Australia (pronounced /əˈstreɪljə/ ə-STRAYL-yə or /ɒˈstreɪljə/ o-STRAYL-yə, or more formally as /ɔːˈstreɪliə/ aw-STRAY-lee-ə), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the continental mainland (the world's smallest), the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the southeast.
For some 40,000 years before European settlement commenced in the late 18th century, the Australian mainland and Tasmania were inhabited by around 250 individual nations of indigenous Australians. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north, and European discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, the eastern half of Australia was claimed by the British in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales, founded on 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in the following years; the continent was explored, and during the 19th century another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth realm. The population is 22.0 million, with approximately 60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. The nation's capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).
Australia is a developed country, with a prosperous multicultural society and has excellent results in many international comparisons of national performance such as health care, life expectancy, quality of life, human development, public education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. Australian cities routinely rank among the world's highest in terms of cultural offerings and quality of life. It is a member of the United Nations, G-20 major economies, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, OECD, and the WTO.
Oceania countries. Including the Australian mainland and Tasmania. Area of 768 23 million square kilometers, population 18.05 million (1995), ranking first in all continents. Canberra. From west to east distribution of low plateaus, plains and mountains. Over the western desert. Most of the dry and hot climate. Developed economy. One of the world's largest mining. Iron ore, coal and bauxite exports in the world forefront. Wool production and exports in the world. The world's major wheat exporter.
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Australia's best travel time: Located in the southern hemisphere, Australia, climate, there is no extreme temperature variations, could be split into two climatic zones. In the north above the Tropic of Capricorn (about 40% of Australia's land) for the tropical zone. Elsewhere (ie, south of the Tropic of Capricorn), belongs to the temperate zone. Australia is vast, and the region there are differences in temperature. Temperate zone with four distinct seasons, but only sub-tropical zone and the wet winter and dry summer and autumn. Australia's seasons, and is located just opposite the northern hemisphere in China, four seasons a year time: spring, September to November, summer December to February, autumn March to May, winter June to August. Inland part of Australia is basically a desert, summer daytime temperatures often exceed 40 ° c, and very dry, so travel difficult; and winter daytime temperatures 25 ~ 28 ° c, very comfortable, is the best season of tourist travel, However, people should pay attention to the winter travel low night temperatures, the coldest time of night temperatures can drop 5 ~ 6 ° c, must bring a sweater, jacket. Australian folk festivals: a common national festival is 9 days, the other states also _set_ up their own festival. January 1: New Year's Day January 27: National Day, to commemorate the anniversary of the founding of whites into Australia, (1788, Philip announced that the Australian skipper for the British territory) but in some states, also close to the weekend, Monday and Friday as the National Day holiday. 28-31 March: Easter, Good Friday from the 28th day, four days. April 25: Australia and New Zealand Corps Day, to commemorate the one-stop was the United Kingdom by the joint Australia New Zealand military camp in Turkey, Cali Pori Peninsula daredevil landing and _set_. June 9: Queen's Birthday, Queen Elizabeth birthday, holiday in the second Monday in June in order to break even, and only Western Australia is September 29. December 25: Christmas December 26: open box section, open the Christmas gift from the gift of life, in South Australia, known as the "declaration section." Australia reminded: Aviation: From the Shanghai International Airport to Sydney takes about 10 hours of flight time, which involves the time difference between China and Australia. China time difference between Beijing and Sydney, Australia, 2 hours, so the airspace when the aircraft entered Australia to watch when you should fast two hours _set_ aside, if it is morning Beijing time 12:00 local time in Australia when it is 14:00 a. Flight arrival times are subject to Australian time. Customs: If you bring the items over the following limits, or bring the following items must be declared, and may be taxable: 1) more than 250 grams of tobacco (equivalent to 200 cigarettes) and alcohol more than 1125 ml; 2) carrying more than 10,000 Australian dollars in cash or equivalent value of foreign currency into Australia; carry over 10,000 NZ $ in cash or equivalent value in foreign currency into New Zealand; 3) into and out of Australia's goods duty free in Australia, worth more than $ 400; into and out of New Zealand goods worth more than 700 NZ; 4) to carry goods for other people. If you are not personally packaged, must know the contents of the package; if you are carrying goods for others, but also must understand the specific content items. Quarantine and contraband Farming and horticulture industry in Australia and New Zealand is very important, so easy to plant and animal parasitic diseases with animal products, fruits, plants and food, are not allowed to carry immigrants. If seized by Customs, will be punishable by a fine or even a large number of prison. Therefore, please bring the following items is prohibited: 1) Any food (including plum, dried beef, seeds, candy, etc.); traditional medicine or herbs; 2) Any plant or plant part, such as: wood, seeds, stones, roots alfalfa, straw, etc.; soil or soil that contains the object; 3) animals, birds, insects, fish, animal parts (dead or alive), the equipment used in animals, meat, skin type, feathers, bones, shells, coral, eggs, animal samples, animals drugs, biological samples, or micro-organisms, honey products, etc.; 4) belongs to the international conventions on protection of animals and plants, such as: ivory and other related products; 5) Illegal drugs, weapons, a number of steroids and other quarantine objects; illegal audiovisual products (piracy) or illegal publications. Currency: Australian currency is decimal, the yuan as the basic unit (100 cents is equivalent to $ 1 Australian). Notes are $ 100, $ 50, $ 20, $ 10, $ 5 for five kinds of denominations, coins and 5 Australian cents, 10 Australian cents, 20 Australian cents, 50 Australian cents, $ 1 dollar in six denominations and 2 . Currency Exchange All passengers can enjoy the international airport currency exchange services, exchange currency and traveler's checks, bank in the most simple and convenient. Traveler's checks at banks or hotel exchange, the exchange rate announced by Bank subject to the same day. 1 yuan equals about A $ 6 yuan, or $ 0.75; airports and exchange offices are equipped with major banks, generally do not exchange the RMB, U.S. dollars can be exchanged. Voltage: Australia uses 220 to 240 volts, 50 Hz AC. Local tripod socket and the other countries, it is best to bring a converter and universal socket. If you bring electrical appliances is 100 volts, please see if there are 110/240 volt converter, and if not, they need to use transformers. Advanced hostels are usually available in 110/240 volt universal electric shaver socket. Phone: Australia has a modern telephone system. Charge of the local public telephone 40c, domestic long distance calls (std) and international long distance telephone (idd) can play in public pay phones, public phone to accept different coins and phone cards. Most credit card phone credit card acceptance, such as American Express card, visa (barclay card), cards, Diners Club International, the international airport, domestic airports, city and the hotel can use the credit card. Tipping: Tipping is not customary in Australia, hotels and restaurants will not tip included in the bill. Whenever possible, give tips or not, is entirely a personal decision. Tourist information centers to provide free consulting services for tourists, even in the smallest towns, can be found in such institutions, these centers have the "i" international symbol of the word. Drugs: Pre-entry required with certain common medicines and emergency medical supplies to meet emergency needs. As the very dry weather in Australia, can provide them with moisturizers. Visitors may bring appropriate prescription (non-narcotic) drug entry, all drugs must be clearly labeled, and can significantly identify. To carry large amounts of drugs, doctors are required to Customs or Australia, medical certificate, drugs must be placed in personal hand luggage. Australia, there are many local pharmacies sell drugs, but prescription drugs one must be Australian doctors prescription to purchase. Clothing: the Australian tropics, year round wearing thin clothing, but should carry a sweater or jacket to prevent the cooler evening; winter (June to August) is to wear sweaters, jackets, light jacket or warm clothes. Australians usually dress simple, but on special occasions such as business meetings, theaters and restaurants, the best men to wear jacket and tie or a suit, ladies need to wear a solemn little clothing. In most of the time, as possible wearing comfort and lightweight clothing. Appreciation of the Great Barrier Reef coral fish, they can bring shade hats, sunglasses and sunscreen, and the other must be prepared beach shoes protect the feet. Of course, and the United States cities, Australia is also popular with the fast-food culture to adapt to the fast-paced city life, KFC, McDonald's, Italian pizza and other Western fast food is everywhere, in the normal working hours which will become the first choice for lunch, probably also considered the Australian person's work meal. So often in the non-holiday time will be relatively deserted restaurant, and one to the holidays, it is a faction of prosperity. Tips: Australia, the local tap water is generally safe to drink. Australia Shopping: bring shopping money had to first talk about the Australian dollar, with the ratio of about RMB 100 Australian dollars to redeem a 630 yuan or so. If you want to buy souvenirs friends and relatives in Australia, you can go to duty-free shops, duty-free goods can be purchased before departure, only to produce purchase tickets and passport for international travel, purchase of duty-free goods must be kept intact in the departure not opened the state, the packaged goods to get international airport departure tax collected by the Customs opened one before. Australian specialties such as Opal (Australia specialty stones), sheepskin, cowhide, sheep oil, Australian wine, animal toys, Aboriginal art, art paintings, etc., as well as the Australian seafood products such as abalone, shark capsules authentic in Australia, the price more domestic low, and the other is wool, wool felt, wool, sheepskin, leather goods made from kangaroo skin, koala toys, cat's eye stone is also very popular. Shops are generally accepted major international credit cards such as American Express card, bank card (bankcard), Diners (diners club), MasterCard, visa card and supplementary card. But in smaller towns, rural or small shop, using credit cards may be limited. Tips: Australia, most of the shops are open Monday to Friday 9:00 to 17:00. General extension of opening hours on Thursday until 21:00. Australian Transport: Aircraft: high quality of domestic air service is the most convenient means of transport, but the cost is very high, visitors to Australia is best to buy tickets when asked whether additional domestic airfares. Bus: Bus travel options to Australia is more convenient, more between major cities throughout the state bus service levels high and frequent. Australia's bus routes are clear, unambiguous, and buses are air-conditioned, audio-visual equipment and toilet, very comfortable. Australia Greyhound Pioneer bus (greyhound pioneer australia) is Australia's only a national bus company, Greyhound Pioneer Australia purchased his travel ticket (greyhound pioneer travel passes) travel is very convenient. You can also purchase travel tickets McCaw Fudi Australia, which is Australia's second largest bus company McCaw Fudi (mccafferty) the sale of travel tickets, it started to travel from Brisbane (excluding perth and south australia passed between nullarbor route), you can also use this ticket take the Indian Pacific train (india pacific). Australia Tour tickets (the aussie highlights pass) is also a good choice. Train: with other modes of transport compared to inconvenient, but it is relatively more comfortable. Service levels and less frequent rate of the bus. But more convenient is a train station in Australia can be _set_ to any to Australia and from around the train. Booking hotline: 132 232. Car: Australian roads between major cities in the flat and comfortable, so travel by car more suitable. Long-distance travel must have detailed plans in advance, along with frequent stops to rest. There are three difference areas in Australia. If you plan to travel to Australia for a long time, then car rental is a good choice in Australia's domestic and international airports have car rental service center. budget, thrifty, alvis, hertz is Australia's four largest car rental companies, car rental can be divided into limited and unlimited mileage two kinds of rental, 25 years of age, hold an international driving license can be car rental, car rental in the choice of the company's best choice when large companies, although the price is relatively expensive, but good service, you can directly pick up the car at the airport and the car, you can only rent one-way. Four largest car rental company Tel: budget: 613 93386955 thrifty: 613 93301522 alvis: 613 93381800 hertz: 613 93384044 Carries the package for the economy of people like to travel bag is the hotel in all major cities, such facilities are also available to facilitate the hotel (the main attractions will be 2-5 at home), lower cost are very popular around the world Travelers who are gathered here for easy travel information gathering. Also welcomed by the world's backpackers hostel in Australia budget travel representative. Australia to join the national standard by more than 150 hotels to any city has to provide comfortable beds, compared with Backpackers farther from the city center, but relatively clean, but the youth hostel on the principle that non-members can not stay, so you can time before starting your journey to become a member. In addition, the Australian automotive society, for the convenience of travelers, you can stop the growing number of motels, but the motel at the entrance to the general or national highway in the town, basically there is no single, almost all of the 2-3 world, the cost is $ 40 per person -80 yuan. Conditions are good travelers can live membership Hotel / Holiday Inn, recently popular is this type of hotel, apartment room, there is a feeling, furniture and other necessities. 2 one week costs $ 300. There is a restaurant, which many in Australia, not described in detail, went glance. Australian Entertainment: In Australia, the world's diving enthusiasts to look forward to the Great Barrier Reef, which is a total length of 2,000 kilometers of the Great Barrier Reef area, finally a trip to Australia, just take a look at the sea it is a pity to go back , Australia's diving is very popular, so the cost is not expensive, beginner's hands-on diving, the whole of $ 40-60, with diving enthusiasts based diving certificate, two for $ 30-70, with a boat dive, the cost of the other count. In addition, the Australian golf is very popular sport, even in big cities like Sydney or Melbourne, within 30 minutes drive from the city center where there are several golf courses for golf in good weather, go to enjoy what the club play it. Connection of eastern Australia is the Great Dividing Range, south of it are in Australian ski resort, some people travel purpose is to ski, and travel included in the main event, where the ski equipment, a variety of rental tools are complete. With the ski season snowfall varies year, usually in mid-September second half of June. In addition, there are traditional sheep shearing show visitors have been welcomed by all countries; Australian rugby, tennis, swimming and other widely loved by the people of Australia, held after Easter each year cut wood to commemorate the ancestors of the game business, and carry forward the spirit of a special kind of hard-working style of play; Others, such as belly hit game, water sports and other new, exciting activities began to be welcomed by young and popular. Tips: 1, for such as sightseeing, bush walking, boating and camping and other outdoor activities, as long as the good protective measures can avoid sun damage. Wear a broad-brimmed hat can be put on a licensed sleeve shirt, or in the absence of clothing to cover skin painted ph15 + waterproof sunscreen lotion. 10:00 ~ 14:00 (summer time is 11:00 ~ 15:00) is the most intense UV time, should be avoided during this time exposure to sunlight. 2, surf (Windsurfing) Security: Australia's popular beaches have an obligation to a member of Surf Life Saving Association patrol, most of the beach from October to April there are people who visit. Swimming, remember safety range between the flag, not beyond.
Queensland