One school of thought during the Qin Dynasty to Shen Buhai, Shang Yang, Han Fei to represent and advocate the rule of law, against the Government by representing the interests of the landlord class was emerging.
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No. 2
◎ Legalism Fǎjiā
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No. 3
Qin's a school of thought to Shen Buhai, Shang Yang, Han Fei to represent and advocate the rule of law, against the Rites
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No. 4
There testimonies Shichen
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No. 5
Disabilities into the brush can not home, out of the invincibility of foreign patients, Kwok-hang death. - "Also about the next child"
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No. 6
Chen law degree. "Mencius Gaozi down": "persons into the brush can not home, out of the invincibility of foreign patients, Kwok-hang death." Zhu Xi variorum: "Legalism, VS Law Shichen also."
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No. 7
One of the ancient schools of thought. Originated in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Guanzhong, sub-products, developed in the Warring States Period, the Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Shen Dao, and others, the late Warring States period set Legalism Han Fei Shing. Advocated the rule of law instead of rites, against aristocratic privilege, on behalf of the new landlord class interests. "Records of the Historian Sima Qian Preface": "Legalism does not do intimacy, not special, something of a break in the law, then kiss Respect grace die with him." "Han Dynasty History": "legalists who flow, cover for management official, Xinshangbifa to secondary Etiquette. "Southern Liang Xie," Wen Xin Diao Long played Kai ":" Qin Shi Li-outs, and less text Legalism. "Hu" four on the problems and doctrines ":" Another example is the power of legalism, although conquered by Confucianism, but Confucianism later, we can not but recognize the role of criminal law. "
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No. 8
Still Fong. Yuan Xin Wen room "Tang Chuan-Yuan Li": "﹝ ﹞ Li Yuan each other and write poetry, which was quite short Legalism."
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No. 9
Refers to all the litigation or special person to write like the word. "First moment of surprises," Volume 10: "dawn the next day, Cheng Zhaofeng early grooming, to discuss some breakfast to eat. Please consult a Legalist, do set up like the word."
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No. 10
Monk still at home. Southern Tang Chen Tao "Master France and China issues new Home Court" Poetry: "clock chanting monks into the country, hills, called Legalism."
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Legalism Background
Operation of the Western Zhou slavery society, relying on the principle of two rights: the ceremony and punishment. "Ceremony" for the nobility, "punishment" for the common people. In the Western Zhou ritual slavery society, the kinds of social relations rely mainly on personal contacts and personal relationships to maintain. Kings, princes all live in the social pyramid top, there is no direct relationship with the ordinary people, and people dealing with people, it is the small number of subordinate princes and nobles. Exchanges between vassal state called "ritual", and nobility rely on "punishment" to force the common people to obey. To the Eastern Zhou period, all sectors of society stiff original boundaries gradually broken, aggression between the great powers, mergers; This can be proved in Five Hegemons, among the Warring States. Leaders want to save the jungle in the brutal competition in their own country, a strong national military, political, economic strength, strengthen the rule of the country, you need to centralization. Faced with this situation, Confucianism, Taoism, Mohist and other factions are trying to solve the problems of kings, but are too idealistic, not realistic. States seek kings want to hear how people live and work is not, but how to solve the current grim international situation. In this way, a group of "people in alchemy," boarded the stage of history. There are some people advocating the rule of strategy they provide a theoretical basis, which constitutes the ideological proposition Legalism. There is a misconception of Legalism, that they advocate law, in fact, Legalism advocated organizational leadership theory and methods of totalitarianism.
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Legalism development history
Before Han Feizi, Legalism of three factions. Faction headed to Shen Dao, politics and governance advocates among alchemy, "potential", ie the power and pomp of the most important. Faction headed to Shen Buhai, stressing that "technique", political trickery. Faction headed to Shang Yang, stressing that "law", the law and regulations. Hanfeizi that "can not be a free, all the emperor with it." Mingjun, such as days, impartial law enforcement, which is the "law"; when kings manage people, elusive, people can not fathom that this is "art"; kings have dignity, Lingchurushan, which is "potential." Zi
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Legalism philosophy of history
We can say that the history of philosophy of Legalism compared to other schools of philosophy is a completely new and revolutionary ideas. Confucianism, Mohist, Taoism advocates three different ideas though, but with one thing in common: the golden age of human society in the past, not the future. Since ancient times the "golden age" in the history of the gradual degradation, therefore, salvation does not lie in human innovation, but rather back to ancient times. That's three "historical degradation concept." This concept of the three, and from China to follow the traditional way of thinking of past experiences. Chinese people are mostly farmers, are often bound by arable land, rarely travel. Peasant farming, farming on time to make the change work, simply by virtue of past experience, encounter new things, wanted to experience what the past can follow. Like Confucius, citing ancient emperor and Duke authority to support their theory, which have a greater impact on future generations Han Yu and many other philosophers. Mo Zi and Confucius argued, citing more than emperor, Duke older Yu; Mencius order to be above the Mohists, often citing Yao and Shun, Yu legendary older than the sage. In order to overcome the Confucian and Taoist Mohists, make the Volt Xi, Shen Nong and other Sovereigns and Five Emperors Yao and Shun than earlier centuries. Legalism is a pack of pre-Qin philosophical schools in each of the last occurrence, they believe, because every age has its change had to change, it can only be realistic about the world today. Ancient people of relatively simple manner, but was caused by poor material conditions, the character of the ancient people of the people may not be generally higher than contemporary. In ancient times, "the people less and more than wealth, so people do not fight. ...... People today have not more than five children, five sons and another son, Dafu dead and twenty-five grandchildren. Based on the people and their goods, few people, things The force workers and dependents thin, so to compete, "Han Fei told the story of sit back and wait to do the evaluation: Jinyu to the kings of the political, governance when the world's people, both defensive line and the like also. "Is unexpected repair the ancient sage, often lawless, on the matter of the world, because of the equipment." Shang Yang also mentioned: "things have changed and different way street." Spring and Autumn Period, "Flowers" advocated "rule of law" in a school. Finally, a master of Confucianism Zi (Xun Qing) is a pioneer, and his disciples Han Feizi (Han) is a master of the Legalist school. As a Confucian master Zi Mencius advocated in the political doctrines have developed. In Zunwang Road, on the basis of give elite, Zi advocates and dominating force, the king of France; not superstitious Heaven spirits and stressed people's initiative, with materialist ideology ingredients. Hanfeizi political thought and teachers are not the same, he sharply attacked Confucianism Road, proposed the rule of law as the center of the method, technique, combined with the idea of the potential to form a more complete theory of feudal despotism. From the style point of view, the rich prose Zi vocabulary, syntax structured, clear hierarchy, clear arguments; while Han prose the use of allegory, metaphor, sharp edge, thorough discussion. Teacher and student were great prose impact on future generations, especially the early Han Dynasty has a direct impact on many political commentator political papers.
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Legalism statecraft
1, to make laws: "Law who edited the membership plans, located in the rulers, and the people who are in the fabric." Role of law is to constrain the behavior of the people. The king has the power of the law can punish the person, who can reward obedience Fa. By rewards and punishments to supervise the theoretical basis people are human while avoiding disadvantages. Meanwhile Hanfeizi added: "the rule of the sage, who was I do not rely too good, but relies on people is my good deeds, not even within their number shall not be used for non-also; employer shall non, a country can make together. To use all the rulers and few homes, it is not Germany and works of Justice. "sage rule, not the dignitaries good people, leaving everyone do not be evil, the state will be able to peace. Kings rule, should focus on the most, while a few irrelevant. So focus on law enforcement, non-Rucker. Deducing kings simply grasp the legal and pomp, no special talents and virtues Germany to rule the people, not by virtue probation people, it is futile. Hanfeizi 2, and responsibility through real name: This is Legalism for "name" explanation. Kings need to have control trickery courtiers. Hold certain positions while officials have a responsibility to complete the work required for their duties. The king's role is granted to a person in the name of duty, this duty required work has been clearly defined in the relevant laws, kings are only interested in whether certain officials fulfill their duties, as to how to complete the work requirements, is itself something courtiers , no kings guidance. Kings have to do is: there are tours to complete the task, finish the task punished. The key is how to choose the right people to the king as an office. "The ministers who Chen, the monarch granted its words matter, exclusively responsible for its function being to function when the event, when his words do, then reward;. Reactive improper event, something inappropriate to his words, there is a penalty." So , the capable host, incompetence eliminated. 3 Therefore, in general, not Legalism hopes will transform the public through education to newcomers. But by reality, to make laws, with trickery and pomp of kings, ruled subjects. So why Hanfeizi for "Lide" cultural education such disdain it? Its roots lie in Hanfeizi convinced that human evil. Because he is Zi students.
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Legalism role
Pre-Qin Legalism is the most important in the law school. They are not to advocate the "rule of law" and "rule of law" and famous, but rather to "the right technique, potential" step by step as a fundamental rule, regulation system called the establishment of the feudal rule of law is indeed the rule of man. And proposed a _set_ of theories and methods. This provides for the later establishment of a centralized Qin effective theoretical basis, and later inherited the Qin Han totalitarian system and the legal system, which is the subject of politics and the rule of man in ancient China's feudal society. Legalism in jurisprudence contributed to the origin of the law, in essence, the same legal effect as well as socio-economic, times, and state power, ethics, customs, natural environment and population, human relations and other fundamental issues are did investigate, but effective. But Legalism also has its shortcomings. Exaggerate the effect of the law as strongly emphasized by tion to govern the country, "go to criminal punishment," and is a misdemeanor to implement severe penalties, superstition, the role of law. They think that human nature is the pursuit of interests, there is no ethical standards at all, so we must use the interest, honor, to induce the people to do it. Such as war, if it exploits give high reward, including the office, so to motivate soldiers and generals fought battle. This is perhaps one of the powerful Qin army combat reasons, destroy the six countries unified China, the role of Legalism should certainly, although it has some drawbacks.
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Legalism
In the pre-Qin philosophers, and for social issues, Confucianism advocates benevolence; Mohists advocated universal love; while Taoists believe that love and universal love can not save the world, the only way is to do nothing, that "doing nothing" thinking. Three intense debate, but they all stand back. At this point, the future of Legalism advocates turned out. Legalism school representatives, Shang Yang and Han Fei is the Warring States period. Legalism is the pre-Qin philosophers in the alternative. In the Pre-Qin Zhu family, which only Legalist thought, must be sacrificed their lives to practice, to pay homage to the outflow of blood is bloody thoughts. There is bloodshed, to pay life, not only guilt or innocence of a time when many nobles and poor, as well as representatives of the Legalist school, such as Shang Yang and Han Fei. Oppose ritual Legalism attention to the law, and against the Confucian "ritual." They believe that the then emerging landlord class against the monopoly of economic and political interests of the nobility of hereditary privilege, private ownership of land and the granting of official requirements by credit and talents, which is very fair, correct proposition. While maintaining the privileges of the nobility ritual is outdated and unfair. Contemporary scholars Liu Muyu "villain under ceremony, the doctor punishment, torture ritual not biased, that the legalist, that the Holy Word" (Liu Duo) Evaluation Legalism. The role of law The first role is to "_set_ points only fight" that is a clear matter of ownership. One of Legalism Legalism to do a very simple analogy:. ".. A rabbit go, the product of hundreds of people chase rabbits in the city, over the expense of non-unto the rabbit, sub-_set_ can not fight it," meaning that a rabbit run, a lot of people to catch, but for so many rabbits on the market, but without looking. This is not not want a rabbit, but ownership has been determined, can no longer compete, otherwise is contrary to the law, be subject to sanctions. The second effect is "Xing Gong fear of violence," that encourages people to stand exploits, leaving those criminals fear. The ultimate aim is still to Fuguoqiangbing Xing Gong, mergers win the war. "Olivetti evil harm" Human Nature Legalism think people have a "good profit evil harm" or "on Lee Nourishing" nature. Like the tube on said day and night businessmen, do not feel driven thousands of miles away, because of the interest in the front to attract him. People are not afraid of danger fishing, sailing against the current, a hundred miles away do not care, but also the pursuit of fishing interests. With this same idea, so Shang Yang was concluded: "Life has likes and dislikes, so people can cure it." "Lawless old, do not follow this" view of history Legalism opposition conservative retro thinking, advocates committed to reform. They think that history is moving forward, everything should be legal and institutional development with the development of history and neither retro backwards, we can not follow the beaten track. Shang Yang made it clear that the "lawless old, do not follow this" proposition. Shang Yang Fei then further develop the idea, put forward the "difficult time shifting and rule by chaos", he put conservative Confucian irony is sit back and wait for stupid people. "Law", "art", "potential" combination of statecraft Shang Yang, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai three were promoted weight method, heavy potential, re-operation, have their own characteristics. Legalism to the master of the Han, the Han proposed the idea of the three closely integrated. Method is a sound legal system, referring to the potential power of the monarchy, military and political power to sole power, refers to the technique of controlling the ministers, to power, implementation strategies and tools Act. Mainly to detect, prevent guilty of rebellion and maintain the status of the monarchy. Legalism and we are now advocating democratic forms of rule of law, fundamental difference, the biggest Legalism is strongly advocated centralized monarchy, but is absolute. This point should be noted. Legalism other ideas that we can learn from them _select_ively use.
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Chinese History
Legalism, China Warring States era of the rule of law as the core of the school of thought. The school denied the hereditary aristocracy natural heritage hierarchy that "saints Gou can power, lawless why, Gou can the people, do not follow the ceremony." ("Historical Records • Lord Shang") their political practice, reward agriculture and war, destroyed poetry, completely break with the traditional culture, advocates rule by law. This genre is mainly prevalent in the Warring States Period, Han, Wei, Zhao Sanguo, and early Legalist school figures also come from these three countries, such as Shang Yang from the Wei, Shen Buhai from Korea, Shen Dao from Zhao et. Legalism has three schools: Shen Dao heavy "potential", Shen Buhai heavy "technique", Shang Yang heavy "law", these schools of thought by the Korean Han sub_set_ culmination constitute the ultimate core of Legalism. Legalism this doctrine has been a pure utilitarian ideology, the core content is mainly aimed to strengthen the ruling monarch. In that era of the Warring States "donate comity and expensive war, abandoned by righteousness and deceitful fraud, Gou to take strong just carry on" under the deadly competition, Legalism this idea in the struggle is indeed very useful, such as the Qin unification as evidenced by the six countries, and the kind of stick to the traditional Confucian moderate political views on a bit too "far and wide in stupid things," the ("Historical Records • Mencius, Xun Qing Biography"). Late Western Han Dynasty, Legalism was "deposed one hundred Only Confucianism" Confucian absorbed and began to Confucianism and law "Confucianism table method in" theory governing the country, independent legalist school exclusion gradually lost. Some people think that represents a new landlord class legalist ideology. Legalism is 50467.htm> Pre-Qin the most attention in the law school. They advocate the "rule of law" and "rule of law" and famous, but also put forward a _set_ of theories and methods. This provides for the later establishment of a centralized Qin effective theoretical basis, and later inherited the Qin Han totalitarian system and the legal system, which is the subject of political and legal system of ancient China's feudal society. Legalism in jurisprudence contributed to the origin of the law, in essence, the same legal effect as well as socio-economic, times, and state power, ethics, customs, natural environment and population, human relations and other fundamental issues are did investigate, but effective. But Legalism also has its shortcomings. As strongly exaggerated 17641.htm> the role of law, emphasizing tion to govern the country with a "go to criminal punishment," and is a misdemeanor to implement severe penalties, superstition, the role of law. They think that human nature is the pursuit of interests, there is no ethical standards at all, so we must use the interest, honor, to induce the people to do it. Such as war, if it exploits give high reward, including the office, so to motivate soldiers and generals fought battle. This is perhaps one of the powerful Qin army combat reasons, destroy the six countries unified China, the role of Legalism should certainly, although it has some drawbacks. Legalist thought briefly described as follows: Legalism importance oppose ritual law, as opposed to the Confucian "ritual." They believe that the then emerging landlord class against the monopoly of economic and political interests of the nobility of hereditary privilege, private ownership of land and the granting of official requirements by credit and talents, which is very fair, correct proposition. While maintaining the privileges of the nobility ritual is outdated and unfair. The first role of the legal action is "fixed points only fight" that is a clear matter of ownership. One of Legalism Legalism to do a very simple analogy:. ".. A rabbit go, the product of hundreds of people chase rabbits in the city, over the expense of non-unto the rabbit, sub-_set_ can not fight it," meaning that a rabbit run, a lot of people to catch, but for so many rabbits on the market, but without looking. This is not not want a rabbit, but ownership has been determined, can no longer compete, otherwise is contrary to the law, be subject to sanctions. The second effect is "Xing Gong fear of violence," that encourages people to stand exploits, leaving those criminals fear. The ultimate aim is still to Fuguoqiangbing Xing Gong, mergers win the war. "Olivetti evil harm" Human Nature Legalism think people have a "good profit evil harm" or "on Lee Nourishing" nature. Like the tube on said day and night businessmen, do not feel driven thousands of miles away, because of the interest in the front to attract him. People are not afraid of danger fishing, sailing against the current, a hundred miles away do not care, but also the pursuit of fishing interests. With this same idea, so Shang Yang was concluded: "Life has likes and dislikes, so people can cure it." "Lawless old, do not follow this," the history legalist opposition conservative retro thinking, advocates committed to reform. They think that history is moving forward, everything should be legal and institutional development with the development of history and neither retro backwards, we can not follow the beaten track. Shang Yang made it clear that the "lawless old, do not follow this" proposition. Shang Yang Fei then further develop the idea, put forward the "difficult time shifting and rule by chaos", he put conservative Confucian irony is sit back and wait for stupid people. "Law", "art", "potential" combination of statecraft Shang Yang, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai three were promoted weight method, heavy potential, re-operation, have their own characteristics. Legalism to the master of the Han, the Han proposed the idea of the three closely integrated. Method is a sound legal system, referring to the potential power of the monarchy, military and political power to sole power, refers to the technique of controlling the ministers, to power, implementation strategies and tools Act. Mainly to detect, prevent guilty of rebellion and maintain the status of the monarchy. Legalism and we are now advocating democratic forms of rule of law are fundamentally different, the biggest Legalism is strongly advocated centralized monarchy, but is absolute. This point should be noted. Legalism other ideas that we can learn from them _select_ively use. Created by 柳洪平. b] Han Fei has two explanations, one character refers to the late Warring States Korea 26607.htm> philosopher, scientist legalist Han; finger of a book, which is Han's work, "Han Feizi" Han Fei (c. 280 - before 233), was the late Warring States Korea [Henan 18649.htm> Xinzheng] aristocracy, "Hi Xing Ming magic of science", later called him Hanfeizi. Some say he stutter! He and Reese are Zi disciples. Korea was weak, often bullied its neighbors, he repeatedly made to the Korean king prosperity plan, but was not adopted by the Korean king. 25728.htm> Han wrote "ANGER" "Five Bookworms" series of articles, the work was later _set_ as "Han Feizi" a book. Han Fei Qin Ying Zheng read the article, very appreciated. In 234 BC, Han Fei Qin came as South Korea's envoy, a letter to the King of Qin, Zhao and slow to persuade them first cutting cutting Korea. Lisi Han Fei to jealousy, slander and Yao Jia them into a trap, Han was forced to commit suicide. Han attention to the study of history, that history is evolving progress. He thinks that if a world of still praise "Yao, Shun, Tang, Wu Road", "will carry the new holy laughter." Therefore, he advocated "unexpected repair ancient, often lawless," "World exclusive is something different" "something different then the equipment change" ("Han Feizi ž five beetles"), according to today's actual policy. His view of history, as was the reform of the landlord class provides a theoretical basis. Han inheritance and summarizes the thinking and practice of the Warring States period Legalism, put forward the theory centralized absolute monarchy. He advocated "things in the Quartet, to be at the center; saints to be executed, the Quartet to effect" ("Han Feizi ž Property"), the country's power, concentrated in the hands of the monarch ("saints") one person, the monarch must be entitled to have potential, in order to control the world, "Lord Wan Cheng, Qian Cheng Jun, so sign princes who made the world and its pomp, too" ("Han Feizi ž take charge"). To this end, the monarch should use all means to clear hereditary slave-owning aristocracy, "scattered his party" "wins its auxiliary" ("Han Feizi ž main road"); while _select_ing a group of feudal officials through practice and training to replace them. "Prime Minister will be available at the State Department, Reggie Betfair at Zu Wu" ("Han Feizi ž significant learning"). Han also advocated reform and the rule of law, calling for "kings of waste education" ("Han Fei Tian asked ž"), the "law of education" ("Han Feizi ž five beetles"). He stressed that the development of the "law", we must strictly enforced, no one is no exception, so that "law is not Kuei" "had not avoid punishment Minister, good tours left every man" ("Han Fei ž a degree"). He also believed that only the implementation of torture heavy fines, the people will obey, social order and stability, to consolidate the feudal rule. Han Fei of these claims, reflecting the emerging feudal landlord class interests and demands an end to relive, to establish a unified centralized feudal state, provides a theoretical basis. Many political measures taken by Qin Shi Huang unified China, Han is the application and development of the theory. "Han Feizi" Legalism is a master of the late Warring States Korea Han writings. "Han Fei," a book focusing aired on Korean law theory illegal operation, the potential of combining. Han Fei "law" theory "technique", "potential" combining reached a peak Legalists theory provides a theoretical Qin unified the weapons, but also for the future of the feudal autocratic system provides a theoretical According to. Han Fei's simple dialectic thinking also more prominent, he first proposed the theory of contradiction, with spear and shield fable, that "can not be trapped Shield and spear trap all the world can not stand with" the truth. It is worth mentioning that, "Han Feizi" The book records a large number of popular 13957.htm> fable, the most famous are "contradictory", "waiting", "suffer in silence", "cheating", "Laomashitu" etc. and so on. These vivid fable contains a deep philosophical Juan, with their ideological and artistic perfect combination to inspire wisdom to people with higher 8732.htm> literary value.
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Encyclopedia
fajia Legalism Legalists Chinese Warring States period to the rule of law as the core of an important school of thought. The idea can be traced back to the pioneer Guan Spring and Autumn Period, the child produced, the actual founders of the early Warring States Kui (about 455 ~ before before 395), Qi (? - Before 381), Shang Yang, Shen Dao, Shen Buhai and so on. Warring States is a master of the late Han Legalism, he established a complete theoretical system of philosophy of law and simple materialism. Legalism emergence and development of feudal land relations with China linked, is replaced by the landlord class aristocracy theoretical performance slaveholders. In slave society, the "gift" is a slave-owning aristocracy ruling political system and ethics. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou gradually lost its power, along with the decline of the old laws and institutions. To meet the needs of the feudal land relations, slave-owning aristocracy appeared in a number of reformers, such as Guan Qi, Jin Guo Yan, Zheng et al sub production. They decreed the punishment book, reform land tax system, and promote the process of feudalism, became a pioneer in the Warring States period legalist thought school. Guan and sub-legal production both stressed, and emphasis on moral education. In philosophy, they expressed some materialistic point of view, Guan and his successors that "it is often the same day, it will be difficult to" point of view, the child produced is that "Heaven is far, humane Wani, non clinics also." proposition, recognizing its objective laws of nature, the concept of Heaven induction oppose superstition. Early Warring States Period, the feudal system have been established in every state, the economic, political and ideological field needs a comprehensive reform of slavery, produced a new landlord class legalist school. This school of thinkers have their own characteristics, in theory, on the other side policies also vary, but they all advocated the "law" governing the country. Lectures on Jixia Academy of Qi legalism, inherit and develop the idea of Guan learn the Huang-Lao school, advocated both ritual law, morality and punishment after the first, because Dawson method, the formation of a more moderate theory of law. "Tube" in the legalist writings and Book "by law", "sixteen by", "called", "TRUTH" and so is their masterpiece. The two countries legalist Qin Jin is advocated strict punishment, oppose FELL preaching, specifically weight in law, surgery, the potential rewards agriculture and war, Fuguoqiangbing force and the world. They are intense and thorough Legalism in school, significant achievements. Historically legalist Qin Jin usually regarded as the main representative of the Legalists school. One of the founders legalist Qin Jin Kui, either Wenhou phase, promoting "best grip of religion," and advocated to develop agricultural production, adjusted rent valley, a "flat buy up" approach, taking into account the interests of farmers and the public. He also collected at the time the criminal Asian countries, compiled "by law" 6; "Pirates of the Law," "thief Law", "Prison Law", "catch Law", "miscellaneous law", "a law." "Law and Economics" as the ancient Chinese first relatively complete code. Kui simultaneously with the first in the Wei Qi conduct military system reform, political reform and later in Chu, "Ming Law Commission, the damage is not urgent official", "the lord of the sub 孙三世 and closing Peerage", breaking the old Shi Qing hereditary aristocracy, forced re_set_tlement side reclaim the old aristocracy, reward "battle of disabilities." Later, Qin Shang Yang implemented in the two political reform, the main contents are: a border open terraced rice paddies, the abolition of Ida system; recognize private ownership of land, agricultural incentives war, who diligently cultivated millet silk weaving and overpayment may change the original identity; medals may have knighted; implementation of prefectures and counties; advocate the use of torture to severe penalties to prevent crime. But his rejection of moral education, the role of knowledge and culture of contempt. He developed perspective on history, that "those who can not be non-anti-Cuban, and through the ceremony were less than many", "Peace and Prosperity is not one, then the ancient lawless country." Shang Yang heavy "law", Shen Buhai the heavy "technique." "Patients who, because of either the grant officer, and responsibility through real name, speaks killing the handle, the ministers are also those who can afford lessons, take charge of the execution of this too" ("Han Feizi fixed"). In order to prepare for the Minister to manipulate the power play method handles, Shen Buhai recommend surgery must be supreme ruler, monarch should be "independent vision", "solo", "arbitrary" means to implement the ruling. He believes that "alone viewer that that alone listener that Cong. Energy arbitrary and, therefore, may the Lord for the world," monarch "inch of the machine being and world governance, the positive and the world be a word, a word leaning and the world extravagant. " Monarch personal remarks and propositions can determine the rise and fall of the country, suggesting the idea of authoritarian authoritarianism. Shen Dao emphasized legalism "potential" school of governance advocated monarch could "grip of the situation," "inaction of the world." He "abandoned known to have" the viewpoint that "any law Erfu Maharaja bow, then nothing will break the law to carry on." His Law as the highest standards, to promote "pro-government not private, law is not spreading love, from top to bottom
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Buddhist Encyclopedia
[Legalism] (miscellaneous language) still made Buddhism.
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n.: legalist
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