Natural compounds that exist in the crust and a few natural elements, with relatively fixed chemical composition and nature. Most solid-state (such as iron ore), some liquid (such as natural mercury) or gaseous (such as helium).
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kuàng wù
Exist in the crust with a specific chemical composition (elements or compounds) of a natural origin of matter can exist or was the crystallization of individual scattered in other rocks
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No. 3
Natural compounds that exist in the crust and a few natural elements. A solid (such as iron ore, coal, etc.), liquids (such as oil, etc.), gases (such as natural gas) three forms. I De Mian "fossil rock" Chapter III: "Quartz is common in light-colored igneous minerals."
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No. 4
mineral kuang wu
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⒈ definition of mineral
Minerals that formed by the natural geological element or compound. They have a relatively fixed chemical composition, solid state who also has to determine the internal structure; their physical and chemical conditions in a certain range of stability is the composition of the basic unit of rocks and minerals.
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⒉ minerals overview
The history of science, the definition of minerals has repeatedly evolution. According to modern concepts, is a natural mineral output must first be the object, thus the product of preparation and artificial to distinguish. But for those who, although by the synthetic, and all aspects of the natural output characteristics are the same or closely similar mineral products, such as artificial synthetic diamond crystal ﹑ such, is referred to as synthetic minerals. Earlier, the earth has been confined to mineral geological formation by the natural product. However, Moon rocks and meteorites in Modern research shows that their mineral composition of the similarities with the Earth. Sometimes just to emphasize their origin, they are called meteorites and lunar rocks mineral minerals, or minerals referred to as the universe. In addition they are often separate the mantle minerals to general production in the crust of the mineral phase difference. Secondly, the solid minerals must be uniform. Clearly do not belong to the gas and liquid minerals. However, it was the liquid mercury as a natural mineral; some scholars to groundwater ﹑ volcanic gases are also regarded as minerals. The mineral is reflected in the uniformity of physical methods can not put it into chemically distinct substances. This is the fundamental difference between minerals and rocks. In addition, the solid minerals such uniform is made within the ordered arrangement of atoms, that minerals are crystals. However, once the earlier mineral is limited to "generally have crystalline structure." In this way, as special cases, such as allophane and a handful of natural output of amorphous body, has also been included in minerals. Such state and chemical composition of output characteristics, etc. and minerals are similar, but not even a crystal structure of the natural characteristics of solid minerals as similar (mineraloid). Mineralogical study of fossil like objects are often not the strict distinction between similar minerals and minerals. In addition to each mineral has a definite crystalline structure, but also has a certain chemical components, which also has certain physical properties. The chemical composition of mineral chemical formula can be expressed, such as sphalerite and quartz, respectively expressed as zns and sio2. Mineral composition but in fact is not all strictly fixed, but in varying degrees of a certain range. This phenomenon is due to the extensive mineral atoms isomorphous replacement. For example, sphalerite always fe2 + replacement parts zn2 +, zn: fe (atomic number) can vary between 1:0 to about 6:5, when the chemical formula is written as (zn, fe) s, the quartz composition is very close to pure sio2, but still containing traces of al3 + or fe3 + and other impurities isomorphism. Finally, the role of mineral usually formed by inorganic. Once limited to inorganic minerals earlier the role of all the products in order to distinguish with the organism, later found a few minerals, such as graphite and some natural sulfur and calcite, is an organic origin, but still have the rest as all the characteristics of minerals Therefore, as a special case, is still vested in minerals. As for the coal and oil, are formed from organic effect, and no definite chemical composition, it is all non-fossil, nor a similar minerals. Most minerals are inorganic compounds and elemental, only a very few are formed by the organic inorganic minerals such as calcium oxalate stones [ca (c2o4) ‧ 2h2o] and so on.
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⒊ the form of minerals
Mineral mix to the monomer, the disparity in their size, some naked eye or with an ordinary magnifying glass is visible (significant grain), and some require the use of microscopy or electron microscopy identification (cryptocrystalline); some crystal intact, was uniformly geometric polyhedron shape, and some irregular particles being present in the rock or soil. Monomer form of minerals can be divided into three equal length to the (eg granular) ﹑ two to extend (such as plate ﹑ sheet) and has been elongated (eg, needle-like columnar ﹑ ﹑ fibrous) 3 types. The crystal form is subject to a series of geometric crystallography law. Mineral monomer with the rules can sometimes produce students with the kinds of mineral raw crystals can be connected parallel to each other can also be formed according to certain rules symmetrical twins, different species of rules between crystals with Floating Life or Health, said cross-students. Mineral crystal aggregates can be implicit or explicit crystal. Implicit aggregation of colloidal crystals or usually have a variety of special shape, such as tuberculosis-like (such as apatite TB) ﹑ Wilson or oolitic (such as oolitic hematite) ﹑ dendrimers (such as the dendritic nature copper) ﹑ glandular crystal (such as agate) ﹑ earthy (such as kaolinite) and so on.
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⒋ physical properties of minerals
It has long been identified based on physical properties of minerals. Such as hardness, color ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ gloss ﹑ gravity and magnetic cleavage such as visual identification is an important indicator minerals. As a crystalline solid, the physical properties of minerals depend on its chemical composition and crystal structure, and embodies the general characteristics of crystals with a homogeneous ﹑ ─ ─ symmetry and anisotropy.
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⑴ the color of minerals
The color of a variety of minerals. Coloration of the reasons, one is white light through the mineral, the internal process of the electron transitions caused by _select_ive absorption of different shade due; the other which is due to the physical optical process. Led to the internal electronic transitions within the minerals, the most important are: the presence of pigment ions, such as fe3 + to red hematite, v3 + vanadium garnet green, etc.; is the lattice defects in the formation of "color centers", such as fluorite purple and so on. Mineralogy generally divided into three color categories: self-color is the color of natural minerals; his color is caused by the mixed color of objects; false color is the result of a physical optical process, such as fresh surface for bornite bronze red, oxidation caused by the surface oxide film interference of light and blue-purple Qiang color rendering, with directional internal subtle mineral inclusions, when the rotation occurs when minerals change color changing color, transparent mineral or cleavage cracks can sometimes cause interference of light and rainbow-like halo color and so on.
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⑵ streak
Refers to the minerals in the white unglazed porcelain when the scratch marks left by the powder. Streak color to eliminate false colors, reduced his color, is often used mineral identification.
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⑶ gloss
Refers to the ability of the mineral surface reflection of visible light. According to a smooth reflective surface, divided by the strong and weak metallic luster (Zhuangruo plated clomiphene reflective metal surface, such as galena) ﹑ semi-metallic luster (Zhuangruo generally reflective metal surface, such as magnetite) ﹑ King Gloss (Zhuangruo diamond reflective, such as diamond) and glass gloss (Zhuangruo reflective glass, such as quartz) four. Metals and semi-metallic mineral streak is generally dark, shiny diamond or glass for the light-colored mineral streaks or white. In addition, if the minerals were reflective surface is not smooth or collection, you can also occur oil sheen gloss wax, resin ﹑ ﹑ earthy luster and silky luster and pearl gloss luster gloss and other special types.
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⑷ transparency
Refers to visible light by the extent of mineral. External factors affect the transparency of minerals (such as the thickness of inclusions containing ﹑ ﹑ surface is not smooth, etc.) a lot, usually in the 0.03 mm thick sheet of the conditions, the degree of transparency under the mineral, the mineral is divided into: transparent minerals (such as quartz ) ﹑ translucent minerals (such as cinnabar) and opaque minerals (eg magnetite). It seems many in the hand specimens of minerals are not transparent, in fact, belong to the transparent minerals such as augite and so on. The mineral glass with shiny generally are transparent minerals, metals or semi-metallic luster was for the opaque minerals, with adamantine luster compared to transparent or translucent minerals.
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⑸ cleavage fracture and parting ﹑
Minerals in the external force such as beating, the edge in any direction for a variety of sections called fracture. Conchoidal fracture according to their shapes are irregular-shaped ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ flat serrated shape and so on. Mineral crystals under external force along a certain crystallographic plane called the inherent characteristics of the breakdown of cleavage. Cleavage plane parallel to the crystal structure of the direction of the strongest bond, the general arrangement of atoms is the most dense surface network occurs, and subject to the crystal symmetry. Cleavage plane can be a single symbol (see Crystal) said that if a cube of galena cleavage ﹑ {100} {110} hornblende cylinder with cleavage and so on. According to the ease of cleavage generating the full extent of cleavage plane will be divided into two very full cleavage cleavage (eg, mica) ﹑ complete cleavage (such as calcite) ﹑ secondary cleavage (such as augite) ﹑ incomplete cleavage ( such as apatite) and very incomplete cleavage (such as quartz). Parting, also known as crack, is the mineral crystals in the external force along certain crystallographic planes inherent in the nature of the non-broken. It is mimicking the appearance of cleavage, but both have different reasons. Parting is often because the sandwich or double crystal containing impurities of other minerals is not there must be some kind of factors.
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⑹ hardness
Refers to the mineral to resist external force (such as indentation carved ﹑ ﹑ grinding) of the mechanical strength. Mineralogy is the most commonly used Mohs hardness, it is with a standard hardness of minerals derived by comparing each characterization. 10 kinds of mineral composition of the standard hardness Mohs hardness, they are from 1 degree to 10 degrees, respectively gypsum talc ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ calcite, fluorite, apatite ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ quartz orthoclase corundum ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ topaz diamond. Only that the relative hardness of the ten levels the size of the nail can also be used for simple (2.5) ﹑ small blades (5 ~ 5.5) ﹑ windows (5.5) as a secondary standard, _set_ roughly Mohs hardness of minerals. Another Vickers hardness, which is the indentation hardness measured by micro hardness tester, in kg / mm said. Mohs hardness, Vickers hardness hv hm and the approximate relationship is (kg/mm2), the hardness of minerals and crystal structure of the distance between atoms in the chemical bond type ﹑ ﹑ electricity and atoms are closely related.
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⑺ proportion
Refers to the mineral with the same volume of water at 4 ℃ weight ratio. Depends on the proportion of mineral elements in the atomic weight and crystal structure of the tightness. Although the proportion of different minerals vary widely, the proportion of amber is less than 1, while the proportion of natural iridium up to 22.7, but most minerals with medium weight (2.5 ~ 4). The proportion of minerals can be measured, it can calculate the chemical composition and cell volume of the theoretical value.
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Flexible elastic ﹑ ﹑ ⑻ brittle and ductile
Certain minerals (such as mica) deformation by external force, external force to eliminate, restore the status quo, display flexibility; while other minerals (eg chlorite) deformation by external force, external force is no longer eliminated restitution, flexible displays . Most minerals are ionic compounds, they are easily broken by external force, showing brittle. Metal keys with a small number of minerals (such as natural gold), with ductility (drawing of the filaments) ﹑ malleable (hammer of the tract.)
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⑼ magnetic
Under the mineral atoms or ions contained within the intrinsic magnetic moment of atomic size and orientation relationship between the different, they are magnetized to the external magnetic field is not the same when the nature of the performance, which can be divided into anti-magnetic (such as rock salt) ﹑ paramagnetic (eg, biotite) ﹑ antiferromagnetic (such as hematite), iron magnetic (such as natural iron) and ferrimagnetic (eg magnetite). Since the atomic magnetic moment is caused by the unpaired electron, which contains only a saturation where the electronic shells of atoms and ions of the minerals are diamagnetic, and ferromagnetic or all ferrimagnetic ﹑ ﹑ paramagnetic antiferromagnetic The minerals are minerals containing transition elements. However, if the transition element ions contained no unpaired electrons (such as arsenopyrite), the mineral is still anti-magnetic. With magnetic and ferrimagnetic iron minerals can be attracted by the permanent magnets; a ferrimagnetic mineral magnetic rolls can only be attracted by the electromagnet. Often used in mineral prospecting and mineral magnetism.
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⑽ luminescence
These minerals can be issued by the external energy excitations in the visible. Friction and the cathode-ray heating ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ x-ray ultraviolet irradiation light are factors that stimulate the minerals. Excited to stop, called the fluorescent light that is stopped; stimulate sustainable period of time to stop light is still known as phosphorescence. Luminescence of minerals can be used for mineral prospecting and mineral identification ﹑.
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⒌ mineral composition and crystal structure of the chemical
Chemical composition and crystal structure of the basic characteristics of each mineral, is to determine the morphology and physical properties of minerals and the origin of the fundamental factors, but also the basis for classification of minerals, mineral use are inextricably linked with them.
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⑴ mineral and chemical composition of the crust
Mineral composition of chemical elements is the material basis. People of the earth's crust is more full of mineral output. Various elements of the earth's crust, the average contents (Clarke values) are different. Oxygen ﹑ ﹑ silicon, aluminum, iron calcium, magnesium sodium ﹑ ﹑ K accounted for the eight elements of 97% of the total weight of the crust, the crust of which the total weight of oxygen accounts for about half (49%), silicon accounts for the total weight of the crust 1 / 4 or more (26%). Therefore, the above-mentioned elements of the crust of salt oxide and oxygen (especially silicate) minerals most widely distributed, they constitute a major crustal rocks composed of various minerals. The remaining elements of comparison are small, but because of their different geochemical properties, and some tend to gather, and some tend to be scattered. Some elements such as bismuth antimony ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ mercury silver gold ﹑ Clarke value is very low, both in the 2/10000000 the following, but still together to form an independent mineral species, and sometimes deposit can integrate the rich; and certain elements such as rubidium Clark ﹑ value of gallium, although much higher than the above-mentioned elements, but tends to spread, difficult to form an independent mineral species, generally only in the form of mixed materials being dispersed in some of the mineral composition.
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⑵ mineral accumulation of atoms in the crystal structure (order) and the coordination number
Covalent minerals (such as natural metals, halides, and oxide minerals, etc.) in the crystal structure, often has the most close-packed atoms (see crystal), the coordination number of atoms or ions around the nearest number of atoms or ions of different signs , depending on the ratio of the radius of ions. When the covalent bond-based (such as sulfide minerals), the coordination number and ligand type depends on the outer electron configurations of atoms, that is directional and covalent bond saturation. For the same element, its coordination number of atoms or ions but also by the physical chemistry of mineral formation conditions. Temperature increases, the coordination number decreases, the pressure increases, the coordination number increases. Crystal structure can be viewed as polyhedra (to focus on the central atom and with the coordination between the atoms into a linear banded together to obtain the geometric polyhedron) were the top corner edge or coplanar ﹑ were linked together.
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⑶ mineral composition and crystal structure change
Certain chemical composition and crystal structure of a certain form a mineral species. However, the chemical composition can change within a certain range. Reasons for changes in mineral composition, in addition to those who do not participate in the lattice of the mechanical mixing colloidal material ﹑ presence of adsorbed species, the most important thing is alternative particle lattice that isomorphous substitution, which is a common phenomenon in minerals. ﹑ Can replace each other in the crystal structure of the two particles occupy the same position, they can order or disorder was the distribution (see order - disorder).
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The crystal chemical formula of mineral ⑷
The chemical composition of mineral crystal chemical formula commonly used expression. It shows that the various chemical components of mineral species, quantity, but also reflects the situation in atoms. Such as ankerite ca (mg, fe, mn) [co3] 2, followed in parentheses by the number of listed content into each other isomorphous replacement of elements, each separated by a comma; square brackets for the anion group. When the presence of water molecules, often wrote in the chemical formula of the last, and dots separated from other components, such as gypsum ca [so4] ‧ 2 h2o.
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⒍ the causes of occurrence of mineral
Minerals are chemical elements occurs through geological processes such as aggregation and formation of migration ﹑. The role of the specific process of different mineral assemblages formed is not the same. After the formation of minerals, but also because of changes in the environment and the destruction or the formation of new minerals.
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⑴ geological formation of minerals
Magmatism occurred in both high temperature and pressure conditions. Mainly from the melt in the magma crystallized olivine pyroxene ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ mica, feldspar and amphibole ﹑ ﹑ quartz and other major rock-forming minerals, which form the various types of igneous rocks. As well as chromite, platinum-group element mineral ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ diamond vanadium-titanium magnetite, copper-nickel sulfide and zirconium phosphate ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ tantalum and niobium mineral formation. The role of minerals in the pegmatite 700 ~ 400 ℃ ﹑ external pressure is greater than the internal pressure generated in a closed system. Coarse mineral particles formed. Mica ﹑ ﹑ addition to quartz and feldspar, there are rich in volatile compounds of boron minerals such as fluoride ﹑ ﹑ topaz tourmaline, lithium beryllium ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ cesium rubidium niobium ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ tantalum in rare elements and rare earth minerals such as spodumene ﹑ mineral beryl, and with the formation of radioactive elements. In hydrothermal minerals from the liquid or the formation of hydrothermal solutions. High-temperature hydrothermal (400 ~ 300 ℃) tin tungsten oxide and molybdenum ﹑ ﹑ bismuth sulfide as representatives; mesothermal (300 ~ 200 ℃) to copper, lead, zinc sulfide minerals as representatives; low-temperature heat solution (200 ~ 50 ℃) antimony arsenic ﹑ ﹑ represented mercury sulfide. In addition, there are hydrothermal quartz barite ﹑ ﹑ non-metallic mineral calcite formation. Weathering of minerals formed in the early ﹑ in the sun under the action of air and water chemical weathering stability of some surface conditions and other minerals such as kaolinite ﹑ ﹑ psilomelane Malachite, Blue copper and so on. Produced by the weathering of metal sulfide deposits in the cuso4 and feso4 solution, seepage to the water table below, and then with the primary metal sulfide reaction, can produce a high copper content chalcocite, copper and blue to form copper-rich secondary _set_ zone. Chemical deposition in precipitation from the true solution of minerals such as rock salt, gypsum ﹑ potash, borax, etc.; cohesion generated by the colloidal minerals such as hematite ﹑ oolitic kidney-shaped hard-manganese and so on. Deposition can be formed, such as bio-diatomite (opal) and so on. Regional metamorphism of minerals tend to form a compact structure with and without water than the major ﹑. In the contact metamorphism, when the rock when the carbonate rocks can be formed skarn, which consists of calcium, magnesium, iron silicate minerals such as diopside, tremolite ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ garnet ﹑ silicon vesuvianite composed of limestone humite ﹑. Often accompanied by the formation of the late hydrothermal mineralization of iron, copper, tungsten and polymetallic mineral accumulation. Argillaceous rock is formed when the rock minerals cordierite andalusite ﹑.
Coexisting minerals in space is called combination. The mineral composition of the same origin and mineralization of the same form, they are called symbiotic, otherwise known as the associated. Of mineral composition of the symbiotic ﹑ ﹑ associated with the build order to help explore the causes and formation of mineral history. Terms for the same mineral, formed under different conditions, its components ﹑ structure or the form or physical properties may show different characteristics, known as the standard type features, it reflects the evolution of mineral formation and an important symbol.
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⒎ classification of minerals
A lot of mineral classification. Had earlier pure chemical composition based on chemical composition. It was later proposed based on the geochemical characteristics of the geochemical classification of industrial uses of minerals based classification of industrial minerals. Generally widely used in mineral composition and structure of their own based on the crystal chemical classification. From the classification of minerals and mineral composition of view, elemental and mineral compounds into two. Simple substance is a mineral elements, such as the diamond component is carbon, natural gold component is au. Compounds are formed by the ions, according to the different anions be divided into several components: Compound type anion composition Sulfide s-2 Oxide o-2 Hydroxide (oh) -1 Halides f-1, cl-1, br-1, i-1 Carbonate [co3] -2 Sulfate [so4] -2 Nitrate [no3] -1 Chromate [cro4] -2 Tungsten molybdate [wo4] -2, [moo4] -2 Phosphorus, arsenic, vanadium salts [po4] -3, [aso4] -3, [vo4] -3 Portland [sio4] -4 Borate [bo3] -3 Selenite, tellurite [seo3] -2, [teo3] -2 Selenium, tellurite [seo4] -2, [teo4] -2 Iodate [io3] -2 Oxygen, hydrogen halide [o2cl2] -6, [(oh) 3cl] -4 Sulfur halides s2cl2 All such compounds with a total of eighteen single-class minerals. The silicate minerals in most species, accounting for 24% of the mineral species, accounting for 75% of the total weight of the crust, sulfur halides at least, there is only one. Minerals are divided into the following categories: natural mineral elements in mineral compounds ﹑ sulfides, halides and similar mineral oxides and hydroxides ﹑ ﹑ oxygen mineral salt minerals (including salt, boric acid carbonate silicate ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ phosphate arsenate sulfate ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ Vanadate Molybdate Tungstate ﹑ ﹑ chromate mineral salt, nitrate, etc.). New mineral. About 3000 the world's known mineral species. With the improvement of research methods, the discovery of new mineral species increasing year by year. If 20 years as a unit, the new mineral discovery, 1880 ~ 1899, 87 species, from 1900 to 1919 was 185 species, 1920 256 1939, 347 1940 1959 species. 80 found an annual average of about 40 to 50 new mineral species. China flowers from the stone that started in 1958, and 1989 has been found about 70 new mineral species.
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⒏ named minerals
Chinese customarily a metal or semi-metallic luster ﹑ or a metal can be extracted from the mineral, called so and so "mine", such as chalcopyrite galena ﹑; the potential of mineral glass or shiny as a diamond a "stone", such as calcite ﹑ malachite; the sulfate minerals often referred to as an "alum", such as lead vitriol vitriol ﹑; the jade minerals often referred to as a "Jade", such as jadeite nephrite ﹑; the surface Loose mineral often referred to as a "China", such as arsenic, nickel Wah Wah, tungsten China. As for specific names are there different basis. Some of its features based on minerals, such as the composition and other properties ﹑ ﹑ named form; some ﹑ output of the mineral to find the location or person's name. Such as lithium beryllium stone liberite (composition) ﹑ rutile rutile (color) ﹑ barite barite (proportion) ﹑ staurolite staurolite (double crystal form) ﹑ fragrant stone hsianghualite (found in Hunan Linwu Xianghualing) ﹑ Peng Zhizhong Stone pengzhizhongite ( Commemoration of scientists and mineralogists Peng Zhizhong crystallization) and so on. Apart from a few Chinese name of minerals by Chinese scholars discovered and named (such as lithium beryllium stone stone ﹑ ﹑ Peng Zhizhong stone flowers, etc.) and follow the ancient Chinese name (such as mica, quartz ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ realgar and calcite, etc.) who, mainly from the foreign names are . Some of translation, such as the Cross of rutile ﹑ ﹑ barite stone; a small number of transliteration, such as halloysite (halloysite), etc.; most of the mineral composition is based on the occasional form of consideration physical characteristics such as prior ﹑ naming, such as wollastonite (wollastonite to commemorate the original from the British chemist whwollaston) ﹑ tetrahedrite (sic tetrahedrite, tetrahedron should paraphrase mine), etc.; also the first syllable transliteration translation plus other considerations, such as labradorite (original labradorite from the Canadian Geographical Names labrador) and so on.
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⒈ definition of mineral
Minerals that formed by the natural geological element or compound. They have a relatively fixed chemical composition, solid state who also has to determine the internal structure; their physical and chemical conditions in a certain range of stability is the composition of the basic unit of rocks and minerals. Absolutely pure object does not exist, so here is the pure material chemical composition of matter relative to a single substance. Natural compounds that exist in the crust and a few natural elements, with a relatively fixed chemical composition and properties. Most solid-state (such as iron ore), some liquid (such as natural mercury) or gaseous (such as helium). Mineral composition of rocks is the basis of generally solid, but there are also liquid minerals, such as mercury (mercury). Current science has been able to produce some of the minerals, such as artificial crystal, artificial diamond. Very unstable chemical composition of coal is not a mineral, is a typical mixture.
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⒋ physical properties of minerals
It has long been identified based on physical properties of minerals. Such as hardness, color ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ gloss ﹑ gravity and magnetic cleavage such as visual identification is an important indicator minerals. As a crystalline solid, the physical properties of minerals depend on its chemical composition and crystal structure, and embodies the general characteristics of crystals with a homogeneous ﹑ ─ ─ symmetry and anisotropy. ⑴ the color of minerals ⑵ streak Refers to the minerals in the white unglazed porcelain when the scratch marks left by the powder. Streak color to eliminate false colors, reduced his color, is often used mineral identification. ⑶ gloss Refers to the ability of the mineral surface reflection of visible light. According to a smooth reflective surface, divided by the strong and weak metallic luster (Zhuangruo plated clomiphene reflective metal surface, such as galena) ﹑ semi-metallic luster (Zhuangruo generally reflective metal surface, such as magnetite) ﹑ King Gloss (Zhuangruo diamond reflective, such as diamond) and glass gloss (Zhuangruo reflective glass, such as quartz) four. Metals and semi-metallic mineral streak is generally dark, shiny diamond or glass for the light-colored mineral streaks or white. In addition, if the minerals were reflective surface is not smooth or collection, you can also occur oil sheen gloss wax, resin ﹑ ﹑ earthy luster and silky luster and pearl gloss luster gloss and other special types. ⑷ transparency Refers to visible light by the extent of mineral. External factors affect the transparency of minerals (such as the thickness of inclusions containing ﹑ ﹑ surface is not smooth, etc.) a lot, usually in the 0.03 mm thick sheet of the conditions, the degree of transparency under the mineral, the mineral is divided into: transparent minerals (such as quartz ) ﹑ translucent minerals (such as cinnabar) and opaque minerals (eg magnetite). It seems many in the hand specimens of minerals are not transparent, in fact, belong to the transparent minerals such as augite and so on. The mineral glass with shiny generally are transparent minerals, metals or semi-metallic luster was for the opaque minerals, with adamantine luster compared to transparent or translucent minerals. ⑸ cleavage fracture and parting ﹑ ⑹ hardness ⑺ proportion Refers to the mineral with the same volume of water at 4 ℃ weight ratio. Depends on the proportion of mineral elements in the atomic weight and crystal structure of the tightness. Although the proportion of different minerals vary widely, the proportion of amber is less than 1, while the proportion of natural iridium up to 22.7, but most minerals with medium weight (2.5 ~ 4). The proportion of minerals can be measured, it can calculate the chemical composition and cell volume of the theoretical value. Flexible elastic ﹑ ﹑ ⑻ brittle and ductile Certain minerals (such as mica) deformation by external force, external force to eliminate, restore the status quo, display flexibility; while other minerals (eg chlorite) deformation by external force, external force is no longer eliminated restitution, flexible displays . Most minerals are ionic compounds, they are easily broken by external force, showing brittle. Metal keys with a few minerals (such as natural gold), with ductility (drawing of the filaments) ﹑ malleable (hammer of the tract.) ⑼ magnetic ⑽ luminescence These minerals can be issued by the external energy excitations in the visible. Friction and the cathode-ray heating ﹑ ﹑ ultraviolet radiation, X-ray emitting elements are excited minerals. Excited to stop, called the fluorescent light that is stopped; stimulate sustainable period of time to stop light is still known as phosphorescence. Luminescence of minerals can be used for mineral prospecting and mineral identification ﹑.
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⒌ mineral composition and crystal structure of the chemical
Chemical composition and crystal structure of the basic characteristics of each mineral, is to determine the morphology and physical properties of minerals and the origin of the fundamental factors, but also the basis for classification of minerals, mineral use are inextricably linked with them. ⑴ mineral and chemical composition of the crust ⑵ mineral accumulation of atoms in the crystal structure (order) and the coordination number ⑶ mineral composition and crystal structure change Certain chemical composition and crystal structure of a certain form a mineral species. However, the chemical composition can change within a certain range. Reasons for changes in mineral composition, in addition to those who do not participate in the lattice of the mechanical mixing colloidal material ﹑ presence of adsorbed species, the most important thing is alternative particle lattice that isomorphous substitution, which is a common phenomenon in minerals. ﹑ Can replace each other in the crystal structure of the two particles occupy the same position, they can order or disorder was the distribution (see order - disorder). The crystal chemical formula of mineral ⑷ The chemical composition of mineral crystal chemical formula commonly used expression. It shows that the various chemical components of mineral species, quantity, but also reflects the situation in atoms. Such as ankerite Ca (Mg, Fe, Mn) [CO3] 2, followed in parentheses by the number of listed content into each other isomorphous replacement of elements, each separated by a comma; square brackets for the anion group. When the presence of water molecules, often wrote in the chemical formula of the last, and dots separated from other components, such as gypsum Ca [SO4] ‧ 2 H2O.
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⒍ the causes of occurrence of mineral
Minerals are chemical elements occurs through geological processes such as aggregation and formation of migration ﹑. The role of the specific process of different mineral assemblages formed is not the same. After the formation of minerals, but also because of changes in the environment and the destruction or the formation of new minerals. ⑴ geological formation of minerals Magmatism occurred in both high temperature and pressure conditions. Mainly from the melt in the magma crystallized olivine pyroxene ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ mica, feldspar and amphibole ﹑ ﹑ quartz and other major rock-forming minerals, which form the various types of igneous rocks. As well as chromite, platinum-group element mineral ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ diamond vanadium-titanium magnetite, copper-nickel sulfide and zirconium phosphate ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ tantalum and niobium mineral formation. The role of minerals in the pegmatite 700 ~ 400 ℃ ﹑ external pressure is greater than the internal pressure generated in a closed system. Coarse mineral particles formed. Mica ﹑ ﹑ addition to quartz and feldspar, there are rich in volatile compounds of boron minerals such as fluoride ﹑ ﹑ topaz tourmaline, lithium beryllium ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ cesium rubidium niobium ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ tantalum in rare elements and rare earth minerals such as spodumene ﹑ mineral beryl, and with the formation of radioactive elements. In hydrothermal minerals from the liquid or the formation of hydrothermal solutions. High-temperature hydrothermal (400 ~ 300 ℃) tin tungsten oxide and molybdenum ﹑ ﹑ bismuth sulfide as representatives; mesothermal (300 ~ 200 ℃) to copper, lead, zinc sulfide minerals as representatives; low-temperature heat solution (200 ~ 50 ℃) antimony arsenic ﹑ ﹑ represented mercury sulfide. In addition, there are hydrothermal quartz barite ﹑ ﹑ non-metallic mineral calcite formation. Weathering of minerals formed in the early ﹑ in the sun under the action of air and water chemical weathering stability of some surface conditions and other minerals such as kaolinite ﹑ ﹑ psilomelane Malachite, Blue copper and so on. Metal sulfide deposits produced by the weathering of CuSO4 and FeSO4 solution, seepage to the water table below, and then with the primary metal sulfide reaction, can produce a high copper content chalcocite, copper and blue to form copper-rich secondary _set_ zone. Chemical deposition in precipitation from the true solution of minerals such as rock salt, gypsum ﹑ potash, borax, etc.; cohesion generated by the colloidal minerals such as hematite ﹑ oolitic kidney-shaped hard-manganese and so on. Deposition can be formed, such as bio-diatomite (opal) and so on. Regional metamorphism of minerals tend to form a compact structure with and without water than the major ﹑. In the contact metamorphism, when the rock when the carbonate rocks can be formed skarn, which consists of calcium, magnesium, iron silicate minerals such as diopside, tremolite ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ garnet ﹑ silicon vesuvianite composed of limestone humite ﹑. Often accompanied by the formation of the late hydrothermal mineralization of iron, copper, tungsten and polymetallic mineral accumulation. Argillaceous rock is formed when the rock minerals cordierite andalusite ﹑. Symbiotic combination of minerals ⑵ ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ typomorphic characteristics associated Coexisting minerals in space is called combination. The mineral composition of the same origin and mineralization of the same form, they are called symbiotic, otherwise known as the associated. Of mineral composition of the symbiotic ﹑ ﹑ associated with the build order to help explore the causes and formation of mineral history. Terms for the same mineral, formed under different conditions, its components ﹑ structure or form, or may show different physical characteristics, known as the standard type features, it reflects the evolution of mineral formation and an important symbol.
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English Expression
n.: Mineral, a mineral substance, substance that is not vegetable or animal, esp one with a constant chemical composition which is found naturally in the earth
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