, like the Orion cluster, Taurus Ang cluster, Beehive Cluster is the case. Galileo's telescope opened one after another the secrets of the universe, he found that Jupiter is surrounded by its motion satellite, they also calculated the running cycle. We now know that Jupiter has 14 satellites, Galileo discovered is one of the largest four. In addition, the Galileo telescope to the Sun, sunspots, and he concluded by the phenomenon of the movement of sunspots, the sun is in the rotation. One after another exciting discovery, enough to allow Galileo to write a new astronomical discovery of the book, he announced to the world of his observations. March 1910, Galileo's book, "Star Messenger" published in Venice, and immediately caused a sensation in Europe. However, he did not think, binoculars reveal the secrets of the universe greatly offended many people, a terrible fate will befall the outstanding scientists of the head.
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Tragic experience
What happened? So this time, Galileo's name on the blacklist of the Roman Inquisition, he was the notorious Inquisition summoned to Rome to accept his trial. Galileo What crimes it? Words to begin at the beginning. 15,16-century Europe, it is the feudal society to capitalist society, changing the critical period. For a long time, in order to consolidate the rule of the feudal order, theocratic rule in Europe, instead of using a scientific theology, instead of using savage freedom. Theologians absurd to claim that the universe is full of "various levels of angels, and a _set_ of a crystal ball," while stationary on the earth living in the center of the crystal ball. They respected the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy's "The Earth is center of the universe," the doctrine, because theologians view, the sun is around the earth, because God created the sun's purpose is to illuminate the earth, mercy on the human . This is the immutable, irrefutable truth. In order to maintain this ridiculous theory, the Catholic Church's Inquisition at the violence of terror against all people who dare to challenge. 1327, Italian astronomer mining subjects burned alive in Moscow, said the charges against him but the earth is spherical, in another hemisphere, there are also human habitation, because of the brutal persecution against the teachings of the Bible. February 17, 1600, the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, Baihua Plaza in Rome, were burned alive, but also because of his advocacy of the Copernican theory around, shaking the earth center said. Galileo was a contemporary of Bruno, as early as coaching the University of Padua, he had read Copernicus's book "On the hypothesis of celestial bodies." Polish astronomer in this outstanding book boldly sun is the center of the solar system, Earth and other planets revolve around the sun the theory that the center of the sun for a start to rise to great interest in Galileo. Galileo is a scientific attitude, but very serious scholar, he thought, in the past said that the earth around the sun run, but the contrary view of Copernicus, in the end which one is correct? Galileo is not the conclusion lightly, he decided to use his telescope to prove who is in the. When Galileo's book, "Star messenger" was published, he was a staunch supporter of the Copernican theory. Galileo through their own observation and research, come to realize that the Copernican theory was correct, and Ptolemy the center of the Earth is wrong, Aristotle, many of the views are wrong. Galileo refuted Aristotle not only published papers, but also through support letters made no secret of the doctrine of Copernicus, or even a copy of the letter sent directly to the Church of Rome. Galileo view, the conscience of scientists is to follow the truth. However, the Holy See will never let go of Galileo, they issued a strongly worded Galileo first warning, and then summoned him to Rome for trial. February 1616, the Inquisition declared, allowed the doctrine of Copernicus, Galileo and then publicity, whether lectures or writing, shall then say that the Copernican theory is the truth. Galileo will not forget, 16 years ago, Bruno is to be dressed in black robes of these, pious defender of God burned alive. If he dared to resist, the end will not be Bibulunuo better. Under the despotic power in the Church, Galileo was forced to abandon the Copernican theory made a statement. With great pain he was feeling back to Florence, in silence through a number of years. But Galileo did not give up deep inside the Copernican theory, on the contrary, continued observation and in-depth research, made him more convinced that the Copernican theory is completely correct scientific theory. Nepal in Florence villa on the outskirts of tin, Galileo led a secluded life, his body deteriorated, the disease in the brutally tortured him, but he still obsessed with publicity Copernican doctrine. After a long deliberation the idea, spent almost 5 years, a great book, "Dialogue on the Two World Systems" was finally born. "Dialogue on the Two World Systems" on the surface are three forms of dialogue and objective discussion of Ptolemy's geocentric and heliocentric Copernicus, who is in on the discussion without bias. But when the book finally published in February 1632, the careful reader can easily see, this book is full of arguments and a lot of indisputable fact, a telling critique of Aristotle and Ptolemy error theory, the earth science Copernicus argued that the declaration of the complete bankruptcy of religious theology. Soon, the sense of smell than dogs also sniff out the spirit of the Church This book contains the terrible thought, from between the lines reveals to the bold conclusion that theologians felt great panic. Those disaffected early on Galileo and the Church of academic fraud immediately collaborated to cook up charges conspiracy, for the persecution of Galileo attempt to mislead. Science and theology irreconcilable struggle broke out. August 1632, Rome, the Inquisition banned the sale of this book, and named by the Pope to organize a special committee to review this book. Galileo had a premonition that catastrophe, really, to 10 months, he received the Inquisition he went to Rome to be tried in a paper document. At this time, Galileo is 69 years old, struck by mobility, many people who care about him to intercede for him everywhere, but the Pope said angrily: "unless it is proved that he can not move, or if necessary, give He handcuffed charge to Rome! " In this way, early in 1633, Galileo came to Rome, be ill. He went to Rome will lose their freedom, locked up in a prison of the Inquisition, and not allowed to any man and his contacts. Time in human history, the appalling persecution started that way. In the Roman Inquisition and the bloody terror of the court, the truth and falsehood was the rejection of science by the divine right of the trial. Murder of the Church that judges face, threatened with burning at the stake Galileo to give up their beliefs, otherwise they will seek the death penalty against him. Galileo elderly and sick despair, and he knows that truth is not possible to fight the violence. Although he can renounce the Copernican theory, but the order of the universe who is between the bodies can not be changed. Criminal law at the trial and tortured, Galileo was forced to publicly express repentance before the courts, agree to give up the Copernican theory, and signed the verdict. "To sanction such a serious and damaging your errors and sins, and more prudent for you in the future and be a role model and a warning to others," dressed in black robes in public, the trial judge read the verdict against Galileo, "We announce with public order prohibiting Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two World Systems," a book; sentenced to formally put you into a temporary prison, according to our views, and repent of your salvation, read each week seven in three years hymn of repentance ... ... "
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The main contribution
Can be divided into the following three aspects: ① Mechanics Galileo on the movement of basic concepts, including gravity, velocity, acceleration and so made a detailed study and given a strict mathematical expressions. Particular acceleration proposal of the concept is a milestone in the history of mechanics. With the acceleration of the concept of the dynamic part of the mechanics can be established on a scientific basis, and in Galileo before, only the static part of a quantitative description. Galileo had informally proposed the law of inertia (see Newton's laws of motion) and the movement of objects under external force, which is a formal motion Newton's first and second law laid the foundation. Founded on the classical mechanics, Galileo can be said that Newton's pioneers. Galileo also put forward together to the law of projectile motion law, and established the principle of Galilean relativity. Galileo's contribution to the mechanics are manifold. This is the mechanics of his life writing books "talk about the two new scientific and mathematical proof" in detail. In this monumental work, in addition to dynamics, there are a lot of the content on the mechanics of materials. For example, he elaborated on the beam bending test and theoretical analysis, correctly concluded that the bending capacity of beams and geometry of the mechanical similarity relations. He pointed out that similar to the length of the cylindrical beam, bending moment and the radius is proportional to cube. He also analyzed by the concentrated load of simply supported beam, the right of the biggest moment in the load, and with it to the distance between two points is proportional to the product. Galileo also beam bending theory to practice should pay attention to issues of analysis, pointing out the size of engineering structures can not be too large, because they will be destroyed under the action of its own weight. He reached under the experimental animal body size decreases, the body's strength does not decrease proportionally. He said: "A dog may be able to pack on its back two or three dogs of similar size, but I believe a horse, perhaps even one and it also can not afford the size of the pack horse." ② Astronomy He is the use of telescopes to obtain a large number of objects the results of the first scientists. These achievements include: discovery uneven surface of the moon, four satellites of Jupiter (now called the Galilean satellites), sunspots and solar rotation, Venus, Jupiter, profit and loss phenomena and numerous stars from the composition of the Galaxy. He experiments confirmed Copernicus's "earth, said," and completely negates the rule more than a thousand years, Aristotle and Ptolemy's "heaven and said." ③ Philosophy Adhere to and idealism of his life and the church struggle against scholasticism, advocate the use of specific experiments to understand the laws of nature, that experience is the source of theoretical knowledge. He does not recognize the absolute truth and the world has the absolute authority of the possession of the truth against the blind superstition. He acknowledged that the objectivity of matter, diversity and the infinity of the universe, these views on the development of the philosophy of materialism has important significance. However, due to historical limitations, he stressed that only the number of characteristics can be summarized as the material properties is an objective existence. Because support for heliocentric theory of Galileo was imprisoned, "abandoned the" heliocentric theory, he said, "Considering all the obstacles, not necessarily the shortest between two points is a straight line," precisely because he has such ideas, in exchange for a temporary waiver Always support to the heroic, as Bruno did not like, but can science continue to contribute their efforts.
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Galileo and his scientific discoveries
Ancient Greece in physics that there are two schools of thought, one group represented by the philosopher Aristotle, Archimedes faction Zeyi represented by natural scientists. They are both a scholar of ancient Greek Achillea, but because of the two viewpoints and methods, their scientific conclusions will vary, and in sharp opposition. Basic Aristotelian view is idealistic, he is purely subjective thinking and reasoning for the conclusion, it is full of fallacy. The Archimedes school is basically materialistic point of view, he completely rely on the conclusion by the scientific practices. Galileo's theory according to Archimedes, were quickly determine the alloy composition of hydrostatic balance, the invention can determine the density of matter in the "small scale", wrote the name of "small scale" of the paper. Later he applied himself to studying the geometry of the object center of gravity, in 1588 published a "solid center of gravity" of the paper, the attention to academics. The second year in a friend's recommendation, was appointed as professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa. Aristotle believed that the two objects fall to the same height, weight lighter than the first landing. But Galileo after repeated research and experiments, obtained with them diametrically opposite conclusion: the speed of falling objects has nothing to do with the weight. In 1590, Galileo made in the Leaning Tower of Pisa public falling body experiment to test the Aristotle was wrong, so that ruled over 2,000 years people thought of Aristotle's doctrine for the first time shaken. And invited to watch some of the well-known scholars have denied that he witnessed everything, they rallied together to attack Galileo. In 1591, Galileo was fired pizza. See from the history of science, Galileo is not the pioneer experiment of falling bodies, the pioneer of Sri Lanka in Belgium in Taiwanese. Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment, but the impact is more far-reaching. The next year, he published "Star messenger", popular introduction to the reader to the sky, he observed the phenomenon, publicized his views. In this work caused a great sensation in Europe, Galileo is known as the "sky Columbus." In 1613, he published in Rome, "On the sunspots." The book clearly stated in the form of letter Copernican theory is correct, Ptolemaic theory is wrong. Thus Galileo offended the church, began to receive religious tailor the trial. In 1636, Galileo completed in the custody of his life secretly another great book, "Dialogue on the Two New Sciences." The book published in 1638 in the Netherlands. This also is a great book written by three forms of dialogue. "First Day" is about the problem of the strength of solid materials, refuted Aristotle on the speed of falling bodies depends on its weight, the point of view; "next day" is a cohesive effect on the reasons discussed in the proof of leverage and the beam The intensity of the problem; "third day" to discuss the uniform motion and accelerated motion nature; "Day" is a discussion on the projectile motion. Fundamental denial of the great works of Aristotle's theory of movement.
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Galileo's scientific method
Galileo demonstration of the laws of physics are very strict. He created the physical reason as to conduct experimental research and the experimental methods and mathematical methods, the combination of logical argument scientific method. For example, to illustrate inertia, he has designed a frictionless ideal experiment: o in a certain point of a pendulum suspension, put the ball will be pulled a certain distance away from the vertical position to the left of a point, the release of the ball, the ball will be placed to the vertical position of the right side of the b points, then a point and b point at the same height. If o c a nail just below the pendulum motion to change lines, the ball will be placed with a, b two o'clock the same high level of d. Galileo pointed out that the ramp will reach the same conclusion. He would butt up the two slopes, so the ball rolled along a slope from rest, the ball will roll to another slope. If there is no friction, the ball will rise to the original height. He reasoned that, if the second bevel angle decreases, the ball in the ramp will reach the height of the original through a longer distance. Continue to the second incline angle getting smaller and smaller, the ball will roll farther and farther together. If the second inclined plane into the horizontal plane, the ball will never reach its original height, but to continue along the horizontal movement at constant speed down. Although Galileo is designed to test the imagination, but it is built on the basis of reliable facts. The idealization of things to be more prominent main features of things, make things simple, easy to understand its laws. Galileo's new method of the natural science, effectively promote the development of physics, so he was hailed as "the founder of classical physics."
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Galileo's position in the history of science
Galileo's scientific discoveries, not only in physics but also in the entire history of both science occupies an extremely important position. He not only corrected the rule of nearly two thousand years in Europe Aristotle's erroneous views, but also created a new method for the study of natural science.
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Galileo's famous experiment
Legend of 1590, was born in Pisa in the Italian physicist Galileo, Leaning Tower of Pisa to do in free-fall experiment, two different weight ball dropped from the same height at the same time, the results of two shot landed at the same time, which found the law of free fall, overturned Aristotle that the heavy object will reach the ground first, the speed of falling bodies is proportional to its mass the same point of view. Galileo at the Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment story free fall, recorded in his student Viviani (vincenzo viviani, 1622 年 -1703) in the 1654 book, "the story of Galileo's life history" (1717 published) a book, but Galileo, Pisa University and other contemporary people are not on the record of the experiment. The Leaning Tower of Pisa Galileo is done in free-fall experiment in history, there has been for and against two different views.
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The story of Galileo
Galileo in 1564 was born in Pisa, Italy, on the next to the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. His father was a bankrupt aristocrat. When Galileo came into the world, his family has been poor the. 17 years old that year, Galileo admitted to the University of Pisa. At the university, Galileo not only study hard, and like the teacher a question. Even the common people, accustomed to some of the phenomena, he also asked the inquisitor (pattern) in the end, the extent to crystal clear. Staring at the ceiling Once, he stood in Pisa Cathedral, the eyes staring at the ceiling, motionless. What is he doing it? Originally, he used his left hand right hand pulse, looking at the ceiling lights sway back and forth. He found that the light of the swing, although weaker and weaker, and every swing of the distance gradually shortened, but the time required for each swing is the same. Thus, Galileo made a suitable length of pendulum, measure the pulse rate and uniformity. From here, he found a _set_ of rules. Clock is based on his discovery of the laws create. Out of school to work self- Family life of poverty, so that Galileo had to leave the university early. After school, Galileo is still in the home assiduously mathematics. Because of his continued efforts to research in mathematics achieved excellent results. He also invented a gravity scale, wrote a paper entitled "solid center of gravity." At this point, 21-year-old Galileo is famous nationwide, people called him "the contemporary of Archimedes." In his 25 years old, University of Pisa, he became exceptionally appointed professor of mathematics. The world-famous falling body experiments Before Galileo, Aristotle of ancient Greece that the speed of falling objects is not the same. It's falling speed is proportional to its weight, the heavier the object, the faster the fall. For example, 10 kg heavy objects fall faster than 1 kg body weight 10 times faster. 1700 years ago, people have always regarded this as a violation of natural law theory of truth can not be doubted. Young Galileo reasoning based on their experience, boldly questioned the doctrine of Aristotle. After careful consideration, he decided to do a hands-on experiments. He chose the Leaning Tower of Pisa as a testing ground. On this day, he brought the same size but the weight of two iron balls ranging from a 100 pounds, is solid; another 1 pound, is hollow. Leaning Tower of Pisa Galileo standing above, looking at the tower. Below the tower was full of people who came to watch, everyone was talking about. It was ironic, said: "This guy must be sick nerve! Aristotle's theory will not be wrong!" Beginning of the experiment, the Galileo an iron ball in each hand with both hands and shouted: "The following people, you see, drop ball will go. "Then he put both hands open. People see that the whereabouts of the two parallel ball, fell to the ground almost simultaneously. Everyone stunned. Galileo Galileo test stretch, opened a secret movement of falling bodies, to overthrow the Aristotelian doctrine. This experiment in the history of physics, has great significance. Made the first telescope Proved Copernicus's "heliocentric"
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Celebrity quotes
Truth is, with such power, the more you want to attack it, you attack to become more enriched and proved it.
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Tragic experience
What happened? So this time, Galileo's name on the blacklist of the Roman Inquisition, he was the notorious Inquisition summoned to Rome to accept his trial. Galileo What crimes it? Words to begin at the beginning. 15,16-century Europe, it is the feudal society to capitalist society, changing the critical period. For a long time, in order to consolidate the rule of the feudal order, theocratic rule in Europe, instead of using a scientific theology, instead of using savage freedom. Theologians absurd to claim that the universe is full of "various levels of angels, and a _set_ of a crystal ball," while stationary on the earth living in the center of the crystal ball. They respected the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy's "The Earth is center of the universe," the doctrine, because theologians view, the sun is around the earth, because God created the sun's purpose is to illuminate the earth, mercy on the human . This is the immutable, irrefutable truth. In order to maintain this ridiculous theory, the Catholic Church's Inquisition at the violence of terror against all people who dare to challenge. 1327, Italian astronomer mining subjects burned alive in Moscow, said the charges against him but the earth is spherical, in another hemisphere, there are also human habitation, because of the brutal persecution against the teachings of the Bible. February 17, 1600, the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, Baihua Plaza in Rome, were burned alive, but also because of his advocacy of the Copernican theory around, shaking the earth center said. Galileo was a contemporary of Bruno, as early as coaching the University of Padua, he read the works of Copernicus, "the hypothesis of Celestial Bodies" (also known as <<celestial bodies on the> "). The distinguished Polish astronomer in this book boldly sun is the center of the solar system, Earth and other planets revolve around the sun the theory that the center of the sun for a start to rise to great interest in Galileo. Galileo is a scientific attitude, but very serious scholar, he thought, in the past said that the earth around the sun run, but the contrary view of Copernicus, in the end which one is correct? Galileo is not the conclusion lightly, he decided to use his telescope to prove who is in the. When Galileo's book, "Star messenger" was published, he was a staunch supporter of the Copernican theory. Galileo through their own observation and research, come to realize that the Copernican theory was correct, and Ptolemy the center of the Earth is wrong, Aristotle, many of the views are wrong. Galileo refuted Aristotle not only published papers, but also through support letters made no secret of the doctrine of Copernicus, or even a copy of the letter sent directly to the Church of Rome. Galileo view, the conscience of scientists is to follow the truth. However, the Holy See will never let go of Galileo, they issued a strongly worded Galileo first warning, and then summoned him to Rome for trial. February 1616, the Inquisition declared, allowed the doctrine of Copernicus, Galileo and then publicity, whether lectures or writing, shall then say that the Copernican theory is the truth. Galileo will not forget, 16 years ago, Bruno is to be dressed in black robes of these, pious defender of God burned alive. If he dared to resist, the end will not be Bibulunuo better. Under the despotic power in the Church, Galileo was forced to abandon the Copernican theory made a statement. With great pain he was feeling back to Florence, in silence through a number of years. But Galileo did not give up deep inside the Copernican theory, on the contrary, continued observation and in-depth research, made him more convinced that the Copernican theory is completely correct scientific theory. Nepal in Florence villa on the outskirts of tin, Galileo led a secluded life, his body deteriorated, the disease in the brutally tortured him, but he still obsessed with publicity Copernican doctrine. After a long deliberation the idea, spent almost 5 years, a great book, "Dialogue on the Two World Systems" was finally born. "Dialogue on the Two World Systems" on the surface are three forms of dialogue and objective discussion of Ptolemy's geocentric and heliocentric Copernicus, who is in on the discussion without bias. But when the book finally published in February 1632, the careful reader can easily see, this book is full of arguments and a lot of indisputable fact, a telling critique of Aristotle and Ptolemy error theory, the earth science Copernicus argued that the declaration of the complete bankruptcy of religious theology. Soon, the sense of smell than dogs also sniff out the spirit of the Church This book contains the terrible thought, from between the lines reveals to the bold conclusion that theologians felt great panic. Those disaffected early on Galileo and the Church of academic fraud immediately collaborated to cook up charges conspiracy, for the persecution of Galileo attempt to mislead. Science and theology irreconcilable struggle broke out. August 1632, Rome, the Inquisition banned the sale of this book, and named by the Pope to organize a special committee to review this book. Galileo had a premonition that catastrophe, really, to 10 months, he received the Inquisition he went to Rome to be tried in a paper document. At this time, Galileo is 69 years old, struck by mobility, many people who care about him to intercede for him everywhere, but the Pope said angrily: "unless it is proved that he can not move, or if necessary, give He handcuffed charge to Rome! " In this way, early in 1633, Galileo came to Rome, be ill. He went to Rome will lose their freedom, locked up in a prison of the Inquisition, and not allowed to any man and his contacts. Time in human history, the appalling persecution started that way. In the Roman Inquisition and the bloody terror of the court, the truth and falsehood was the rejection of science by the divine right of the trial. Murder of the Church that judges face, threatened with burning at the stake Galileo to give up their beliefs, otherwise they will seek the death penalty against him. Galileo elderly and sick despair, and he knows that truth is not possible to fight the violence. Although he can renounce the Copernican theory, but the order of the universe who is between the bodies can not be changed. Criminal law at the trial and tortured, Galileo was forced to publicly express repentance before the courts, agree to give up the Copernican theory, and signed the verdict. "To sanction such a serious and damaging your errors and sins, and more prudent for you in the future and be a role model and a warning to others," dressed in black robes in public, the trial judge read the verdict against Galileo, "We announce with public order prohibiting Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two World Systems," a book; sentenced to formally put you into a temporary prison, according to our views, and repent of your salvation, read each week seven in three years hymn of repentance ... ... "
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Introduction
Galileo Jiali Lei (Galileo Galilei ,1564-1642), the famous Italian mathematician, physicist, astronomer and philosopher, a pioneer of modern experimental science. It is said that in 1590, Galileo at the Leaning Tower of Pisa made a "two ball while landing," the famous experiment, from Aristotle to overthrow the "falling object is proportional to the speed and weight," the doctrine, corrected the continued 1900 years of wrong conclusions. But Galileo's Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment in the statement was later denied rigorous research. However, people from around the world have to visit, they put this ancient tower as a monument to Galileo. In 1609, Galileo created a telescope (later known as the Galilean telescope), and to observe the celestial bodies, he found the uneven surface of the moon and the first piece of hand-drawn map the lunar surface. January 7, 1610, Galileo discovered Jupiter's four satellites, the Copernican theory to find conclusive evidence, marking the Copernican theory began to victory. With the telescope, Galileo discovered Saturn has rings, sunspots, the sun's rotation, gain or loss on the phenomenon of Venus and Mercury, the moon on Sunday and the week of libration, and the Milky Way is made up of stars and so on. These findings open up a new era in astronomy. Galileo was a "Star Messenger" "letters on sunspots," "Ptolemy and Copernicus on the Two Chief World Systems dialogue" and "talk about the two new scientific and mathematical proof." To commemorate the achievements of Galileo, people Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto named Galileo satellites. People rush to lips: "Columbus discovered the New World, Galileo discovered a new universe." Galileo to Newton's laws of motion Newton's first and second law provides the inspiration. He attached great importance to mathematics in the application of scientific methods on the importance of physical and geometry in particular, to what extent the problems found.
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Life
Galileo is a small hill where the eldest son of Elsie, son, father placed great hope. He found a very clever little Galileo, what small things are full of curiosity, not only that, the child ingenuity, he seems to always be restless, not draw pictures, that is, playing, and often to the brothers and sisters do Many smart mobile toys, had a great time. Galileo first into the 佛伦勃罗萨 small convent school. In this school, he devotes himself to studying philosophy and religion, for some time, Galileo wanted to in the future when a small church dedicated to the missionaries. However, the situation where the mountain DU heard immediately after his son home, he persuaded Galileo to study medicine, this is the future of his son had designed a way. 17 years old, Galileo entered the University of Pisa, famous, according to the wishes of his father, he became a medical student. University of Pisa, is the oldest university, the school library collection of books, which are very similar Galileo's mind, but Galileo was not much interest in the medical, he rarely class, a class to teach the teaching of the content of their kinds of questions, the professor who is difficult to answer, in the eyes of the professors, Galileo was a very liked the bad students. However, Galileo is not only interested in medicine, he diligently studied mathematics, physics and other natural sciences, and those who look with suspicion since ancient times been regarded as a classic doctrine. You know, living in a time of Galileo, it is the history of the famous European Renaissance, and Italy is the birthplace of the Renaissance. At that time, many big cities in Italy such as Florence, Genoa and Venice, into the center of East-West trade, built the firm, the bank hand and the first workshop, there has been the seeds of capitalist relations of production. Developed together with trade, the invention of printing, the spread of new ideas more than ever more rapidly. So, people thousands of years of religious theology and his thinking began to have shaken the traditional dogma. By chance, the court mathematician Galileo Ma Dou Liqi heard lectures. The young mathematician vast knowledge, rigorous logic, especially proof of mathematical problems in his confirmation when the ways in which Galileo was fascinated. His eyes bright, as if found a very magical world, and this is his dream realm of mathematics! He was all excited, and immediately find the court mathematician Mary Douli Qi, asked him a number of puzzling problems. Ma Dou Liqi was originally to follow the Grand Duke of Tuscany, from Florence to Pisa, he gave the court of the page boy about math, did not think there will be an enthusiastic audience, and his questions very interesting, it shows the superior wisdom and deep knowledge foundation. When I heard Mary Douli Qi University of Pisa, Galileo is when medical students can not help but blurt out: "ah, Galileo, you have talent, you will become a great mathematician." Galileo's blush, and he talked about his weariness of Medicine, talked about his father's expectations, but also talk to their own wishes because they can not learn at their own distress. "Do not be discouraged." Ma Dou Liqi said gently: "You are right to self-study, what difficulties are you any time I am a loyal friend." Ma Dou Liqi listening to the encouragement, the more assiduously Galileo mathematics and physics, he borrowed from the court mathematician, each book are hard to read, like a sponge to absorb water as down. However, he was not the kind of superstitious books, those people think is the truth the authority of the conclusions in Galileo's mind often with unexpected questions, he often frustrated by this, being in deep thought . Once, he was familiar with Galileo wandered the cathedral of Pisa, he sat on a bench, eyes stared at the altar of carved pillars and arched, abruptly, the church hall, shaking up the central giant lamp , is the repair of houses, where workers install chandeliers. It would have been is a very common thing, chandeliers swaying like a pendulum, the arc in the air to draw invisible. However, like a touch of the power, like Galileo, intently tracking the swinging chandeliers at the same time, he used his right hand wrist of the clock, calculating the first swinging chandelier pulse frequency, this calculation time swinging chandelier. The results of this calculation, Galileo discovered a secret, and this is a chandelier swing time, regardless of the size of the arc is always the same. At first, chandeliers put a very powerful, gradually, it slowed down, but every swing time, pulse frequency is the same. Galileo opened his mind churn, he thought, the book is clearly written on the conclusion that, put through a short arc faster than after a long arc, which is to say the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who no doubt. Is something wrong with my eyes, or how it was. He made a mad like a college dorm room like a running back, behind closed doors repeat the test. He found a different length of rope, chains, and I do not know where to get the iron ball, wooden ball. In the roof, a branch outside the window, fascinated to repeat again and again, with the hourglass of time down swinging. Finally, Galileo had to conclude that boldly: Aristotle's conclusion is wrong, and decided to swing cycle is the length of rope, and it is the end of the weight of the object does not matter. Moreover, the length of the pendulum the same rope, the vibration cycle is the same. This is the Galileo discovered the movement of the pendulum. Needless to say how happy Galileo. But at the time, who would believe that a scientific discovery medical students, not to mention he concluded that Aristotle rejected the authority of the famous saying. At this point, where mountains of DU in the shop more and more depressed, I heard that Galileo did not follow their wishes to study medicine, but all day long obsession with irrelevant experiment, therefore, strict father decided to stop Galileo a little go on to university, so he went home to become a clerk. Galileo was very discouraged, he left the University of Pisa back to Florence. But his chosen path is unshakable. Believe science A very lively streets of Florence, a little window dressing, light business store, which is where the mountain wool Du store opened. Every day, when the pedestrians hurry through here, you always can see the red hair Galileo afford to sit at the front desk lost in thought, or no one else in there playing some strange things, like pan ah, iron Yeah, Yeah plate; and more often, he is buried in the books, seen him as focused as his father call out even hear you. Since the return home, Galileo had to against their will in his father's shop in as a clerk, but his heart did not forget one fifteen mathematics and physics. There is no adequate study conditions, and no teacher can ask for help, he tried to find some natural science books, to hard tenacious self. His favorite book is Euclid's "Elements" and the writings of Archimedes. "Elements" is the world handed down the first geometry book, and the writings of the Greek scientist Archimedes, contains a wealth of knowledge of mathematics and mechanics, in particular some of the physical experiment, the great Galileo attractive. About experiments, Galileo's interest in the most concentrated. Also the University of Pisa, he produced a hands-on "Pulse count", which he designed based on the movement of the pendulum can be used to measure the situation of the patient's pulse, popular with doctors welcome. Now, in his father's shop in, not to mention the experimental conditions, but he still do with some routine equipment test, although this will inevitably have to endure his father's curse, he is not wrong according to dry. The summer of 1589, shops in Florence for 4 years spent living in self-Galileo, the mathematician Mary Dou Liqi been encouraged by the court, especially the aristocratic Marquis recommended Gate security plans, he finally won the pizza University professor of mathematics and science jobs. At this time, he was only 25 years old. Now, Galileo do not have to worry about for a living, although wages are not high, but he can complete their daily teaching, the focus of scientific research in his longing. In the near future, Galileo was the beginning of this article describes the free fall experiment on the Leaning Tower of Pisa he dropped the ball (after a rigorous proof later, Galileo was not to experiment on the Leaning Tower of Pisa) not only proved that objects of different weights fall by the same level when the speed is the same, more importantly, this bold conclusion to overthrow the authority of Aristotle's conclusions. In those conservative-minded, rigid mind the eyes, the move is tantamount to digging their graves, followers of Aristotle and Galileo began the irreconcilable. At the University of Pisa, spent a semester, Galileo also lost his post. Because he offended a relative Qiao Fanni Grand Duke. Qiao Fanni is ignorant of this, he claimed the invention of a dredger, hypocritically came to seek the views of Galileo. When the Galileo model of careful observation of the dredger after bluntly told him that the design sub-scientific principles, can not be used. Qiao Fanni touch with a bloody nose, not only do not accept the views of Galileo, but stubbornly insist on water experiments, the results of the ship sank. Shishi judged Galileo proved entirely correct, but angry Qiao Fanni vent their anger on the contrary, Galileo, spread gossip, attack him as "serpent." Aristotle, who has long been disgruntled followers, took the opportunity of an attack on him for a time the city is so much noise storm. In this atmosphere, University of Pisa, Galileo could not stay out. Galileo once again turned to the Marquis Gate security plans. The nobles cherish talent out hand of friendship again, he used his influence to recommend to the University of Padua, Galileo, Padova is an academic air in northern Italy, a strong town, from the beautiful coastal city of Venice far, fall under the jurisdiction of the Republic of Venice. 1592, 28-year-old University of Padua, Galileo was appointed as mathematics, science and astronomy professor. Since then, Galileo ushered in the golden age of life. After Galileo's court in Florence to continue scientific research, but his astronomical discoveries and his writings clearly reflected astronomy out of the Copernican heliocentric view. Thus, Galileo began to receive the church's attention. Began in 1616, Galileo by the Roman Inquisition began over twenty years of brutal persecution. Galileo's later life very miserable, take care of his daughter Sailisite even before he died. Loss of her daughter's too sad, so Galileo blind. Even in such conditions, he still did not give up his scientific research. January 8, 1642, at 4 am, the great Galileo - for science, for truth and life of the soldiers fight, the scientific giants passed away, at the age of 78 years. Died on the eve of his departure, he repeated the phrase: "the pursuit of science requires a special courage."
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Telescope
It was June 1609, Galileo heard of news that the Dutch businessman Li Paxi have glasses found in the occasional in the distance with a lens to see invisible things. "Is this not exactly what I need clairvoyance it?" Galileo is very happy. Soon, a student of Galileo's letters from Paris, to further confirm the accuracy of this information, the letter said that although Li Paxi do not know what to do, but the glasses made a business definitely mirror tube, using it can make magnified the object many times. "Mirror Tube!" Galileo saw the letter several times over and over again, quickly ran into his laboratory. He got goose management of paper and pen, and began to draw a diagram of a lens imaging. This prompted the mirror control Galileo was inspired, it seems to magnify objects mirror tube secret is to choose what kind of lens, in particular, convex and concave to match. He got the information about the lens, constantly calculated and forget the twilight climb up the windows, have forgotten how to dawn broke into the room. The whole night, Galileo finally understand that the convex and concave lenses in a proper distance, as the Dutch saw it, the distant object the naked eye can not see can see the magnified. Galileo was very happy. He attend to rest and quickly started grinding lenses, this is a very time-consuming and requires careful job. He did well for several days, a pair of convex and concave lens grinding, and then produced an elaborate two-tier metal tube can slide. Now, the experiment with his invention. Galileo carefully put a bigger one end of the tube lens safety, the other end of the placement of a smaller concave lens, and then put the tube in front of the window. When he looked from one end concave, the miracle, that the church seemed distant sight, you can clearly see the cross on the tower, even a dove _set_tled on the cross are also seen very realistic. Galileo's telescope made the news soon got around. "I made the news reached Venice telescope", in a letter to brother's letter, Galileo wrote: "A week later, he ordered me to the telescope was presented to the Speaker and members of their watch, they were very much surprised. gentleman and lawmakers, although very old, but all in order, the highest bell tower in Venice board, looked far from a vessel in the harbor, see very clearly; without my binoculars, is overlooking the two hours, also see disappear. This instrument enables the utility of objects other than those 50 miles, 5 miles look like that. " Galileo invented the telescope, through continuous improvement, to 30 times magnification, can enlarged 1000 times. Now he has clairvoyant like, you can pry the secret of the universe. This is a landmark in astronomy a revolution, thousands of years astronomers observed the moon and stars the naked eye alone era is over, replaced by the optical telescope, with this powerful weapon, the door to modern astronomy was opened. Now, every starry night or a bright moon, Galileo put his telescope aimed at the distant deep sky, regardless of fatigue and cold, night after night watching. In the past, people always thought the moon was a smooth objects, self-luminous like the sun. But Galileo found through the telescope, the moon and the earth we live, have a high and steep mountains, there are low-lying depressions (at the time of Galileo called it a "sea"). He also from the moon bright and dark parts of the movement, that the moon itself is not light, the moon the sun just come through. Galileo telescope across the sky again in the Galaxy, the Galaxy before it was believed that water vapor on Earth cemented white mist, Aristotle is one such thought. Galileo decided to test this claim is correct the telescope. The night sky with a telescope to his hazy band of light, shocked, that is not the original cloud, but millions of stars gathered together. Galileo also observed the stained clouds in the sky - known as the cluster and found that many star clusters are gathered together, like the Orion Clusters, cluster Ang Taurus, Beehive Cluster is the case. Galileo's telescope opened one after another the secrets of the universe, he found that Jupiter is surrounded by its motion satellite, they also calculated the running cycle. We now know that Jupiter has 16 satellites, Galileo discovered is one of the largest four. In addition, the Galileo telescope to the Sun, sunspots, and he concluded by the phenomenon of the movement of sunspots, the sun is in the rotation. One after another exciting discovery led Galileo to write a new astronomical discovery of the book, he announced to the world of his observations. March 1610, Galileo's book, "Star Messenger" published in Venice, and immediately caused a sensation in Europe. However, he did not think, binoculars reveal the secrets of the universe greatly offended many people, a terrible fate will befall the outstanding scientists of the head.
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Story
Galileo in 1564 was born in Pisa, Italy, on the next to the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa. His father was a bankrupt aristocrat. When Galileo came into the world, his family has been poor the. 17 years old that year, Galileo admitted to the University of Pisa. At the university, Galileo not only study hard, and like the teacher a question. Even the common people, accustomed to some of the phenomena, he also asked in the end the inquisitor, the extent to crystal clear. Staring at the ceiling Once, he stood in Pisa Cathedral, the eyes staring at the ceiling, motionless. What is he doing it? Originally, he used his left hand right hand pulse, looking at the ceiling lights sway back and forth. He found that the light of the swing, although weaker and weaker, and every swing of the distance gradually shortened, but the time required for each swing is the same. Thus, Galileo made a suitable length of pendulum, measure the pulse rate and uniformity. From here, he found a _set_ of rules. Clock is based on his discovery of the laws create. Out of school to work self- Family life of poverty, so that Galileo had to leave the university early. After school, Galileo is still in the home assiduously mathematics. Because of his continued efforts to research in mathematics achieved excellent results. He also invented a gravity scale, wrote a paper entitled "solid center of gravity." At this point, 21-year-old Galileo is famous nationwide, people called him "the contemporary of Archimedes." In his 25 years old, University of Pisa, he became exceptionally appointed professor of mathematics. Galileo's famous falling body experiment Jiali Lei Before Galileo, Aristotle of ancient Greece that the speed of falling objects is not the same. It's falling speed is proportional to its weight, the heavier the object, the faster the fall. For example, 10 kg heavy objects fall faster than 1 kg body weight 10 times faster. 1700 years ago, people have always regarded this as a violation of natural law theory of truth can not be doubted. Young Galileo reasoning based on their experience, boldly questioned the doctrine of Aristotle. After careful consideration, he decided to do a hands-on experiments. He chose the Leaning Tower of Pisa as a testing ground. On this day, he brought the same size but the weight of two, ranging from iron ball, a weight 10 pounds, is solid; another 1 pound, is hollow. Leaning Tower of Pisa Galileo standing above, looking at the tower. Below the tower was full of people who came to watch, everyone was talking about. It was ironic, said: "This guy must be sick nerve! Aristotle's theory will not be wrong!" Beginning of the experiment, the Galileo an iron ball in each hand with both hands and shouted: "The following people, you see, drop ball will go. "Then he put both hands open. People see that the whereabouts of the two parallel ball, fell to the ground almost simultaneously. Everyone stunned. Galileo's trial, opened a secret movement of falling bodies, to overthrow the Aristotelian doctrine. This experiment in the history of physics, has great significance. Made the first telescope Proved Copernicus's "heliocentric" Introduction Early activity Galileo February 15, 1564 was born in Pisa, the father 芬琴齐奥伽利莱 versed in music theory and acoustics, with the "Music" book. In 1574 the family moved to Florence. Galileo since childhood by his father's influence on music, poetry, painting, and a very strong interest in machinery; also like his father, not superstitious authority. Fuming at the age of 17 into compliance with the University of Pisa to study medicine, but he was boring on the medical, listening to family friend in extra-curricular, the famous scholar Euclid O. Ridge and Archimedes about statics, was interest. 1583, the church in Pisa Galileo noted a swing hanging lights, hanging copper ball then use the line for the simulation (pendulum) experiments confirmed the small swinging pendulum isochronous and long on the cycle by This created a short time interval used to measure the pulse. Drop out due to a poor family in 1585 as a tutor, but still struggling to teach yourself. In 1586, he invented the buoyancy scale, and write papers, "a small scale." In 1587 he took on the solid center of gravity calculation of the papers to the University of Rome, asked to see the famous mathematician and calendar at home, Professor C. Clavius, greatly praised and encouraged. Clavius rebate P. Guevara his professor at the University of Rome's logic and natural philosophy lecture notes, which he will work for the great help. Institute in Florence in 1588 he made a presentation on A. Dante "Divine Comedy" in the concept of purgatory Lectures graphics, and its literary and mathematical talent is very well appreciated. The following year published a solid focus on the calculation of several papers, including several new theorems of statics. Because of these achievements, when they hired him to teach in the University of Pisa, teaching geometry and astronomy. Second, he found a cycloid. Aristotle University of Pisa at that time school textbooks are written by scholars, the book is full of dogmatic theology and metaphysics. Galileo objections often made spicy, which are internal to the school of discrimination and exclusion. In 1591 his father died, the family burden, he decided to leave the pizza. Padua period Galileo to 1592 taught at the University of Padua. Padua is the Duchy of Venice, away from Rome, from the direct control of the Holy See, more freedom of academic thought. Good in this atmosphere, he often participated in various academic and cultural activities outside school, with various ideas and views with colleagues debate. At this time his side draw their predecessors such as NF Tartaglia, GB Benedetti, F. et al Science doors Dino mathematics and mechanics research, one side frequently visit factories, workshops, mines and various military civil engineering, wide range of technical staff make all walks of life to help them solve technical problems and learn of new production technology, knowledge and experience, and be inspired. During this period, he was thorough and systematic study of falling bodies motion, projectile motion, static mechanics, hydraulics and a number of civil construction and military construction; found inertia, for the development of the thermometer and the telescope. In 1597, he received the J. Kepler complimentary "mystery of the universe," a book, began to believe at heart that the recognition of the revolution and rotation of the Earth has two kinds of movement. But this time he was the most natural circular motion of Plato's most perfect impression of deep thought, resulting in elliptical orbits of Kepler's planetary theory is not interested. 1604 supernova appeared in the sky, the light continued to 18 months. He took the opportunity to make several popular science lectures in Venice to promote the Copernican theory. Speak brilliant as it sounds, the audience successive increase, the last of more than a thousand people. Review of Galileo in the future 18 years in Padua, that this is the best to carry out the work of his life, the spirit of the most comfortable period of time. In fact, this is the most academic achievements in his life time. Tuscany period 20 years of Galileo in physics and astronomy research fruitful results, sparking more of his academic begging. In order to obtain sufficient time dedicated to research, spring 1610, he resigned from the university faculty, accepted the Duchy of Grand Duke of Tuscany hired as chief mathematician and philosopher court featherbed math professor with the University of Pisa, the honorary chief positions. Interference from the church to make science, Galileo had many times to the Roman. In 1611 his second trip to Rome, aims to win religious, political and academic recognition of his discovery in astronomy. He was in Rome, including the Pope Luowu Shi and several senior bishops, including the elite of the warm reception, and was admitted as a Fellow of Institute of Lindsay. Jesuit priest who was admitted the fact of his observations, just do not agree with his interpretation. May that year, the General Assembly at the University of Rome, several high positions in the priest publicly announced achievements of Galileo's astronomy. In the same year, he observed sunspots and their movement, compared to the movement of sunspots and the circular movement of the projection principle is demonstrated sunspots on the solar surface; he also found the sun's rotation. In 1613 he published three issues of communication is issued to discuss the sunspot. In addition, in 1612 he published "Dialogues floating in water," a book. 1615, a cunning priest and church groups, many of the people with the Galileo Joint Strike rival Galileo's argument for the defense of the Copernican theory, accused him of breach of Christianity. After he heard the news, then to Rome for the third time in the winter, trying to restore his reputation, asking the Holy See does not maintain the Copernican point of view because of his being punished, not to suppress his public advocacy Copernican theory, the Holy See requested the default of the previous but rejected the latter. In 1616 Pope Paul Luo Wushi issued the famous "1616 injunction" against his oral or written form to maintain, teach, or defend the heliocentric theory. After 6 years, he wrote "on the Ptolemaic and Copernican Dialogue Two Chief World Systems," a book (book video (see color pictures Galileo famous "Dialogue Two Chief World Systems" title page (1632)). In translation of philosophical works of the Shanghai Foreign Natural Science compile assemble, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1974). 1630 5th to Rome he made the book's "publication license." The book was finally published in 1632. The book remained neutral on the surface, but actually to defend the Copernican system, and many of the pope and the bishops implied sarcasm, only far beyond the scope of the discussion of mathematical assumptions. Comic book style, in the history of Italian literature as literature. Persecution of the Holy See and later life Trial of Galileo, 1632 年 frail but nearly seven late in the winter season is ill Galileo was forced to go to Rome, under the threat of torture to be interrogated three times, did not defend themselves. After a tortured, and finally in June 22, 1633 in the lobby of Santa Maria convent of 10 cardinals from the joint sentencing, the main charges against the "1616 injunction" and Bible doctrine. Galileo was forced to kneel on the cold stone floor, in the Holy See has written "confession" was signed. Officials announced the trial: sentenced to life imprisonment of Galileo; "dialogue" must be burning, and prohibits the publication or reprinting of his other writings. The verdict immediately reported throughout the Catholic world, those who have read the University's city to be gathered, to order a warning to a hundred. Galileo is not only hard work of scientists, but also a devout Catholic, convinced that the task of scientists is to explore the laws of nature, and the functions of the church is to manage the people's soul, not to each other violations. So he did not want to escape before trial, when the trial is not public opposition, but always subject to the disposal of the Holy See. He believes that the Holy See outside the scope of the exercise of power in theology unwise, but only in private dissatisfaction. Obviously, G. Bruno's liable to be burned at the stake and T. Campanella's death row into a long, distinguished Italian philosopher of the two happened to him has cast a terrible shadow spirit. Galileo 皮柯罗米尼 home just after 5 months, some people write anonymous letters to the Holy See against 皮柯罗米尼 favor Galileo. Galileo, the Vatican is ordered to move to Florence in December that year near his former residence Terry Aceh, by his eldest daughter, Vicky, Virginia care, prohibitions remain. Care of her father, neat and smooth, but after 4 months before his father died unexpectedly. Galileo repeatedly called out medical treatment, have been denied. 1637 blind. The next year will be allowed to live in the home of his son. During this period, Grand Duke of Tuscany to visit him in addition, there is a famous English poet, political commentator J. Milton and the French scientist, philosopher P. Jiasang Di. His students and there is also an old friend B. Castelli discussed the use of wood and his calculation of ground-satellite longitude problem. At this time the Holy See of his limitations and monitoring has been significantly relaxed. Summer of 1639, Galileo allowed to receive the 18-year-old intelligent, studious young V · Viviani a student for his final, and can take care of him, the young man that he was very satisfied. October 1641 Castelnuovo-in and introduce their students and past Secretary of the E. Torricelli to the company. They and the old blind scientists to discuss how to apply the design when you put the other mechanical clock, also discussed the impact theory, the moon's libration, atmospheric pressure, water column height of the mine problem, so, until his deathbed he was still engaged in scientific research. Galileo on January 8, 1642 died, funeral rash simple, until the next century, but moved back home the remains of the cathedral. International Year of Astronomy To commemorate Galileo refracting telescope 400 years, the United Nations in 2009 as the International Year of Astronomy.
Translated by Google
Saying
"The pursuit of science, requires a special courage, thinking is the greatest joy." "Life is like an anvil, the more to be beat, the more able to spark." "You can not teach people anything, you can find something to help others." "Science is not a person's career" "The truth is not in the authority of Mongolia dusty book, but in the universe, nature, this great book without words." "The world is a book written in mathematical language."