Means the old official history of the 24 known biographical history books, that is, "Historical Records", "Han", "the Book", "Three Kingdoms", "Book of Jin," "Song," "Southern Qi Shu", "Liang Shu" , "Chen book", "Wei Shu", "Northern Qi book", "Zhou Shu", "Sui Shu", "History of Southern Dynasties," "Northern History", "Tang Shu (Old Tang)", "New Tang "" Five Dynasties History (Old Five Dynasties) "," New Five Dynasties "," History of Song "," Liao History "," Golden History "," Yuan History "," History of the Ming. "
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No. 2
Means the 24 biographical history books. History of the Ming had 21 head, the Qing Emperor Qianlong four years and by "Ming Dynasty", "Old Tang," "Old Five Dynasties History", collectively known as Twenty-Four Histories. Total 3240 in three volumes. The history of the name, volume number and author (or lead person) as follows: 1. "Historical Records" Volume 130, Sima Qian the Han.
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No. 3
二十四史
"Han" 100 volumes, with Han Ban.
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No. 4
"Later Han" 120 volumes, with the Southern Song Fan Ye.
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No. 5
"Three Kingdoms" 65, Jin Chenshou with.
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No. 6
"Book of Jin," Volume 130, Tang Fang Xuanling with.
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No. 7
"Song" 100 volumes, about the Southern Liang Shen.
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No. 8
"Nan Qi Shu," 59, son of the Southern Liang Xiao significant.
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No. 9
"Liang Shu" 56, Tang Yao Silian with.
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No. 10
(10). "Wei Shu" volume 114, closing the Wei Qi.
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No. 11
(11). "Wei is" 50 volumes, Tang Li 100 drugs with.
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No. 12
(12). "Zhou Shu" 50 volumes, Tang Ling Hu De-fen was.
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No. 13
(13). "Sui Shu" 85 volumes, Tang Wei Zheng with.
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No. 14
(14). "History of Southern Dynasties," 80, Tang Li Yanshou with.
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No. 15
(16). "Old Tang" 200 volumes, with the Five Houjin Liu Xu.
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No. 16
(17). "New Book of Tang," Volume 225, Song Ouyang Xiu.
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No. 17
(18). "Old Five Dynasties," Volume 150, Song Xue Juzheng with.
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No. 18
20. "Sung," 496 volumes per Tuoketuo with.
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No. 19
22. "Payment history" 135 volumes per Tuoketuo with. 23. "Yuan History", 210, Ming Lian forward. 24. "Ming Shi" Volume 332, Qing Zhang Tingyu with.
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Overview of Twenty-Four Histories
Twenty-Four Histories of China's ancient twenty-four official history in general. Namely: "Historical Records" (Han Qian) "Han" (Han Ban) "Han" (Southern Song Fan Ye) "Three Kingdoms" (Jin Chenshou) "Jin Shu" (Tang Fang Xuanling, etc.) "Song" (the Southern Liang Shen Yue) "Nan Qi Shu" (Southern Liang Xiao Zi Xian) "Liang Shu" (Tang Yao Silian) "Chen Shu" (Tang Yao Silian) "Wei" (Wei Qi close) "Zhou Shu" (Don De-Fen Ling Hu, etc.) "Sui Dynasty" (Tang Wei Zheng, etc.) "Southern Dynasties" (Don Li Yanshou) "Northern History" (Don Li Yanshou) "Old Don" (the Later Jin Liu Xu, etc.) "New Book of Tang" (Song Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi) "Old Five Dynasties" (Song Xue Masahiro Nakai, etc.) "New History of the Five Dynasties" (Song Ouyang Xiu) "Sung" (Yuan Tuotuo, etc.) "Liao history" (per Tuotuo, etc.) "The History" (per Tuotuo, etc.) "Genshi" (Ming Lian, etc.) "Ming Dynasty" (Qing Zhang Tingyu, etc.). "Official history" of the name, only found in "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi": "There are writings of the world, are to be classes, horse, that official history." Imperial Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong, "Twenty-Four Histories", "official history", said that a special refers to the "Twenty-Four Histories." Press the "Si Ku Quan Shu" requirement, official history class, "whatever is not broken by Chen, the board learned that no abuse. The body cover Masashi respect, justice and by the distribution, non-hanging all that code, by Mogan private", that is, without Emperor approved, shall not be included in the official history. Twenty-Four Histories total of 3249 volumes, about 40 million words. Its narrative time, from the first "Historical Records" narrative legendary Yellow Emperor, to the last one, "Ming Shi" Chong narrative to 17 years (AD 1644) only, and it took 4,000 years, with a unified this century, Biography of biographical writing. Twenty-Four Histories of the content is very rich, documented history of economic, political, cultural arts and science and technology and other aspects of the story.
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The development of Twenty-Four Histories
History, there are "Ten history," said, it is recorded in the three countries, the Jin dynasty, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, Northern Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou, Sui dynasty, histories of ten together. Later appeared "Thirteen-generation history." "Thirteen-generation history" includes the "Historical Records", "Han", "Han" and "10 history." By the Song dynasty, in "Thirteen history" based on adding "Southern Dynasties", "Northern History", "New Book of Tang," "New Five Dynasties", forming a "Seventeen history." By the Ming Dynasty and the "History of the Song", "Liao Shi", "The History", "Genshi", collectively known as "Twenty-first history." Qing Dynasty Emperor Qianlong, print and publish the 'Ming History', plus all the previous history, general name "twenty-two history." Later added, "Old Tang", a "Twenty-three history." Later, from the "Yongle Dadian" compiled out in the "Old Five Dynasties" is also included in the official history, handpicked by the Qianlong emperor, collectively, the "Imperial Twenty-Four Histories." Qianlong four to forty-nine Wu Yingdian engraving of the "Imperial Twenty-Four Histories" is the most complete ancient Chinese official history carved a large-scale exchange. 1920, Ke Shao Min essays, "New Genshi" finalized ten years (1921) president Shichang "New History of Yuan Dynasty" to "official history", and "Twenty-Four Histories," collectively, the "Twenty-five Histories." But others are not included in the new Yuan Dynasty, and change the "History of Qing Dynasty" as one of Twenty-five Histories. Or, if the two books are included in the official history, the formation of a "twenty-six history."
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About Twenty-Four Histories
1, "Historical Records" Sima Qian of the Han, 130 volumes. "Historical Records" was not originally fixed the title, or "Tai Shi Gong book", or "Tai Shi Gong Ji", and save that "Sima Qian." "Historical Records" was originally known as the ancient history books, starting from the three countries, "Historical Records" by becoming known as "Tai Shi Gong book" of proper names. By Sima Qian, the word child long Zuoping Yi Hsia people. Ghost was born five years the Han emperor, Han Zheng, and died about three years. Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan Tai Shi in Chinese Central Government to do so, is responsible for managing the Royal collection of historical books and to study the astronomical calendar. Sima Tan intends to write a general history, the desire not achieved died. Dying, asked Qian to complete his unfinished business. Sima Qian's childhood is very hard, He started learning classical at the time, later followed by Dong, Kong Anguo learned "Ram Spring," "Ancient Book." Han Yuanshuo three years, Sima Qian two-year-old, full of thirst for knowledge, the motherland of the great mountains and rivers traveled everywhere study sites, collecting legends. Through the historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty and the field survey, Sima Qian open the mind, increase of knowledge, for the subsequent preparation of "Historical Records" was well prepared. Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian's father inherited the post of Taishi do so, conditional to see a lot of books and documents and national archives, which is Sima Qian, writing, "Historical Records" is an indispensable condition. Han was in the beginning the first year, Sima Qian began to write, "Historical Records." Han two days, Li Ling Li Guangli shuaibing attack with the Huns, defeated and surrendered. Han Li Ling to Sima Qian's views on the inquiry, then, Sima Qian said Li Ling surrendered because Zhonggua lost, and no reinforcement, Li Ling responsibility insufficiency in the body. Intended for the Emperor Qian Li Ling sanctuary that excuse, diminish the love Han Ji Mrs. Lee's brother Li Guangli. Thus, the Sima Qian in jail, sentenced to Fuxing. Three years later he was pardoned from prison, more strenuously writing "Historical Records." Zheng and about two years, basically completed the preparation work. Sima Qian's death many years, his grandson, Yang Yun only then this more than five hundred and twenty thousand words of the immortal classics made public. "Historical Records" is a general history of ancient and modern throughout, from the legendary Yellow Emperor, has been written to the first year of Emperor Yuan Shou, describes the history of our country about three thousand years. "Historical Records", wrote the preface, the book has the discipline twelve, Table 10 articles, book eight, family thirty, biography seventy, a total of one hundred and thirty. Ban on "Sima Qian Chuan Han," mentioned in the "Historical Records" lack of ten. Three Weizhang Yan pointed out that ten is the "emperor of the century", "Emperor of the discipline," "Ritual," "Book of Music", "law book", "Hanxing since the relative chronology," "Day by Tales", "Three Kings family," "Kamesaku Tales", "Fu Jin Biography." Most do not agree with Zhang Yan future generations to say, but the "Historical Records" incomplete is incontrovertible. Today the "Historical Records" is also one hundred and thirty, a few chapters of Sima Qian's obviously not mine, Han Emperor, when the Confederation of Dr. Chu wrote up a small Sun "Historical Records", today the "Historical Records", "Mr. Chu said," is his make up for. "Historical Records" drawn from a wide range. At that time the community spread of the 'world', "Mandarin", "national policy", "Qin Ji", "Chu Hanchun Autumn," "Hundred Schools" and other books and national archives, as well as field survey to obtain the material, Sima Qian, writing is "Historical Records" of the important sources of material. Particularly valuable is that Sima Qian of the collected material to do a careful analysis and _select_ion, out of some nonsense. Some can not figure out the problem, or the attitude of the suspect using Que, or recorded in a variety of claims. As drawn wide range of historical and serious attitude, therefore, "Historical Records" notes informative, content rich. 2, "Han" Ban Gu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, 100 volumes. Following Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", the Ban Gu wrote, "Han." Ban Gu, Jian Meng word, Fufeng An Ling, born in the Eastern Han Guangwu Jianwu eight years. Father Ban Biao is a historian, has made "after the transfer" sixty-five to continue up, "Historical Records." "Han" is "after transfer" on the basis of completion. Teijin Nagamoto first year, Ban followers to attack the Huns Juji General Dou Xian, the Senate planned meeting. Later due to my imprisonment, Nagamoto four died in prison. At that time, "Han" There are eight tables and the "astronomical records," not written in Dili called Ban Han Ban Zhao replaced as a sister, Ma continued to assist Ban Zhao made a "astronomical annals." Ban Zhao was "Twenty-Four Histories" in the unique female author. "Han", including the discipline twelve, table eight, ten-chi, biography seventy, a total of one hundred, later divided into 120 volumes. It notes Gotti Han Liu Bang began the first year, and finally to Emperor Wang Mang four years. "Han," the style and the "Historical Records" than have changed. "Historical Records" is a History, "Han" is a history of dating. "Han" to "Historical Records" of the "discipline" province called "discipline," "Biography," Province said, "pass", "book" to say "Chi", the abolition of the "family" be incorporated into the family of the Han Xun Chen Chuan . These changes were later inherited some of the history books. "Han" and the times recorded in "Records of the Historian," a cross, before the mid-Western Han Dynasty Han Dynasty history, two books have documented. This part, "Han" often shift with the "Historical Records." However, due to differences in the ideological realm of the author and not the same standard material choice, diversion when there are additions and deletions Gaiyi. "Han" new addition "Xingfa Zhi", "Five Kingdoms", "Geography", "Yi Wen Zhi." "Xing Fazhi" the first systematic account of the evolution of the legal system and some specific provisions of the precepts. "Geography" record at the time of the gun administrative division, history, and account number, the local property, economic development, local customs records even more compelling. "Yi Wen Zhi" Do not send academic research a variety of origins, record books survive in the world, it is China's oldest library catalog. 'Food and Money "by" quasi-flat book "the evolution, but much more enriched. It has two volumes, the volume on "food", that is, economic conditions in agriculture; the next volume on the "goods", namely, commercial and monetary situation, the economy was the special chapter. "Han" Eight table has a "past and present human form", from the mind to Taihao Emperor Wu Guang, the "ancient" without "this", thus causing the descendants of ridicule responsibility. Future generations are respected, "Han" and "Baiguan Gongqing table", this table describes the first post of the Qin and Han officials _set_ up sub-case of official authority and the number of salary, then divided into fourteen, thirty four official summary table grid, recording the movements of the Han Dynasty Minister or poor to move free, detailed to show the prevailing bureaucracy and bureaucratic changes. From the ideological content, "Han" rather than "Historical Records." Ban has criticized Sima Qian "On the non-quite absurd in the saints." This focus reflects both the ideological differences. The so-called "saints" is Confucius. Sima Qian, not entirely to Confucianism as a standard to judge right and wrong, it is worthy of recognition. And Sima Qian and Ban Gu's experience is not. Sima Qian to Ban from this change, reflecting the Eastern Han Dynasty Confucianism as the orthodox feudal thinking in the field of history on a firm a footing. 3, "Han" Fan Ye, the Southern Song, 120 volumes. "Later Han" ninety volumes, Southern Song Fan Ye essays. Fan Ye Wei words were, along the positive people. Came from a aristocratic family. His grandfather served as Jin Yuzhangtaishou Fanning, the "Gu Liang Annals," a book. "Thirteen Classics Commentaries" in the "Guliang Commentaries" is to "Gu Liang Annals" written for the foundation. His father Fantai given the rank of Jinzi Guang Lu doctor, plus Sanjichangshi is Song Wudi Liu Yu's right-hand man. He read, with great concentration writings, as "ancient and modern, good words," twenty-four. Therefore, Fan Ye have deep family history, has been after the door itself, naturally aloof, sloppy, officialdom unwilling living people, the writing is not Kan behind. Make him famous, as also perished. Yuan Jia nine, Fan Ye, Pengcheng Toffee funeral for the period of misconduct offended Stuart Liuyi Kang, disparaged Xuancheng Prefecture, Fan Ye woods, on the use of historical and sustenance of his ambition, began to write "the Book . " Yuan Jia-two years, when he completed the century, biography writing, and Xie Yan, also have completed the "chi ritual", "Yu Fu Zhi", "Five Kingdoms", "astronomical annals," "Chi-gun "and other five emotions, when it was denounced his involvement in the conspiracy Liu Yikang usurper, so imprisoned and died. Xie Yan afraid affected, destroyed in the hands of Chi draft, the "Han" is only part of passed down Chi Chuan. Fan Ye in "the Book" prior to the advent of the Eastern Han important works of history no less than ten, Fan Ye, the "concept of the East Han Ji" as the basic historical data based on the book by Hua Qiao as the main blueprint, to learn each others strengths of the book , _delete_ the fan to fill a vacancy, neat story, beyond the public at home, come from behind. So to the Tang Dynasty, Fan Ye, "Han" instead of "East View Han Ji", and "Historical Records", "Han" and that "the three history", the prevalence of the world. And all home, "Han", in addition to Hong Yuan "after Han Ji", the loose after another death. So Fan Ye "Han" as we are studying the history of the most fundamental basis of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fan Ye, "Han," the account, from the overthrow of Wang Mang in Liu raised his army, and finally Emperor Xian of Han Zen in the Pi, a detailed history of the Eastern Han Dynasty one hundred and ninety five years. 4, "Three Kingdoms" Western Jin Chenshou of 65 volumes. "Three Kingdoms", sixty five volumes, including "Wei Shu," 30 volumes, "Shu Shu" 15 volumes, "Wu Shu" twenty volumes, contains, Wei, Shu and Wu Sanguo period of history. Author Chen Shou, word Chengzuo, Ba Xian Han (now Nanchong), was born eleven years the Han emperor Liu Shan Lite, died Jinhui Di Yuan Kang seven years. He has done official Shu, thirties, perish Shu Han regime, into the Jin Jinping done after that, Zhuzuo Lang. Chen Shou wrote "Three Kingdoms" In the past, there have been some of the Wei, Wu's history to make, such as Wang Shen's "Wei Shu", fish Huan (change) "Wei slightly", Wei Zhao of "Wu Shu" and so on. "Three Kingdoms" in the "Wei", "Wu Shu", mainly drawn from the history books. Shu historian regime is not _set_, no person responsible for collecting material to write the history of Sichuan. "Shu Shu" of the material collected and compiled by Chen Shou times. Shou writing a book near the Three Kingdoms era, Keziliyong the results of others are not, combined with his private writings, there are no conditions to obtain a large number of documents and archives. We read "Three Kingdoms", you will find Shou has the difficulty of insufficient historical data, the content was not very substantial. Shou did not write blog. Three times we have to understand the laws and institutions, have to rely on "Book of Jin." "Three Kingdoms" good narrative, writing concise, cut properly at the time be applauded. Zhan and Shou Jaap simultaneous writing "Wei", see "Three Kingdoms", that there is no need for another to write a new history, it destroyed his own writings. Future generations is highly regarded, that the three countries in recorded history, history books, unique Shou can with the "Historical Records", "Han" comparable, but unfortunately is too little content. Therefore, the other the history of each of the three countries have been devoid of obscurity, only the "Three Kingdoms" has been circulated to the present. 5, "Jin Shu" Tang Fang Xuanling waiting, 130 volumes. "Book of Jin" One hundred and 30 volumes, including ten volumes of Tai Chi, Chi twenty volumes, biography seventy volumes, containing 30 volumes in mind, recorded from the beginning to Sima Yi Yuan Emperor Gong Jin Hee two years so far, including the Western Jin Dynasty and the history of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and with the "mind _set_" in the form of sixteen countries and described the rise and fall of separatist regime. Emperor is a difference monarch, he attaches great importance to the history books of essays repair work, and in the Emperor before the Jin Dynasty historical data, there is no one satisfactory. Emperor Jin Shu Chao in the repair history of each book one by one criticism. Write a systematic, complete, high purport Jin history, is a big wish Emperor. Zhenguan two decades he issued an edict for Fang Xuanling, Chu Sui-liang, Xu Jingzong as Supervisor, to compile "Jin Shu." Everyone wrote "Book of Jin," from ordered to a book, only lasted two or three years. The reason why the book into a shorter time, for two main reasons, first, "Jin Shu" because of government backing, manpower, material, financial and library archives are guaranteed, these conditions, a private repair history can not match. Second, the history of writing for a variety of Jin reference. Because of the blueprint as the basis for a book naturally more easily. "Book of Jin" in the drawing, the screening does not pay great attention to historical trade-offs, like the use of anecdotes in the novel notes, "Search Gods", "nether recorded" some of the absurd absurd statement also be included, to the detriment its historical value. In addition, the book notes inconsistencies and omissions have left off the place. "Book of Jin," the author, most good poetry, Wen Fu, the essays in the history of the process, there is one-sided pursuit of flowery tendencies. Therefore, the descendants criticize it, "King of Qi Yan, does not seek Atsuzane." This is the "Book of Jin," one of the shortcomings. About the Southern Liang Shen, 100 volumes. "Song Book" is a biographical history of dating book, from the account of the Southern Song Dynasty Liu Liu Liu Yu Jianji to end to end six decades of quasi-historical facts, as Shen Yue relegated. Book one hundred volumes, Ji Shi Juan, Chi 30 volumes, Biography sixty volumes. According to author Edward Xu Sung old love, etc. This book, taken note next century, essays added a book. Chi Chuan on the South Qi Yongming into six parts, as in all Longchang first year after the Chi. Shigetomi book with information known in the history of forest, for the study of the history of basic historical generation of Liu Song. Huge range of volunteers, the content detailed preparation, book length account for almost half of. Chi before "blog order", detailing the situation before the generation of Local Records, and traced the origins of the blog is written, the system can test up for the lack of prior history of Chi's help. "Gun records," History and geography in mind three years since the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the situation overseas-gun County, a supplement to historical events and research. "Law Almanac" contains all the early King, Yuan Jia, Li Ming three words, valuable information for the calendar law. "Le Chi" Han, Wei and Jin Dynasty of narrative, verse poems are classified open record, and save a lot since the Han Dynasty poetry and music and dance diction, which "ancient words" more papers left to the Han Dynasty, is the study of epic verse and important literature. Biographical narrative meticulous, head into the _set_ list more than two hundred and thirty people. Included a large number of Chi Chuan in the edict, memorial to the throne, Shuzha and articles, although lengthy, but there are many historical value. "Song book" about the author of Shen is a famous Southern historian, writer, sound legal scholars, the word off the text, Wuxing Wu Kang people. Parent Shen Pu, Huainan Prefecture when Liu Song, Yuan Jia wins late in the royal power struggle the victim bit of chaos, Shen about when he was thirteen years old. Youth, Shen Yue drenched home is difficult, the potential channeling Refugees, the poor family alone. He Atsushi studious, tireless study day and night, then Broadcom group membership, good is poetry. Twelve days of prison and death, 73 years, Shi said, "hidden", later known as "hidden Hou." 7, "Nan Qi Shu" Significant sub-Southern Liang Xiao, 59 volumes. "Nan Qi Shu" chronicles the Southern Qi Dynasty Hsiao Chien-yuan from the first year to Qi Qi Gaodi Dili ZTE years, a total of twenty-three years of historical events, is the earliest extant on the Southern Qi biographical history of dating. Formerly known as "Qi Shu", to distinguish it from Song Lee hundred drugs for the book "Northern Qi book", retitled "Nan Qi Shu", the child was put together by the SIU. Xiao Zi Xian, word Jing Yang, Southern historian, writer. Born royal, Xiao son was knowledgeable, good at writing, but also from the homogeneous into the beam of noble character, on the Southern Qi many historical events, the royal family is familiar or personally experienced, coupled with Liang to replace the Southern Qi, without a major war, Many books are preserved Wen Ji, Xiao Zi Xian are put together to provide favorable conditions for the history books. "Nan Qi Shu" existing fifty-nine volumes, of which eight volumes Tai Chi, Chi 11 volumes, Biography forty volumes. The lack of a roll as a "preface." 8, "Liang Shu" Tang Yao Silian of 56 volumes. "Liang Shu" recorded from the Emperor Wu of Liang Jingdi Xiaofang Zhi Xiao Yan Jianguo subjugation to a total of 51 six years of history, is Yao Yao Silian police and child completed two generations of hard to write. Yao police, Zibo trial, Wuxing Wu Kang people, the Southern historian. After Liang, Chen, Sui dynasties, in Tran secretary supervisor, leading a large book, board of civil chancery and other staff, in any Mishu Cheng Sui Dynasty. Into the Sui Emperor after nine years and was ordered to open the preparation Wong Liang Chen generations of history, unfinished Ercu. Deathbed testament, will urge his son Yao Silian continue to complete work history essays. Yao Silian, Jane's character, Yao Silian history of work in the essays, make full use of his father's history book has been completed the old draft. Zhenguan Zhenguan from three to ten years, took seven years to finally complete the "Liang Shu" and "Chen Shu" for the writing. Yao and Yao Silian police Although historians and his son, but the text has a more profound qualities, in Shi Wenzhuan book, the text simple and plain, and guard against the pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric and too abstract, Sima Qian and Ban Gu's inherited the style and strokes, all in Southern history is amazing. 9, "Chen Shu" Tang Yao Silian of 36 volumes. "Chen Shu" is the Southern Chen's biographical history of dating books, recorded from the throne to Chen Chen Ba Xian Chen Wudi emperor was Emperor Wen Chen Shubao thirty-three years between the end to destroy the country's historical events, the police their son Yao Yao Silian written two generations of. Yao police, Zibo trial, Wuxing Wu Kang person, Yao Silian, the word simple, Chen death, the family moved off, for Wan Anren. This book has two stories, "Liang Shu" was introduced in the preface, you can see. "Chen book" Tai Chi in six volumes, Biography 30 volumes, total of thirty-six, no table chi. Chiu-feudal regime, there is only a 33 years in the political, economic, and cultural aspects of no particular contribution, perhaps with this. "Chen Shu" content less than the "Liang Shu" as full, and the biography of this century are too brief. 10, "Wei Shu" Qi Wei received a, 130 volumes. "Wei Shu", 120 four volumes, of which twelve volumes of this century, Biography ninety vols, Chi twenty volumes. Because of some discipline, biography and the Chi too long, is divided into upper and lower, or upper, middle and lower three-volume, real hundred and 30 volumes. Qi Wei received essays. Northeast China's ancient Xianbei the eastern foot of an ancient nation Daxinganling. Century AD, with the disintegration of the Hun Empire, Xianbei gradually migrated westward into the desert a powerful ethnic group, the early third century AD, head of the Department of Xianbei Tuoba Yi Lu Saibei established on behalf of the country, AD 376, on behalf of the Former Qin regime was established to eliminate the clan. AD 386, the complex owned by ministries TuoBaXianBei Tuoba as king of the reconstruction regime. Tuoba dissolved TuoBaXianBei original tribal organizations, _set_tled farming, moved the capital to Pingcheng, in AD 398, it was renamed Wei, known as the Northern Wei Dynasty. As the absorption of advanced Han culture, the Northern Wei increasingly powerful national strength, and finally unified China in 439 AD, north end of the Sixteen States Period unrest. AD 493, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba macro Qianduluoyang, surname Yuanshi, finished the implementation of a series of reform measures. To Xuan Wu Di Yuan Ke, the Northern Wei to reach its peak, in the west to win Hanzhong, glimpse into Sichuan, the consolidation of Luoyang in the east around defense, and compete with Liang Huainan, but soon because of political corruption and people's resistance collapsed, divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei confrontation between two regimes. "Wei Shu" recorded earlier to the Department of Xianbei Tuoba 550 AD to replace the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi period was history. Yuan Deng had command when Tuoba essays "on behalf of the mind," ten volumes, in chronological order of arrangement toward the history of this matter. God Emperor Tuoba Shou Jia years too, Chao essays 'mind', by Cui Hao as chronological, written 30 volumes. "Wei" Wang Yi many in the spreading process, the lack of discipline vols, vols twenty short biography, in addition there are three volumes mutilated, were taken by the other descendants make up the history books. Wei received, under the Northern Qi huge deer Quyang people, Zibo, the small print to help the Buddha. He was alert to the text, and Atsuko liter, Xing was called three gifted child, but naturally light, known as "scared Vanessa." He was ordered to the "Wei" when he claimed: "What things boy, dare Wei received a total of stained, give to God's will, according to the will to make into the land." Into the book, the word of outcry, refers to as "dirty history "Wei received three drafts, square into the final version. 11, "Northern Qi book" Don Lee a hundred drugs, 50 volumes. Northern Wei Dynasty, the northern town of six massive wave of rebellion, after the new moon was born in the town of low-level military attache of the pregnant high-Huan gained more than 20 million XianBei of leadership, control of the Northern Wei Zhaozheng. AD 534, established by Gao Huan Yuan Xiao Wu Di was forced to repair the West Ben Chang, Gao Huan Jing Di Yuan Xiao so good a separate opinion, Ye moved the capital city, known as the Eastern Wei. AD 550, Gao Huan's son Gao Yang Xiao Jing Di waste independence, the establishment of the Northern Qi Dynasty. Eastern Wei, Northern Qi Dynasty ruled the region south of the Yangtze River, and Liang and Chen dynasties have confrontation, in this west Shanxi, Henan, Hubei, and the Western Wei, Northern Zhou boundaries. AD 577, Zhou Qi was annexed. "Qi book" whose real name is "Let's book," Song added only a "North" from its name the word. Although it mainly to record the history of the Northern Qi Dynasty, but in fact describes revolted from the high to the Northern Qi Huan about eight years after the demise of history, has focused on the Eastern Wei, Northern Qi dynasty, the rise and fall. Lee hundred drugs (AD 565--648), the word re-regulation, Dingzhou Anping (now Hebei Anping) who came home officialdom. Lee hundred drugs from small, studious, Expo by history books, Suichu former Prince Scheeren, the parent passage of Anping Gong Jue. Twenty-two years Zhenguan death, at the age of 84. Qi regime, the royal house nephew, brothers killing each other, so that for two decades, six short-lived dynasty emperor. "Qi book" the power of the feudal rulers have more competition for the narrative. "Qi book" a serious deterioration in the spreading process, now only seventeen volumes stay the same, others are descendants of use. "Northern History" and other books added, which makes "Qi book" value greatly reduced. 12, "Zhou Shu" Tang Ling Hu De-fen waiting, 50 volumes. "Zhou Shu", fifty-three volumes, of which eight volumes of this century, Biography forty vols. Tang so solitary German editor, participate in the preparation of a text and Cui Ren Cen division. Northern Wei Dynasty, political instability, chaotic things from all over. Born in six towns in the Northern Wei Wu Chuan Zhen north of Yuwen Tai, Chuan Zhen Wu led the group of people based Xianbei army, joint area Han Gentry Guanlong armed, to establish Western Wei regime. After Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue third years in the year 557 Wei Zhou, known as the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Western Wei, Northern Zhou Dynasty and continued with the two regimes before and after the ruling today, the region generally, including Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu and Sichuan, most, southwest of Shanxi, Henan, Hubei and western West. And east of the Eastern Wei, Northern Qi and south of the beams, Chen Chengding full of potential. AD 577, off the Northern Zhou Dynasty Northern Qi, unified northern China. 581 AD, on behalf of Yang Jian Zhou, the establishment of the Sui Dynasty. "Zhou Shu" Even though the "Week" title, but in fact account of the East from AD 534, Western Wei Yang Jian-generation split the week up to forty-eight years of the Western Wei, Northern Zhou history. "Zhou Shu" because according to the information poor, coupled with the figure recorded in more than it is obvious the government towards the ancestors, and therefore appear thin and not the facts together. But it basically reflects the Yuwen regime established after the establishment of three wars between the feudal regime, and Yuwen power struggle within the group of upper case, is to study and understand the Western Wei, Northern Zhou history the most basic and primitive of a history book. 13, "Sui Dynasty" Tang Wei Zheng and others, 85 volumes. "Sui Shu" total of 85 in five volumes, of which five volumes of Tai Chi, a 50-volume biography, Chi 30 volumes. Book compiled by the common people, divided into two stages into a book, from the grassroots to the full completion lasted 35 years. Takenori four years (AD 621), Ling Hu Germany to amend the Liang, Chen, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou, Sui toward the history of the five recommendations. The following year, Tang Zhaoting life Shi Chen editing, but a few years later, not a book. Zhenguan three years (AD 629), the rehabilitation of five Korean history, from the Wei Zheng "total know works," and editor of "Sui Dynasty." "Sui Shu" the authors are knowledgeable people with a high level of repair history. "Sui Shu" is the earliest extant monograph on the history of SUI, but also "Twenty-five Histories" in the historical high level of historical one. First, it has a clear guiding principle. The Emperor ordered the repair history of Sui Sui witnessed the destruction of war, in power, he often talked about the demise of the Sui Dynasty lessons, clearly stated, "of old mirror, you can see the rise and fall" view. Learn the lessons of history, learning from history becomes the history of guiding Sui repair. Secondly, the "Sui Shu" carry forward the fine history books straight Bing tradition of judging people less Afu concealed. Edited by Wei Zheng fair, he prepared under the auspices of the Chi Chuan, less Qubi, not as the Venerable taboo. Such as Emperor Wen of the "mean" arbitrary, "unhappy poetry and literature," "Dark in the road", the Emperor decorated hypocritical appearance, the mother killed his father prostitution, "hoe punish the flesh and blood, Tu destroy good people", etc., have to actually write to, a non-concealed. Again, "Sui Shu" save a lot of political, economic and scientific and cultural information. Ten is recorded Liang, Chen, Northern Qi Dynasty, Northern Zhou and Sui five towards the laws and institutions, some even dating back to the Han part. 14, "Southern Dynasties" Tang Li Yanshou of 80 volumes. "Southern Dynasties" is the combined Southern Song, Qi, Liang and Chen for a four-generation history compiled biographical history book, notes from the first year since the early Southern Song Wudi Liu Yuyong (AD 420), beyond the emperor Chen Shu Bao Zhen Ming Chen three years (AD 589), describes four generations of one hundred and seventy years Southern history. "Southern Dynasties" and "Northern History" as a companion, by Master Li and his son Li Yanshou compiled two generations to complete. Master Li (AD 570--628), the phase state (Henan Anyang) people into the Southern end of the Sui Tang historian. He believes that Northern and Southern Dynasties of the DPRK's dating history, isolated from each other, notes, repetition, lack of contact, intended to use chronological, writing "Southern Dynasties" and "Northern History", the Southern and Northern generations of history, namely integration compiled on these two into the history book. Sui, Master Li had participated in the establishment of a peasant uprising leader Dou Jiande the summer regime, he served as assistant minister Shang Shuli department. Thus, in the early Tang dynasty exiled to the West will be the state (now Gansu), back after Yu She died Taizong Zhenguan years (AD 628), relegated to "Southern Dynasties" and "Northern History" not a book. Since then, the Li Yanshou continue Zhuancheng, collectively known as the "North-South history." Li Yanshou, word ya age, birth and death years have not really known about years and died in the Tang Emperor Giho (AD 676--679 years), Early historians, who Renchong Xian Museum degree, the official symbol Xi Lang. When Taizong, Li Yanshou had participated in "Sui Shu" Ji, Chuan, Chi, and "Book of Jin" in the preparation, and Intervention in the history of the codification of the Tang Dynasty. But his main achievement is to accept his father's unfinished business, complete the "Southern Dynasties" and "Northern History" in writing. "Southern Dynasties" to "Song Book", "Nan Qi Shu", "Liang Shu" and "Chen Shu" oriented, Shanfanjiujian, re-compilation, as the history of Lin's new book, a book was in the Tang Emperor Qing four years (AD 659 years) . "Southern Dynasties" has the discipline and biography, no tables, Chi. Ten volumes of this century, Biography seventy volumes, a total of 80 volumes. The preparation method according to the order of dynasties, emperors reigned successively arranged in the Korean emperor, imperial clan, kings, ministers and other Chi Chuan. The discipline in the "Song of the century" in three volumes, "Let the record" vols "beam of the century" in three volumes, "Chen Ji," vols. Biography, in addition to special mass, the column "class pass" nine. "Southern Dynasties," the text concise, the text matter by province, occupies an important position in history. The authors highlight the lack of powerful family in that position Nobles, excessive use of well-known form. For example, a family of different dynasties, regardless of a person's name, focus on one in the narrative, actually a Han family tree. "Southern Dynasties", "Northern History", the text also some mass duplication. 15, "Northern History" Tang Li Yanshou with 100 volumes. "Northern History" One hundred volumes, of which twelve volumes of this century, Biography eighty eight volumes. Account from AD 386 to the north to 618, Wei, Qi (including the Eastern Wei), weeks (including Western Wei), Sui feudal regime 2.3 million four-year history. Author Li Yanshou, Early-phase state (Henan Anyang), a former historian, in Xiuzhuan "Sui Dynasty", "Book of Jin," and the other with a "Southern Dynasties." "Northern History" mainly in the Wei, Qi, Zhou, Sui, based on the Four Books adapted from the deletion _set_, but was seen in all sorts of odd reference to the history, added a lot of material. Overall, "Northern History" was caught up even though the content of the disadvantages, but after a complete style, material enrichment, the text concise, popular attention in future generations, so Wei, Qi, Tang Wednesday after the book are incomplete finish, after more people have to take the "Northern History" to be filled. Northern history as a research data, "Northern History" and the Wei, Qi, Zhou, Sui four books have complementary roles, can be neglected. 16, "Old Tang" Later Jin Liu Xu and others, 200 volumes. Tang Dynasty (AD 618 - 907) is China's feudal society, an important period. Repair of the Five Dynasties Jinshi Guan, "Old Tang" is the oldest system of a historical record of the history of the Tang Dynasty. It was originally called "Tang", Song Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi and other preparation of the "New Book of Tang" was published, was renamed "Old Tang." "Old Tang," a total of two hundred volumes, including twenty volumes of this century, Chi 30 volumes, biographies one hundred and fifty volumes. Later Jin Dynasty High Zutian Fu six years (AD 941), Tang Shi Shi Jingtang life repair, by the then prime minister, Zhao Ying, responsible for overseeing the repair. Zhao Yingli Compiling team is composed to two years out of Lucky Emperor (AD 945), the book marble, which lasted only four years. "Old Tang," the authors go far Tang, Tang Dynasty, a large number of conditional access to historical data, so more than four years in a short period of time so that a two hundred volumes Xiu big book. However, due to Suzong not compile after the national history, Emperor Xuan Zong Xiu after the Record has not, so "Old Tang," the author of the repair, "Old Tang", the late Tang Dynasty was a dearth of historical data. Although the authors have done a lot of work to collect historical data, but a book so short, so the historical events for the account of the late Tang Dynasty, still look rough, and cut in the possession of material, style of the complete text of the simplicity, etc., there many shortcomings. "New Book of Tang" line world, the "Old Tang," in a very long time almost been abandoned. Jiajing seventeen years until the Ming Dynasty (1538 AD) and other celebrity construed reproduced before they widely spread. "Old Tang," the dissemination process of the rise and fall, reflecting both its shortcomings, but also that it has its own strengths, not "New Book of Tang" could be replaced. 17, "New Book of Tang" Song Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi a, 225 volumes. "New Book of Tang," two hundred twenty-five volumes, including ten volumes of this century, Chi 50-volume table 15 volumes, biographies one hundred and fifty volumes. Renzong that the "Tang" shallow, ordered their rehabilitation. Before and after the participants are being to Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi, Fan town, Lvxia Qing, Wang domain, Song Min seeking, Liu Xi old man, and others. Tales from the Song Qi which mainly responsible for the discipline, blog, mainly by Ouyang Xiu is responsible for the table, and the "New Book of Tang" Department "Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi essays." Song Qi Youwen name, a former Zhizhi Gao, Imperial Academy and other staff. He took more than ten years to complete biography, in Jiayou three years (AD 1058) are paid in full biography of the manuscript. Ouyang Xiu is a famous Northern Song Dynasty writer, specializes in classical, he was to participate in implementation of the "Qingli New Deal" campaign, disparaged local officials, to and from the first year (AD 1054) was transferred to North Korea Tingren Han Lin Xueshi, presided over the work of historical , until he wrote the final version of Ji, Chi, table, is Jiayou five years (AD 1060) of things. Biography of this century, Chi, table together, there is no rigorous uniform. "New Book of Tang" than "Old Tang," Come on, do have some of their own characteristics and advantages. First, the "New Book of Tang," the author of the blog under a lot of effort, an increase of no previous history of the "Yi Wei Chi", "Bing Zhi." The blog also added several other new data, quality and more in "Old Tang," above. 18, "Old Five Dynasties" Song Xue Masahiro Nakai and others, 150 volumes. "Old Five Dynasties," the book one hundred and fifty volumes, including a roll of the century sixty, seventy seven-volume biography, Chi 12 volumes, two volumes of another directory. Originally called "Five Dynasties", also known as "Liang Tang Jinhan Zhou Shu", after the man is different from Ouyang Xiu's "New History of the Five Dynasties", he often called "Old Five Dynasties." It is compiled by the official edict brought in repair history books. Xue Masahiro Nakai (AD 912--981 years) Supervisor, Ludo Johnson, Hu Meng, Zhang Dan, Lee, and Liu, Li Mu, Li Jiu-ling and other fellow. Brought in through the open treasure began six years (AD 973) in April, to be completed next year goes to leap on October six decades, before and after only a year and a half or so. A book so quickly, mainly brought in very great importance to the organization's essays repair team high standards, strong team; but also because the old did not go far, may refer to the historical data quite complete. Five Record of North Korea are, the quality and range on this basis, a compendium of sorting out the Record - "buildups recorded through the Five Dynasties", which provides for the repair history of a great convenience. In our history, there had been between the Tang and Song Dynasty in feudal society, the last large-scale separatist separatism period. Zhu Wen-generation from AD 907 to AD 960 the Tang emperor of the Northern Song dynasty was established fifty three years, the Central Plains have appeared Girder, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin, Later Han Dynasty, Five Dynasties and the Later Zhou Dynasty, etc., existed outside the Central Plains Wu, Southern Tang, Yue, Chu, Min, Southern Han, Former Shu, Shu, Nanping, ten small countries such as North Chinese, Khitan surrounding areas as well, Tibetan, Bohai Sea, party items, Nanzhao, Khotan, Eastern Dan regime established by ethnic minorities customarily called "Five Dynasties and Ten States." "Old Five Dynasties" is recorded in history. 19, "New History of the Five Dynasties" Ouyang Xiu of Song, 74 volumes. "New Five Dynasties", formerly known as "Five Historical Records", the history of the Tang Dynasty in building repair only after the private amendment history. Essays by Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072 AD), the Edwin in about three years (AD 1036) and Wong Yau five years (AD 1053) compiled the book of eighteen years. Ouyang Xiu, the word Uncle John, No. tippler, 61 Lay, the leader of the Northern Song dynasty literary movement, the Tang and Song is one of the famous historian, was ordered to lead the preparation and Song Qi, "New Book of Tang." Chung-Ju retro is with his politics, but also his historical and guiding ideology. He intended upholds Confucius' Spring and Autumn "strokes," appraise "justice cases, on the" old history of the Five Dynasties, "adapted rebuilt. In the presentation style, the overthrow of the "Old Five Dynasties" once a basic pattern of history, borrowing from "Southern Dynasties", "Northern History", to break the dynastic line, the five comprehensive system of personnel toward mixed together, in chronological order. "New Five Dynasties History" book seventy four volumes, including twelve volumes of this century, Biography forty five volumes, three volumes of test, family and family Chronicle 11 volumes, Shii Appendix four volumes. One of the biographies, the most distinctive. It uses the class passed in the form, _set_ up a "family" and "The Hill" and "The Dead Day Biography", "dead things" and "The line" and "The Don Yuksinsa Biography", "meaning child transmission", "Ling Official Biography "" Huanzhe Biography "," Miscellaneous Biography "and other names. Each type of transmission project, blending a specific meaning within, to implement the author of "appraise" justice cases. Arm such as the phase minister, who specializes in the once "Chen Chuan," North Korea's calendar are a few things out "miscellaneous pass." Another example is the different degrees of loyalty according to the deceased, divided into two classes, first class into the "dead festival pass," second-class into the "dead things pass." General history books of the "Chi", the "new history of the Five Dynasties" is called "test", only "the Secretary-day test ',' staff test," were the equivalent of "Old Five Dynasties" and "astronomical annals", "County County" . Authors believe is a birthright Tsunatsune Five reverse the chaos, its laws and institutions Yiwukequ, so the "Old Five Dynasties" and "Chi" _delete_d. This is to reflect the "gift" of historical principle. Chronicle of the family and the family book, roughly equivalent to the "old history of the Five Dynasties" and "hereditary Tales" and "pseudo-biography Tyrants," clearly outside the separatist regime in the Central Plains into Miss, Southern Tang, Former Shu, Shu, South Han , Chu, Wu Yue, Fujian, Nanping, Han and other 10 countries. The division of the small country layout, clarity, complete with tail, is clearly better than the old history. "Shii Appendix" is equivalent to the old history of the "foreign Biography." On the whole context, "New Five Dynasties," the historical value than the "Old Five Dynasties" to somewhat more fragile, which is in Shanfanjiujian Ouyang Xiu, it will be trimmed away with a lot of specific information has caused. As for his old "Chi" cut the fat part of the event, man-made historical gap, it is insufficient training. But the "new history of the Five Dynasties" post out, other than using the Record notes, novels and other materials, omissions and also added some historical data, especially for some of the additional ten countries. As the "Old Five Dynasties" is not the original book cover, incomplete, "the new history of the Five Dynasties" is even more unique value should not be underestimated. From the other angle of view, the history of Ouyang Xiu essays, seamless, structured, attention _select_ion, text concisely; thinking like the old history of hype as "fate" and focus on personnel; hit "staff test," unique, focused on the vital, delicate features, popular praise, are its strengths. In all fairness, two "Five Dynasties" have a short length, can complement each other, should not be neglected. "New Five Dynasties" was published, that there is no party Xu note. But Xu note explains, "Spring" strokes, explained that they deserved the effect, the reader does not have much benefit. 20, "History of the Song" Yuan Tuotuo waiting, 496 volumes. 'Sung' essays repair in the Yuan Dynasty, the book has forty seven volumes of this century, one hundred and sixty vols Chi, Table 30 vols, biography two hundred fifty-five volume, a total of four hundred and ninety-six, about five million words , Twenty-five Histories of space is the largest one official repair history books. Back in the early Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan had repair Sung Chao, uncertain and not because of style into a book. Yuan Dynasty, the prime minister Tuotuo advocates were essays repair the Song, Liao, three history, independently, the views are per Shundi consent, in the positive three years (AD 1343) beginning in March, three history while Xiuzhuan. After two and a half hours, positive five years (AD 1345) in October, "History of the Song" rush into a book. "History of the Song" is the original Song "national history" made on the basis of omissions. Song Dynasty, historian well-organized, widely used in woodblock printing, circulation and preservation of books are more convenient, and accumulated a lot of historical data. This is per repair "History of the Song" provides a good foundation. However, due to "History of the Song" Xiuzhuan are anxious to rush in the _select_ion of materials, examine and correct facts, the modification of the text, style and other aspects of the book there are many shortcomings, such as a person, two pass, but that there is no mass transfer, the number of the issue see, there for no text, discipline and pass, pass and pass, table and mass, mass culture and mass mutual discord between theory and so on, which makes it messy in the Twenty-five Histories in Fan Wu said. Although the "History of the Song," there are many shortcomings, but it is voluminous, only the "Tales" there is more than 2000 people, than the "Old Tang? Biography, "more than doubled; narrative detail, in terms of academic value on the historical detail is better than a little. At the same time, "Sung" Song of the primary material is national history, Record, calendar and other books, almost all of these history books now get lost, and the "History of the Song" is the official and private historical preservation Song System of a book the most. 21, "Liao history" Yuan Tuotuo waiting, 116 volumes. "Liao Shi" Zhuancheng in the Yuan Dynasty, the book is one hundred and sixteen volumes, including 30 volumes of this century, Chi thirty two volumes, the table eight volumes, forty five-volume biography, Mandarin solution volume. This book systematically documented the ancient Khitan Liao Dynasty and established family of 200 years of history, and previously founded the Khitan Liao and _set_ the conditions, and after the demise of Yelvdadan Liao built West Liao Kingdom overview of the study and the Khitan Liao, West Liao Kingdom of important historical records. Yelv Taizu of Liao Liao Dynasty was founded, according to Han Chinese imitation system, the establishment of the Supervisor state historian, and modeled on the Central Plains practice essays repair "Qiju Zhu", "Calendar", "Record" and so on. Liao has worked four essays repair Record. Jin is established, it summarize the rise and fall of former pros and cons, focus Xiuzhuan "Liao history", after Zhuancheng two "Liao history." The first was Xizong Imperial system (AD 1141--1149 years), chaired Compiling Yelu solid, and finally completed by the Xiaoyong Qi, the "Liao history" Yuki 30 volumes, five-volume Chi, Chuan forty volumes, but not print and publish. Second essays repair "Liao History", by William Hague Huishan, Wang Yi, Chen Yi was divided essays, written from the positive in April for three years, to March 2004 Jigao finalized, in just 11 months. This is because the previous relegated to "Liao history" and Record provides a good foundation. Most people think, per repair "Liao Shi 'loss of a brief, but should not deny its unique strengths. "Liao history" chi, table and more distinctive, some of Chi, the table is the other official history does not have. Yuan Tuotuo waiting, 135 volumes. "The History" Zhuancheng in the Yuan Dynasty, the book is one hundred and thirty five volumes, of which nineteen volumes of this century, Chi thirty-nine volume, table four volumes, three-volume biography seventy, built to reflect the Jurchen Jin's rise and fall the whole story of the important historical records. "The History" is the Yuan Shuzo history of one of the earliest proposed amendments in the system two years in Kublai Khan (AD 1261), after the first year of the Yuan, sixteen years, and towards Ren, Zong North Korea were all talking over the history of repair things are not given due justice cases difficult to implement until the yuan Shundi positive three years (AD 1343), decided to "all and orthodox", "Liaoning", "gold", "Song" three essays repair history of each . The following year in November, "The History" concluded as, before and after less than a year. Repair history of all three is the right president, prime minister Tuotuo official to participate in repair, "The History" have knowledge of Timur tower, Zhang Qi Yan, Ouyang Xuan, Wang Yi, Yang Zongrui, etc., of which the most outstanding contribution Ouyang Xuan, he developed the "Golden History "essays repair hair where for example, on the book, praise, sheet, playing all he is a pen. 23, "Genshi" Ming Lian and others, 210 volumes. "Genshi" rise and fall of the Yuan Dynasty is the system records the process of a biographical history books, a book in the early Ming Dynasty. Ming Hongwu reign (1368 AD), Yuan demise, the emperor ordered the editing, "Genshi." Hongwu years to Lian, Wang CD, Wang W and other 16 people Compiling grams, open the history of the Nanjing Bureau of heaven temple, to write. From February 2002 to August Hongwu, with one hundred eighty-eight days time, and to make Shundi previous history of North Korea, a total of one hundred fifty-nine volume. Then, Ouyang Yu Ming government sent to the holders of such twelve Shundi around the country once the data collection. Hongwu February 2003 to reopen the history bureau, still Lian, Wang president, but made a substantial adjustment Compiling staff, has 15 Compiling this time, only the first time Zhao Xun has been involved in the work, the rest are new. Book into August, a total of 55 three volumes, which lasted one hundred forty-three days. After the presentation before and after the reunification of the two marble processing, a total of two hundred and ten ten volumes, within the discipline forty seven-volume, Chi fifty eight volumes, the table eight volumes, ninety seven-volume biography. Two lasted three hundred thirty-one days start. The emperor in the early days, to proceed immediately organization "Genshi" compilation, but in a very short period of a book, mainly out of political needs. His intention was in order to explain the demise of the Yuan Dynasty and the rise of the Ming Dynasty are out of "destiny", and he himself was "Kill the carrier," the real thing. Qian Daxin famous Qing Dynasty scholar, said: "ancient and modern history as the speed, not as" Genshi "persons; the text of the humble poor, there is no such as" Genshi "who." "Genshi" was published, many scholars have expressed it dissatisfaction, Qian Daxin is a malcontent in the negative attitude of a fierce hold. For "Genshi" criticism, mainly that it is too hasty compilation of work, not careful blend these ingredients are basically the use of the existing literature, slightly modified from omissions. However, despite such problems, "Genshi" is one that we know today, an extremely valuable study of the history of the Yuan Dynasty literature. It is the first comprehensive, systematic account of the Yuan Dynasty history book. 24, "Ming Dynasty" Qing Zhang Tingyu waiting, 332 volumes. "Ming Shi" three hundred and thirty two volumes, including 24 volumes of this century, Chi seventy five volumes, two hundred and twenty ten volumes of biography, table 13 volumes. It is a biographical history of Ming Dynasty, Hongwu emperor recorded since the first year (1368) to Zhu Chongzhen seventeen years by the prosecution (1644) 200 years of history. Qing Junji years (AD 1645) to establish that the Academia Historica, Compiling the Ming Dynasty, start-up from country to country, everything go motley, not fully carried out. Kangxi four years (AD 1665), re-open Museum of History, because Compiling 'clear ancestor Record "and stop. Kangxi eighteen years (AD 1679), for the Supervisor to Xuyuan Wen began Compiling Ming Dynasty. The Qianlong four years (AD 1739) finalized, was inscribed into. From the first opening to the final version Kanke, lasted ninety years, is the longest official history books a repair. In Twenty-Four Histories, the "Ming Dynasty" to compile decent, well-documented, the narrative sound, concise language for the historian praiseworthy, is a high level of history books. This reflects the Textual Editor of the historical data, use of historical data, the linking of historical events, mastery of language has reached a higher level.
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Major version
Imperial College, Nanjing Ming Mao Twenty-Four Histories Comments carved "Twenty-first history" (South monitor this) Beijing Ming Dynasty Imperial College engraved "Twenty-first history" (monitoring the North) Mao Chong Ji Gu Ge engraved "Seventeen history" Wu Yingdian Qianlong carved "Qianlong Wu Yingdian the Twenty-Four Histories" Wen dynasty official bookstore together between the five provinces and engraved "Twenty-Four Histories" Republic of China Commercial Press copies Ji Series "Baina Ben Twenty-Four Histories" Zhonghua typographical "point-based Twenty-Four Histories" "Mao Zedong Comment on Twenty-Four Histories"
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Relevant evaluation
Liang evaluation of Twenty-Four Histories Liang in the "revolution in the history of the case of China," said: "Twenty-Four Histories is also non-history, round the family tree surname only." Point-based evaluation of Twenty-Four Histories Point-based Twenty-Four Histories, Dibon precise and appropriate _select_ion, careful and precise style point of the school, the school does point when, layout, clear fact sheets. Point-based mobilization of a national school has done many historians, experts and scholars and practitioners of ancient books, which lasted more than twenty years, in 1978, all at a time, is by far the best version of Twenty-Four Histories.
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English Expression
n.: the Twenty-Four Histories, a long intricate story
v.: "The Twenty-Four Books of History" (an official history of China up to the, end of the Ming Dynasty consisting of 24 books, authorized by Emperor Kao Chung of the Ching Dynasty), "The Twenty-Four Books of History" (an official history of China up to the, "The Twenty-Four Books of History" (an official history of China up to the, "The Twenty-Four Books of History" (an official history of China up to the
