Chinese Philosophy
Chinese philosophy. It is dedicated to the research world, ancient and modern history of the origin and evolution of the law, formed its own unique national characteristics of nature, history, ethics, epistemology and methodology.
History of Chinese Philosophy
About the bud in Chinese philosophy, Yin, Week, formed in the late Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, there have been lively debate prosperity. Chinese philosophy about 3000 years of history can be divided into Qin Dynasty, Qin and Han dynasties the philosophy, philosophy of Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties the philosophy, the philosophy during the Ming and Qing Dynasty, modern and contemporary philosophy.
Qin Qin Dynasty that began in the summer beyond the previous generation of Chinese philosophy. To various schools for the Spring and Autumn Period height. Mainly in Heaven, past and present, knowing, were false and so the focus of discussion for the study. Is an important page in the history of philosophy.
① view of heaven. That is the fundamental point of view on the origin of the world. Its center on different days and understanding between Man and start debate, so called view of heaven. Qin philosophical factions have their own view of heaven according to argument. Rulers of the day personification of Commerce, as a supreme god, known as the "Emperor" or "God." Sacrifice, conquest, hunting, behavior and so to act on the results of divination, showing the idealist world view. "Book • fan" wise men of the Yin recorded speech, while retaining the concept of the Shang believed in God, but that the five acts of the world's five basic material, with naive materialism ingredients. Generated in the Yin and Shang Dynasties about the "Book of Changes" to the concept of systematic early gossip to dry (days), Kun (to), shock (thunder), Sunda (wind), Hom (water) from the (fire), Gen (Mountain), against the (Ze) eight basic description of natural phenomena and the universe, the formation of links between all things and the variation in the form of mysterious contains a wealth of simple dialectics. Western Zhou Mieyan put forward the "destiny" concept, the main Zhangjing De Paul people to conform to destiny, to a certain extent, recognized the role of man-made. Father of Mrs Chow Shibo Yang Yin and Yang of the gas to run that earthquake phenomena; Zheng child produced politicians that "Heaven is far, humanitarian Wani," This shows that the naive materialism of further development. Late Spring and Autumn Annals of Confucius certainly destiny, but few words Heaven, that "with spirits and distance." Mozi early Warring States against fate, but the idea of Heaven. I categorically denied the sky is the highest master of the primitive is the road that the world, but also stresses "all things are born, not born", despite the academic circles I "Road" and "no" means there are still controversial, But I view the world of Chinese philosophy, after all, primitive thinking a step forward greatly. Mencius and Chuang Tzu, respectively, after inheriting and developing the ideas of Confucius and Laozi. "Appendices" Tai Chi for the world's primitive proposition, that "those that metaphysical way, that the devices were metaphysical" proposition; "pipe" to "refined gas, said" stressed-day material; Xunzi positive "day trip there often, "and proposed" system but with the Destiny "; Han Fei inherited I, Xunzi thought of Lao Tzu's Tao has been transformed. This view of the materialism of the pre-Qin further development. Associated with the concept of Heaven, Qin Dynasty also has a wealth of dialectics, Confucius that "both ends", "too far" point of view, against the one-sidedness. I advocate "anti-movement of the Tao" and see the opposite of interdependence and mutual transformation. "Appendices" that "life and life of that easy", "yin and yang of that Road," opposite things, certainly the development of interaction is the reason of things, the mutual transformation of opposites is a universal law.
③ ancient and modern outlook. That is history. Spring previous history of Chinese philosophy is the fate of the basic form, that people born under, mandate of the sovereign people rule, social order or disorder depending on whether the monarchy of heaven and people. Western society has undergone great changes over the weekend, people in history, especially ancient and modern problems are the formation of many new insights. Boyang parent that the natural environment will affect the social and economic conditions under which predicted the death of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Philosophers in the history of Confucian recognition of the changes, but stressed that the inheritance relationship between ancient and modern. Confucius, Li studied the Inherited and profit and loss, to the social impact of the change of ceremony, for the maintenance of Zhou; Mencius understood as a social development and governance of the transformation of a random process, the universality of certain kings of the road; Xunzi advocated " Act after the King ", but after that the king of kings has always been of the road. Mohists attention to historical experience, that "this is to the ancient sage kings who matter." Taoism beautify "a small country," the ancient society, advocates must wisdom, discard knowledge, retro backward. Legalism and Confucianism and Tao Zhu Jia different, emphasizing the ancient and modern change. Shang Yang believed that history can be divided into upper, middle and lower III, Han Fei and then claim "the world something different and different," "the equipment change different things," and proposed an evolutionary view of history.
Qin made the philosophy of Heaven, gas, tai chi, yin and yang, Dao, movement, presence or absence of the changing, mind and matter, its name and other important philosophical category, as Qin and Han dynasties basis for the development of Chinese philosophy.
Qin Qin Jianli unified, centralized state, the advocates Legalism, "Law as taught by officials for the division," almost no development of philosophical thought. Remember the lessons of the early Han Dynasty Dynasty perished, easing contradictions, a respite, the study Taoism flourished. With the development of social political and economic situation, Han Dynasty, "abandon all other schools, Only Confucianism," gradually become the dominant ideology of Confucianism. The study followed the rise of divination, Wang Chong, who also appeared in the arc Orthodoxy. The late Eastern Han Dynasty, Buddhism, Taoism and the rise of social crisis frequently, philosophy presents a complex situation. Between Man and Han philosophy centers around the universe formed, shaped relationship between God and the ancient and modern, human and other issues.
① Man Relationship. Han Wu Di, for consolidation of feudal rule, demonstrate the need for absolute structured Culture, Dong to Confucianism as the cases, the absorption between nature and man made theory of yin and yang theory. Said a hundred days of the King, God, Heaven similar, people associate the number of days between nature and man. Stands for "Qu Chun Man and extension", "Qu Chun and Shen days." On the basis of the formation of Heaven and Man of the popular science of Chen Wei Han. Wang progressive thinkers as the representative of the views of the natural Heaven, Heaven induction of the theory and science of divination was critical.
③ Form and Spirit. Qin Dynasty has discussed the relationship between the visible God, "pipe" that "day out of the fine, to that of its shape," Xunzi that "shape with the divine life." Han philosophy to continue this on the body and soul, to discuss the relationship between physical and psychological, Huan Tan Yu made the candle, that "spirit of the living body, like a fire then (burning) candle carry on", "no candle, the fire can not walk alone in the void. " Wang advocate "who is also the reason why the living essence", "blood for those who have refined gas, died blood dried up, dried off the essence." He also explained the die by demonstrating the truth is not a ghost. Han philosophical discussion on the Form and Spirit in materialist philosophy and spirit of the later concept of a positive impact on development.
④ past to present. Han-Cheng Qin system, but more attention to historical experience. Qian said that "through past to present." Understanding of the Han scholars have varied widely. Dong history in the form advocated by the three cycle system changes, it is essentially "the same day, also the same road", that is God's dynasties. "Huainanzi" that history is with the time change, it should be made and appropriate, do not have to waste kings of the road, do not have the ancient law. Yang Xiong also believe that history is due to leather, "can be due, or leather." Qian denied the "Heaven knowing", trying to explain the history from the personnel changes, but not completely out of historicism. Wang made this better than the ancient, historical development that has its inexorable law, known as the "hours", that "for more than born, from the lack of competition", the country's combat confusion has its economic reasons, but history understanding of the inevitability of a fatalistic tendencies. Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhong Changtong deny divine right of kings, in the face of social crisis, he proposed by the gloom and doom of the dynasty in history, "large numbers", hoping to chaos after the "afterlife saints" restructuring society. Han progressive thinkers recognize the history and progress, and noted the role of economic factors and population effects of history, which developed the evolutionary history Qin.
⑤ Theory of Human Nature. Qin Han scholars in the view of heaven on the basis of further discussion on the issue of human nature, said Dong Three Grades proposed that human nature is a natural intelligence, into the nature of the saints, in the nature of the people, the nature of fighting Shau 3 species, mainly in China to discuss the the problem of indoctrination, that the situation with the phase-contact system advocated cultivation conditions. Yang Xiong that "people of good and evil is also mixed, repair the good and was good man, repair the evil was evil," advocated the cultivation of moral standards feudal virtues. Wang starting from the strength of that person "the endowment of a thickness, it is also of a good and evil," the general human goodness and evil can not be changed, "the nature of the human, in the Xi Yan." Separation of the Han and other times the human social hierarchy is the same line.
Wei Han Dynasty, the Yellow Turban uprising failed, the long-melee, the formation of Wei, Shu and Wu Sanguo utmost. Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country soon, and there Southern division scrimmage situation. Nearly 400 years of social turmoil, the dominance of Confucianism is broken, the new rich in speculative metaphysics came into being; the gradual spread of Buddhism in China, the Taoist system of gradually established; these changes make the philosophy of this period very active, proposed a new series of philosophical categories, concepts and propositions.
① without. He Yan, Wang Bi inheritance I thought, advocating a "no-oriented, said" that all the physical and material existence (a) are derived from a specific provision of no body (nil), as expensive either. Pei the "worship there on the" against "your not" thinking, there is certainly a matter of "there" is fundamental that you have certainly not cheap "legacy system", "forget the gift", resulting in social chaos. Guo Xiang under the influence to the show as "Zhuang Zi Commentary", on the one hand deny that "something from nothing", on the other hand against the PEI "self start living the" point of view, that "independence" of the concept that "each thing Health "," independent of the environment in Xuan Ming. "
② Rites and natural. Whether the debate extended to social issues, to form the Norm and nature issues. Bi from the "no-first" made off "Norm out of nature," as Norm's justification of a new theoretical basis. Claim to show "to Confucianism as a" Guo Xiang Norm is then made of natural, natural that Norm, a saint, "foreign travel (Chong Norm) deep inside (the Nature)," said. Ji kang stressed Norm does not meet the human nature, that "the more Norm and the Nature", and Norm has been denied.
③ word meaning. Was originally intended to issue statement as Yigua, speech, the relationship between Henry, Wei scholars be extended to images, language and thought, the relationship of truth. Wang Bi play "Yi" "Words" point of view, that "like a forgotten word," "Forgetting as" the said. Emphasis on the substance of the grasp of argumentation, but the words, like the lack of adequate understanding of the role. The building will be used for Ouyang, "The word Meaning" to refute that the "name" used to refer to "objects", "Introduction" to that "truth", the words and the meaning is the same. Advocates can make the Italian words, but words, as the limitations of lack of knowledge.
④ form and spirit. Wei Qin scholars continued, the relationship between Han and spirit of the discussion, Buddhism, Taoism spread the reality of the development, so this discussion with the religious concepts associated with conflict of atheism, resulting in destruction of God eternal struggle of God. Karma Buddhist idea that the destruction of the spirit of not extinguished with the body, that form off, God is immortal; Taoism advocates Lian-shaped rest to achieve the form of immortal realm of the immortal God. Southern Fanzhen mainly for Buddhist Karma and start criticism of God is immortal, he was "God destroy" formula "to shape the nature of God, God who in the form of use", so "no different in the form of God" .
Sui Sui and Tang dynasties period of great prosperity for the Chinese feudal society, the rulers adopted Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and the policy were to provide the three religions to each other and mutually critical conditions for absorption. Buddhist Philosophy on the Mind, governing issues; Orthodoxy, said Han Yu; Liu, Liu Yuxi on the discussions between Man and become the central issue of philosophy in this period.
② orthodoxy and legitimacy. After the formation of the Chinese Buddhist factions, have declared by the history of the sect founder of a law passed the same strain, commendable system. Contend with the Buddhist, Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty, Confucian middle Orthodoxy said. Han Yu preached Confucian orthodoxy that the road that virtue and morality, this orthodoxy from the Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Duke spread Confucius, Mencius, Orthodoxy after the break. He believes that his mission is to inherit the Mencius, the Confucian orthodoxy continues. He advocated Buddhism for the barbarians of the law, only the orthodox Confucian orthodoxy is. Han Yu's efforts on the later revival of Confucianism in the development of Chinese philosophy had an important impact.
③ Man Relationship. Liu, Liu Yuxi relationship to Chinese philosophy, the discussion about Heaven. Liu proposed days of the unconscious, can not "reward power and punishment bad", the world originated in strength. Liu Yuxi that "day of victory and the people cross," "day and people do not phase advance" and other viewpoints of opposition between nature and man.
③ smell, knowing and doing. Ming and Qing smell discussed philosophy, knowing that not only the general knowledge and daily behavior, including moral awareness and Fulfillment. Zhang Zai to know into "smell of knowledge" that understanding of things and the "moral knowledge" that the understanding of Heaven, that which comes from morality. Cheng Yi Zhang received the views contained in the above, emphasizing the inquiring, through all of their own and realize justice. He claims to know first, the "depth of knowledge to the line of will." Zhu Xi is that "on the late, known as the first, the line is known to work" to know the line. Wang Fu-chih maintain that line of prophets, considered the "line to that effect also Yan, Yan did not know that the line effect can be also."
④ twenty-one, change. Development of philosophy in the Ming and Qing Qin philosophical dialectics. Zhang _set_ out that "one has two attributes," that explained the relationship of things within the unity of opposites, and things change distinguish between "change" and "of" two forms. Cheng Hao that "all things of the reason, there must be no independence of the" I Ching that "extremes meet, reason to be so," pointed out the existence of internal contradictions of things change in the law and its development, the development of Zhang Zai Zhu Xi's thought, that "Tianxiazhiwu not a bad idea to", "Where the world are not of one, but two and then can turn." Wang Fu-chih "Big Debate" and "to close" further illustrates the relationship between things, the unity of opposites.
Modern Chinese Modern has gone from semi-feudal society to a socialist society, historical period of transition, this period of Chinese philosophy is built around "Whither China" is the central issue of modern Chinese society expanded. The Opium War from 1840 to 1894 during the Sino-Japanese War is brewing in China for the period of modern philosophy to Gongzizhen Wei, Hong, Zheng and others view the philosophy should be represented. During the Hundred Days Reform bourgeois reformists Kang, Liang, Tan, Yan Fu, who systematically put forward their own philosophy, marking the formation of bourgeois philosophy, followed by the bourgeois revolutionary Sun Yat-sen, ZHANG push the bourgeois philosophy forward. Early 20th century, and the October Socialist Revolution in Russia under the influence of the May Fourth Movement, Li Dazhao, Chen, who accepted the Marxist philosophy, Marxist philosophy after the May Fourth Movement in China, gradually spread, and the combination of revolutionary practice in China, forming a Chinese-style Marxist philosophy, that Mao Zedong's philosophical thought, it was formed in the history of Chinese philosophy has great historical significance. Whither the correct address the issue of China has laid a theoretical foundation. During this period of Chinese philosophy but also by the impact from the Western bourgeois philosophy, a "Neo" and "new realism" and other philosophical system.
① Nature. Early modern philosophy is still the traditional philosophy "Heaven and Earth", "Tai Chi" and other areas that universe. Kang and others from the start, the introduction of modern Western philosophy of natural science to "optical", "ether" that the universe, originality, Sun Yat-sen compared consciously create their own view of nature on the basis of natural science. But this period is often a direct reference to the philosophical theories of natural science to explain their nature, philosophy is not to make generalizations. Modern scientific cosmology is established under the guidance of Marxism, Qu, Li Da to the objective existence of "material" as a primitive world to promote a dialectical view of nature's basic point of view.
② Social History. As the pressing social issues, particularly social and historical problem has always been valued by modern thinkers. Early Gongzizhen Hong, respectively, of "Chunqiu" and is reformed Christian theological interpretation of history. Hundred Days Reform, the Kang proposed "III said," the history is divided into "It troubled times" (the implementation of absolute monarchy), "World peace and prosperity" (constitutional monarchy), "World Peace" (democratic) three stages to illustrate the evolutionary history , appeared on Ji Shengzhe through "heart pull robbery" to achieve a historical progress. Taiyan that "all sub-evolutionary" theory, that the suffering of human society and music, good and evil and so on are also in hand, the pessimistic attitude of historical development. Sun Yat-sen advocated the people's livelihood history, that "the focus of people's livelihood and for social progress", attach importance to economic life in the role of historical development, but to attribute the historical development of "human survival" of the desire. After the May Fourth Movement, zhao, Li Da and Mao Zedong, who explained to the historical materialist view of history. Lee in the "Outline of Sociology" in the system of historical materialism were described. Mao Zedong 40 years in the 20th century that "only the people are the driving force of world history", adhere to the mass point of view, the mass line, and thus the development of the Marxist historical materialism.
③ development. In the era of change in modern China attaches great importance to philosophers in general, variation. But most of the historical changes in momentum as "effort", "Tian Zhisuo speech" in the "gradual" and "mutation" of the understanding also in dispute. After the May Fourth Movement, zhao, Qu, Li Da, who were both made on the dialectical interpretation of development concept, introduced. Mao Tse-tung writing the "On Contradiction" revolutionary Marxism with Chinese practice, with Chinese characteristics put forward the development of theory of dialectical materialism.
Established the PRC in 1949, opened a new era in Chinese history, Chinese philosophy has entered a new stage of development. Modern Chinese Philosophy inherited the outstanding achievements of traditional philosophy, the use of universal principles of Marxism as a guide, contact the Chinese social, political, economic, ideological, and cultural reality in-depth philosophical reflection, has made new progress. Philosophical circles in 1978 the great discussion on the criterion of truth, come to practice is the criterion of truth the correct conclusion, in the new historical conditions, to achieve the liberation of a new idea has far-reaching historical significance.
Characteristics of Chinese Philosophy
Chinese philosophy in the world history of philosophy is the philosophy of one of the types of independent development. Compared with other types of philosophy, has the following characteristics:
① Comparison of the feudal era of full development of philosophy. Qin Chinese philosophy began a long history, and also the philosophy of the rest of the world compared to a minority to form one of the high level of philosophy. Enter the feudal society, the science and technology in the world long-standing leadership, the feudal political order is relatively stable, so the Chinese philosophy Yin Zhouzhe the basis of science, continue to develop, forming a long history, with a higher form of feudal society philosophy. And other contemporary countries and regions in a relatively poor state of philosophy, but in modern Europe, Renaissance, the philosophy for the gradual development.
② the main philosophy of Chinese feudal society, combined with the classics, rather than combined with theology. In Chinese feudal society, although the more active religious theology, but not dominant. Chinese philosophy has been the orthodox Confucianism, Confucianism, although inherited the traditional concept of destiny, but focus on the real world, do not pay attention to the other side of the world; emphasis on moral education rather than religious preaching. Some thinkers have materialistic tendencies to "orthodox" itself, critical theological point of view of religion. In the West, the Middle Ages occupy a dominant position theology, philosophy as the handmaiden of theology, materialism of religion can only be put on coat or form of religious heresy.
④ Chinese philosophy, way of thinking tended to wholeness, organic and continuity. Chinese philosophy has a rich tradition of simple dialectic of thinking, many philosophers use different terminology to express their dialectical thinking, such as Lao Tzu's "anti-movement of the Tao", "Appendices" that "yin and yang is called the Road" , Neo-Neo's "one thing two-body", "sub-one for two, combine two to one" and so on. They evolution of the universe as a series of production, transformation process, the world, all things, dynamic, static, shaped, and God as mutually different but related paradox.
⑤ Chinese philosophy has its own unique areas of the traditional concept. The concept of Chinese philosophy, these unique areas such as: Road, air, science, God, true, honest, clear, body, use, tai chi, yin and yang and so on. Condensation of the wisdom of the Chinese thinkers. In the long history of Chinese philosophy, the process of development, these areas are continuously enrich rich to give new content, expand on these areas in depth discussion of theoretical thinking to the level of Chinese philosophy continues to increase. Chinese philosophy of human cultural development has made a useful contribution, spread to surrounding countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Southeast Asian countries, and worldwide have a broad and far-reaching impact. |
Analects of Confucius