Generally refers to people. "Chuang Tzu to know the North Tour": "Life between heaven and earth, but if baiju the off suddenly just ... ... has been born of, but also of death, biological sorrow, sorrow of mankind." "Chuan Bei Di of the Sui * Turks ":" Round the first square feet, all humans, one here, but all I pregnant. "Qing Hang Shijun," questioned the Book of Rites ":" Spring and Autumn Annals of the World, London injuries of those who insult after another, all mankind in the ... ... Han Gou things. "
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People collectively, that's all
People collectively, that's all. Liu Dabai "National Day" poem: "to give the world to create a bright man, and only then relied on heroic sacrifice, not drive way."
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No. 4
?oo????
人类
人类
人类
http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/1999-11/15/gb/gm1115a3.jpg Lantian Homo erectus skull skull and recovery http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/1999-11/15/gb/gm1115a5.jpg Dali skull of early Homo sapiens http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/1999-11/15/gb/gm1115a7.jpg Liujiang ancient human skull fossil http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/1999-11/15/gb/gm1115a6.jpg Ziyang human skull http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/1999-11/15/gb/gm1115a4.jpg People come from? - The origin of mankind, is quite controversial in this century Lantian Homo erectus sites Gongwangling Sense of reality and a topic. Shake off the dust of years, Chinese archaeologists a century approached, the big About human birth from the date of lingering mysteries in the human heart, in the twentieth century, several generations of Chinese and foreign Under the tireless efforts of archaeologists, gradually finally see the day ... ... "Where people come from?" On "Where people come from?" This problem, various regions around the world, people of all ethnic groups They have made a number of different myths and legends and the content of religious stories, "the Bible" in "Creating Genesis "and" God made man "is one of the more famous one until 1859, the British Health Biologist Darwin published "Origin of Species," with evolution instead of creationism, with natural _select_ion Choose to replace "God's will" to explain the existence of different species on the planet this fact. In 1871, he was the "origin and nature of human choice" in the official presentation of the human evolution from ape From the theory. However, evolutionists at the time only from anatomy, embryology and other inter-related disciplines to obtain Take evidence, and in accordance with general principles of evolution from ape to man to prove the theory, direct that Fossil evidence was still missing, provide for the physical basis for this theory was to become Many anthropologists and archaeologists issues. Gongwangling hosted Shaanxi Lantian Man site excavation of Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology And Paleoanthropology researcher Huang Weiwen, said: "Darwin's theory was the minority, So the key is found from the formation of fossils from ape to man and archaeological materials, this is a More than a century scientists around the world looking for. " From the "European center" to the "mysterious East" Nineteenth century, people have been holding the center of Europe is the point of view of human evolution, when the prehistoric Archaeological episodes in the birthplace of the discipline France and Britain and other European countries, such thinking is self-generated Natural. However, in the early twentieth century, Asia this vast, populous and mysterious Mo Measurement of the ancient land of attracting their attention. 1890 winter, the Netherlands anatomy by Eugen Dubois boundless expanse of blue in the Southwest Pacific The "Thousand Islands Country," Homo erectus fossils found in Java, which at the time as "a stone inspired a thousand Layer waves, "had a great impact and controversy, but in addition, it is for early humans Activities in Asia is also little known. However, this last shake the faith of these men of insight, They believe: Asia "may" as too broad stage of human evolution, "may" is the most The old man spread the great industrial centers. Of course, this believe that although a lack of accurate test Ancient discovery, but this is not baseless speculation: the Asian mainland, after all, has the old "Banbi Country "is the channel link and the New World and Oceania geographical" world center "; late Cenozoic uplift of the Himalayas, vast areas of Asia and has increased the drought for the ancient Ape to human evolution come down to earth environment. Inspired by this belief is, from the United States, France, Britain, Sweden, Switzerland, scientists have flocked to Asia, among them the mysterious Orient Oldest in the world - China. People want to know, this piece of rich silk, ceramics, and gave birth to five years Ancient civilization of the land, whether it was once the cradle of human origin it? In 1914, French missionaries founded San Zhihua northern Tianjin Museum, in the Yellow River Basin Stone Age archaeological and paleontology to carry out the investigation. Six years later, Sang Zhihua celebration in Gansu County north of the Late Pleistocene loess found three stone products made by hand, this is the first Once found on land in China Paleolithic. 1925 -1926, the United States Nelson, director of the Central Asian archaeological expedition in the Yangtze River Three Gorges Regional survey of prehistoric sites. In 1921, the Chinese government to hire mine Northern political consultant, Swedish geologist, Andersson, Invite the young Austrian paleontologist Dan Siji together in Beijing Zhoukoudian study found that The Dragon Bone Hill site, and in 1921 and 1923 to explore the two dig out two teeth Beijing Tooth fossil. In April 1927, China Geological Survey cooperation with the Beijing Union Medical College, from China Swedish geologist and paleontologist Jie Lin is responsible step, started in the Zhoukoudian site Large-scale excavation, when it received 500 cases of fossil material. In 1929, China Geological Survey Research Center to appoint the new generation of responsible young Pei Zhou Mouth shop site excavation, December 2, from a group called "ape-man hole" where found First complete skull of Peking Man, this is ancient human fossils in the world history of an epoch-making Major events, so shocked at home and abroad. Peking Man in Zhoukoudian area of life, age, From 70 years ago to about 20 million years ago, the site found more than 40 individual human fossils, This world is very rare. Huang Weiwen, said: "This stage has many archaeological discoveries in China, as the 'Asian human Evolution of the huge stage 'provides a wealth of evidence that predicted, especially left Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site of discovery and research. " From the "Asia Center" to "Central Africa" Into the 1950s, archaeologists in China's vast territory, to find the different stages The ancient remains of human culture, although not much fossil material, but some of the characteristics of ancient Chinese human remains However, reflected in these specimens. In 1954, the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology under the auspices of the Jia Lanpo Began to explore the small village of the mid-Paleolithic sites. In 1963, the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Shaanxi Lantian Chenjiawo found in the village Of a Homo erectus fossil mandible, is a Middle Pleistocene, about 60 million years ago. The following year, and from Gongwangling discover a Homo erectus skull, said today that the blue Tin man, dating back 115 million years. A year later, they unearthed two Yuanmou 170 million years ago Homo erectus teeth. Also in 1960, North Shanxi Hou degrees West Early Pleistocene site of this discovery, It's also been a million years to break through the "era of limits." Huang Weiwen, says regretfully: "But these findings because there is no time available to the public, and when When in Africa, especially East Africa and a series of important discoveries, which are attracted from the West Many expedition party, people's attention again turned to the West. "These findings, there 1959 Olympic Dewey Canyon in Tanzania early Pleistocene strata and fossils were found in the human Raw Paleolithic. They confirmed that the original people are debating in the end is the Australopithecus ape class Contains tools will be produced, and was later named the genius of "real people", it's To 180 million years ago, more than Javanese, Peking Man Homo erectus represent almost 100 years earlier. Subsequently, the oldest Homo habilis fossils and stone industry after another in Ethiopia, Zaire, Kenya and South Africa to find, dating back to 260 million years ago. These successive discovery more and more people believe that Africa is the center of human origins. Moreover, Darwin in the "origin and nature of human choice" and once that African gorillas and Chimpanzee kinship with recent modern humans, and thus infer the early human ancestors have been living in non- Continent. The late 1940s, American archaeologist Mo Weishi also proposed the "two cultures" theory, According to this came to be known as "Mo Weishi line" theory, the early Paleolithic Europe, Asia, Non-advanced and the backward continent is divided into two circles, the west is a Mediterranean-centered, Including Africa, Europe and the Middle East and Indian subcontinent, known as the "hand ax cultural circle"; east a Months, including East and Southeast Asia, the lack of hand-axes, only a simple stone and gravel processing with coarse cut Chop device, known as "chop chop device cultural circle." This in turn strengthened the non-Darwin on origin of man Chau's theoretical orientation. Therefore, some scholars from outside Africa, especially in Asia, holding that it is inevitable One kind of vigilance and suspicion, and even found in East Asia will not be found as early as 100 million years ago Human remains. Huang Weiwen that since the 1950s, the continent looking for work early human remains Peng Flourish, a great discovery after another, many materials are not a little earlier than us, but as early as one Large portion of the gap is widening, it is natural to enhance the "African origin that" the weight. "Out of Africa" Since the 1970s, in many parts of China found many new, some still well preserved Human fossils: And counties in Anhui, Hubei Yun County, Tangshan, Nanjing, many Homo erectus fossils found; In Guizhou, Anhui, Shanxi Xujiayao, Dali, Shaanxi, Liaoning Jinniushan, Anhui nest County, And discover the many fossils of early Homo sapiens; In southern China, Wushan Man Site and the word Cave, Anhui, thrown again after 100 years Face, knocking the 200 years mark. Chongqing, China scientists "Wushan Man" unearthed A large number of stone products for paleomagnetic and electron spin resonance method was confirmed, 200 million years ago our country Has emerged in the Three Gorges area of ancient human activities. The site with the word hole artifacts Symbiotic mammalian group composed almost entirely of extinct species and a new world with a large number of components, of Wushan more ancient than the quality of the original researchers may thus estimate the age of 200-240 Wan ago Years, the immediate-early Pleistocene has just begun; Nihewan Basin in North China, have been found in many Paleolithic sites, such as small-long beams, Maquangou and newly released Danangou. Nihewan the Danangou is inferred according to a report published In the Pliocene, there's likely to reach 300 million years ago. At the same time, research on the Paleolithic culture has also made an important breakthrough. For example, "Merwe Shi-line "as the Bose Basin, Guangxi 73-78 million years ago unearthed a hand ax was broken. These findings are new Chinese archeology major breakthrough, further shaken the "non-human origin Africa "theory of human evolution, so as to find in our country to a more ancient human fossils And cultural relics laid a solid foundation, the origin of Chinese civilization first light of dawn. China's ancient human and Paleolithic archaeological date from the 1920s has gone through 80 years, Humans in China, the history of this land greatly extend the former. Past two or three years without On the accumulation of the material or have a considerable level of research development, especially in the last 20 years in China's new achievements in archeology is the world's attention. Huang Weiwen that the recent 20 years, especially in recent years, in Asia there are many very Major archaeological breakthrough, not only discovered some years exceeded 100 million years, and is close to or over 200 years of the site, and this part of the site with the earliest human fossils in Africa and the Old Stone Age's annual On behalf of the roughly leveled. "While some Asian newly discovered need to be further improved, but there is a Point can be sure, Asia can no longer be ignored. Now Asia, Africa and found a considerable age, It raises the question of human origins is a single region or multi-region theory of the origin of the problem. For a long time, we were still 'a single region of origin that' guidance, this view is Faces many challenges. According to geological research shows that nearly 500 million years in the global environment Changes in trends, from Africa to Asia to East Asia has been the formation of a distribution of monsoon belt, is Good human fossils found in today's primary concentration, and 500 million years ago just from ape to man A crucial stage, this research supports a number of regional origin, said. We should be Asian or African origin of the controversy aside, stepped up efforts to avoid bias, an objective ground Of the new archaeological discoveries around the world. "
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Human nature and society
Human (human): people in general. Comics: human evolution
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Scientific classification
Domain: eukaryotic domain Eukarya Industry: animal kingdom Animalia Door: Door Chordata Chordata Amon: vertebrate subphylum Vertebrata Gang: Mammalia Mammalia Subclass: real beast subclass Eutheria Head: Primates Primates Section: Hominidae Hominidae Is: people are Homo Kinds: race (Homo sapiens) The earliest human origins 3.8 million years ago in the Quaternary. Evolved from the apes.
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Human existence is just by chance it?
● humans and all other creatures there really a "coincidence" of it? We have "mission"? What is the meaning of life in the end? Everyone is really the "meaning of life" is not the same? ● first billion worldwide billions of creatures exist, which explains the "biological" existence is a necessity; because the "accidental" events are not recurring. ● inevitable that in the end what is it? ● I asked a question, you will be more clear: If we humans this "species" to a better existence, or even "immortal" is not the first to make sure the "universe" and "security" or even "immortal "mean? After all, the "universe" shattered, how can we "live" mean? ● "the universe" really might die it? ● "universe" is a "whole", including the evolution for so long all the "biological" and a "whole" and "survival" is quite subtle, so the "universe" may be left unattended, "perish", Therefore, "the universe" the survival of our "closely related"! ● Or: we are "there" is to ensure that "the universe" and "existence"; we are the "cosmic" and "protector." ● So in other words: human beings and all living organisms are "cosmic evolution" and "inevitable result" because "the universe" is also in the "better there," the direction of the "evolution". ● In addition to "protect the universe" and "mission" outside, we have just as important as the "mission" that is, "Yan Ran" (multiply naturally)! As "oxygen" + "hydrogen" + normal environmental light the "mother" has been on propagation "Water" is something like this "universe" of growth is because it uses "natural" reproduction of the "natural" so infinite! ● Therefore, we have two "mission": "Introduction deposit" (to guide themselves and the existence of the universe) and "Yan Ran" (multiply the natural / created things); Yan is the natural way, lead deposit is the goal. ● If we really evolved mission is "to create things" (natural reproduction, growth of the universe) and "protection of the universe" (there is a better guide the universe), then it is how this "trend" into our "brain "it? ● It is the "emotional"! You will find that we have some deep-seated "emotional" and "fun" as: "mission", "great feeling", "sense of the sacred," "sense of wonder", "achievement", etc., are leading us to "save the world", "protect the universe", "create something"; these "feelings" are often larger than the force generated by "personal interests" and "children affair," the. ● universe is too big for us, too esoteric, and its unpredictable to worry about tomorrow, not as close as we can see, it may concern, you can love to give of himself? This is our way to protect the universe. ● So, we must cherish their own lives, not to commit suicide. If feel love, it will never side is not responsible for, and will not live up to the "creator" of a good intention. ● For the "evolution" is scientific hypothesis, you still have to adopt a dialectical approach to look at, no matter how faith-oriented, we still can not determine how we "created by their parents." To be sure, we should see themselves as the universe of "Wizard" and "protection of God." Since our "existence" is to protect the universe and make it grow, then we have no reason not to complete our mission? ● So to say "the meaning of life" and in the end what is it? ● common meaning of human existence, that is class keep meaning:] [lead deposit (to guide themselves, their families, society, local, state, universe, love, family, friendship, something, daily life, future, truth, ideals, dreams, happy and so there is better) ● there is a special personal significance, that is, keep special meaning: the specific things [kept] lead (usually people's nostalgia thing / person, such as love, family "treasures", etc.) So how to better accomplish our mission? ● In fact, as long as we live, it has been our mission, just the size of the mission is different. ● Why? As long as we live, then we are humans or the biosphere and the division of labor, thereby directly or indirectly, to create things and to protect the universe (after all, if you left this world a person, you can even beggars do not become, not to mention there are so many products can be consumed; and even if you do not have the protection of the universe directly, but that is because of your division, so only those professional people to defend the universe). ● So, you can add other people as their own growth in order to better protect the universe and the universe (creation of things), and multiply out of "cloned", is in a different environment to grow up, have different physical characteristics of their "own" ; but if you want "another self," to help themselves to do things, then we must through specific channels such as "money" and "emotional" and cooperate (but better than nothing). ● So how better to complete our "mission" mean? ● First, our own emotions, such as "mission", "great feeling", "sense of the sacred" and will serve as the "deepest level of fun" to guide us to better fulfill our mission, and to care, and concern for the community, care everything around, so care guide us in the right direction. ● Secondly, as we now know the "feeling" there purpose is to better guide the "universe" and "their" existence; then we might as well take the initiative to do something can lead to "more", "longer" "deeper" and "the pleasures of life" thing, in order to better accomplish its mission. ● For example: exploration, research, discover, create, invent, legitimate business, serious work (making good products, good division of labor) to carry out charitable activities, environmental protection, and eliminate a vicious inequality, eliminate war, eliminate the economic crisis, so that each person doing activities are valuable; so that their minds to live in paradise. ● Some people in order to "green", some to the "State", some to "parents", and some to "own"; in an emergency moment, people have different choices, but perhaps in a more urgent moment, all only one choice, that is: when doing their own direct relationship to the "cosmic" or "world" of the "survival" time! Because no matter what they care about is, they must first ensure that the "cosmic" or "world" "existence." But from another perspective, people are afraid of dying, but very subtly, the source of this feeling is the feeling of two basic opposing sin and love ------ ------ fear has been losing, fear no longer see your favorite people. Mankind at the last minute always reflect their inner most miss, so in other words, humans just love to protect their own existence, while the "protection space" turned out to be the incentive under a final result. This also leads to an eternal theme ------ humans to protect the universe, that is, their "parents", it must pay a "love", no love, there can be no "world peace," a topic of nothingness ; without love, and not to mention the value of human life; without love, we will not even appear in this world. ● each person's "capacity" and "time" are "limited", maybe you can not directly "to protect the universe" or how to make a human "contribution" of things to, but because of your division, so only those professional people to defend the universe and make greater contributions to the people. ● Therefore, we endeavor to do on the social, human, cosmic things better, but if we do not reach their goals, even if our dull lives, we will have no regrets, after all, "as long as we live it already completed our mission, just the size is different mission. "
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Human origins
(1) of the earliest human Direct evidence of human origins from the fossils. Anthropologists use the method of comparative anatomy, to study various Australopithecus fossils and human fossils, determine their relative age and absolute age dating to determine the age of human fossils, the history of human evolution roughly divided into several stages. Geneticists is the use of biochemistry and molecular biology methods, the study of modern humans, a variety of apes and other higher primates between the proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differences in size and mutation rate, in order to calculate The origin and differentiation of their respective years. Currently, the academic community is generally believed that the human ancestor Australopithecus into time 700 million years ago. Human fossils have been found from the point of view, human evolution can be divided into the following four stages: (1) Australopithecus stage. Australopithecus have been found living in 4.4 million years ago to 100 million years ago. According to the study of anatomy of the fossil, is different from the apes, Australopithecus most important features is the ability to walk upright two-legged. (2) capable stage. The first 200 million - 175 million years ago. Homo habilis fossils in East Africa since 1960 have been discovered in Tanzania and Kenya. First to the existence of life 1.9 million years ago. Capable people in the classified section on the classification of the following people are able to race (Homo habilis). Homo habilis significant expansion of the brain than Australopithecus, and are able to manufacture stone tools for the material (stone), then gradually evolved into Homo erectus. (3) Homo erectus stage. Homo erectus is in the category of people is standing on the race (Homo erectus), referred to as Homo erectus, commonly known as the ape-man. Homo erectus fossils in 1891 was first found in Java, Indonesia. Was also aroused controversy is a human or ape. Until the 1920s, have been discovered in the Beijing Zhoukoudian Peking Man fossils and stone tools, Homo erectus was established position in the history of human evolution. The survival of Homo erectus about 1.7 million years ago to more than 20 million years ago. So far, fossils of Homo erectus in Asia, Africa and Europe have been found. (4) Homo sapiens stage. Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens) is generally divided into early Homo sapiens (ancient Homo sapiens) and late Homo sapiens (modern man). Early Homo sapiens living 200,000 years ago to more than 10 million years ago. Late survival of Homo sapiens began about 100,000 years ago. Its anatomy has been similar to modern man, also known as the modern anatomy. According to the current fossil evidence has been found in humans, Australopithecus is the earliest known humans. (2) The Taung skull In 1924, South Africa Azania in a place called Taung, where the quarry when the quarry workers are blasting out of a small skull. This Taung skull was quickly sent to Johannesburg's Witwatersrand University School of Medicine, professor of anatomy to the Dart (Raymond Dart). Dart, an Australian, was in London just after the medical, anatomy and anthropology studies back. Dart quarry workers gave the skull fossil, including most of the skull and complete endocast, on the jaw and holds a full _set_ of primary teeth are erupting first permanent molars, are young individuals (the modern equivalent of 3 ~ 6-year-old children). Based on these findings, Dart in a research report published in 1925, this fossil belongs to the individual is like and ape-like mixture of traits, people have been found with a system similar to the extinction of most apes. As found in most southern Africa, which Taung skull belongs to an individual species is named for the South African species of Australopithecus (Australopithecus africanus). Dart's article was published by the British community and the human anatomy many authoritative scholars ridiculed. But they think this is an early fossil apes fossils. In the ensuing 10 years, much attention since the discovery of Peking Man fossils, the skull rarely been mentioned. 1936, Transvaal in South Africa's Site Ke Fontaine quarry and blasting a group of fossils. Of these, a complete skull and the Taung skull is very similar. Later, in South Africa Crom Dresser, Maca Pence Gheit, Svalbard Turk Lance three sites have been discovered similar fossils. To 50 years in the five sites, found a total of more than 70 pieces of Australopithecus fossils. Academia will be found in South Africa is classified as an Australopithecus fossils belong to two species, the African species of Australopithecus (Australopithecus africanus) and stout species Australopithecus (Australopithecus robustus), also known as Slim Australopithecus (gracile australopithecine ) and the thick-type Australopithecus (robust australopithecine), and gradually established as an early human ancestor Australopithecus position. It should be noted that, while still in the name of Australopithecus known as Australopithecus, but actually is a human subjects (Hominidae) of the member. Naming rules of the international paleontology, a species once the naming, you can not just change the name of the. Therefore, the Australopithecus, known as still in use. (3) found in East Africa The late 1950s, to find human fossils in Africa, he gradually moved to East Africa, Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. East Africa's geological features, there is a north to south by the Great Rift Valley, its surface a series of valleys and lakes. Since this region has a large number of volcanic eruptions millions of years caused by volcanic deposits, which provide for the isotopic dating a good material. Thus, buried in the volcanic layers of fossils that can be accurately measured. July 17, 1959, after 30 years of looking, paleoanthropologist Louis niche (Louis Leakey) and his wife Mary niche (Mary Leakey), and finally the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, found a thick type nearly complete Australopithecus skull and a lower leg. Particularly thick skull, with a huge gum on the molars. Couple this skull belongs to a niche of individual species of East African man named Powell (Zinjanthropus boisei), later changed to Powell Australopithecus species (Australopithecus boisei). They believe that Powell is a sturdy species of East African species variants. Generic name Zinjanthropus means "East Africa" and, while this kind of name is due to boisei Baoyi Si (Charles Boise). He has supported a niche working in East Africa. With potassium - argon age determination of fossils to determine the "East African man" life 175 million years ago. During the excavation, also found stone tools and the extinct animals were broken pieces of bone (seems to be feeding nutrients to the bone marrow caused by high). "East Africa" and it has been able to manufacture stone tools, and even hunting animals? To judge from the skull to complete such a complex technical operations and labor, and its brain was too small. If the stone is not "East" and made, then who is made? Louis niche believe that those in "East Africa" and the discovery of stone tools found in the "genius" made, broken piece of bone is "capable" broken. He believes that, although the early human ancestor Australopithecus is a part, but only "genius" before continuing to back a stage of human evolution, and eventually produce modern. "East African man" and the East African "Homo habilis" and found that two types of human subjects is also a member living in the same area while the earliest evidence. Since then, Ethiopia and Kenya, also found a number of "genius" fossil. One of the most important, in 1972 another son, Richard Lewis niche niche (Richard Leakey), the east coast of Lake Turkana in Kenya found that the number of KNM-ER1470 skull. From the 1960s, the Omo Valley in Ethiopia and the Afar region of Hadar, found a large number of Australopithecus fossils from about 350 million years ago to 150 million years ago, the hominid fossils. One, discovered in 1973 in Hadar form a knee femur and tibia of two bones, upright walking has been shown to have a function. These fossils 350 million years ago. In 1974, the United States paleoanthropologist Johansson (Donald Johanson) in the same area found a woman most of the skeleton, named "Lucy (Lucy)". According to her pelvis, spine and knee studies, to be sure she is the two-legged upright walking, the survival dating 3.4 million years ago. In 1976, Mary Leto, Tanzania, where niche area and found a group of condensation in the human footprints in volcanic ash. This _set_ of footprints 3.7 million years ago, very good, its the dating is quite reliable. Based on the arch of the foot shape and gait analysis, can be identified when walking upright left. These findings are the first humans to walk upright two-legged evidence. According to the Hadar fossils and Leto in the comparative study of Johansson and so that these two sites is very similar to specimens that can be fully two feet to walk upright, and has a small head and large canine teeth, it is a class, should be classified as a new species - Australopithecus alpha species (Australopithecus afarensis). They believe that some kind of alpha between ape and human traits between, but it seems obvious to ape traits of people in the direction of change. Thus, the alpha species is Australopithecus ancestors of the African species, but also a "genius" and ancestors. A method Australopithecus species on the one hand through the thick African species into species and species of Powell, the ultimate extinction of the other developed into a "genius", and then to Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. The early 1990s, discovered Australopithecus in Africa has reached five kinds, namely the African species, alpha species, stout species, Powell species and species of Ethiopia. These five were classified as Australopithecus Australopithecus previously described thin-and thick-type. A method of African species and species belonging to Slim. Among them, the alpha species of years earlier, the "Lucy" as the representative; African species of the later years, and only found in South Africa. The remaining three species belonging to thick type of Australopithecus. Ethiopia species is based on a 2.5 million years ago, named the mandible. Fossil found in southern Ethiopia in 1967. Many anthropologists do not recognize this ancient species that should be included in Martin's species. (4) look at human evolution from Australopithecus Since 1924, Dart was first discovered fossils of Australopithecus, the australopithecine fossils found so far reached 700 species. In the past few decades, new Australopithecus fossils to discover, as well as the discovery of fossils of multi-disciplinary research, the academic community of the early human origins and evolution of a new understanding of the process. First, establish the evolution of Australopithecus in the entire human system status. In recent years, found that 400 million years ago Australopithecus fossils, making the survival of Australopithecus and the geneticist's research calculated by DNA separation time closer to the apes; Second, the various species of the genus Australopithecus, the characteristic fossil , survival age, and who is late on the evolutionary relationships and other characteristics, makes the anthropologists recognize that human evolution than previously thought to be much more complex. In the same timeframe, several species of Australopithecus also survive, but only one person is to the direction of population evolution, and the rest of the population eventually became extinct. This shows that human evolution is based on "the bush (bush)" way, rather than the traditional straight line method of evolution. This is for the rich theory of evolution has very important significance. Australopithecus discovery and research, enhance the human origins and evolution of their own understanding, to promote the development of paleoanthropology. It is worth mentioning that in the past few decades, the family of the East Africa niche discovery and study of ancient humans made a huge contribution. (5) east of the story Academic subjects who will generally be divided into Australopithecus genus, Homo habilis genus, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens is the case. Australopithecus is the earliest known hominid members. So, what factors have contributed to Australopithecus brain to expand, and gradually get to walk upright and making tools, thereby transforming the people are in the direction of it? 15 million years ago in Africa, from west to east is covered with dense forest, inhabited by all kinds of primates, including many species of monkeys and apes. But in the next few million years, where the environment has undergone tremendous changes, resulting in a corresponding biological changes have taken place. At that time, the crust below the eastern African continent along the Red Sea, after today's Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania line split. Result, the land of Ethiopia and Kenya to rise as blistering as the formation of an elevation of 270 meters above the ground. These tall uplift not only changed the landscape of Africa, has changed the climate in Africa. It destroyed the previously established from west to east air flow, so a drier eastern areas, the loss of forest to survive. Continuous forest began to break into a piece of the grove, the formation of Forest, woodland and scrub. About 12 million years ago, tectonic forces continued to make the environment here has undergone further changes, the formation of a long from north to south bend of the canyon. Grand Canyon resulting from the presence of two biological effects: First, prevent the formation of the canyon fauna on either side of the exchange barrier; the second is to further promote the development of mosaic-type environment. Some experts believe that this east-west barrier branch for human and ape evolution is extremely important - the common ancestor of apes and people groups is divided into two parts. Grand Canyon West groups live in moist woods environment, eventually become the modern African apes. The eastern group of the Grand Canyon, in order to adapt to life in the open environment, the development of a new _set_ of skills (two-legged upright walking, the liberation of the upper limb, to start using and tool-making), which belong to the people through the direction of Australopithecus into. French paleoanthropologist Kepang (Yves Coppens) to this mode of evolution called "east of the story." (6) Africa or Asia
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Human Development
人类发展
人类发展
(1) Australopithecus stage Subsequently, in South Africa and other parts of Africa, anthropologists discovered hundreds of ape-man fossils. After extensive studies until after the 1960s, anthropology Australopithecus gradually unanimously affirmed on the system is the first stage of human evolution fossils, were classified in the taxonomy section. (2) capable stage. Homo habilis fossils since 1959, niche (L. Leakey ,1903-1978) and other anthropologists in East Africa Tanzania and Kenya Te Kana Ao Duwei Canyon Lake gradually discovered. These ancient human brain capacity is larger, about 600 ml or more, the general form of the brain and above the sulcus and the modern is similar to the skull and toe closer to the modern and the teeth of Australopithecus smaller than the stout. In taxonomy, the paleoanthropologist who are classified to their race (Homo habilis). Capable to survive the age of 175 million to 200 million years, was not yet extinct Australopithecus thick. Homo habilis fossils together with stone tools found there. These include the stone can be cut skins of stone, with the chopper blade can crack bones and stone hammers, these are slaughtering tools. Therefore, it can be said that the expansion of manufacturing tools and the human brain is an important feature. But genius is the way through hunting or through the search for bodies to get the meat it? Amplification and manufacturing genius of the brain there is any relationship between the stone? These are the need for further research. (3) stage of Homo erectus Homo erectus is an early Paleolithic humans. Beijing Fangshan Zhoukoudian Homo erectus lived more than 40 individuals unearthed human fossils, thousands of stone tools, fire remains a relic hunting and gathering, is the Paleolithic early human social life in miniature. Human labor from the production tool began. Use of chipped stone tools and made it stick and other simple tools can do single-handedly can not do. People use these tools to fight with nature, and gradually transformed the nature and humanity itself. Use of fire to mankind will never fire, is a huge leap. Beijing will use to control fire fights. They used fire barbecue food, lighting, heating and drive beast, the body and brain to promote the development, enhanced with the natural ability to fight. In the Peking Man Site, except that the acquisition of hackberry seeds edible, but also found a large number of animal remains, including fossil deer bone swelling there in more than 2000 individuals, indicating that Peking Man lived a life of gathering and hunting. (4) Homo sapiens stage Nepal's brain has reached 1300-1700 ml; compared with Homo erectus skull is smooth and round skull thickness is reduced lung; face (from the brow down to the next part of dentition) and the degree of protrusion of Homo erectus similar. Nepal's nasal bone abnormalities in Europe before the conflict, must show their noses high; However, because they have big teeth and palate, suggesting that their noses did not like modern Europeans have narrow nasal cavity, but to have a greatly expand the nasal cavity before. That is, they have a modern Europeans as high as the same time as modern Africans so wide big nose; Moreover, the nose may be more towards the front. Nepalese people to create what is known as Mousterian culture of stone industry, with small tip-like device and scrapers represented. Cold weather in Europe at the time, people can use fire and Niger has been able to create fire. Nepalese people have also started the custom of burying the dead. In Africa, early Homo sapiens are found in Ethiopia is considered a transitional type of Hakata (age of about 20 to 30 million years ago) and found in Zambia Broken Hermit (years ago 13 million years for the ago). China's early Homo sapiens fossils were discovered in 1949, north of materials including Dali Man (found in Shaanxi Province Dali County), Jinniushan people (found in Liaoning Province, Yingkou County), who Xujiayao (found in Shanxi Yanggao), small village (found in Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province) and southern regions of Maba Man (found in Qujiang County, Guangdong Province), Yinshan people (found in Chaohu City, Anhui Province), Changyang people (found in Hubei Changyang), Tongzi people (found in Guizhou Tongzi). Early Homo sapiens in other parts of Asia also found in the Solo River in Indonesia Ang Dong people (also known as Solo man), show some form of Homo erectus to Homo sapiens early transition state. Late Homo sapiens: the late Chinese first discovered the fossil of Homo sapiens is the famous Zhoukoudian Upper Cave Man. These fossils in 1933 in the keel summit of the mountain cave excavated, including three complete skulls, skull fragments of three, four under the jaw, three jaw fragments, isolated teeth, dozens of pieces, some pieces of vertebrae and limb bones. However, due to the war of aggression against China launched by Japan and later the Pacific War, and then all of these materials with the Peking Man fossils have been made in the hands of a few Americans disappeared. Fortunately, in these precious materials before they are made into the missing model, these models as we re-examine this period an important basis for human development. After the liberation, the vast region has found a number of important late Homo sapiens fossils. Including a considerable degree of evolution and Upper Cave Man skull Liujiang (found in Guangxi Liujiang County), who compared the progress of cavemen and Liujiang Ziyang human skull (found in Ziyang County) and skull holes (found in Guizhou Puding ), and who were known as the Loop, the guests were, Lijiang and Huanglong's fragmented fossil material.
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Kinship
(1) The difference between humans and apes Although humans and apes have many similarities, but there are also some significant differences, therefore, taxonomy, though, are all primates, humans are classified as human subjects, while the apes were subjects for the great apes. Compared with apes, a wider range of early human food, including plant foods, insects, lizards, rodents and other small animals. The use of fire, making the first human ancestors to cook food (burning) cooked before eating, so you do not need well-developed chewing muscles and the teeth Shuozhuang more on food processing machinery, and therefore they face gradually degraded, like the apes did not become a bulge. Humans and apes the size of the brain not only different in structure there is a visible difference. The area of human cerebral cortex is three times more than chimpanzees, and its frontal, parietal and temporal lobes than the big apes, such areas are and feel, the comprehensive sports and language, memory linked. (2) differences between human and orangutan Genetic differences between man and apes is relatively small, only about 2%. But it makes the 2% difference between man and ape intelligence, behavioral, psychological and physiological become the least bit of difference, loss of thousands of miles. Advanced primates, including humans and closest relationship with the human animals such as gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons, gorillas, monkeys, monkey, etc., he (it) and great apes belong to the same suborder. The results of anthropological research today has ancient Chinese Shu ape that is the earliest human ancestors. Then the closest relationship with the people of primates and human apes or monkeys in the end how much gap? Understanding of this gap might be able to unlock human evolution and intelligence, behavioral and psychological mystery. From neurolinguistics, neuropsychology and other higher nervous activity and mental activities, of man and the gap between apes and monkeys are not several orders of magnitude differences in the human infant may be the difference with the adult. There are a few facts can illustrate the problem.
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Human life cycle
Human life began in the fertilized egg. Men often make women through sexual intercourse means fertilization, artificial insemination may sometimes. People in the initial stage of growth as the fertilized egg, fertilized egg in the woman's uterus through the last 38 weeks of growth period, and finally turns into an embryo, then a fetus. A fetus, you can be ready to birth, the fetus was female from the body after delivery of the first breathing on their own, and renamed the baby. Until after a baby, people began to be protected by law, some areas may be caused by a small number of fetuses in utero during the start protection. Human life ends at death.
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Research tools
Anthropologists are mainly based on fossil bones unearthed to study and determine the history of human evolution, they are mainly based on the following three characteristics to determine the different human and primate relatives, and in different historical stages of human physiology and behavior: the first characterized by the shape of the teeth and style; second feature is the upright bipedal walking; third characteristic is the size and shape of the skull. Based on these characteristics and other characteristics of human reasoning, and the fossil bones of human ancestors and modern man and modern apes compared to the same bone, the way of human evolution can find many important clues. For example, teeth, animal teeth, human African primates are great for chewing leaves and other relatively hard food, and are long with large and prominent canine teeth to resist the enemy invasion; canines and grinding of teeth between the canines and molars as well as the gap between the have and the molars in the back gear, arranged in two rows parallel. Human teeth are significantly different, the most important difference is that canines are not particularly prominent than the other teeth, all teeth is much smaller than teeth of other animals, and arranged in a continuous curved, without any gaps. In fact, human teeth were originally started from Ramapithecus development and change. Because Ramapithecus diverged from other apes, the time spent on the ground longer and longer, so, the gradual degradation of the large canines, and grinding of teeth has become increasingly sharp, hard to chew food . Meanwhile, the molars are larger, and so on chewing. Later, the human eating meat, then go down to eat cooked food, and increasingly become the main food of these things as easy to chew and gnaw, so the teeth becoming smaller and smaller, leaving no gaps, densely arranged and neat. Finally, even the jaw is also smaller, out of his mouth no longer prominent, the face will also become a vertical plane, and all non-human primates in animal backward tilt of the face very different. Bone, too, although more complicated than the teeth, but according to the fossil bones have been found sufficient to definitely some evolutionary trends. For example, the upper body, the human arms gradually shortened, but the action has developed his hands more and dexterity and coordination. Lower limbs are developed to facilitate the upright, walking and running, the whole body's center of gravity to move the pelvis after such action can reduce the energy required to a minimum. The focus of gorillas in the chest, so hard to sustain standing. The key to human beings can walk upright or feet. All primate feet from front to back only the longitudinal arch, and human feet from the inside to the outside of the horizontal well arched, and thus can maintain a more upright posture causes the body to long to maintain balance. Of course, humans and other animals is the most important difference between human behavior, which is mainly controlled by the brain. Thus, the brain becomes more sophisticated, the brain cells and nerve cells more and more, more and more complex, the normal human brain size between 1000 to 2000 cubic centimeters, between primates than any other animal's brain must be big 3 times. Correspondingly, the human skull is also growing, prominent forehead becomes forward, his head flattened. According to archaeological discoveries, there are 200 million years or so away from the two skull, showing a small African Australopithecus brain and face a small, large brains, using the tools of modern contrast to the skull. Thus, according to the different characteristics of various bones, by means of genetic chemistry, more bone morphology, the study of primate behavior and the simple hunting and gathering tribes and other means of sociological analysis, scientists can infer the evolution of humans historical process, and arranged the lineage of human evolution lineage.
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Information
(1) the definition of modern As the major areas of human evolution have emerged within the Homo erectus stage, some regional morphological differentiation to the stage of early Homo sapiens began to clear up, with different regions of natural _select_ion, making the region appear in the form of late Homo sapiens some obvious differences, we formed a division race this, that, because of skin color, shape and color of hair, different eyes, noses and lips, etc., can be divided into the yellow world of the human person (also known as the Mongolian Asian-American ethnic origin or race), white (also known as the Caucasian or white race), black race (also known as the Negro race or race the equator) and brown types of people (also known as the Australian race) This four races. The first fossil found in China late Homo sapiens is the famous Zhoukoudian Upper Cave Man. These fossils in 1933 in the keel summit of the mountain cave excavated, including three complete skulls, skull fragments of three, four under the jaw, three jaw fragments, isolated teeth, dozens of pieces, some pieces of vertebrae and limb bones. However, due to the war of aggression against China launched by Japan and later the Pacific War, and then all of these materials with the Peking Man fossils have been made in the hands of a few Americans disappeared. Fortunately, in these precious materials before they are made into the missing model, these models as we re-examine this period an important basis for human development. Inheritance from Homo erectus in China to the Chinese legend of a pulse of early Homo sapiens who have the yellow series of unique characteristics, based on the late Homo sapiens in China has basically established a modern yellow features, though, still in their possession or or less preserved some primitive traits. In determining who belongs to the original premise of yellow, cavemen and modern Chinese, Eskimos and American Indians in particular close to the Liujiang others found in Australia, with significant similarity Kellogg skull traits. Human fossils found in Australia belong to modern Homo sapiens, the earliest and only 30 000 years, it is estimated that the earliest human arrival in Australia of the time no earlier than 50,000 years ago. Human fossils found in Australia, clearly divided into two types. A class of bone thick, burly, such as Ke Sake man, Tal cover people, Jill Moss who, Kee swamps, etc.; the other bones are more compact, more slender body, such as Kellogg people, Mungo Lakers, etc. . Their culture is not the same. These types of thick bones found in Java and early Homo erectus and Homo sapiens (Ang Dong people) in the form of a clear similarity; the other hand, those type of bone is lightweight and thin with China on Liujiang significantly in the skull similar traits, showing between them there is a certain kinship. In addition, Java Holocene Wa Jiake human skull, found in the Philippines Tabang human skull hole, and the Virginia Kalimantan and New Guinea Ai Tapu skull skull, have shown a similar one with Australia's indigenous people , on the other hand, and Homo sapiens represented by the late Chinese original yellow similar traits. Dated to 10,000 years ago the last Ice Age, the earth temperature is very low, Glacier mass development, and thus lower sea level, the modern Bering Strait sea the sea surface, forming a connecting Northeast Asia and northwestern North America land bridge . Group living in Siberia in the vicinity of the yellow people chasing their prey through the Luqiao Yong dare to _set_ foot on the North American continent, and in subsequent years gradually spread to the entire development of the Americas. Native American (including Indians and Inuit) in the form of the Siberian and other East Asia yellow is very consistent, so they separated the yellow race in East Asia for a long time, but estimated that up to 10,004 Millennium ~ 2 years. America discovered the earliest relics of ancient human cultures dating back 11,000 5 years of tip-like device, unearthed in 1932 in the vicinity of Clovis, New Mexico; also unearthed a mammoth bones. Prior to this, in 1926 the state had been found near Folsom, another time later in the tip-like device, accompanied by a now extinct bison bones. (2) human evolution inspiration It should be noted that, due to the limited number of fossils unearthed, and in the distribution of time and space are not continuous, so far, we have the understanding of human evolution, is only preliminary, very general. However, even this very rough outline of which has been enough to draw some very amazed, quite precise conclusions and understanding. So, from which we can get some kind of inspired him? However, there must also have its advantages disadvantages, probably because humans have a culture of media information can be passed to future generations, so genetic system by itself, the message will less and less, for example, will not build a house down in life, must rely on day after tomorrow to learn. In short, there are many animals the ability to survive is through genetic system directly to future generations, but people have to eat and drink outside crying, most survival skills are only acquired through learning. Finally, there is a very interesting fact worth to ponder. As can be seen from the table, in this long history of 1400 years, the rate of human evolution is not uniform, but in the evolution of the high acceleration of forward. For example, from Ramapithecus Australopithecus evolved into a full with more than 1,000 million years, evolved into Homo habilis and Australopithecus only with more than 300 years, and so on. In other words, the process of human evolution, each completed a leap in time about exactly equal to the time required before a leap to 1 / 3, and after a leap in time is equal to 3 times. This result for two main reasons: First, over time, the human brain becomes more sophisticated; Second, with practice, the accumulation of human knowledge more and more rich. Thus, human beings enjoy today's material and spiritual wealth is not created in the short term, but long-term accumulation of results. I am part of humanity, human beings are naturally part of it. Human life, nature has its own. Changes in the activity of human life, nature conservation movement in the material. Human beings have the ability, but also as strength. Human existence, nature in existence. Human pursuit, there will always be satisfied natural interests. Nature, everyone has ancestors, each substance has a trajectory. People have died, the motion of matter is eternal. Who is a natural material, conform with the movement of the movement itself. What will become the future of mankind? Expert opinion Pessimist: the evolution of mankind has come to an end Professor Steve Jones, University of London, claimed that modern species of positive and negative mutations have been completed. According to his view, human evolution is based on genetically alter living organisms to adapt to the external environment on the basis of performance, can be almost lost not only the modern dependence on the biosphere, but to change it yourself. Russia Rostov State University researchers, philosophy 博士奥列格瓦 Vassilyevsky also believes that human beings can lead to their extinction has some weaknesses, such as low immunity. Vasilyev also believe that from a biological point of view it is quite natural, because the mammoth has been extinct. In order to make human beings die, and now some reason, there is climate change, there are micro-mutagenic, and now have a drug-resistant microbes. Optimists: We will change the body One of the changes: gene Jonathan Pritchard of the University of Chicago believes that human beings have to adapt to changes in the environment, nearly 1.5 million years to the emergence of many new genes, for example, can ensure that the absorption and digestion of carbohydrates and fatty acids in milk genes. It was because of them, we can adapt to the new food. By the way, white gene is new, people moved north before they began. Change II: Face All-Russian Research Center, researchers anthropology, biology 博士韦尼阿 明普列沙科夫 assertion that people face in the narrow, little more than a third of 10,000 years ago. The biggest change in the jaw and teeth, the layout and structure, this may be because human beings no longer have to chew hard things of reason, but at the same time, the human skull has become more prominent. Why is this so, scientists say it is still not clear. The third change: height Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Adolescent Health, researchers and health, biology, Vice 博士尤利娅 Yamu Kaja Powles said: "The medieval knight's armor that only children and teenagers to wear today, but people from the late 19th century child in the long, to the 1960 senior high 20 cm, 170 children and teenagers - 178 cm long become commonplace. only from 1985 onwards, the world's people are reduced stature, tall have become short, today's 30-year-old the average height of only 165 cm. " The scientists also compared with some Russians, for example, show that Russia and all of the ancestors of a tall and burly, and now the others look weak and short. Changes of the four: the brain University of Chicago biology Bo Shibu Ruslan that a mutation in the brain, which may lead to the emergence of a new, more rational of the race. Calculations show that the microcephaly genes from 3.7 million years ago horses Luke Nong people began to change since it is these horses Luke Nong who first painting on cave walls. The second is the familiar ASPM gene, in about 5500 years ago in the evolution of our brain, when people have literacy, began building the city. Changes in five: breeding Russian Institute of Experimental Gerontology, director of Flor Keith believes that now the young girl's menstrual period in the early, delayed menopause and women's 5 to 6 years, women of childbearing age in the stretch as a result, life expectancy is also longer. Looking experts Human evolution may be a third of Russia sexologists 奥列格格林丘 grams that man as a species may be extinct, because the Y chromosome in the continuing loss of genes, while the men can come into the world is thanks to the Y chromosome. I do not know why the female X chromosome may have not been changes. According to Green, Cukor said, millions of years ago, Y Gene 1500, and now a total of only 40 remaining. Why Y chromosome will be "exhausted" phenomenon, who do not know. But if this process does not stop, they have completely disappeared and men a possibility. Will be replaced by another third of the people, does not exclude such a person has both male sexual organs, also have female sex organs. Incidentally, such a person today is more and more like Europe is already in every 5,000 newborns have a. There is also a very ominous sign, the earth with 15% of male residents will lose their fertility, while 20 percent of men will suffer from impotence. Humans will not be a qualitative leap has not yet concluded Individual changes are still people who have, and some, ah, like height, weight ah, ah reproductive function, the pace of change will be faster, other changes will drag on for several thousand years. However, the final changes will not be a qualitative leap, or is the normal cycle, scientists are still debating this. (3) the real cause of human evolution Recent research results: According to the gene theory, common ancestor of modern humans originated in Africa According to bio-genetic theory of species living in an area continuously and separated by non-repeatable with other species, reproductive isolation occurs, they can no longer mate or mating of the next generation of epigenetic not fertile, as horses and donkeys, as they are species isolated from the reproductive isolation caused by the product, assuming that Peking Man was the ancestor of modern Chinese people, according to their ability to impossible to trek thousands of miles and Africa, Europe and other contemporary ape communication. is certainly their isolated land of isolated life in China So why up to tens of millions of years did not produce reproductive isolation? It's not too surprising it? Now the Chinese people can and Americans, Arabs, black Africans and even get married, and son, grandson, son of regeneration. So that now the man has no reproductive isolation. Later, this "smart" people more and more tribal, local food is not enough, so they now about 50,000 years ago, two minutes north, into Europe to become a white, another through India and Southeast Asia, north from Yunnan into China, Korea, Japan, the Americas become yellow, due to their sophisticated weapons, smart brain, so every one can always be defeated indigenous ape-man, such as Peking Man, etc. occupation of their sites, so the other ape extinction , leaving only this one tribe descended, we all are descendants of this advanced tribes, in order to explain why the Chinese and white people can marry black children. The final choice --- Human hostile to God the Father, the devil in the world is to eliminate, or destroy the devil and God the Father joint master of all things to do Christian said: people only as one with God, to conquer the devil and death, the basic approach is to insist on drinking "photon water", or "eternal life Shen Shui", or "Bible" in the "lake of fire." Only in this way that humanity can hope. Otherwise, wait for everyone only utter hopelessness. Specific approach is very simple: (= eternal lake of fire Shenshui = photon a small amount of salt water = reconcile the cool boiled water + ice + sun light exposure) Note: Due to various reasons, the photon must water during the day in the morning after drinking, you can not drink in the evening. Chinese saying goes: the morning to drink salt water, such as Ginseng, race night service arsenic salt. Photon water temperature not too cold, so as not to stimulate the stomach discomfort.
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World of Warcraft Human
Stormwind human race is a very resilient. Racial Perception - the initiative for 20 seconds - shock cooling time of 3 minutes to improve your stealth detection. Human Spirit - passive Spirit increased by 3%. Self-interest - the initiative Instant - 2 min cooldown Removes all movement impairing effects and the role of lead you can not control the effect. This effect shares a cooldown with other similar effects. Diplomacy - passive reputation for speed by 10%. Sword Specialization - passive two-handed sword with precision by 3. Hammers Weapon Specialization - passive precision hammer and hammer with both hands up 3.
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Movie
◎ translation of human ◎ title Humains ◎'s 2009 ◎ Country France / Switzerland / Luxembourg ◎ Class Action / Adventure / Horror / Thriller ◎ French language ◎ Directed by Jacques-Olivier Molon Pierre-Olivier Thevenin ◎ Starring Luo Lante Daochi Lorànt Deutsch .... Thomas Sarah Frisch Christi Sara Forestier .... Nadia ◎ Introduction A team of researchers to investigate the Swiss Alps on human evolution a scientific discovery. When they fall into the valley, the expedition's journey into the road to death, they find themselves or someone - a monster of prey ... ...
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English Expression
: humanity, mankind
n.: human race, the human race, ie mankind, the [our] species, sons of man [men], Homo sapiens, lord of creation, the human race, the genus Homo, all flesh, wight, specimen, people, mortality, mortal, men, man, humankind, human, homo, hominid, flesh
