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印度尼西亚
印度尼西亚
印度尼西亚
  印度尼西亚共和国(The Republic of Indonesia)
  
  独立日:8月17日(1945年)
  
  国庆日:8月17日(1945年)
  
  国旗:旗面由上红下白两个相等的横长方形构成,长与宽之比为3∶2。红色象征勇敢和正义,还象征印度尼西亚独立以后的繁荣昌盛;白色象征自由、公正、纯洁,还表达了印尼人民反对侵略、爱好和平的美好愿望。
  
  国徽: 由一只金色的鹰、一面盾和鹰爪抓着的一条绶带组成。鹰象征创造力。鹰两翼各有17根羽毛,尾羽8根,这是为了纪念印度尼西亚的独立日——8月17日。鹰胸前的盾面由五部分组成:黑色小盾和金黄色的五角星代表宗教信仰,也象征“潘查希拉”——印尼建国的五项基本原则;水牛头象征主权属于人民;榕树象征民族意识;棉桃和稻穗象征富足和公正;金色饰环象征人道主义和世代相传。盾面上的粗黑线代表赤道。鹰爪抓着的绶带上用印尼文写着“异中有同”。
  
  国家政要:总统苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺(Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono),2004年10月当选;副总统优素福·卡拉,2004年10月当选;人协主席希达亚特·努尔·瓦希德 ,2004年10月当选。
  
  自然地理:位于亚洲东南部,地跨赤道,是世界上最大的群岛国家,由太平洋和印度洋之间17508个大小岛屿组成,其中约6000个有人居住。陆地面积为1,904,443平方公里,海洋面积3,166,163平方公里(不包括专属经济区)素称千岛之国。北部的加里曼丹岛与马来西亚接壤,新几内亚岛与巴布亚新几内亚相连。东北部面临菲律宾,东南部是印度洋,西南与澳大利亚相望。海岸线总长54716公里。热带雨林气候,年平均温度25-27℃。
  
  人口:2.17亿(2004年),为世界第四人口大国。有100多个民族,其中爪哇族占45%,巽他族占14%,马都拉族7.5%,马来族7.5%,其他26%。官方语言为印度尼西亚语。民族语言和方言约300种。约87%的居民信奉伊斯兰教,是世界上穆斯林人口最多的国家,6. 1%的人口信奉基督教新教,3. 6%信奉天主教,其余信奉印度教、佛教和原始拜物教等。
  
  首都:雅加达(Jakarta),位于爪哇岛上;人口有838.5万(2000年)。
  
  行政区划: 共有一级行政区30个,包括雅加达首都特区,日惹和亚齐达鲁萨兰2个地方特区,27个省即北苏门答腊、西苏门答腊、廖内、占碑、朋古鲁、南苏门答腊、楠榜、邦加-勿里洞、西爪哇、中爪哇、东爪哇、万丹、巴厘、西努沙登加拉、东努沙登加拉、北马鲁古、南马鲁古、巴布亚、北苏拉威西、中苏拉威西、东南苏拉威西、南苏拉威西、哥伦打洛、东加里曼丹 、中加里曼丹、南加里曼丹、西加里曼丹。二级行政区(县/市)410个。
  
  简史:公元3-7世纪建立了一些分散的封建王国。13世纪末至14世纪初,在爪哇建立了印尼历史上最强大的麻喏巴歇封建帝国。15世纪,葡萄牙、西班牙和英国先后侵入。1596年荷兰侵入,1602年成立具有政府职权的“东印度公司”,1799年底改设殖民政府。1942年日本占领印尼,1945年日本投降后,印尼爆发八月革命,8月17日宣布独立,成立印度尼西亚共和国。1947年后,荷兰与印尼经过多次战争和协商,于1949年11月签订印荷《圆桌会议协定》。根据此协定,印尼于同年12月27日成立联邦共和国,参加荷印联邦。1950年8月印尼联邦议院通过临时宪法,正式宣布成立印度尼西亚共和国。
  
  政治:实行总统内阁制。人民协商会议是国家最高权力机构,负责制定、修改与颁布宪法和国家总方针政策,选举总统,副总统(2004年后改由全民直选),监督和评价总统执行国家大政方针情况和在总统违背宪法时对其进行弹劾或罢免。只设中央一级。成员700名,任期5年。国会(全称人民代表会议)是国家立法机构,行使修宪和制定国家大政方针之外的一般立法权。国会无权解除总统职务,总统也不能宣布解散国会;但如总统违反宪法或人协决议,国会有权建议人协追究总统责任。共有议员500名,兼任人协成员。任期5年。总统是国家元首、政府行政首脑和武装部队最高统帅,直接领导内阁,有权单独颁布政令和宣布国家紧急状态法令;对外宣战或媾和等。自2004年起,总统和副总统不再由人民协商会议选举产生,改由全民直选;只能连选连任一次,每任五年。总统任命内阁,但需征得国会同意。
  
  经济:印尼是东盟最大的经济体。农业、工业和服务业均在国民经济中发挥重要作用,其中农业和油气产业系传统支柱产业。印尼资源丰富,矿产主要有石油、天然气、煤、锡、铝矾土、镍、铜和金、银等。已探明矿产储量为:石油51.2亿桶、天然气94.75万亿立方尺,是世界著名的液化天然气出口国、煤360亿吨,亚太地区重要的产煤国和世界煤炭出口国。地热资源丰富,橡胶和椰子产量居世界第2位,棕榈油产量占世界需求量的2/5。森林面积为1.45亿公顷,占国土面积的74%。印尼工业发展的方向是加强外向型的制造业,主要部门有制造、采矿、纺织、轻工、加工业等。农业是印尼的支柱产业,包括从事林业和渔业人口在内,全国农业人口约占总人口的59%。耕地面积5980万公顷(不包括巴布亚省)。印尼重视旅游业,旅游业已成为印尼创汇的主要行业。主要旅游点有巴厘岛、婆罗浮屠佛塔、印尼缩影公园、日惹皇宫、多巴湖等。印尼还是一个火山之国,共有400多座火山,其中活火山100多座。 货币:卢比(盾)>>>
  
  新闻出版:主要印尼文报纸有《罗盘报》、《专业之声报》、《印尼媒体报》、《共和国日报等》、《革新之声报》和《印尼商报》;英文报纸有《雅加达邮报》、《印尼观察家报》等;中文报纸原来只有政府主办的《印度尼西亚日报》,近两年新创建的有《华文邮报》(中文和印尼文互译)、《商报》、《新生日报》、《千岛日报》等。1937年成立的安塔拉通讯社是官方通讯社,1967年成立的印尼民族通讯社为私营机构,成立于1945年9月的印尼共和国广播电台是国家电台,1962年8月17日正式运营的印尼共和国电视台为国家电视台,私营电视台有1988年11月14日建立的印尼鹰记电视台、1990年8月成立的太阳电视台,和1991年1月组建的教育电视台,2000年10月开设的美都电视台是印尼首家新闻电视台,并开创了播放中文新闻的先例。
  
  外交:奉行独立自主、不结盟的积极外交政策,主张平等、相互尊重和大国平衡原则,积极参与国际和地区事务。
  
  与中国关系:1950年4月13日,印度尼西亚同中国建交。1990年8月8日,两国恢复外交关系。1994年11月,国家主席江泽民对印尼进行国事访问。1999年12月,印尼总统瓦希德对中国进行国事访问。2000年5月,中国与印尼在北京正式签署《中华人民共和国和印度尼西亚共和国关于未来双边合作方向的联合声明》。2002年3月,梅加瓦蒂总统对中国进行国事访问。2005年4月13日,中国国家主席胡锦涛与印尼总统苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺近日互致贺电,祝贺两国建交55周年(4月13日)。


  The Republic of Indonesia (IPA: /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziːə/, /ˌɪndəˈniːziːə/, /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/) (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia), is a country in Southeast Asia. Comprising 17,508 islands, it is the world's largest archipelagic state. With a population of 222 million people in 2006, it is the world's fourth most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority nation, although officially it is not an Islamic state. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected parliament and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
  
  The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the seventh century, when the Srivijaya Kingdom formed trade links with China. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Under Indian influence, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished from the early centuries CE. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
  
  Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest and most politically dominant ethnic group. As a unitary state and a nation, Indonesia has developed a shared identity defined by a national language, a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Unity in Diversity" lit. "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. However, sectarian tensions and separatism have led to violent confrontations that have undermined political and economic stability. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty is a defining feature of contemporary Indonesia.
  
  The name Indonesia derives from the Latin Indus, meaning "India", and the Greek nesos, meaning "island". The name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians — and, his preference, Malayunesians — for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago". In the same publication, a student of Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia. Instead, they used the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); the Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), popularly Indië; the East (de Oost); and even Insulinde.
  
  From 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian, of the University of Berlin, popularized the name through his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884–1894. The first Indonesian scholar to use the name was Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a press bureau in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913.
  
  History
  
  As early as the first century CE Indonesian vessels made trade voyages as far as Africa. Picture: a ship carved on Borobudur, circa 800 CE.Fossilized remains of Homo erectus, popularly known as the "Java Man", suggest that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BCE, and confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions as they expanded. Ideal agricultural conditions, and the mastering of wet-field rice cultivation as early as the eighth century BCE, allowed villages, towns, and small kingdoms to flourish by the first century CE. Indonesia's strategic sea-lane position fostered inter-island and international trade. For example, trade links with both Indian kingdoms and China were established several centuries BCE. Trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.
  
  The nutmeg plant is native to Indonesia's Banda Islands. Once one of the world's most valuable commodities, it drew the first European colonial powers to Indonesia.From the seventh century CE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism that were imported with it. Between the eighth and 10th centuries CE, the agricultural Buddhist Sailendra and Hindu Mataram dynasties thrived and declined in inland Java, leaving grand religious monuments such as Sailendra's Borobudur and Mataram's Prambanan. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.
  
  Although Muslim traders first traveled through South East Asia early in the Islamic era, the earliest evidence of Islamized populations in Indonesia dates to the 13th century in northern Sumatra. Other Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam, and it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the end of the 16th century. For the most part, Islam overlaid and mixed with existing cultural and religious influences, which shaped the predominant form of Islam in Indonesia, particularly in Java. The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolize the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. Following bankruptcy, the VOC was formally dissolved in 1800, and the government of the Netherlands established the Dutch East Indies as a nationalized colony.
  
  For most of the colonial period, Dutch control over these territories was tenuous; only in the early 20th century did Dutch dominance extend to what was to become Indonesia's current boundaries. The Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation during World War II ended Dutch rule, and encouraged the previously suppressed Indonesian independence movement. Two days after the surrender of Japan in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. The Netherlands tried to reestablish their rule, and an armed and diplomatic struggle ended in December 1949, when in the face of international pressure, the Dutch formally recognized Indonesian independence (with the exception of The Dutch territory of West New Guinea, which was incorporated following the 1962 New York Agreement, and UN—mandated Act of Free Choice).
  
  Sukarno, Indonesia's founding presidentSukarno moved from democracy towards authoritarianism, and maintained his power base by balancing the opposing forces of the Military, Islam, and the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). An attempted coup on 30 September 1965 was countered by the army, who led a violent anti-communist purge, during which the PKI was blamed for the coup and effectively destroyed. Between 500,000 and one million people were killed. The head of the military, General Suharto, out-maneuvered the politically weakened Sukarno, and was formally appointed president in March 1968. His New Order administration was supported by the US government, and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which was a major factor in the subsequent three decades of substantial economic growth. However, the authoritarian "New Order" was widely accused of corruption and suppression of political opposition.
  
  In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian Financial Crisis. This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protests. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998. In 1999, East Timor voted to secede from Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation that was marked by international condemnation of often brutal repression of the East Timorese. The Reformasi era following Suharto's resignation, has led to a strengthening of democratic processes, including a regional autonomy program, and the first direct presidential election in 2004. Political and economic instability, social unrest, corruption, and terrorism have slowed progress. Although relations among different religious and ethnic groups are largely harmonious, acute sectarian discontent and violence remain problems in some areas. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.
  
  Government and politics
  
  Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. As a unitary state, power is concentrated in the national government. Following the resignation of President Suharto in 1998, Indonesian political and governmental structures have undergone major reforms. Four amendments to the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia have revamped the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The president of Indonesia is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces, and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president appoints a council of ministers, who are not required to be elected members of the legislature. The 2004 presidential election was the first in which the people directly elected the president and vice president. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.
  
  A session of the People's Representative Council in JakartaThe highest representative body at national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating the president, and formalizing broad outlines of state policy. It has the power to impeach the president. The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (DPR), with 550 members, and the Regional Representatives Council (DPD), with 168 members. The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch; party-aligned members are elected for five-year terms by proportional representation. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased the DPR's role in national governance. The DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.
  
  Most civil disputes appear before a State Court; appeals are heard before the High Court. The Supreme Court is the country's highest court, and hears final cassation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Commercial Court, which handles bankruptcy and insolvency; a State Administrative Court to hear administrative law cases against the government; a Constitutional Court to hear disputes concerning legality of law, general elections, dissolution of political parties, and the scope of authority of state institutions; and a Religious Court to deal with specific religious cases.
  
  Foreign relations and military
  
  In contrast to Sukarno's anti-imperialistic antipathy to western powers and tensions with Malaysia, Indonesia's foreign relations since the Suharto "New Order" have been based on economic and political cooperation with Western nations. Indonesia maintains close relationships with its neighbors in Asia, and is a founding member of ASEAN and the East Asia Summit. The nation restored relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990 following a freeze in place since anti-communist purges early in the Suharto era. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, and was a founder of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). Indonesia is signatory to the ASEAN Free Trade Area agreement, and a member of OPEC, the Cairns Group, and the WTO. Indonesia has received humanitarian and development aid since 1966, in particular from the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
  
  National flags at the site of the 2002 terrorist bombing in Kuta, BaliThe Indonesian Government has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism and Al-Qaeda. The deadliest killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002. The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.
  
  Indonesia's 300,000-member armed forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, which includes marines), and Air Force (TNI-AU). The army has about 233,000 active-duty personnel. Defense spending in the national budget was 4% of GDP in 2006, and is controversially supplemented by revenue from military commercial interests and foundations. In the post-Suharto period since 1998, formal TNI representation in parliament has been removed; though curtailed, its political influence remains extensive. Separatist movements in the provinces of Aceh and Papua have led to armed conflict, and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides. Following a sporadic thirty year guerrilla war between the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) and the Indonesian military, a ceasefire agreement was reached in 2005. In Papua, there has been a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses, since the presidency of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
  
  Administrative divisions
  
  Provinces of IndonesiaAdministratively, Indonesia consists of 33 provinces, five of which have special status. Each province has its own political legislature and governor. The provinces are subdivided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota), which are further subdivided into subdistricts (kecamatan), and again into village groupings (either desa or kelurahan). Following the implementation of regional autonomy measures in 2001, the regencies and cities have become the key administrative units, responsible for providing most government services. The village administration level is the most influential on a citizen's daily life, and handles matters of a village or neighborhood through an elected lurah or kepala desa (village chief).
  
  The provinces of Aceh, Jakarta, Yogyakarta, Papua, and West Papua have greater legislative privileges and a higher degree of autonomy from the central government than the other provinces. The Acehnese government, for example, has the right to create an independent legal system; in 2003, it instituted a form of Sharia (Islamic law). Yogyakarta was granted the status of Special Region in recognition of its pivotal role in supporting Indonesian Republicans during the Indonesian Revolution. Papua, formerly known as Irian Jaya, was granted special autonomy status in 2001. Jakarta is the country's special capital region.
  
  Indonesian provinces and their capitals
  (Indonesian name in brackets where different from English)
  † indicates provinces with Special Status
  
  Sumatra
  
  Aceh† (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam) - Banda Aceh
  North Sumatra (Sumatera Utara) - Medan
  West Sumatra (Sumatera Barat) - Padang
  Riau - Pekanbaru
  Riau Islands (Kepulauan Riau) - Tanjung Pinang
  Jambi - Jambi (city)
  South Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan) - Palembang
  Bangka-Belitung (Kepulauan Bangka-Belitung) - Pangkal Pinang
  Bengkulu - Bengkulu (city)
  Lampung - Bandar Lampung
  Java
  
  Jakarta† - Jakarta
  Banten - Serang
  West Java (Jawa Barat) - Bandung
  Central Java (Jawa Tengah) - Semarang
  Yogyakarta Special Region† - Yogyakarta (city)
  East Java (Jawa Timur) - Surabaya
  Lesser Sunda Islands
  
  Bali - Denpasar
  West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Barat) - Mataram
  East Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Timur) - Kupang
   Kalimantan
  
  West Kalimantan (Kalimantan Barat) - Pontianak
  Central Kalimantan (Kalimantan Tengah) - Palangkaraya
  South Kalimantan (Kalimantan Selatan) - Banjarmasin
  East Kalimantan (Kalimantan Timur) - Samarinda
  Sulawesi
  
  North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) - Manado
  Gorontalo - Gorontalo (city)
  Central Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tengah) - Palu
  West Sulawesi (Sulawesi Barat) - Mamuju
  South Sulawesi (Sulawesi Selatan) - Makassar
  South East Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tenggara) - Kendari
  Maluku Islands
  
  Maluku - Ambon
  North Maluku (Maluku Utara) - Ternate
  Papua
  
  West Papua† (Papua Barat) - Manokwari
  Papua† - Jayapura
  
  Geography
  
  Map of IndonesiaIndonesia consists of 17,508 islands, about 6,000 of which are inhabited. These are scattered over both sides of the equator. The five largest islands are Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan (the Indonesian part of Borneo), New Guinea (shared with Papua New Guinea), and Sulawesi. Indonesia shares land borders with Malaysia on the islands of Borneo and Sebatik, Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea, and East Timor on the island of Timor. Indonesia also shares borders with Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines to the north and Australia to the south across narrow straits of water. The capital, Jakarta, is on Java and is the nation's largest city, followed by Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, and Semarang.
  
  At 1,919,440 square kilometers (741,050 sq mi), Indonesia is the world's 16th-largest country in terms of land area. Its average population density is 134 people per square kilometer (347 per sq mi), 79th in the world, although Java, the world's most populous island, has a population density of 940 people per square kilometer (2,435 per sq mi). At 4,884 meters (16,024 ft), Puncak Jaya in Papua is Indonesia's highest peak, and Lake Toba in Sumatra its largest lake, with an area of 1,145 square kilometers (442 sq mi). The country's largest rivers are in Kalimantan, and include the Mahakam and Barito; such rivers are communication and transport links between the island's river settlements.
  
  
  Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East Java. Indonesia's seismic and volcanic activity is among the world's highest.Indonesia's location on the edges of the Pacific, Eurasian, and Australian tectonic plates makes it the site of numerous volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. Indonesia has at least 150 active volcanoes, including Krakatoa and Tambora, both famous for their devastating eruptions in the 19th century. The eruption of the Toba supervolcano, approximately 70,000 years ago, was one of the largest eruptions ever, and a global catastrophe. Recent disasters due to seismic activity include the 2004 tsunami that killed an estimated 167,736 in northern Sumatra, and the Yogyakarta earthquake in 2006. However, volcanic ash is a major contributor to the high agricultural fertility that has historically sustained the high population densities of Java and Bali.
  
  Lying along the equator, Indonesia has a tropical climate, with two distinct monsoonal wet and dry seasons. Average annual rainfall in the lowlands varies from 1,780–3,175 millimeters (70–125 in), and up to 6,100 millimeters (240 in) in mountainous regions. Mountainous areas—particularly in the west coast of Sumatra, West Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua—receive the highest rainfall. Humidity is generally high, averaging about 80%. Temperatures vary little throughout the year; the average daily temperature range of Jakarta is 26–30 °C (79–86 °F).
  
  Ecology
  
  The critically endangered Sumatran Orangutan, a great ape endemic to IndonesiaIndonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil), and its flora and fauna is a mixture of Asian and Australasian species. Once linked to the Asian mainland, the islands of the Sunda Shelf (Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali) have a wealth of Asian fauna. Large species such as the tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, elephant, and leopard, were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically.
  
  Forests cover approximately 60% of the country. In Sumatra and Kalimantan, these are predominantly of Asian species. However, the forests of the smaller, and more densely populated Java, have largely been removed for human habitation and agriculture. Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku—having been long separated from the continental landmasses—have developed their own unique flora and fauna. Papua was part of the Australian landmass, and is home to a unique fauna and flora closely related to that of Australia, including over 600 bird species.
  
  Orchid Cymbidium dayanumIndonesia is second only to Australia in its degree of endemism, with 26% of its 1,531 species of bird and 39% of its 515 species of mammal being endemic.
  
  Indonesia's 80,000 kilometers (50,000 mi) of coastline are surrounded by tropical seas that contribute to the country's high level of biodiversity. Indonesia has a range of sea and coastal ecosystems, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs, sea grass beds, coastal mudflats, tidal flats, algal beds, and small island ecosystems.
  
  The British naturalist, Alfred Wallace, described a dividing line between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. Known as the Wallace Line, it runs roughly north-south along the edge of the Sunda Shelf, between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and along the deep Lombok Strait, between Lombok and Bali. West of the line the flora and fauna are more Asian; moving east from Lombok, they are increasingly Australian. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the surrounding area, which is now termed Wallacea.
  
  Indonesia's high population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental issues, which are often given a lower priority due to high poverty levels and weak, under-resourced governance. Issues include large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires causing heavy smog over parts of western Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; over-exploitation of marine resources; and environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services. Habitat destruction threatens the survival of indigenous and endemic species, including 140 species of mammals identified by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) as threatened, and 15 identified as critically endangered, including the Sumatran Orangutan.
  
  Economy
  
  Using water buffalo to plough rice fields in Java. Agriculture has been the country's largest employer for centuries.Indonesia's estimated Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for 2007 is US$408 billion (US$1,038 bn PPP). In 2007, estimated nominal per capita GDP is US$1,812, and per capita GDP PPP was US$4,616 (International Dollars). The services sector is the economy's largest and accounts for 45.3% of GDP (2005). This is followed by industry (40.7%) and agriculture (14.0%). However, agriculture employs more people than other sectors, accounting for 44.3% of the 95 million-strong workforce. This is followed by the services sector (36.9%) and industry (18.8%). Major industries include petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, and mining. Major agricultural products include palm oil, rice, tea, coffee, spices, and rubber.
  
  Indonesia's main export markets (2005) are Japan (22.3%), the United States (13.9%), China (9.1%), and Singapore (8.9%). The major suppliers of imports to Indonesia are Japan (18.0%), China (16.1%), and Singapore (12.8%). In 2005, Indonesia ran a trade surplus with export revenues of US$83.64 billion and import expenditure of US$62.02 billion. The country has extensive natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, tin, copper, and gold. Indonesia's major imports include machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, and foodstuffs.
  
  Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia and the country's largest commercial centerIn the 1960s, the economy deteriorated drastically as a result of political instability, a young and inexperienced government, and ill-disciplined economic nationalism, which resulted in severe poverty and hunger. Following President Sukarno's downfall in the mid-1960s, the New Order administration brought a degree of discipline to economic policy that quickly brought inflation down, stabilized the currency, rescheduled foreign debt, and attracted foreign aid and investment. Indonesia is Southeast Asia's only member of OPEC, and the 1970s oil price raises provided an export revenue windfall that contributed to sustained high economic growth rates. Following further reforms in the late 1980s, foreign investment flowed into Indonesia, particularly into the rapidly developing export-oriented manufacturing sector, and from 1989 to 1997, the Indonesian economy grew by an average of over 7%.
  
  Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian financial crisis of 1997–98. Against the US dollar, the currency dropped from about Rp. 2,000 to Rp. 18,000, and the economy shrunk by 13.7%. The rupiah has since stabilized at around Rp. 10,000, and there has been a slow but significant economic recovery. Political instability since 1998, slow economic reform, and corruption at all levels of government and business, have contributed to the patchy nature of the recovery. (Transparency International, for example, ranked Indonesia 143rd out of 180 countries in its 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index). GDP growth, however, exceeded 5% in both 2004 and 2005, and is forecast to increase further. This growth rate, however, is not enough to make a significant impact on unemployment, and stagnant wages growth, and increases in fuel and rice prices have worsened poverty levels. As of 2006, an estimated 17.8% of the population live below the poverty line, 49.0% of the population live on less than US$2 per day, and unemployment rate at 9.75%.
  
  Demographics
  
  The national population from the 2000 national census is 206 million, and the Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau and Statistics Indonesia estimate a population of 222 million for 2006. 130 million people live on the island of Java, the world's most populous island. Despite a fairly effective family planning program that has been in place since the 1960s, the population is expected to grow to around 315 million by 2035, based on the current estimated annual growth rate of 1.25%.
  
  A Minangkabau woman in traditional dressMost Indonesians are descendant from Austronesian-speaking peoples who originated from Taiwan. The other major grouping are Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia. There are around 300 distinct native ethnicities in Indonesia, and 742 different languages and dialects. The largest is the Javanese, who comprise 42% of the population, and are politically and culturally dominant. The Sundanese, ethnic Malays, and Madurese are the largest non-Javanese groups. A sense of Indonesian nationhood exists alongside strongly maintained regional identities. Society is largely harmonious, although social, religious and ethnic tensions have triggered horrendous violence. Chinese Indonesians are an influential ethnic minority comprising less than 2% of the population. Much of the country's privately-owned commerce and wealth is Chinese-controlled, which has contributed to considerable resentment, and even anti-Chinese violence.
  
  The official national language, Indonesian, is universally taught in schools, and is spoken by nearly every Indonesian. It is the language of business, politics, national media, education, and academia. It was originally a lingua franca for most of the region, including present-day Malaysia, and is thus closely related to Malay. Indonesian was first promoted by nationalists in the 1920s, and declared the official language on independence in 1945. Most Indonesians speak at least one of the several hundred local languages (bahasa daerah), often as their first language. Of these, Javanese is the most widely-spoken as the language of the largest ethnic group. On the other hand, Papua has 500 or more indigenous Papuan and Austronesian languages, in a region of just 2.7 million people. Much of the older population can still speak a level of Dutch.
  
  Medan's Masjid Raya ('Great Mosque'). Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population.Although religious freedom is stipulated in the Indonesian constitution, the government officially recognizes only six religions: Islam; Protestantism; Roman Catholicism; Hinduism; Buddhism; and Confucianism. Although it is not an Islamic state, Indonesia is the world's most populous Muslim-majority nation, with almost 86% of Indonesians declared Muslim according to the 2000 census. 11% of the population is Christian, 2% are Hindu, and 1% Buddhist. Most Indonesian Hindus are Balinese, and most Buddhists in modern-day Indonesia are ethnic Chinese. Though now minority religions, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. Islam was first adopted by Indonesians in northern Sumatra in the 13th century, through the influence of traders, and became the country's dominant religion by the 16th century. Roman Catholicism was brought to Indonesia by early Portuguese colonialists and missionaries, and the Protestant denominations are largely a result of Dutch Calvinist and Lutheran missionary efforts during the country's colonial period. A large proportion of Indonesians—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practice a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion, which draws on local customs and beliefs.
  
  Culture
  
  A Wayang kulit shadow puppet performance as seen by the audienceIndonesia has around 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural differences developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, Malay, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit (shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant. The most popular sports in Indonesia are badminton and football; Liga Indonesia is the country's premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art. Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling.
  
  A selection of Indonesian food, including Soto Ayam (chicken noodle soup), sate kerang (shellfish kebabs), telor pindang (preserved eggs), perkedel (fritter), and es teh manis (sweet iced tea)Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents. Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients. Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. Dangdut is a popular contemporary genre of pop music that draws influence from Arabic, Indian, and Malay folk music. The Indonesian film industry's popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, although it declined significantly in the early 1990s. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased.
  
  The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century CE. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians; and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia's most famous novelist. Many of Indonesia's peoples have strongly-rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities. Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto's rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media. The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 20 million users in 2007, Internet usage is limited to a minority of the population, approximately 8.5%.
东南亚国家
印度尼西亚 东南亚国家
  东南亚国家。包括苏门答腊、爪哇等大小岛屿13700多个。面积19046万平方千米。为世界最大的群岛国。人口196亿(1993年)。有100多个民族。首都雅加达。地形以山地、丘陵为主。多火山和地震。跨赤道南北,大部分为热带雨林气候。热带作物资源丰富,橡胶和棕油产量和出口量均居世界前列。石油在出口中占重要地位。
yìn dù ní xī yà yìn dù ní xī yà
  东南亚岛国,位于亚洲澳洲两大陆和太平洋、印度洋之间,面积191万平方公里,人口1.41亿,首都雅加达。矿物资源和森林资源丰富,经济以农业为主,天然橡胶占世界第二位
旅游 Travel
  印度尼西亚最佳旅游时间:印尼地处赤道,常年气候炎热,年均温27℃。当地为典型的热带雨林气候,高温、多雨、潮湿,每年的5月——10月,降水相对较少,此时是旅游的黄金季节。
  印度尼西亚美食:印尼本地菜口味较重,菜肴中常加入椰浆及胡椒、丁香、豆蔻、咖喱等各种香料调味,餐桌上常备有辣椒酱。印尼各地菜肴中,最典型的是巴东菜,以油炸及辣味重而闻名,喜欢吃辣的游客不妨试一试。印尼人喜欢吃“沙爹”、“登登”、“咖喱”等。
  印尼风味小吃主要有煎香蕉、糯米团、鱼肉丸、炒米饭及各种烤制糕点。最受外国游人喜欢的是当地产的各种热带水果,如有“水果之王”之称的榴梿,有“水果之后”之称的山竹,以及芒果、红毛丹、杜古、蛇皮果、木瓜、人心果、牛心果、香蕉、菠萝、番荔枝、鳄梨、柚、橙等。其中香蕉品种多达几十种。新鲜的椰子在印尼各地、各旅游景点随处可见,且价格便宜,是很受欢迎的饮料。
  印度尼西亚购物:印尼的工艺品和纪念品花色品种繁多,各有独特之处。著名的有巴迪布、格里斯短剑、木雕、银制品、铜或铜合金神像、皮影戏傀儡、木偶戏傀儡、景物模型、彩贝制品、丁香串艺术品、天然宝石、印尼风景画、小型宫廷金车、爪哇绢制人像、装饰扇、牛角制工艺品、果核小工艺品、巴达族榕树手杖、达雅族树皮提袋、龙目岛瓷壶、西伊里安手鼓和弓箭等。
  印度尼西亚交通:
  印尼交通十分便利,航空网以雅加达为中心,与国内外主要城市交织而成。火车以雅加达为始发站,来往于爪哇岛和苏门答腊岛间。
  航空
  新加坡、马来西亚、泰国、香港、中国、巴基斯坦、欧洲和北美各国都有飞往印尼的航班,印尼国内各大城市间也都有航班相通,雅加达、泗水、棉兰、丹巴刹之间每天有多个航班来往。
  铁路
  印尼铁路多集中在爪哇岛,北线从雅加达经井里汶、三宝垄到泗水;南线从雅加达,经万隆、日惹到泗水,列车都是夕发朝至。
  公路
  爪哇岛和苏门答腊岛上公路交通较发达,从雅加达、万隆、泗水等中心城市有通往周边地区的短距离高速公路,各大城市间有长途汽车往来。
  水运
  印尼是个岛国,各主要岛屿间大多依靠轮渡和客轮相通,轮渡还可搭载游客的汽车。如走陆路从爪哇岛去苏门答腊岛,游客可先乘车至西爪哇北部西端的孔雀(merak)港,然后搭乘轮渡穿过巽达海峡,到达苏门答腊南部楠榜省的巴果亥尼(bakauheni)。从爪哇岛去巴厘岛,可从爪哇岛东端的外南梦(banyuwangi)搭乘轮渡穿过巴厘海峡,到达巴厘岛西端的吉利马奴克(gili-manuk)。
  印度尼西亚住宿:印尼各大城市四星以上的大饭店,其设备和服务都达到世界水准,但租金较高,五星级饭店的普通客房收费标准都在200美元上下。二三星级的旅馆,虽不甚豪华,但也居住设备齐全,清洁舒适,而房租要比大饭店低许多,普通客房每晚收费在三四十美元至八九十美元之间。无星级的小旅馆,一般设施较差,但价格相当便宜,每间房每晚只收十几美元甚至数美元。
  在旅馆住宿,要保管好自己的物品。尤其是钱和贵重物品,切勿随意放在房内就离房外出。有些饭店房间内设有保险柜,游客可将贵重物品放在保险柜里,但须注意保存好保险柜钥匙。
  印度尼西亚娱乐:印尼各大城市都开设有歌舞厅。雅加达有几间豪华歌厅,能容纳上百至数百人。厅内设有许多餐桌,客人可边享用美味佳肴边欣赏歌舞节目。歌舞演员有来自当地的,也有从新加坡、马来西亚、泰国、菲律宾、香港及台湾等地请来的,演出节目丰富多彩。游客晚间若有自由活动时间,不妨结伴去歌厅享受一下。此外,各地城市中都有一些迪斯科舞厅,喜爱跳舞者也可去那里。
  人口:2.17亿
  面积:190万平方公里(陆地)
  位置:位于亚洲东南部,地跨赤道,是世界上最大的群岛国家,由太平洋和印度洋之间17508个大小岛屿组成。
  语言:官方官方语言为印尼语。
  民族:爪哇族占47%、巽他族占14%、马都拉族占7%。
  宗教:伊斯兰教占90%、基督教6.5%,天主教占3.1%、其余人信奉印度教等。
  国花:茉莉花独立日:8月17日(1945年)
  国庆日:8月17日(1945年)
  国旗:旗面由上红下白两个相等的横长方形构成,长与宽之比为3∶2。红色象征勇敢和正义,还象征印度尼西亚独立以后的繁荣昌盛;白色象征自由、公正、纯洁,还表达了印尼人民反对侵略、爱好和平的美好愿望。
  国徽:由一只金色的鹰、一面盾和鹰爪抓着的一条绶带组成。鹰象征创造力。鹰两翼各有17根羽毛,尾羽8根,这是为了纪念印度尼西亚的独立日——8月17日。鹰胸前的盾面由五部分组成:黑色小盾和金黄色的五角星代表宗教信仰,也象征“潘查希拉”——印尼建国的五项基本原则;水牛头象征主权属于人民;榕树象征民族意识;棉桃和稻穗象征富足和公正;金色饰环象征人道主义和世代相传。盾面上的粗黑线代表赤道。鹰爪抓着的绶带上用印尼文写着“异中有同”。
  行政区划:共有一级行政区30个,包括雅加达首都特区,日惹和亚齐达鲁萨兰2个地方特区,27个省即北苏门答腊、西苏门答腊、廖内、占碑、朋古鲁、南苏门答腊、楠榜、邦加-勿里洞、西爪哇、中爪哇、东爪哇、万丹、巴厘、西努沙登加拉、东努沙登加拉、北马鲁古、南马鲁古、巴布亚、北苏拉威西、中苏拉威西、东南苏拉威西、南苏拉威西、哥伦打洛、东加里曼丹、中加里曼丹、南加里曼丹、西加里曼丹。二级行政区(县/市)410个。
  印尼横跨赤道,其地理位置处在亚澳两洲之间,濒临印度洋和太平洋,是连接两大洲和两大洋的海上枢纽。
  印尼是世界上岛屿最多的一个国家,由于海岸线漫长,岛上的旅游资源颇为丰富,尤其以秀丽的热带风光最让人难忘。
  巴厘岛有“诗之岛”、“天堂岛”等美称,这里自然风光引人入胜,是天然的度假胜地。中爪哇的千年古塔婆罗浮屠佛塔和甫兰班南印度教陵庙群,均被联合国教科文组织列入世界文化遗产名录。首都雅加达是印尼各民族文化融合的缩影,是外国游客必游之地。
  印尼是个多民族国家,全国有100多个民族,其中爪哇族人最多。大多数印尼人信奉伊斯兰教,少部分信奉基督教和天主教,此外还有印度教、佛教和原始拜物教等。
  公元3-7世纪建立了一些分散的封建王国。13世纪末至14世纪初,在爪哇建立了印尼历史上最强大的麻喏巴歇封建帝国。15世纪,葡萄牙、西班牙和英国先后侵入。1596年荷兰侵入,1602年成立具有政府职权的“东印度公司”,1799年底改设殖民政府。1942年日本占领印尼,1945年日本投降后,印尼爆发八月革命,8月17日宣布独立,成立印度尼西亚共和国。1947年后,荷兰与印尼经过多次战争和协商,于1949年11月签订印荷《圆桌会议协定》。根据此协定,印尼于同年12月27日成立联邦共和国,参加荷印联邦。1950年8月印尼联邦议院通过临时宪法,正式宣布成立印度尼西亚共和国。
  奉行独立自主、不结盟的积极外交政策,主张平等、相互尊重和大国平衡原则,积极参与国际和地区事务。
  自然地理:位于亚洲东南部,地跨赤道,是世界上最大的群岛国家,由太平洋和印度洋之间17508个大小岛屿组成,其中约6000个有人居住。陆地面积为1,904,443平方公里,海洋面积3,166,163平方公里(不包括专属经济区)素称千岛之国。北部的加里曼丹岛与马来西亚接壤,新几内亚与巴布亚新几内亚相连。东北部面临菲律宾,东南部是印度洋,西南与澳大利亚相望。海岸线总长54716公里。热带雨林气候,年平均温度25-27℃。印尼亚是一个火山之国,全国共有火山400多座,其中活火山100多座。火山喷出的火山灰以及海洋性气候带来的充沛雨量,使印尼成为世界上土地最肥沃的地带之一。全国各岛处处青山绿水,四季皆夏,人们称它为“赤道上的翡翠”。
  简史:公元3-7世纪建立了一些分散的封建王国。13世纪末至14世纪初,在爪哇建立了印尼历史上最强大的麻喏巴歇封建帝国。15世纪,葡萄牙、西班牙和英国先后侵入。1596年荷兰侵入,1602年成立具有政府职权的“东印度公司”,1799年底改设殖民政府。1942年日本占领印尼,1945年日本投降后,印尼爆发八月革命,8月17日宣布独立,成立印度尼西亚共和国。1947年后,荷兰与印尼经过多次战争和协商,于1949年11月签订印荷《圆桌会议协定》。根据此协定,印尼于同年12月27日成立联邦共和国,参加荷印联邦。1950年8月印尼联邦议院通过临时宪法,正式宣布成立印度尼西亚共和国。
  经济:资源丰富的印尼有“热带宝岛”之称,矿产资源丰富。截至2003年,石油探明储量47.2亿桶,天然气探明储量94.75万亿立方尺。森林面积9400万公顷,约占国土总面积的49%。印尼是东盟最大的经济体,农业和油气产业是其传统支柱产业。全国59%的人口从事包括林业和渔业在内的农业生产,可可、棕榈油、橡胶和胡椒产量均居世界第二位,咖啡产量居世界第四位。印尼是石油输出国组织(欧佩克)成员国,2004年底日产原油约140万桶。印尼政府重视旅游业,注意开发旅游景点,旅游业已成为印尼创汇的重要行业。主要旅游点有巴厘岛、婆罗浮屠佛塔、印尼缩影公园、日惹皇宫、多巴湖等。爪哇岛是印尼经济、政治和文化最发达的地区,一些重要的城市和名胜古迹都坐落在这个岛上。印尼首都雅加达是东南亚第一大城市,位于西爪哇北海岸,人口830多万。
行政区划 Administrative Division
印度尼西亚 行政区划
  分为大雅加达首都特区(Daerah Khusus Ibukota)、日惹特区(Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam)、亚齐特区(Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam),和30省(Provinsi),共计33一级地方行政区。2003年12月,二级行政区有349县(Kabupatan),91市(Kotamadya)。全国共有3,844个乡(Kecamatan),65,852村 、镇(Desa、Kelurahan)(1995年统计)。
  
  公元3至7世纪建立了一些分散的王朝。13世纪末14世纪初爪哇形成强大的麻喏巴歇封建帝国。15世纪先后遭葡萄牙、西班牙和英国的入侵,1602年荷兰在印尼成立具有政府职权的“东印度公司”,开始长达300多年的殖民统治。1942年日本入侵,1945年日本投降后爆发8月革命,8月17日宣告独立,成立印度尼西亚共和国。
  
  到1950年,全国分为:亚齐特区、北苏门答腊省、中苏门答腊省、南苏门答腊省、西爪哇省、中爪哇省、东爪哇省、小巽他省、加里曼丹省、苏拉威西省、马鲁古省、伊里安查亚省11省1特区
  
  1950: 日惹特别区设立,从中爪哇省分离;
  1956: 加里曼丹省撤消,分为东加里曼丹省、南加里曼丹省、西加里曼丹省.
  1957: 中苏门答腊省撤消,分为占碑省、寥内省和西苏门答腊省
   雅加达首都特区设立,从西爪哇省分离;.
  1958: 小巽他省撤消,分为巴厘省、西努沙登加拉省和东努沙登加拉省.
   中加里曼丹省设立,从南加里曼丹省分离.
  1960: 苏拉威西省撤消,分为南苏拉威西省和北苏拉威西省.
  1964: 楠榜省设立,从南苏门答腊省分离;
   中苏拉威西省设立,从北苏拉威西省分离;
   东南苏拉威西省设立,从南苏拉威西省分离;
  1967: 明古鲁省设立,从南苏门答腊省分离.
  1971: 南苏拉威西省的省会望加锡更名为乌戎潘当Ujungpandang.
  1976.7: 强并东帝汶民主共和国为东帝汶省.
  1999.9: 北马鲁古省设立,系马鲁古省北部哈马黑拉等岛分立,首府德尔纳特市。
  1999.11: 南苏拉威西省的省会乌戎潘当恢复1971年以前的名字望加锡。
  2000.10: 万丹省设立,系西爪哇省分设,首府孔雀港(Pelabuhan Merak),暂住西冷。
  2000.11: 邦加-勿里洞省设立, 由原属南苏门答腊省的邦加岛、勿里洞岛等为其范围,首府邦加槟港。
  2000.12: 哥伦打洛省设立,旧属北苏拉威西省,首府哥伦打洛。
  2001.12: 伊里安查亚省更名为巴布亚省。
  2002.1: 亚齐和巴布亚特殊自治法通过,亚齐特区的正式名称改为 Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam。
  2002.5.20: 东帝汶省获得完全独立。
  2002.9.24: 廖内群岛省设立,旧属廖内省,首府丹戎槟榔。
  2003.11.14: 西伊里安查亚省正式成立。但在暴力抗议下,中和东两省至今没有正式成立。
  2004. 9.22: 印度尼西亚议会批准西苏拉威西省成立,分南苏拉威西省部分地区置。
英文解释
  1. :  ID Indonesia
  2. n.:  id,  indonesia
法文解释
  1. n.  Indonésie
近义词
印度尼西亚共和国, 印尼
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印度尼西亚海啸印度尼西亚配剑
印度尼西亚卢比印度尼西亚地震
印度尼西亚春卷印度尼西亚空军
印度尼西亚国徽印度尼西亚大学
印度尼西亚戏剧印度尼西亚语族
印度尼西亚电影印度尼西亚总统
印度尼西亚粽子印度尼西亚国旗
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印度尼西亚棱鳀印度尼西亚鳗鲡
印度尼西亚潘鳅印度尼西亚魮鲤
印度尼西亚青鳉印度尼西亚条鳅
印度尼西亚搏鱼印度尼西亚齿鱵
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印度尼西亚巴厘岛印度尼西亚国家馆
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印度尼西亚中华党印度尼西亚蛇形刀
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