China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
China is one of the world's oldest civilizations and is regarded as the oldest continuous civilization. For centuries, it possessed the most advanced society and economy in the world through successive dynasties though it subsequently missed the industrial revolution and began to decline. In the 19th and 20th century, imperialism, internal weakness and civil wars damaged the country and its economy and led to the overthrow of imperial rule.
In 1949, when major combat ended in the Chinese Civil War, two political entities emerged having the term "China" in their names:
The People's Republic of China (PRC), established in 1949, commonly known as China, has control over mainland China and the largely self-governing territories of Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macau (since 1999).
The Republic of China (ROC) established in 1912 on mainland China, now commonly known as Taiwan, has control over the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu.
In the 1950s, change to economic policies in the Republic of China (Taiwan) transformed the island into a technology-oriented industrialized developed economy after a period of high growth rates and rapid industrialization. In mainland China, in the 1970s, reforms known as the Four Modernizations modernized the agriculture, industry, technology and defense, vastly raising living standards, and making the PRC one of the great powers.
Historically, China's cultural sphere has extended across East Asia as a whole, with Chinese religion, customs, and writing systems being adopted to varying degrees by neighbors such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Through its history, China was the source of many major inventions. It has also one of the world's oldest written language systems. The first evidence of human presence in the region was found at the Zhoukoudian cave. It is one of the earliest known specimens of Homo erectus, now commonly known as the Peking Man, estimated to have lived from 300,000 to 780,000 years ago.
① ancient "China" means different. Or refer to the Capital as "China." "Poetry Man Daya labor": "benefit the Chinese to Sui Quartet." Biography of Mao: "China, the Capital of it." "Historical writing material": "Cardiff and then in China, Jian Yan emperor bit." Pei Si Ji Jie: "Liu Xi said: 'emperors were as in China twenty years before." Or that Huaxia, the Han areas of China (with its among the four barbarians). "Poetry Xiaoya June order": "" Xiao Ya, "all our efforts, the Shii pay invasion, the Chinese micro-carry on." And "Book of Doctrine of the Mean": "China is almost filled with fame, facilities and quite speechless . "while Huaxia, more capital at Huang Han Henan, North, as called for" China ", and" Turkey "," Central Plains "," Central Plains "," in summer "and" Chinese "have the same meaning. Initially, this means most of Henan Province near the area, but later Huaxia, Han scope of activities expanded, the Yellow River area, also known as "China." "Tai Ji Jin Shuxuan": "Mengda was solid with Wu Shu, the potential map of China." ("China" refers to the founding in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Wei), and even to the cordon of the area, including areas not part of the Yellow River Basin, are all known as "China." "Historical day official book": "Later Qin then submitted soldiers destroyed six countries, and China." Since the mid-19th century, "China" refers specifically to me before the entire national territory, not for other purposes. ② "The People's Republic of China" for short. ③ China (Madhya-desa). Ancient names. The Ganges River in the vicinity of India, Buddhist translation called "China." See "Faxian."
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古时含义不一
① different meaning in ancient times. Or refer to the capital, or that Huaxia, Han region (with its being in the Shii). Huaxia, more yellow Han Henan, North its capital, called for by China, "and Turkey", Central Plains, "Central Plains", the Chinese "have the same meaning. At first, this means the Henan Province and its surrounding areas today, and later China family, Han expand the scope of activities, the Yellow River area, also known as China. " Since the 19th century, China "refers specifically to start the entire territory of our country. ② The People's Republic of China" for short.
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zhōng guó
The founding of the ancient Huaxia in the Yellow River valley, that ranks among the world, so called China. Become known after the post. The full name of The People's Republic of China. An area of 9.6 million square kilometers, population 1.2 billion (1994), the capital of Beijing
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指中原地区
Means the Central Plains
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Beijing, Capital
Beijing, the Capital. "People Poetry Taiga labor": "benefit the Chinese to Sui Quartet." Biography of Mao: "China, the Capital also." "Historical Records Wudi": "Cardiff and then the Chinese, Jian Yan emperor bit." PEI Yin: Annals quoted Liu Xi said: "emperors are as in China twenty years before." Tang Li "Li quoted with Harp": "E sings bamboo Motome resentment Jiang, Li with the Chinese missile Harp." Fang Shi-Ju Note: "China, as are the solution."
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上古时代
Ancient times, China's Huaxia nation-building in the Yellow River valley, that ranks among the world, it said that China and the surrounding area known as the Quartet. Later refers to the Central Plains. "Poetry Xiaoya June order": "" Xiao Ya, "all our efforts, the Shii pay invasion, the Chinese micro-carry on." "Zhuangzi Tian sub-side": "I have heard the gentleman in China, Ming almost Ritual and humble to know people. "" Han Fei Indignation ":" Cardiff more troops despite strong national wealth, China has also not help the main well-known. "Huan Kuan Han" Han Shen Salt and Iron ":" the beginning of the river depends on the gourd Also, tiny Seoul, and Death, flood victims in China. "Southern Song Liu Yiqing" Shi speech ":" Esa to promote, than China. "Songhui Hong" cold outside Zhai Ye Ling, plum ":" Ling, plum and Chinese Foreign different, the flowers of several types of peach color, while the incense with vermilion. "Qing Ye Ting Guanxi" network recorded blowing slightly Liu Bian Ji ":" Quan Gan soil and fertilizer, products such as participation in mink, non-Chinese . "
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指生长、居住在中原地区的人
Refers to the growth of people living in the Central Plains. "Tai Ji Jin Shuxuan": "Wu of China was not a water war, so dare to scattered Dongguan." Song Chenshan "palpable lice but I do not know the new words Ruan Anemarrhenae Father": "Fu Ji China, but with the barbarians is no different. "" Song Shi Yuefei Biography ":" Li Yu-Jin So in Henan, Central China cover For poison to attack the Chinese in China. "
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犹国家，朝廷
Utah State, the court. "Book of Rites Tan Gong": "Today the government pay the doctor in China, Sui Yu Do not cry, nothing Frydman cry." "Han and Yi Chuan": "is that the barren, dead people used, Holy, not to labor in China are advised to stop the county, to abandon its people, and must pass their princes Wu Fu. "Song Ye Shi," Notes on the Mitsumune Emperor Son ":" that China was at its peak, and when the thinking conservative. "
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我国的专称
中国 我国的专称
Our experts said. Qing Lin, "to be the English national Wangxi encyclical": "The Bank of China to foreign persons without a non-Win of the matter." Mao Zedong "sen": "China should be a greater contribution to humanity."
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中印度 ，佛教徒译称 中国
中印度 ，佛教徒译称 中国
That mid-stream in the vicinity of the Ganges in India, Buddhists in China, said translation. See Jin Fa Xian "Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms."
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西岸
中国 西岸
The People's Republic of China in eastern Asia, the Pacific West Coast. East Korea, south Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, southwest and western India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan border, then north-east Russia, due north to Mongolia, the northwest and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan o. East and southeast across the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea with Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei and other countries across an area of 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking first in Asia and third in the world. The whole state of potential from west to east, complex and varied terrain, mountains, hills and more rugged highland area together account for 2 / 3. Southwest is the famous "roof of the world" - Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. From the northwest side of the Pamirs Plateau extends many tall mountains, east gradually reduced to the low mountains, hills, roughly east to west and northeast - southwest direction two most common. East-west mountain ranges scattered in the west, Yamagata high and steep, imposing; northeast - southwest toward the mountains located in the east, gradually lower mountains, beautiful scenery. There are also north-south and northwest - southeast toward the mountains. Altai Mountains are the major mountain ranges, the Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, the Himalayas, mountain range, the Qilian Mountains, Yin, Qinling Mountains, Changbai Mountain, Nanling, Taiwan mountains and so on. East-west mountain range is our most important geographic region boundaries, such as the north branch of the Kunlun Mountains and the Qilian Mountains are the northern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yin Mountains and flows within the flow area of the boundary zone, Qinling is the Yellow River and Yangtze River watershed, the Yangtze and the Pearl River Basin Nanling watershed Himalayas constitute the southwestern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Northeast - southwest toward the mountains can be divided into two zones: Mountains, Taihang, Wushan, Wuling Mountain, Xuefeng Mountain, are generally more gentle western slope, east slope steep, the formation of Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau's edge, river jet stream flowing through mountain valleys and more into the famous Three Gorges of Yangtze River cuts through the Wushan Mountains is formed; Mountains, eastern Liaoning hilly, mountainous Zhejiang and Fujian, etc., are not continuously distributed in the eastern part of the country's eastern plains, verdant forests, there are many famous scenic spot. Between the two with, distributed main plains of China. The distribution of these mountains form the basic framework of China's topography. By a high degree of significant change in topography from west to east China can be divided into three steps. The average elevation of 4,000 meters above the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the magnificent, mountain plateau gully parallel, numerous lakes, is the highest level, the world's highest peak - Mount Everest (altitude 8848 m) in Nepal, China and the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau then boundaries; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the north east, down to the elevation of 2000-1000 meters below the plateau and basin, mainly rough ground Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the blossoming of the Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia plateau and gentle rolling green mountains of Sichuan Province Basin, Desert widespread Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin wide grasslands, this is the second-class ladder, the lowest point in the Turpan Basin, 155 meters below sea level, is the lowest in our land; Mountains, Taihang, Wushan and Yunnan-Guizhou line east of the eastern edge of the plateau is 1,000 meters above sea level 200 meters below the hills and plains below, mainly the Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Yangtze River Basin, southeast coastal hills, the coastal plain at an altitude of 50 meters more than the following, this is the first three steps. China's mainland, east and south of the sea, dotted with islands, nationwide total of more than 5,000 islands, the largest island of Taiwan, followed by Hainan Island. Area of 200 square km and above are Chongming Island, Zhoushan Island, East Island, Hai Tan Island, Changxing. Most of the remaining area of less than one square kilometer island, very widespread. China's rivers in the east into the Pacific Ocean, mainly in Heilongjiang, Haihe, Yellow, Huaihe, Yangtze, and Pearl, 6397 km long Yangtze River, the longest in China, one of the longest river in the world; the Yellow River is 5464 km long . Transverse mountain river flows south, the Lancang River is the Pacific Ocean, the Nu River, the Brahmaputra river is India. Xinjiang is the Arctic Ocean northwest of the Irtysh River. There are many within our Northwest river, the longest of Xinjiang Tarim River, 2,137 km, is the sixth longest in China. Working people of ancient canal dug by 1801 km length, communication of the Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River, Qiantang River. Are the main freshwater Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Hongze so. The largest saltwater lake in the Qinghai Lake.
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Boundaries and neighbors
China's land borders from the border of the Yalu River, to the Sino-Vietnamese border Beilun port only, total length of more than 20,000 km, with 15 countries next to: East to North Korea, Northeast Russia, north of Mongolia, northwestern Russia, Kazakhstan, the West as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, southwest India, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, southern Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. And China's neighbors across the sea north to south, are: South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia. Autumn dye Altay
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Topography
China's topography from west to east, complex and diverse, the country's total land area of various types of terrain the ratio is: Mountain 33.3%, plateaus 26%, basins 18.8%, 12% plains and hills 9.9%. Topography from west to east, constitute the three steps: the world's tallest in western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest terrain, more than 4,000 meters above sea level, from high mountains and the plateau surface composition, the "roof of the world," said; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the east Mountains, Taihang, Wushan, between Wuling Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain to the second step, the general elevation in 1000 ─ 2000 meters, mainly from the mountains, plateaus and basins formed; broad eastern plains and hills is the third step. This landscape pattern is laid Mesozoic Yanshan Movement.
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Mountains
China is a mountainous country, mountains and more into things and northeast - southwest direction, the main mountain ranges are the Altai Mountains, the Tianshan Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Karakorum Mountains, Tanggula Mountains, read blue pond gula Mountains, Qilian pulse, Kang end Slovak mountains, the Himalayas, mountain range, Yin Mountains, Taihang Mountains, the Qinling Mountains, Daxinganling Mountains, Changbai Mountain, Taiwan's mountains and so on. More than 7,000 meters above sea level worldwide peak had 19, while located in China and there are seven on the borders, known as the "roof of the world," the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are many tall mountains. Average elevation of 6,000 meters in the Himalayas is the world's tallest majestic mountains, it's highest peak Mount Everest 8848.13 meters above sea level, is the world's highest peak. In addition, Huangshan, Taishan, Huashan, Song, Hengshan, Hengshan Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Wudang Mountain, Yandang and other mountains. Top of the Earth: Mount Everest of rivers and lakes: There are the Yangtze, Yellow, Heilongjiang, Pearl River, Huaihe River, Haihe River, Liaohe River, the Brahmaputra and the Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake, Qinghai Lake. China's longest Yangtze River, 6,300 kilometers, second only to the Nile in Africa and South America's Amazon River, the world's third longest river. China's second longest Yellow River system, full 5464 km. Poyang Lake in the Yangtze River is China's largest freshwater lake, an area of 3583 square kilometers; the Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Lake is China's largest saltwater lake, an area of 4583 square km. Brahmaputra in Tibet plateau have full 504.6 km, 6009 m depth the world's first Grand Canyon.
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Coastal
China coast, north Yalu River in Liaoning, Guangxi, south of Beilun port, full more than 18,000 km. (As of 1997)
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Islands
China Sea with 5,400 islands scattered over a total area of 38,700 square kilometers. The largest island is the island of Taiwan, an area of about 36,000 square kilometers; followed by Hainan with an area of about 34,000 square kilometers. Island coastline 14,000 km (as of 1997).
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And adjacent coastal waters
Adjacent to the edge of mainland China and Taiwan Island, the ocean Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea and the Pacific east of Taiwan, mainland China's Bohai Sea is inserted into the inland sea. Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China seas, across the East and West longitude 32 degrees, 44 degrees latitude north and south the more vertical. The total sea area of 4.73 million square kilometers (as of 1997).
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Climate
中国 气候
China's climatic variation, from south to north across the tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, temperate, boreal and other climatic zones. China is located in the northern hemisphere, south of the Tropic of Cancer pass through most of the temperate and subtropical regions in the north, is the East Asian monsoon climate. Temperature disparity between north and south. Each year in October to next March the winter wind blowing, cold and dry in most parts; from April to September the wind blowing the summer, most of high temperature and precipitation. Average annual precipitation over a large disparity, the southeast coast to 1,500 mm, 500 mm in the northwest. 24 Solar Terms Hukou Waterfall
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Resources
China is rich in mineral resources. Has proven reserves of 136 kinds of minerals, is the world's known minerals than supporting one of the few countries in all. Water resources, first in the world.
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Arable land
To 1997, there were 20.6 million mu of cultivated land.
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Forest
State Forestry Administration on Jan. 18, 2005 announced that China reached 175 million hectares of forest area, forest coverage was 18.21%, plantation area ranks first in the world.
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Water
China's total fresh water resources is 2.8 trillion cubic meters, the first six of the world, but per capita in the world per capita consumption is only 1 / 4, ranked No. 88.
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Food
Although China's total grain output ranks first in the world, but the per capita share of grain in less than 400 kilograms of long-term maintenance of low level.
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Biological
About 480,000 kinds. 3 thousand species of higher plants in which the spore 200,000 kinds of plants, insects and 150,000 kinds of, 5 thousand species of other animals.
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Animal
China has more than 4400 kinds of vertebrate animals, giant panda, golden monkey, white-lipped deer, the South China tiger, brown eared pheasant, Chinese river dolphin, Chinese alligator, red-crowned crane, and a hundred kinds of Chinese specialties of the rare animals.
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Plant
In China, the northern hemisphere winter, warm, heat the main plant with almost all the vegetation can be seen, only the higher plants there are 3.2 thousand species.
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Seed plant
343 families of seed plants in China, 3155 genera, 30,586 kinds, including five endemic families, 247 endemic genera and 17 300 birds.
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History
China is one of the world's ancient civilizations. Yuanmou ape fossils in northern Yunnan Province that more than 170 million years ago, early human habitation there. After a long period of primitive society and the slave society, around about the fifth century BC, the Han have gradually entered feudal society. Examination of the history of the text can have nearly 4,000 years, from the Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC, the establishment of business, the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn as the slave. Warring States period from 475 BC started by the Qin, Han, Han, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin, Eastern, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, to the early Qing Dynasty to the feudal society. The Opium War in 1840, began the invasion of imperialist powers in China, the Chinese society has gradually become a semifeudal and semicolonial. 1911 Revolution overthrew the feudal monarchy in 2000 years, but China semifeudal and semicolonial's social status has not changed. 1919 "54" movement marked the beginning stage of the new democratic revolution. Communist Party of China set up 1921. Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party and Mao Zedong, after 28 years of struggle, has achieved complete victory in the new democratic revolution. October 1, 1949, founding of the PRC.
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English Expression
n.: China, The Republic of China, Central Plains, Chinese, People's Republic of China
abbr.: PRC
French Expression
nf. chine
Thesaurus
the People's Republic of China, China, Hua Xia; an ancient name for China, the Divine Land (a poetic name for China), throughout the country, The whole of China
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