Also known as brine shrimp Artemia brine, it is a world wide distribution of high salt-resistant small crustaceans, classification belongs to Arthropoda, have gills Amon, crustaceans, gill foot subclass, without a head, salt harvest Insect Science. Artemia as an important food organisms, has been widely appreciated by people. Artemia has the following characteristics: ability to adapt to the adverse environment, the high reproductive capacity, and its long-term preservation of resting eggs and can when needed can be obtained at any time the larvae hatch, newly hatched only 18-30 hours. Artemia brine shrimp eggs is produced by the resting eggs, the world has recorded more than 100 strains of Artemia eggs. Nauplii with a large number of yolk, and rich in protein and fat (containing about 60% of protein, fat, containing about 20%), and its nutrients into the body contains too high, so Artemia fish, shrimp and crab larvae and into the body of the excellent food. It is reported that more than 85% of current world aquaculture breeding animals are to Artemia as a food source. -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- Brine shrimp (artemia), also known as salt brine shrimp (brine shrimp), wide distribution, in addition to the polar regions, but in many parts of the world, with carbonate, sulfate and sodium chloride in the lakes, and coastal high-salt Salt water has a different level of distribution. Brine shrimp have been reported worldwide there are 500 multiple origin. The major products currently brine shrimp eggs from China, the United States, Iran and Russia, more than 20 countries of different geographic strains, including the United States, the California's San Francisco Bay, the Great Salt Lake and the eastern coast of China Yantian, Qinghai, Tibet and Xinjiang in the southern Salt Lake brine shrimp eggs produced best quality. Is evident that China is already the world production of brine shrimp eggs on one of the great. Since 1775 it has been started to study on brine shrimp, so far, more than 200 years of history. But for fish bait, only began in the 30s. Seale the United States in 1933, the newly hatched Artemia nauplii as live butterfly larvae feed, followed by Norway, also used rollefson nauplii brine shrimp culture as live bait fish, were successful, thus confirming the brine shrimp nauplii was young, juvenile quality food. 50 in the last century the late Professor Zhang Xiaowei IOCAS first discovered in China brine shrimp eggs, fish fry by more than 10 types of seafood cultivation experiment also proved that the brine shrimp nauplii was young, juvenile good food. Brine shrimp eggs also carried out the investigation, collection, incubation and culture of research and accumulated much valuable information. Brine shrimp nauplii as fish, shrimp and crab quality live food, so by the global aquaculture workers are highly valued. University of Kent, was established in Belgium, the world Artemia Reference Center, and has in Texas (1979) and the Belgian city of Antwerp Wopu (1985) held the first and second International Conference on brine shrimp. Brine shrimp, it is a widely distributed in the world and salt-resistant small crustaceans. Artemia brine shrimp eggs are produced by the resting eggs, the world's brine shrimp eggs have been recorded in more than 100 strains. Artemia nauplii with a large number of eggs, and rich in protein and fat (Note: one containing about 60% of protein, fat, containing about 20%), and its nutrients into the body contains too high. Therefore, the brine shrimp as an important biological bait, has been subject to widespread attention. More than 85% of current world aquaculture breeding animals are sources of brine shrimp as bait. 】 【Production process Just avoid accumulation of eggs collected, the general process to go through the following steps: 1, Cleaning: cleaning general use tapered barrel, first rinse with fresh water, then water rinse. The main purpose of washing is to remove debris on the surface of the egg shell and pollution. 2, dehydration: the wet method is generally dehydrated eggs centrifuged before and after dry; and dry eggs, it should be after the first low-temperature vacuum drying. 3, dry: the dry process, to prevent overheating (not to exceed 40 ℃), and the sun exposure. 4, filter: the aperture of the screen with different layered screening. 5, packaging: vacuum or red nitrogen sealed packaging. 6, storage: brine shrimp eggs first delegation of one week at -18 ℃ freezer storage memory, and then delegating one week at room temperature, low temperature storage for dry to normal eggs. After the above steps to address the brine shrimp eggs, storage for several years, the egg can still maintain a rate of about 70%. 【Methods】 Artemia hatching Incubation for: 1, use a clean container; (size depends on the individual demand may be) 2, the upper part of the container sources; (recommended to increase the hatching rate) 3, installation of pipe at the bottom of the container, the bottom of the cylinder cheer; 4, adding clean water and the salt, the ratio of about 1 liter of water / 45g salt, salt or coarse salt can be; 5, the last to join the proportion of brine shrimp eggs egg of about 2.0g / a liter of water. Incubation conditions: 1, the temperature :28-30 ℃ 2, ph :8.0-9 .0 3, the cheer: enough to keep air bubbles suspended in the brine shrimp eggs salt water 4, light: saline surface 2000lux 5, density: 2.0 g eggs / liter of water. Incubation collection: 1, in an ideal incubation conditions, the incubation for 24 hours; 2, stopped cheer; 3, covering the surface tank hatching (shading); 4, stand for 10 minutes will sink to the bottom of the discharge or siphon out of brine shrimp, you can then put it aside for 10 minutes, collecting the remaining brine shrimp tank. Save: 1, lower surface (about 1 ~ 2cm), increase the air contact area (to increase dissolved oxygen) 2, stored at a temperature 0 ℃ -5 ℃ dry cool dark place (such as the fridge freezer) 【Brine shrimp eggs for nutrition Analysis】 Brine shrimp eggs are rich in protein, amino acid composition is complete, a relatively high fat content of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids in shell eggs was 48.15%, shell eggs was 54.82%. Saturated fatty acids in shell eggs is 1.5 times shelled eggs. Brine shrimp eggs is an iron-containing lipoproteins shells, fish and shrimp larvae can not digest it. However, animal experiments show that mice can be digested Artemia eggs shells, so, processed foods, brine shrimp egg shells do not have to consider the issue, and some unsaturated fatty acids, inorganic elements in the shell with high content, such as the dha (docosahexaenoic acid), se, zn, fe, etc.; food crushing, shelling of the brine shrimp eggs can improve animal liver of γ-linolenic acid (essential fatty acids), and were significantly higher in dha and epa. Another feature can significantly improve the content of the liver fe2 +, fe2 + is the main component of hemoglobin, so brine shrimp eggs can be used as a blood tonic, and eat brine shrimp Artemia eggs can increase the protein content in the brain. Nutritional analysis can determine from the brine shrimp eggs are rich in protein, amino acids, fatty acids and inorganic elements. Animal experiments show that consumption of brine shrimp eggs had no effect on serum lipids, but also improve the liver of dha, epa, and hemoglobin and brain protein content. 【Shelled brine shrimp eggs Application】 p.sorgelocs et al (1977) Treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution can remove the egg shell resting eggs, the remaining layer of transparent membrane (ie, hatching membrane), processed egg size 200 ~ 300μm, rich in yolk, direct investment fed farming objects can also be hatched into nauplii. Shelled eggs, compared with the non-shelled eggs, hatching rate can be higher. Shelled eggs with saturated brine (nacl) or a saturated solution of dehydration mgcl2 CRYOPRESERVATION few days after hatching is not reduced; also shelled egg cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen. Shelled eggs using the advantages are: 1, can be directly fed without and then after incubation management operations; 2, shelled brine shrimp eggs in the course of processing the egg shell killed the bacteria, fungi, especially polycondensation insects, brine shrimp eggs to prevent the result of disinfection is not strictly a disease caused by infection; 3, eliminating the need for hatching nauplii consumption of energy required, so the nutrition is better than self-hatched nauplii; 4, shelled eggs and lower prices than the imported price of brine shrimp eggs 50% lower. Its shortcomings are: 1, the lack of suspension shelled eggs, feeding time is uniform rippled effect will directly affect the food and avoid too much time feeding, eggs sink into the bottom of the pool is not only wasteful, but also pollute the water; to small domestic pumps of the spray Tap as feeding, which can be good results. 2, hypochlorite as a shell with drugs, stewed shelled eggs and although dechlorination rinse with plenty of water still smell affect the results. Mullet fish attractant with mussels pulp slurry or treated to eliminate odor. Brine shrimp eggs, shelled larvae as bait, has broad development prospect. Shelling】 【brine shrimp eggs 200 g harvest eggs immersed in three liters of water, oxygen 2 hours, and then silk screened 150-200 micron filter cleaning. Then add 1.4l water, 25 grams cao and 55 industrial bleaching powder, while the temperature maintained at 20 ℃, and then add 25 g cao and 55 industrial bleach. When the eggs were suspended after the orange, the purpose of using 150-200um mesh silk screen filter, then wash with water until no chlorine so far, then egg and then soaked with 1 g sodium thiosulfate, the full mixing, the stripping of eggs under Shen. Stripping the eggs are clean. Brine shrimp egg products 】 【Harvest eggs hatching First harvest eggs were disinfected, 4kg on the 0.05% of the eggs immersed in sodium thiosulfate few minutes, drain water, add 0.5kg of industrial bleaching powder mixing, ice, kept at 40 ℃ for 10 minutes Phytoplankton are the eggs with a mesh filter cleaning, and then 0.05% sodium thiosulfate for 2-5 minutes soak, wash, can eggs of. Incubation method: 1, the brine shrimp eggs in dry conditions can be more long-term preservation, when placed in a salinity of 20 to 30, temperature 25 ~ 27 ℃ water, and dissolved oxygen required to meet the incubation, the 24 to 48 hours after hatching the larvae. 2, hatching brine shrimp eggs, use a stick in the egg wash away salt of glycerol on the impurities and sediment, to obtain clean eggs floating; eggs can also be frozen first, gradually from -3 ℃ to -15 ℃, frozen 1 to 3 months after hatching, get 60% to 90% of the hatching rate. 3, directly to the brine shrimp eggs in winter (or has been sterilized, peeled back) into the sea, the water temperature maintained at 28-30 ℃, after 24-30 hours of direct egg can develop into nauplii. Brine shrimp egg incubator Improved Methods: brine shrimp eggs in the disinfection, full immersion into a bag made of silk screen, into the eggs of 25 ℃ room, to avoid glare and ensure adequate oxygen supply, 8-10 hours after the larvae into lanterns (do not separate eggs and larvae, was lantern-like), then add in 28-30 ℃ water into nauplii. diy brine shrimp eggs incubator 【Brine shrimp larvae Processing and Application】 Other applications: internal medicine, as live fish seed capsules of fish and shrimp larvae died due to microbial infection caused by a big threat to production. Using brine shrimp as a live vector, to strengthen the technology into drug or vaccine, it _set_ out to fill the gut of Artemia, fish eating brine shrimp larvae, drugs were directly into the fish body, the effect of preventing and curing diseases played a . 【Application】 Problems Object under different farming shrimp eggs egg diameter can save food, thereby enhancing the quality and reduce nursery costs. Fortified products on the market circulation of brine shrimp eggs produced in the United States dominated, but the ω3 series of highly unsaturated fatty acids is obviously insufficient, the newly hatched brine shrimp larvae can also be used for shrimp breeding, calving if the fish will be used to feed the sea caused by nutritional deficiency. To improve the nutritional level of brine shrimp, often in concentrated mc (to be microencapsulated Chlorella) and fed fish oil products. However, as difficult to digest Artemia in the gut wall hard mc and bread yeast; and because most fish oil products will be attached to the body surface in the brine shrimp, brine shrimp led to decreased activity. Therefore, the development of good nutritional enhancer to be further study. Nutritional enrichment of brine shrimp should be noted that reasonable, if the live feed for larval fish, more use of dha, lecithin and ascorbic acid (vc) to strengthen, usually for 2 days enhanced rotifers fed by dha sufficient to meet larval physiological needs. If the rotifer feeding stage larvae had adequate ω3hufa, then the fortified brine shrimp do not have to over-emphasize, because too much is not conducive to individual development of nutrition. In recent years, many of the world aquaculture experts to improve the quality of brine shrimp to add nutritional agents carried out a large number of research areas, these studies did not involve brine shrimp in the genetic quality improvement. If by hybridization to raise the level of genetic variation, and then by means of mutation and marine engineering technology, cultivate strong resistance, high nutritional value of brine shrimp new line to fish and crustaceans for aquaculture development food is critical to lay foundation.
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Introduction
丰年虫 简介
Artemia fairy shrimp Also known as fairy shrimp. Without a head (Anostraca) crustaceans. Posture beautiful, soft colors, hence the name. More common in Europe, Central Asia, western North America, Africa and Australia in arid zones in freshwater ponds. About 2.5 cm (1 inch). The most common species in Europe transparent Artemia (Chirocephalus diaphanous), a common species in North America Eubranchipus vernalis. Also known as brine shrimp Artemia (Eubranchipus vernalis) salt brine shrimp, it is a world wide distribution of high salt-resistant small crustaceans, classification belongs to Arthropoda, have gills Amon, crustaceans, gill foot subclass, without a head, brine Artemia Section. Artemia as an important food organisms, has been widely appreciated by people. Artemia has the following characteristics: ability to adapt to the adverse environment, the high reproductive capacity, and its long-term preservation of resting eggs and can when needed can be obtained at any time the larvae hatch, newly hatched only 18-30 hours. Artemia brine shrimp eggs is produced by the resting eggs, the world has recorded more than 100 strains of Artemia eggs. Nauplii with a large number of yolk, and rich in protein and fat (containing about 60% of protein, fat, containing about 20%), and its nutrients into the body contains too high, so Artemia fish, shrimp and crab larvae and into the body of the excellent food. It is reported that more than 85% of current world aquaculture breeding animals are to Artemia as a food source.
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Origin, the study of history
Brine shrimp (Artemia), also known as salt brine shrimp (Brine Shrimp), wide distribution, in addition to the polar regions, but in many parts of the world, with carbonate, sulfate and sodium chloride in the lakes, and coastal high-salt Salt water has a different level of distribution. Brine shrimp have been reported worldwide there are 500 multiple origin. The major products currently brine shrimp eggs from China, the United States, Iran and Russia, more than 20 countries of different geographic strains, including the United States, the California's San Francisco Bay, the Great Salt Lake and the eastern coast of China Yantian, Qinghai, Tibet and Xinjiang in the southern Salt Lake brine shrimp eggs produced best quality. Is evident that China is already the world production of brine shrimp eggs on one of the great. Since 1775 it has been started to study on brine shrimp, so far, more than 200 years of history. But for fish bait, only began in the 30s. Seale United States in 1933 to newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii as live butterfly larvae feed, followed by Norway, Rollefson, also with brine shrimp nauplii as live feed cultured fish, were successful, thus confirming the brine shrimp nauplii was young, juvenile quality food. 50 in the last century the late Professor Zhang Xiaowei IOCAS first discovered in China brine shrimp eggs, fish fry by more than 10 types of seafood cultivation experiment also proved that the brine shrimp nauplii was young, juvenile good food. Brine shrimp eggs also carried out the investigation, collection, incubation and culture of research and accumulated much valuable information. Brine shrimp nauplii as fish, shrimp and crab quality live food, so by the global aquaculture workers are highly valued. University of Kent, was established in Belgium, the world Artemia Reference Center, and has in Texas (1979) and the Belgian city of Antwerp Wopu (1985) held the first and second International Conference on brine shrimp.
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Nutrients into the body collection
Brine shrimp, it is a widely distributed in the world and salt-resistant small crustaceans. Artemia brine shrimp eggs are produced by the resting eggs, the world's brine shrimp eggs have been recorded in more than 100 strains. Artemia nauplii with a large number of eggs, and rich in protein and fat (Note: one containing about 60% of protein, fat, containing about 20%), and its nutrients into the body contains too high. Therefore, the brine shrimp as an important biological bait, has been subject to widespread attention. More than 85% of current world aquaculture breeding animals are sources of brine shrimp as bait.
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Production process
Just avoid accumulation of eggs collected, the general process to go through the following steps: 1, Cleaning: cleaning general use tapered barrel, first rinse with fresh water, then water rinse. The main purpose of washing is to remove debris on the surface of the egg shell and pollution. 2, dehydration: the wet method is generally dehydrated eggs centrifuged before and after dry; and dry eggs, it should be after the first low-temperature vacuum drying. 3, dry: the dry process, to prevent overheating (not to exceed 40 ℃), and the sun exposure. 4, filter: the aperture of the screen with different layered screening. 5, packaging: vacuum or red nitrogen sealed packaging. 6, storage: brine shrimp eggs first delegation of one week at -18 ℃ freezer storage memory, and then delegating one week at room temperature, low temperature storage for dry to normal eggs. After the above steps to address the brine shrimp eggs, storage for several years, the egg can still maintain a rate of about 70%.
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Incubation method
Incubation for: 1, use a clean container; (size depends on the individual demand may be) 2, the upper part of the container sources; (recommended to increase the hatching rate) 3, installation of pipe at the bottom of the container, the bottom of the cylinder cheer; 4, adding clean water and the salt, the ratio of about 1 liter of water / 45g salt, salt or coarse salt can be; 5, the last to join the proportion of brine shrimp eggs egg of about 2.0g / a liter of water. Incubation conditions: 1, the temperature :28-30 ℃ 2, pH :8.0-9 .0 3, the cheer: enough to keep air bubbles suspended in the brine shrimp eggs salt water 4, light: saline surface 2000lux 5, density: 2.0 g eggs / liter of water. Incubation collection: 1, in an ideal incubation conditions, the incubation for 24 hours; 2, stopped cheer; 3, covering the surface tank hatching (shading); 4, stand for 10 minutes will sink to the bottom of the discharge or siphon out of brine shrimp, you can then put it aside for 10 minutes, collecting the remaining brine shrimp tank. Save: 1, lower surface (about 1 ~ 2cm), increase the air contact area (to increase dissolved oxygen) 2, stored at a temperature 0 ℃ -5 ℃ dry cool dark place (such as the fridge freezer)
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Detailed analysis of components
Brine shrimp eggs are rich in protein, amino acid composition is complete, a relatively high fat content of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids in shell eggs was 48.15%, shell eggs was 54.82%. Saturated fatty acids in shell eggs is 1.5 times shelled eggs. Brine shrimp eggs is an iron-containing lipoproteins shells, fish and shrimp larvae can not digest it. However, animal experiments show that mice can be digested Artemia eggs shells, so, processed foods, brine shrimp egg shells do not have to consider the issue, and some unsaturated fatty acids, inorganic elements in the shell with high content, such as DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), Se, Zn, Fe, etc.; food crushing, shelling of the brine shrimp eggs can improve animal liver of γ-linolenic acid (essential fatty acids), while DHA and EPA were significantly higher. Another feature of the liver can significantly improve the content of Fe2 +, Fe2 + is the main component of hemoglobin, so brine shrimp eggs can be used as a blood tonic, and eat brine shrimp Artemia eggs can increase the protein content in the brain. Nutritional analysis can determine from the brine shrimp eggs are rich in protein, amino acids, fatty acids and inorganic elements. Animal experiments show that consumption of brine shrimp eggs had no effect on serum lipids, but also improve the liver of DHA, EPA and the hemoglobin and brain protein content.
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Shelled product application
P. Sorgelocs et al (1977) Treatment with sodium hypochlorite solution can remove the egg shell resting eggs, the remaining layer of transparent membrane (ie, hatching membrane), processed egg size 200 ~ 300μm, rich in yolk, direct investment fed farming objects can also be hatched into nauplii. Shelled eggs, compared with the non-shelled eggs, hatching rate can be higher. Shelled eggs with saturated brine (NaCl) or saturated MgCl2 solution of dehydration of frozen stored for several days after hatching is not reduced; also shelled egg cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen. Shelled eggs using the advantages are: 1, can be directly fed without and then after incubation management operations; 2, shelled brine shrimp eggs in the course of processing the egg shell killed the bacteria, fungi, especially polycondensation insects, brine shrimp eggs to prevent the result of disinfection is not strictly a disease caused by infection; 3, eliminating the need for hatching nauplii consumption of energy required, so the nutrition is better than self-hatched nauplii; 4, shelled eggs and lower prices than the imported price of brine shrimp eggs 50% lower. Its shortcomings are: 1, the lack of suspension shelled eggs, feeding time is uniform rippled effect will directly affect the food and avoid too much time feeding, eggs sink into the bottom of the pool is not only wasteful, but also pollute the water; to small domestic pumps of the spray Tap as feeding, which can be good results. 2, hypochlorite as a shell with drugs, stewed shelled eggs and although dechlorination rinse with plenty of water still smell affect the results. Mullet fish attractant with mussels pulp slurry or treated to eliminate odor. Brine shrimp eggs, shelled larvae as bait, has broad development prospect. Shelling】 【brine shrimp eggs 200 g harvest eggs immersed in three liters of water, oxygen 2 hours, and then silk screened 150-200 micron filter cleaning. Then add 1.4L of water, 25 grams of CaO and 55 industrial bleaching powder, while the temperature maintained at 20 ℃, and then add 25 g CaO and 55 industrial bleach. When the eggs were suspended after the orange, the purpose of using 150-200um mesh silk screen filter, then wash with water until no chlorine so far, then egg and then soaked with 1 g sodium thiosulfate, the full mixing, the stripping of eggs under Shen. Stripping the eggs are clean.
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Incubation method detailed
First harvest eggs were disinfected, 4kg on the 0.05% of the eggs immersed in sodium thiosulfate few minutes, drain water, add 0.5kg of industrial bleaching powder mixing, ice, kept at 40 ℃ for 10 minutes Phytoplankton are the eggs with a mesh filter cleaning, and then 0.05% sodium thiosulfate for 2-5 minutes soak, wash, can eggs of. Incubation method: 1, the brine shrimp eggs in dry conditions can be more long-term preservation, when placed in a salinity of 20 to 30, temperature 25 ~ 27 ℃ water, and dissolved oxygen required to meet the incubation, the 24 to 48 hours after hatching the larvae. 2, hatching brine shrimp eggs, use a stick in the egg wash away salt of glycerol on the impurities and sediment, to obtain clean eggs floating; eggs can also be frozen first, gradually from -3 ℃ to -15 ℃, frozen 1 to 3 months after hatching, get 60% to 90% of the hatching rate. 3, directly to the brine shrimp eggs in winter (or has been sterilized, peeled back) into the sea, the water temperature maintained at 28-30 ℃, after 24-30 hours of direct egg can develop into nauplii. Brine shrimp egg incubator Improved Methods: brine shrimp eggs in the disinfection, full immersion into a bag made of silk screen, into the eggs of 25 ℃ room, to avoid glare and ensure adequate oxygen supply, 8-10 hours after the larvae into lanterns (do not separate eggs and larvae, was lantern-like), then add in 28-30 ℃ water into nauplii. DIY Brine shrimp egg incubator 【Brine shrimp larvae Processing and Application】 Other applications: internal medicine, as live fish seed capsules of fish and shrimp larvae died due to microbial infection caused by a big threat to production. Using brine shrimp as a live vector, to strengthen the technology into drug or vaccine, it _set_ out to fill the gut of Artemia, fish eating brine shrimp larvae, drugs were directly into the fish body, the effect of preventing and curing diseases played a . 【Application】 Problems Object under different farming shrimp eggs egg diameter can save food, thereby enhancing the quality and reduce nursery costs. Fortified products on the market circulation of brine shrimp eggs produced in the United States dominated, but the ω3 series of highly unsaturated fatty acids is obviously insufficient, the newly hatched brine shrimp larvae can also be used for shrimp breeding, calving if the fish will be used to feed the sea caused by nutritional deficiency. To improve the nutritional level of brine shrimp, often in concentrated MC (to be microencapsulated Chlorella) and fed fish oil products. However, due to intestinal Artemia difficult to digest the hard cell walls and bread yeast MC; and because most fish oil products will be attached to the body surface in the brine shrimp, brine shrimp led to decreased activity. Therefore, the development of good nutritional enhancer to be further study. Nutritional enrichment of brine shrimp should be noted that reasonable, if the live feed for larval fish, more use of DHA, phospholipids and ascorbic acid (Vc) to strengthen, usually fed by the DHA for 2 days is enough to meet the enhanced rotifer larval physiological needs. If the rotifer feeding stage larvae had adequate ω3HUFA, then the fortified brine shrimp do not have to over-emphasize, because too much is not conducive to individual development of nutrition.
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Value
1, the coastal shrimp farming industry in our country are widely used, larval shrimp Artemia is the best feed. 2, is known as the best live fish lovers feed. 3, the laboratory studies.
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Outlook summary
In recent years, many of the world aquaculture experts to improve the quality of brine shrimp to add nutritional agents carried out a large number of research areas, these studies did not involve brine shrimp in the genetic quality improvement. If by hybridization to raise the level of genetic variation, and then by means of mutation and marine engineering technology, cultivate strong resistance, high nutritional value of brine shrimp new line to fish and crustaceans for aquaculture development food is critical to lay foundation.
