Mineral mineralogy is the study of chemical composition, crystal structure, shape, nature, timing, spatial distribution, formation and evolution of the geological history and use of such a branch.
Many production sectors, such as mining, dressing and smelting chemicals, building materials, pesticides, agricultural fertilizers, precious stones, and some cutting-edge science and technology are inseparable from the mineral raw materials. Therefore, the mineralogy of not only theoretical significance, but also the development and application of mineral resources has important practical significance.
Brief History of Mineralogy
Back in the Stone Age, man had been known by a variety of minerals such as quartz, opal and other production tools and accessories, and later come to realize the gold, silver, copper, iron ore and other metals and some to the transition to the Bronze and Iron Age . In China in the Warring States to the early Western Han Dynasty, "Shan Hai Jing", describes a variety of minerals, rocks and minerals name, some names such as realgar, gold, silver, chalk, corn, etc. are still in use.
Aristotle Ancient Greek scholars with similar metal minerals classified as "like metal," he Toth student Theophrastus in his "rock on" in the minerals into metal, stone and soil categories. After this period of time, especially in the Middle Ages in Europe, China, mid-Western Han Dynasty, in the minerals only individual account, no significant progress.
To the 18,19 century, the minerals have been many studies progress, and gradually establish a theoretical basis, research has enriched the contents and methods, the formation of a discipline. The mid-16th century, Agricola described in more detail the form of minerals, color, luster, transparency, hardness, cleavage, taste, smell and other characteristics, and to distinguish between minerals and rocks.
Li of China was written in 1578 in the "Compendium of Materia Medica" in the description of 38 kinds of medicinal minerals, indicating that their form, nature, characteristics and identification purposes. Berzelius of Sweden made a lot of mineral chemistry identified, using a chemical formula, and accordingly the mineral classification. Lee made the German chemist Mitch isomorphism and homogeneity more like the concept of emergence of the chemical school of mineralogy.
Mineralogical produced in this period is the crystallization of the other school of school. Geometric crystallography and their crystal structure geometry theory was a great success. In addition, the claim made in 1857 than in the polarizing microscope, equipment, and promote the identification and study of minerals. This approach has been used and the development of the.
German scholar in 1912 successfully carried out Laue crystal X-ray diffraction experiments, so that the crystal structure determination is possible, and mineralogy of lead into the micro-macro new stage. A large number of crystal structure is revealed, established a composition, structure-based classification of crystal chemistry of minerals.
Since the mid-20th century, solid state physics, quantum chemistry theory and spectroscopy, electron microscopy analysis, micro and trace analysis techniques were introduced, so that access to new progress mineralogy, mineral physics established. Mineral raw materials and mineral materials to be more widely developed. Carried out synthetic minerals, high temperature, high pressure experiments and natural mineralization simulation. Mineralogy, physical chemistry and geological research branch of the combination of mineralogy and ore mineralogy causes the gradual formation of the mineralogy in the search and development of mineral resources, gained a wider range of applications.
The basic content of mineralogy
Mineralogy in the development process of the formation of many specialized branches.
Morphology is the study of mineral mineral crystal morphology and surface micro-morphology, and thus to explore the growth mechanism and formation history.
Mineralogy is the study of the causes of individual and groups of mineral formation, combining physical, chemical and geological conditions, to explore the causes of minerals. Of mineral composition, structure, shape, physical signs reflect the formation conditions - standard type features. Genesis has been used in geological prospecting and exploration gradually mineralogy.
Experimental mineralogy by synthetic minerals, simulation and exploration of mineral formation conditions and rules.
Mineralogy is to explore the structure of the crystal structure, of mining, chemical composition and crystal structure of property relations, and then explore the mineral composition, crystal structure and morphology, performance, build the relationship between the conditions.
Mineral physics is the solid-state physics, quantum chemistry theory and spectroscopy experiments into mine. Material produced by interdisciplinary study. The development of the discipline of mineralogy deep into the atoms from the atomic arrangement within the electron shell and nuclear structure. It studies the nature of chemical bonds minerals, fine structure and physical properties.
Investigate the optical mineralogy microscopy, various optical properties of minerals and microscopic optical constants determination methods of various minerals. Has been established in order to complete the optical constants of mineral-based mineral identification table, which is one of the primary means of mineral identification.
Mineral materials science is the combination of Mineralogy and Materials Science, a new branch. Of mineral physical and chemical properties and process characteristics and production of science and technology development and application.
In addition, there are systematic classification system according to various aspects of mining, and material system mineralogy; to specifically targeting certain types of mineral research, such as sulfide mineralogy, silicate mineralogy, clay mineralogy, mineralogy and other precious stones ; a comprehensive study of minerals in an area of regional mineralogy, mineralogy of the mantle mantle minerals; of other celestial bodies, cosmic mineralogy minerals (including meteorites mineralogy, mineralogy of lunar rocks, etc.).
Detection of mineral chemistry methods are spectral analysis, the conventional chemical analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, laser spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and polarographic analysis, electron microprobe analysis, neutron activation analysis. In the phase analysis and crystal structure studies, the most commonly used method is powder and single crystal X-ray analysis, phase identification, determination of unit cell parameters, space group and crystal structure.
In addition, infrared spectra for secondary structure analysis method, atomic group; to Mossbauer spectroscopy and valence of iron coordination; used for mineral absorption spectrum of visible light colors, and internal electronic configuration of the quantitative research ; to determine the molecular structure of nuclear magnetic resonance to determine the crystal structure of paramagnetic resonance defects (color centers); the thermal analysis of minerals, dehydration, decomposition, phase transition. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy can be used to directly observe the ultrastructural properties and lattice defects in Mineralogy increasing attention.
In order to solve a special problem areas, there are some special methods, such as inclusions, isotope research method. Minerals as material, but also necessary for certain aspects of the physical and chemical properties of the test.
Minerals are crystalline substances, with various basic properties of the crystal. Therefore, the crystallography and chemistry, physics, together, are the basis of mineralogy. Historically, crystallography, had been an integral part of the mineralogy. Itself is a natural mineral output of elemental or compound, is also composed of the basic unit of rocks and minerals, it is the mineralogy petrology, mineral deposit basis, and with the geochemistry of the universe are closely related to the chemical.
Mineralogy or mineral raw materials and materials research finding, development and application of foundation. Therefore, it is prospecting and exploration geology, mining science, mineral science, metallurgy, materials science, the relationship is very close. In addition, the mineralogy using mathematics, chemistry and physics of the theory and technology, and penetrate each other and the combination also produced, such as the edges of mineral physics, and other new disciplines.
Mineralogy of the expansion of the growing field of study, from the crust to the mantle minerals and other objects of the universe mineral mineral mineral to synthetic from natural minerals; mineralogy of content from macro to micro in-depth development, the main components to the trace elements, by the average crystal structure of atoms to the crystal structure of the local specific atoms involved in electronic rooms and fine structure of atomic nuclei; mineralogy in the rapid development of applications.
In addition to mineralogy, geology research studies and further exploration work in the applications, the mineral has its own research goals is to derive special properties of minerals with a variety of materials, research in this area has broad prospects for development. |
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