guó jiā : 'ōu > yīng guó
xiǎnshìdìtú
mùlù
guódù
英国
英国
  guó míng shì liè diān zài kǎi 'ěr wéi duō cǎizhī yīn yòu fēn liè diān rén qiān guó jiāng běn chēng wéi liè diān
  
   guó chéng héng cháng fāng xíngcháng kuān zhī wéi 2 1。 wéi yóu shēn lán hóngbái chéng zhōng dài bái biān de hóng zhèng shí dài biǎo yīng lán shǒu shén shèng qiáo zhìbái jiāo chā shí dài biǎo lán shǒu shén shèng 'ān hóng jiāo chā shí dài biǎo 'ài 'ěr lán shǒu shén shèng chǎn shēng 1801 niánshì yóu yuán yīng lán de bái hóng zhèng shí lán de lán bái jiāo chā shí 'ài 'ěr lán de bái hóng jiāo chā shí chóngdié 'ér chéng
  
   guó huī yīng wáng huīzhōng xīn 'àn wéi méi dùn huīdùn miàn shàng zuǒ shàng jiǎo yòu xià jiǎo wéi hóng shàng sān zhǐ jīn shīxiàng zhēng yīng lányòu shàng jiǎo wéi jīn shàng bàn zhàn de hóng shīxiàng zhēng lánzuǒ xià jiǎo wéi lán shàng jīn huáng shù qínxiàng zhēng běi 'ài 'ěr lándùn huī liǎng yóu zhǐ tóu dài wáng guāndài biǎo yīng lán de shī zhǐ dài biǎo lán de jiǎo shòu zhī zhedùn huī zhōu wéi yòng wén xiě zhe yán wéiè yòu 'è bào”; xià duān xuán guà zhe jiā xūn zhāngshì dài shàng xiě zhetiān yòu shàng yòu quán ”。 dùn huī shàng duān wéi xiāng yòu zhū bǎo de jīn yín tóu kuī guó wáng guān tóu dài wáng guān de shī
  
   guó :《 tiān yòu wáng》 "godsavethequeen"( zài wèi de shì nán xìng jūn zhùguó gǎi wéi "godsavetheking")
  
  
   miàn : 243600 píng fāng gōng
  
   rén kǒu: 6020 wàn( 2005 nián 6 yuè), 2006 nián tǒng yīng guó rén kǒu yuē yòu 6060 wànxiàn zài yīng guó rén kǒu zǒng shù yuē liù qiān líng shí wàn rén zhōng yīng lán 4918 wàn rénwēi 'ěr shì 290 wàn rén lán 506 wàn rénběi 'ài 'ěr lán 169 wàn rén (2001 nián zhōng )。 guān fāng tōng yòng jūn wéi yīng wēi 'ěr shì běi hái shǐ yòng wēi 'ěr shì lán běi gāo běi 'ài 'ěr lán fēn réng shǐ yòng gài 'ěr mín duō xìn fèng jiào xīn jiàozhù yào fēn yīng lán jiào huì chēng yīng guó guó jiào shèng gōng huì chéng yuán yuē zhàn yīng chéng rén de 60 lán jiào huì chēng zhǎnglǎo huìyòu chéng nián jiào 66 wàn)。 lìng yòu tiān zhù jiào huì jiàoyìn jiàoyóu tài jiào lán jiào děng jiào de zōng jiào shè tuán
  
   yīng guó jūn zhù
  
   suō bái 'èr shì (QueenElizabethII), quán chēng wéi liè diān běi 'ài 'ěr lán lián wáng guó guó lǐng zhī wánglián bāng de yuán shǒu”。 nián yuè21 shēng lún dūnyuán míng wéi suō bái · shān · (ElizabethAlexandraMary), shì yīng guó wēn suō wáng cháo dài jūn zhùyīng wáng qiáo zhì liù shì de cháng yòu zài huáng gōng nèi jiē shòu jiào zhù xiū xiàn shǐ zài shǐ yán yīnyuè fāng miàn yòu zào néng liú jiǎng bān 'èr shì jiè zhàn hòu cān jiā yīng guó běn zhù duìjiē shòu jià shǐ wéi xiū tuō chē de xùn liàn。194 niányuè yuǎn fáng biǎo xiōng dān mài qīn wáng fěi · méng dùn zhōng wèixiàn wéi 'ài dīng bǎo gōng juéfěi qīn wángdìng hūntóng nián11 yuè jié hūn
  
   suō bái 'èr shì 19 nián kāi shǐ dài biǎo yīng wáng qiáo zhì liù shì chū zhǒng zhèng shì chǎng 。1952 niányuè guó wáng shì shì chéng wáng wèi。195 niányuè jiā miǎn。2003 nián12 yuè suō bái 'èr shì zài lún dūn 'ài huá shì yuàn jiē shòu liǎn wài shǒu shù shēng qiē chú liǎo wáng liǎn de kuài huài zuǒ gài zhōng de suì ruǎn wáng shì yīng guó shì guó jiā yuán shǒuchú yīng guó wài wáng tóng shí shì 'ào xīn jiā děng guó jiā de yuán shǒu suō bái 'èr shì yòu sān zhǎngzǐ chá 'ěr wáng wéi wáng wèi chéng rén 'ān sān 'ài huá 'ér 'ài · gōng zhù suō bái 'èr shì 19 nián10 yuè fǎng wèn zhōng guóshì yīng guó shǐ shàng wèi lái huá fǎng wèn de guó jiā yuán shǒu
  
  6 yuè 17 zài yīng guó shǒu lún dūn yīng guó wáng suō bái 'èr shìzuǒ zhàng fěi qīn wáng chéng zuò chē shǐ chū bái jīn hàn gōngqián wǎng cān jiā de 80 suì shēng qìng diǎn suō bái 'èr shì de shēng shì 4 yuè 21 àn zhào guàn yīng guó guān fāng tōng cháng xuǎn 6 yuè fèn de xīng liù wéi xíng shēng qìng diǎn
  
   shǒu lún dūn (London); rén kǒu: 7,172,036( 2001 nián)。 zuì yuè fèn wéi 7 yuè bān wēn zài 13 ~22℃; zuì lěng yuè fèn wéi 1 yuè bān wēn zài 2℃ ~6℃。 2006 nián 4 yuèběi jīng lún dūn jié wéi yǒu hǎo chéng shìlún dūn shì quán guó de zhèng zhì zhōng xīnshì yīng guó wáng shìzhèng huì zhèng dǎng zǒng de suǒ zài wēi mǐn gōng shì yīng guó huì shàngxià liǎng yuàn de huó dòng chǎng suǒ yòu chēng wéi huì tīng huì guǎng chǎng nán biān de wēi mǐn jiào táng,1065 nián jiàn chéng hòu zhí shì yīng guó guó wáng huò wáng jiā miǎn wáng shì chéng yuán xíng hūn de fāngnèi yòu20 duō yīng guó guó wángzhù míng zhèng zhì jiājūn shì jiā niú dùn 'ěr wén gèng dài děng xué jiāwén xué jiā shù jiā de bái jīn hàn gōng shì yīng guó wáng gōngzuò luò zài lún dūn de zhōng xīn dōng jiē shèng zhān gōng yuán jiē hǎi gōng yuánshì yīng guó wáng shì chéng yuán shēng huó gōng zuò de fāng shì yīng guó zhòng guó shì huó dòng de chǎng suǒ
  
    yīng guó chéng shì 
   míng hàn shì yīng guó wén huà zuì duō yuán huà de chéng shìyuē 200 wàn zǒng rén kǒugēn 2001 nián de tǒng , 29.7% de rén kǒu shì bái zhǒng rényòu duō cóng jiā nán 'ài 'ěr lán lái de mínshì mǎi jiā wài mǎi jiā hēi rén jiào zuì duō de ài 'ěr lán rén qìng zhùshèng · jié yóu xíngzài míng hàn guī jǐn bólín niǔ yuēwéi shì jiè sānyìn rén zài míng hàn míng de gālí pēng rèn jīng liú xíng dào
   míng hàn měi nián jiē dài yuē 2 qiān 2 bǎi wàn yóu shāng zhōng xīn fán huá chéng jǐn lún dūn
   míng hàn shì zhōng xīn yòu 60 gōng cháng de dàozài gōng mìng shí zhè xiē dào shì gōng de jiāo tōng mìng màidàn xiàn zài zhǐ yòu yóu yòng liǎorén men jīng cháng shuō míng hàn de dào wēi de hái yào chángwēi zhǐ yòu 43 gōng shí shàng míng hàn yào wēi fàn wéi duō liǎosuǒ liú méi yòu wēi
   zài 'èr zhàn jiān míng hàn shòu dào měng liè de hōng zhàwéi duō shí dài de jiàn zhù huǐ huài dài jìn qián dōushì 20 shì 50 60 nián dài chóngxīn jiàn shè desuǒ míng hàn chéng wéi yīng guó zuìchǒu lòude chéng shìjīng cháng bèi rén men chēng wéihùn níng sēn lín”。
   jìn nián láichéng shì zhōng xīn jīng guò gǎi zàohuī liǎo duō jiù de jiē dàobìng jiàn liǎo duō guǎng chǎng
   shǐ
   míng hàn yuán lái zhǐ shì xiǎo cūn zhuāng, 14 shì chéng wéi zhèngōng mìng hòuyóu jìn xiàn méi kuàngchéng shì xùn zhǎn láichéng shì rén kǒu 1800 nián wéi 75000 rén, 1900 nián wéi 65 wàn, 1889 nián cái bèi liè yīng guó chéng shì míng
  
  
  
   guó qìng jié yīng guó méi yòu chuán tǒng shàng de guó qìng jiézhǐ yòu wáng deguān fāng shēng ”。 yīng guó wáng suō bái 'èr shì de zhēn zhèng shēng shì 1926 nián 4 yuè 21 ér guān fāng shēng dìng zài měi nián kào jìn 6 yuè 11 de xīng liùměi nián de zhè shí hòu xiàng yòu zhī chēng de lún dūn tiān jiào hǎo zhù yào huó dòngshì yóu wáng qīn jiǎn yuèjūn jìng fēn liè shì”。 yóu xīng liù běn lái jiù shì gōng zuò yīn 'ér zhè tiān zài jiàrì zhī liè
  
   guó jiā zhèng yàoguó jiā yuán shǒu wéi wáng suō bái 'èr shìzhèng shǒu nǎo wéi gōng dǎng lǐng xiù dēng · lǎng
   guó huāméi guī huā
   guó niǎohóng xiōng
   guó shízuàn shí
  
  
  
   huán jìng
   gài kuàng : yóu liè diān dǎo shàng de yīng lán lán wēi 'ěr shì 'ài 'ěr lán dǎo dōng běi de běi 'ài 'ěr lán gòng tóng chéng de dǎo guóhái bāo kuò xiē yīng guó hǎi wài lǐng yīng guó běn wèi 'ōu zhōu běi miàn de liè diān qún dǎobèi běi hǎiyīng hǎi xiákǎi 'ěr hǎiài 'ěr lán hǎi yáng bāo wéi。 24.36 wàn píng fāng gōng bāo kuò nèi shuǐ ), yīng lán 13.04 wàn píng fāng gōng lán 7.88 wàn píng fāng gōng wēi 'ěr shì 2.08 wàn píng fāng gōng běi 'ài 'ěr lán 1.36 wàn píng fāng gōng wèi 'ōu zhōu de dǎo guóyóu liè diān dǎobāo kuò yīng lán lánwēi 'ěr shì)、 ài 'ěr lán dǎo dōng běi xiē xiǎo dǎo chéng běi hǎiduō 'ěr hǎi xiáyīng hǎi xiá 'ōu zhōu xiāng wàng de jiè 'ài 'ěr lán gòng guó jiē rǎnghǎi 'àn xiàn zǒng cháng 11450 gōng quán jìng fēn wéi fēnyīng lán dōng nán píng yuánzhōng shān lán shān běi 'ài 'ěr lán gāo yuán shān
   liú : sài wén ( 354 gōng tài shì ( 346 gōng )。 běi 'ài 'ěr lán de nèi theloughneagh( 396 píng fāng gōng miàn quán guó zhī shǒu
   hòu : shǔ hǎi yáng xìng wēn dài kuò lín hòuzhōng nián wēn shī rùntōng cháng zuì gāo wēn chāo guò 32℃, zuì wēn 10℃, píng jūn wēn 1 yuè 4 7℃, 7 yuè 13~ 17℃。 duō qiū dōng yóu shènnián píng jūn jiàng shuǐ liàng yuē 1000 háo běi shān de nián jiàng shuǐ liàng chāo guò 2000 háo zhōng dōng shǎo 800 háo měi nián 'èr yuè zhì sān yuè zuì wéi gān zàoshí yuè zhì lái nián yuè zuì wéi shī rùnquán guó hòu lèi xíng wéi wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng hòu
   shí chā : jīng guò lún dūn lín zhì tiān wén tái yuán zhǐ de běn chū xiàn de suǒ zài shí wéi líng shí běi jīng shí jiān wǎn 8 xiǎo shí
   hòu : wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng hòu
   yīng guó shēng huó
  
   shēng huó zhōng de shù
   zài yīng guóchéng rén píng jūn měi zhōu 22 xiǎo shí cóng shì quán gōng zuò huò quán jiào bìng xiāng tóng shù liàng de shí jiān yòng jiā láo dòngér cóng shì jiā láo dòng de rén de xìng bié réng wéi zuì gāodàn cān jiā gōng zuò de yuè lái yuè duō guó jiā tǒng zuì xīn tǒng cān jiā gōng zuò de 45%。 zài fēi gōng zuò mén zhàn bànér zài hángyè zhàn bàn duō wèi " bàn biān tiān "!
   zhuī qiú jiǎn dānshū shì de shēng huó
   réng chēng shàng shì yīng guó de guó dàn shìsuī rán shàng bān zhuāng shèn zhì zài zhòng yào chǎng nán shì zhe yàn wěi shì zhe xiōng wǎn dàn shìhěn duō lǎo bǎi xìng cháng huān chuān xiū xián shì yàng jiǎn dānshū
   yīng guó rén de yǐn shí guàn shì yàng jiǎn dānzhù zhòng yíng yǎngzǎo cān tōng cháng shì mài piàn chōng niú nǎi huò bēi guǒ zhī shàng huáng yóu de kǎo miàn bāo piànxūn xián ròu huò jiān xiāng cháng dànzhōng hái men zài xué xiào chī cān rén de cān jiù zài gōng zuò diǎn jìn mǎi shàng fèn sān míng zhìjiù bēi fēi liǎo shìzhǐ yòu dào zhōu yīng guó rén de fàn zhuō shàng cái huì fēng shèng fāntōng cháng zhù cài shì ròu lèi kǎo ròukǎo niú ròukǎo děngshū cài pǐn zhǒng fán duōxiàng juǎnxīncàixīn xiān wān dòu dòu luóbo děngshū cài bān dōubù zài jiā gōngzhuāng zài pán jiāo shàng cóng chāo shì mǎi huí de xiàn chéng tiáoliào biàn shí yòngzhù cài zhī hòu zǒng yòu dào xiāo huà de tián shí shāo zhǔ shuǐ guǒguǒ liào dīngnǎi làobīng líng děng
   gōng yuán
   yīng guó hòu wēn shī rùn nián shì zhǒng huā cǎo shù de shēngzhǎngzhèng zài zhì dìng shì guī huá shíjīhū zài měi shēng huó xiǎo zhuān mén guī huá chū kuài huò gōng yuángōng rén men xiū huò sàn wéi hái men gōng kōng jiān
   yóu dōng yīn duō shǐ xià tiān de tài yáng duì yīng guó rén lái shuō biàn de bié bǎo guìzài yáng guāng càn làn de zhōu jiàrìgōng yuán shā tān shàng dào chù tǎng mǎn liǎo xiǎng shòu tài yáng de rén mengèng yòu yīng guó rén de shài chéng zōng liàng wéi shí máo
   dòng shǒu zuò
   yīng guó rén huān zài zhōu jiàrì dòng shǒu xiū shàn fáng zhì zuò jiā zhuāng xiū fáng jiānxiū zhěng huā yuánshèn zhì zhì zuò táo gōng pǐnjīhū suǒ néngzhè jǐn jǐn chū jīng kǎo ér shì kàn zuò shì péi yǎng rén néngtáo rén qíng cāo shì xiū xián de shēng huó fāng shì zhī tōng guò dòng shǒu zuònéng shǐ de shì gèng jiā shū shìgèng xìng huà
   'ài yùn dòng
   yīng guó guó jiā tǒng zuì xīn tǒng zài 1996 zhì 1997 nián jiān , yòu zhàn zǒng rén kǒu 72% de nán gōng mín 57% de gōng mínzài 4 zhōu zhī nèizhì shǎo cān jiā yùn dòngqīng shàonián cān jiā xiào wài huó dòng de gèng gāo
   zài zhòng duō de yùn dòng xiàng zhōng xíng chē qiú nuò qiú wǎng qiúyóu yǒng huá hàn bīng xiéshì zhòng duō nán gòng tóng 'àihào de xiàng ér měi tiān sàn liǎng yīng huò gèng cháng de zhí shì liú xíng de yùn dòng
   fēng duō cǎi de jiàrì
   měi nián wài chū yóu jiǎ duì duō shù yīng guó bǎi xìng lái shuō lùn shí jiān cháng duǎnguó nèi huò guó wàidōushì shēng huó zhōng shǎo de yīng guó yóu gòu diào chá, 1996 nián yīng guó mín guò 4 huò 4 shàng jiàqī de rén gòng 5,900 wànchāo guò liǎo yīng guó rén kǒu de zǒng shùér 1997 nián yīng guó mín jiā jiǎ chāo guò de rén 7,080 wàn
   chú yóu wài yīng guó rén zài zhōu yínháng jié huó jié děng huā mén de jiàrì zhōng de xiāo qiǎn jié gèng shì fēng duō cǎihuán jìng yōu de diàn yǐng yuànyīnyuè tīng yuàn xià tiān yīnyuè huì gèng wéi tóng jiē céng tóng nián líng tóng kǒu wèi de rén men zhǔn bèi liǎo shì yàng de jié shù zhòng duō de guǎnmíng shèng gèng wéi rén men gōng liǎo zuì jiā xiū xián chù
   de zhě
   zài yīng guó 242,500 píng fāng gōng de guó shàngbiàn shū guǎn yuè lǎn shì yuē 5,000 suǒ ( bāo kuò zhuān shū guǎnyuàn xiào shū guǎn 300 duō suǒ )。 lùn bái tiān huò wǎn shàng shū guǎn nèi cháng cháng shì zuò jiè shūchá yuè liàoliú lǎn bào zhǐxiě wén zhāng de rén yòu xué shēnglǎo réngōng yuánnǎi zhì gōng rénhěn duō shū guǎn yuè lǎn shì gōng IT。
  
  
  
    jìn dài yīng guó shǐ
  
    chǎn jiē mìng shèng hòu , běn yuán shǐ lěi gèng jiā xùn huì lìng shǐ juàn huà , juàn guī xùn kuò zài guǎng bèi juàn zhàn shàng jiàn běn zhù nóng chǎng huò chǎngbèi duó shēng chǎn liào de nóng mín chéng wéi " yóu " láo dòng guó nèi shì chǎng kuò 。 1689~ 1763 nián jiānyīng wéi zhēng duó zhí mín kāi zhàn duān guó chǎn jiē mìng bào hòu yīng guó zhèng zài 1793~ 1815 nián jiān zhì bìng cān jiā fǎn lián méngzài zhěng 18 shì yīng guó chéng wéi fàn mài hēi de guó zhōng xīnzài guó nèizhèng shí xíng bǎo guān shuì zhèng gāo guān shuì zhǐ wài guó shāng pǐn shū jiǎng běn guó gōng pǐn chū kǒu shuì bǎo běn guó gōng shāng zhǎn shàng zhǒng zhǒng yuán shǐ lěi shǒu duàn wéi gōng shēng chǎn de biàn gōng liǎo qián 。 18 shì hòu bàn zài gōng shēng chǎn zhōng chū xiàn bìng kāi shǐ shǐ yòng zhè biāo zhì zhe gōng mìng de kāi shǐbiàn shǒu xiān shēng zài mián fǎng zhì 。 1733 nián zhì zhōng kāi shǐ cǎi yòng fēi suō, 60~ 70 nián dài fǎng shā biàn cǎi yòng; 80 nián dàizhēng tóu shǐ yòngsuí zhe zhēng cǎi yòng fàn wéi de kuò , bié shì zhì zào de chū xiàn , gōng mìng xùn kuò zhǎn dào méndào 19 shì 30~ 40 nián dài zhù yào gōng mén cǎi yòng shēng chǎn zài fǎng zhì zhōng zhàn zhù dǎo wèi yīng guó cóng nóng guó zhǎn chéng gōng guógōng mìng zhì běn wán chénggōng mìng gǎi biàn liǎo yīng guó de jīng miàn mào běi xīng gōng chéng shì , rén kǒu xiàng zhōng。 19 shì zhōng , yīng guó chéng wéi shì jiè shàng 1 gōng qiáng guógōng mìng zào jiù liǎo liǎng xīn jiē héng héng gōng chǎn jiē gōng chǎn jiē men zhī jiān de duì dǒu zhēng chéng wéi yīng guó gōng běn zhù shè huì de běn máo dùn
  
  
  
  
  
   guó jiā zhèng zhì
   yīng guó méi yòu chéng wén xiàn yīng guó de xiàn tóng jué duō shù guó jiā de xiàn bìng shì de wén jiàn shì yóu chéng wén guàn guàn chéngzhù yào yòu xiàn zhāng( 1215 nián)、 rén shēn bǎo ( 1679 nián)、 quán 'àn( 1689 nián)、 huì ( 1911、 1949 nián xiū gǎi de xuǎn shì zhì jùn huì děng lán lìng yòu de zhèng wéi jūn zhù xiàn zhìguó wáng shì guó jiā yuán shǒuzuì gāo zhǎngguān zhuāng duì zǒng lìng yīng guó shèng gōng huì dezuì gāo lǐng xiù”, xíng shì shàng yòu quán rèn miǎn shǒuxiàng chéngāo guānjūn guān shǔ de zǒng wài jiāo guānzhù jiào yīng guó shèng gōng huì de gāo shén zhí rén yuán děngbìng yòu zhào tíng zhǐ jiě sàn huì zhǔn xuān zhàn gòu děng quán dàn shí quán zài nèi huì shì zuì gāo gòuyóu guó wángshàng yuàn xià yuàn chéngshàng yuànguì yuànbāo kuò wáng shì hòu shì guì xīn fēng guì shàng yuàn guān jiào huì zhù jiào zhù jiào chéng。 1999 nián 11 yuèshàng yuàn gǎi 'àn tōng guòchú 92 míng liú rèn wài, 600 duō míng shì guì shī shàng yuàn yuán fēi zhèng zhì rèn mìng de shàng yuàn yuán jiāng yóu zhuān mén de huáng jiā wěi yuán huì tuī jiànxià yuàn jiào píng mín yuàn yuán yóu xuǎn chǎn shēngcǎi zuì duō piào dāng xuǎn de xiǎo xuǎn xuǎn zhì rèn 5 niándàn zhèng jué dìng qián xuǎnzhèng shí xíng nèi zhìyóu wáng rèn mìng zài huì xuǎn zhōng huò duō shù wèi de zhèng dǎng lǐng xiù chū rèn shǒu xiāng bìng xiàng huì yīng guó péi shěn tuán de shǐ zhuī dào zhōng shì zhì jīn jīng shì xíng shì zhì gēn shēn de chéng fēn liǎocóng jià zhí xuǎn lái kàn nán xiànzhè shí shàng shì rén wéi jiāng qíng jié zài de zhì shè rán shì shè huì guān de tiáojié dàn yòu xiàn 'ér qíng qióngde yòu máo dùn cóng wèi xiāo shī guò guān rán shì jīng tōng dedàn cún zài zhe xiè zhí shì qíng de néng xìnglái shè huì de péi shěn yuán men suī rán dǒng què dǒng shè huì qíng rén nán dài biǎo de shè huì xīn dàn lái fāng fāng miàn miàn de12 rén yīngdāng shuō chàbù duō liǎozhī xiǎo qíng de péi shěn tuán jīng tōng de guān jié zài zhè néng shuō shì qiǎo miào de zhè děng gòu bìng méi yòu péi shěn tuán de sòng shìgèng děng shuō shè péi shěn zhì jiù rán huì chū xiàn qíng de chōng me duō guó jiādōu méi yòu péi shěn tuán zhào yàng hǎohǎo de méi yòu péi shěn tuándìng rán yòu bié de jié fāng shì zhì céng miàn cāo zuò céng miànxíng shì duō zhǒng duō yàngdàn niàn yīngshì xiāng jìn de gāng xìng zhī róu xìng zhī de tǒng chóu jiān yòu diǎn hái zhù qíng shì róu xìng de dedàn qíng de jìng fàn wéi yīngshì gāng xìng de deyán fáng qíng duì de suí qīn shí
  
   zhèng dǎng
  ( 1) gōng dǎng( LabourParty): zhí zhèng dǎng。 1900 nián chéng yuán míng láo gōng dài biǎo wěi yuán huì, 1906 nián gǎi yòng xiàn mínggāi dǎng céng 1924, 1929~1931, 1945~1951 nián, 1964~1970 nián, 1974~1979 nián shàng tái zhí zhèng。 1997 nián xuǎn huò shèng, 2001 nián 6 yuè xuǎn hòu chán lián zhí zhènggōng dǎng jìn nián lái gèng duō qīng xiàng zhōng chǎn jiē de gōng huì guān yòu suǒ shū yuǎn lāi 'ěr dāng xuǎn gōng dǎng lǐng xiù hòuzhèng zhì shàng chūxīn gōng dǎngxīn yīng guóde kǒu hào xiāo dǎng zhāng zhōng yòu guān gōng yòu zhì de tiáo kuǎnjīng shàng zhù zhāng jiǎn shǎo zhèng gān yán kòng zhì gōng gòng kāi zhībǎo chí hóng guān jīng wěn dìng zēngzhǎngjiàn xiàn dài zhì duì wài zhù zhāng cānyù guó zuòduì 'ōu zhōu huà chí tài zhù zhāng jiā 'ōu yuánzhù zhāng tóng měi guó bǎo chí shū guān xiàn yòu dǎng yuán jìn 40 wàn míngshì yīng guó dǎng
  ( 2) bǎo shǒu dǎng( ConservativeParty): zhù yào fǎn duì dǎngqián shēn wéi 1679 nián chéng de tuō dǎng, 1833 nián gǎi chēng xiàn mínggāi dǎng cóng 1979 zhì 1997 nián 4 lián zhí zhèngchéng wéi 20 shì zài yīng guó zhàn zhù dǎo wèi de zhèng dǎngzài 1997 nián 5 yuè 2001 nián 6 yuè liǎng xuǎn zhōng cǎn bài gōng dǎngbǎo shǒu dǎng de zhī chí zhě bān lái jiè jiē céngzhù zhāng yóu shì chǎng jīng tōng guò yán kòng zhì huò gōng yìng liàng jiǎn shǎo gōng gòng kāi zhī děng cuò shī lái tōng huò péng zhàngzhù zhāng xiàn zhì gōng huì quán jiā qiáng zhì ”。 jìn nián lái chū shí xíng yòu tóng qíng xīn de bǎo shǒu zhù ”, guān zhù jiào liáopín kùn děng shè huì wèn qiáng diào wéi yīng guó zhù quánfǎn duìlián bāng 'ōu zhōu”, fǎn duì jiā 'ōu yuánzhù zhāng jiàn yáng gòng tóng jiā qiáng yīng měi shū guān qiáng diào běi yuē réng shì yīng guó ān quán fáng de shíxiàn yòu dǎng yuán 30 duō wàn míng
  ( 3) yóu mín zhù dǎng (TheLiberalDemocratParty): 1988 nián 3 yuè yóu yuán yóu dǎng shè huì mín zhù dǎng nèi zhī chí tóng yóu dǎng bìng de duō shù pài chéngzhù zhāng wéi chí gōng dǎng de zuò guān tuī dòng gōng dǎng zài fāng xuǎn xià yuàn xuǎn zhōng shí xíng dài biǎo zhìzài gōng gòng shè huì gōng zhènghuán jìng bǎo děng wèn shàng cǎi gōng dǎng gèngjìn de zhèng xiàn yòu dǎng yuán yuē 10 wàn míngshì yīng guó sān dǎng
  
   yīng guó huì
   shì yīng guó huì de xiàng zhí suǒ wèi huì de zhì zūn wèi jiù shì zhǐ huì de quáncóng lùn shàng jiǎng huì yòu quán zhì dìng fèi chú xiàn xià de rèn xiàng wài yīng guó chéng rèn rèn rén dān wèi yòu quán tuī fān huò fèi huì suǒ tōng guò de cóng zhè shàng shuō huì shì yīng guóquán de chǔ”, yīng guó zhōng yāng de qiē xiàn zhèng quán jiē yóu xuǎn mín liǎo huìrán hòu huì zài jiāng xíng zhèng quán shòu zhèng jiāng quán shòu yuànér zhí jiē xíng shǐ quán huì sān quán shēngāo zhèng yuàn tōng guò zhǎng quán lái xiàn de wèitóng shí shì jiè zhù lái shí xiàn duì zhèng yuàn de yuē shù guò shí jiàn zhōngzhèng shì huì gōng zuò de zhì zhě lǐng dǎo zhě huì zài guò chéng zhōng méi yòu zhù dòng quán zhì yóu xué zhě zhǐ chūxiàn dài yīng guó huì de gōng zuò guò shì duì zhèng chū 'àn shěn píng zhǔn”。
   yīng guó de guò chéng yòu sān huán jiézhǔn bèi bìng chū 'ànshěn bìng tōng guò 'àn zhǔn 'àn shǐ zhī chéng wéi huì shěn de 'àn fēn sān zhǒnggōng 'àn 'àn hùn 'àngōng 'àn jiāo gěi liǎng yuàn zhōng de rèn 'àn tōng cháng yóu jīng shòu quán de dāng shì rén de dài rén chūhùn 'àn yóu bié wěi yuán huì chǔlǐsuǒ yòu zhè xiē 'àn zài jīng guò liǎo huì liǎng yuàn de jiē duàn hòu chéng sòng guó wáng zhǔnyóu guó wáng bān zhèng shūzài jiāo yóu cháng zài liǎng yuàn xuān
  ( zhèng 'àn jué duō shù gōng 'àn dōushì zhèng 'ànzhèng 'àn zài huì shěn shí yòu yōu xiān wèiyóu zhí zhèng dǎng tōng cháng zài xià yuàn zhōng zhàn yòu duō shù suǒ zhèng 'àn bān néng gòu tōng guòzhè shí huì suǒ de zuò yòng shí shàng bìng shì ér shì jiāng zhèng 'àn xuān wéi dàn shìméi yòu xià yuàn de tóng rèn 'àn dōubù néng chéng wéi
   nèi duì 'àn cǎo gōng zuò shí xíng tǒng kòng zhì cǎo gōng zuò yóu zhuān mén de 'àn cǎo shì wán chéng cǎo shì shè zài cái zhèng nèizhèng jìhuà nèi de zhòng yào 'ànyóu guó wáng zài 11 yuè fèn huì kāi shì de jiǎng huà zhōng gōng suí hòu sòng dào liǎng yuàn zhōng de rèn shěn tōng cháng qíng kuàng xià shì xiàn sòng dào xià yuànzhèng cháng qíng kuàng xiàzhèng 'àn yào jīng liǎng yuàn tōng guòdàn zhù yào shì shè cái zhèng shì de 'àn yǒng héng yóu xià yuàn shěn tōng guò huì hái guī dìngzài dìng huán jìng xiàxià yuàn jīng guò shàng yuàn 'ér tōng guò 'ànliǎng yuàn tōng guò 'àn de guò chéng xiāng
  ( èr tōng yuán 'àn tōng yuán 'àn zhàn yīng guó huì xià yuàn měi nián shěn 'àn de 10%。 ér qiě zhè zhǒng 'àn de tōng guò shuài jiào dàn réng yòu zhòng yào jià zhízhè zhǒng 'àn dào liǎo duì zhèng 'àn shí quē de zuò yòng wài hái xiàn liǎo mín zhù xiàn zhèng jīng shén dào liǎo tiáojié zhèng huì zhī jiān xiàn zhèng guān de zuò yòng
   tōng yuán 'àn zài xià yuàn shěn shí shòu dào dìng chéng de shì men zhí néng zài huì kāi huì shí jiān de měi xīng chōu qiān jué dìngbèi tǎo lùn tōng yuán 'àn yòng“ 10 fēn zhōng guī tōng jiāo chūzài shěn tōng yuán 'àn de guò chéng zhōng 'àn zhě néng zhǐ wàng dǎng bǎo jiázhǐ néng kào yuán rén lái shuō quán yuàn jiē shòu
  ( sān 'àn 'àn yóu huì wài de réntuán fāng zhèng chūtōng cháng shì yóu fāng zhèng chū cāo zuò shì yóu chū 'àn de dài rén lái jìn xíngdài rén yào jiāng 'àn jiāo xià yuàn 'àn bàn gōng shì 'àn fēn zhuǎn gěi shàng yuàn chǔlǐ shěn chéng gōng 'àn xiāng jìnzhǐ guò duō shù gōng zuò yóu wěi yuán huì wán chéng
  ( hùn 'àn hùn 'àn yán lái shuō shì gōng 'ànzhǐ guò zhōng mǒu xiē tiáo kuǎn yǐng xiǎng liǎo rén de quán bāo hán zhe xiē 'àn de xìng zhì xiàng 'àn shì fǒu shǔ hùn 'ànyóu xià yuàn 'àn bàn gōng shì cái jué huò yóu cháng cái juéhùn 'àn bān jiāo gěi bié wěi yuán huì chǔlǐ chéng shěn 'àn tóng xiǎo
  ( wěi tuō zhè zhǒng zhì jiù shì huì tōng guò de 'àn zhǐ guī dìng bān de yuán ér shòu quán gěi nèi chén huò fàng xíng zhèng mén guī dìng 'ér chéng wéi lìngshí xíng zhè zhǒng zhì zhù yào shì wèile jiǎn shǎo huì de shì yìng liǎo nèi quán duàn kuò de jìn chéng huì tōng cháng jiāng quán wěi tuō gěi xiē zhí jiē xiàng huì de ménqiě bǎo liú què rèn huò xuān wěi tuō xiào de huìliǎng yuàn shè lián wěi yuán huì lái bào gào zhì dìng zhōng de lìng de jìn qíng kuàngwèile jié shěng quán yuàn huì de shí jiānxià yuàn yòng cháng wěi yuán huì lái biàn lùn lìng de jià zhípíng pàn jué dìng shí shàng shì zài quán yuàn wěi yuán huì shàng zuò chūzài shàng yuànduì lìng de biàn lùn shì zài quán yuàn huì shàng jìn xíng deshàng yuàn shòu quán gěi shěn chá wěi yuán huì lái kǎo chá bèi shòu quán de gòu shì fǒu zhèng què xíng shǐ liǎo quán
   èrjiān kòng cái zhèng yīng guó huì de shǐ zhēng duó kòng zhì cái zhèng quán fēn kāi huì jiù shì tōng guò zhǎng cái zhèng lái kòng zhì zhèng de zhèng gōng zuò de。 1911 nián de huì bān hòu huì duì zhèng cái zhèng de jiān kòng quán wán quán zhuǎn dào liǎo xià yuànshàng yuàn quán tōng guò fǒu jué cái zhèng 'ànzhǐ néng duì xià yuàn de jué dìng biǎo shì tóng guò huì duì cái zhèng quán de kòng zhì zhǐ shì lùn shàng de huì duì zhèng cái zhèng kòng zhì de xiào guǒ lìng yuán men shī wàngfǎn dǎo shì zhèng zhēn zhèng kòng zhì liǎo cái zhèng quánrèn cái zhèng 'àn yóu zhèng chūxià yuàn fāng shòu jiāng cái zhèng quán shòu zhèng shì yīng guó xiàn zhèng zhì de diǎn mìqiè xiāng guān rèn nèi zhì yào qiú nèi yōng yòu jué quánér cái zhèng jué shì zhǒng guó shì jué zhōng zuì shǒu yào de jué zhè jiù jué dìng liǎo yóu zhèng zhǎng cái zhèng jué quánér huì yīnggāi wéi zhèng zuò chū de cái zhèng jué dàn zhè bìng děng huì zài cái zhèng wèn shàng suǒ zuò wéi huì réng duì zhèng de cái zhèng shì jìn xíng jiān kòngzhù yào xiàn zài rèn cái zhèng 'àn shǒu xiān xiàng huì xià yuàn chūyóu xià yuàn shěn biǎo jué 'èrrèn cái zhèng 'àn zhuǎn huà wéi cái yòu xiào huì jiān kòng cái zhèng de gòu fēn liǎng céng quán yuàn huì wěi yuán huìquán yuàn huì jiān kòng shǒu duàn yòu sānbiàn lùnzhì xún wěi yuán huì de jiān kòng zhù yào zhòng gēn zōng xiāng yìng de zhèng mén de gōng zuò zhèng bìng tōng guò lián luò wěi yuán huì xiàng quán yuàn huì bào gào suǒ huò de qíng kuàngzài wěi yuán huì zhōng zuò yòng zuì de shì guó jiā zhàng wěi yuán huì huì jiān kòng cái zhèng de dào zhù yào yòu liǎng tiáo shì jiān kòng cái zhèng shōu ér shì jiān kòng cái zhèng zhī chū
  
   yīng guó xiàn
  
   yīng guó xiàn jué duō shù guó jiā xiàn tóng shì de wén jiàn yóu chéng wén guàn guàn chéngzhù yào yòu xiàn zhāng( 1215 nián)、 rén shēn bǎo ( 1679 nián)、 quán 'àn( 1689 nián)、 huì ( 1911、 1949 nián xiū gǎi de xuǎn shì zhì jùn huì děngzhèng wéi jūn zhù xiàn zhìjūn zhù shì guó jiā yuán shǒuzuì gāo zhǎngguān zhuāng duì zǒng lìng yīng guó shèng gōng huì dezuì gāo lǐng xiù”, xíng shì shàng yòu quán rèn miǎn shǒuxiàng chéngāo guānjūn guān shǔ de zǒng wài jiāo guānzhù jiào yīng guó shèng gōng huì de gāo shén zhí rén yuán děngbìng yòu zhào tíng zhǐ jiě sàn huì zhǔn xuān zhàn gòu děng quán dàn shí quán zài nèi lán yòu de
   quán shì jiè chéng wén xiàn chū měi guórán 'ér zhì jīng shén què lái yīng guó xiàn zhāng gòng 65 tiáo nèi róng fēn sān fēn fēn wèiguó wáng lǐng zhù guān guī dìng 'èr fēn wèiguó wáng shī zhèng fāng zhēn chéng guī dìng sān fēn wèiguó wáng lǐng zhù zhēng duān chǔlǐ guī dìngàn zhào xiàn zhāng de guī dìngguó wáng yào bǎo zhàng guì shì de fēng jiàn chéng quán wéi xiàng fēng jiàn zhù zhēng shōu gāo 'é juān shuì rèn dài jiān jìnfàng zhú yóu rén huò mòshōu men de cái chǎnchéng rèn lún dūn děng chéng shì de zhì quánwèile bǎo zhèng xiàn zhāng luò kōngyóu 25 míng nán jué chéng wěi yuán huìduì guó wáng jìn xíng jiān guǒ xiàn zhāng zāo dào huàifēng jiàn lǐng zhù yòu quán jūn shì shǒu duàn qiǎngpò guó wáng yuē yīng guó hòu de xiàn zhèngzhuī gēn yuán lái xiàn zhāng běn jīng shén wáng quán yòu xiàn rén yóuyòu de xué zhě tuō jiù rèn wéizhěng yīng guó xiàn zhèng shǐshí shàng shì xiàn zhāng de zhù shì shǐ
  
  
  
  
   yòu sān zhǒng tóng de yīng lán wēi 'ěr shì shí xíng tōng lán shí xíng mín běi 'ài 'ěr lán shí xíng yīng lán xiāng de zhì gòu fēn mín shì tíng xíng shì tíng liǎng tǒngzài yīng lán wēi 'ěr shìmín shì shěn gòu 'àn fēn wéi jùn yuàngāo děng yuànshàng yuàn mín shì tíngshàng yuànxíng shì shěn gòu 'àn fēn wéi fāng yuànxíng shì yuànshàng yuàn xíng shì tíngshàng yuàn yīng guó zuì gāo guān wéi shàng yuàn shì mínxíng 'àn jiàn de zuì zhōng shàng guān。 1986 nián chéng huáng jiā jiǎn chá yuàn shǔ guó jiā zhèng guān shòu suǒ yòu de yóu yīng lán wēi 'ěr shì jǐng chá guān jiāo de xíng shì sòng 'ànzǒng jiǎn chá cháng zǒng jiǎn chá cháng shì yīng zhèng de zhù yào wèn bìng zài mǒu xiē guó nèi guó 'àn jiàn zhōng dài biǎo wáng shì yīng guó péi shěn tuán de shǐ zhuī dào zhōng shì zhì jīn jīng shì xíng shì zhì gēn shēn de chéng fēn liǎocóng jià zhí xuǎn lái kàn nán xiànzhè shí shàng shì rén wéi jiāng qíng jié zài de zhì shè rán shì shè huì guān de tiáojié dàn yòu xiàn 'ér qíng qióngde yòu máo dùn cóng wèi xiāo shī guò guān rán shì jīng tōng dedàn cún zài zhe xiè zhí shì qíng de néng xìnglái shè huì de péi shěn yuán men suī rán dǒng què dǒng shè huì qíng rén nán dài biǎo de shè huì xīn dàn lái fāng fāng miàn miàn de12 rén yīngdāng shuō chàbù duō liǎozhī xiǎo qíng de péi shěn tuán jīng tōng de guān jié zài zhè néng shuō shì qiǎo miào de
   zhè děng gòu bìng méi yòu péi shěn tuán de sòng shìgèng děng shuō shè péi shěn zhì jiù rán huì chū xiàn qíng de chōng me duō guó jiādōu méi yòu péi shěn tuán zhào yàng hǎohǎo de méi yòu péi shěn tuándìng rán yòu bié de jié fāng shì zhì céng miàn cāo zuò céng miànxíng shì duō zhǒng duō yàngdàn niàn yīngshì xiāng jìn de gāng xìng zhī róu xìng zhī de tǒng chóu jiān yòu diǎn hái zhù qíng shì róu xìng de dedàn qíng de jìng fàn wéi yīngshì gāng xìng de deyán fáng qíng duì de suí qīn shí。 
  
  
  
   guó jiā jīng
   yīng guó shì shì jiè jīng qiáng guó zhī 2007 nián guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí wèi shì jiè yīng guó zhì zào zài guó mín jīng zhōng de zhòng yòu suǒ xià jiàng néng yuán suǒ zhàn de zhòng duàn zēng zhōng shāng jīn róng bǎo xiǎn zhǎn jiào kuài yóu shì yīng zuì zhòng yào de jīng mén zhī nián chǎn zhí 700 duō yīng bàng yóu shōu zhàn shì jiè yóu shōu de 5% zuǒ yòu fēng guāng yóu wéi zhù de guó jiā tóng yīng guó de wáng shì wén huà guǎn wén huà shì yóu de zuì kàn diǎnzhù yào yóu diǎn yòu lún dūnài dīng bǎojiā de lài dùn lín wēi zhì niú jīnjiàn qiáo děng yīng guó shì shì jiè mào guómào 'é zhàn shì jiè mào zǒng 'é de 5% shàngshāng pǐn láo chū kǒu yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 25%。
   yīng zhù yào chū kǒu xiè chēháng kōng shè bèidiàn diàn chǎn pǐnhuà gōng chǎn pǐn shí yóuzhù yào jìn kǒu yuán cái liào shí pǐn yīng guó hái shì shì jiè liù hǎi wài tóu guó liù duì wài yuán zhù guólún dūn shì shì jiè xìng jīn róng mào zhōng xīn yóu shì yīng zuì zhòng yào de jīng mén zhī 。 2001 nián yóu chǎn zhí 728 yīng bàngcóng yóu shōu shàng suàn, 2001 nián yīng guó shì shì jiè yóu guóshōu zhàn shì jiè yóu shōu de 3.4%。 2002 nián 3 yuècóng rén yuán 205.6 wàn zhōng yóu zhí zhě yuē wéi 14.8 wàn rén。 2001 nián yīng guó guó nèi yóu chǎn zhí yuē 595 yīng bàng。 2001 niándào yīng guó de wài guó yóu 2280 wàn 2000 nián jiǎn shǎo 9%。 zhōng 'ōu yóu shàng nián jiǎn shǎo 8%, wéi 1287 wàn rénběi měi yóu shàng nián jiǎn shǎo 13%, 423 wàn rén yóu jiǎn shǎo 9%, 375 wànhǎi wài yóu zǒng shōu wéi 113 yīng bàngshāng yóu shōu 34 yīng bàngzhàn hǎi wài yóu zǒng shōu de 30%, bìng yòu zhǎn shì。 2001 niánguó nèi yóu shōu 595 yīng bàng。 2000 niánquán yīng jiǔ diàn zǒng yíng 'é wéi 566 yīng bàng 2000 nián zēngzhǎng 7.2%。 2001 niánquán yīng yòu lèi guǎn 6 wàn duō jiāzhù cān yǐn yòu 51500 jiāzǒng yíng 'é wéi 182 yīng bàng 2000 nián zēngzhǎng 12.1%; lèi jiǔ guǎn gòng yòu yuē 49500 jiā 1990 nián lái jiǎn shǎo 8%。 2001 nián 2 yuè fēng niú bìng de bào “ 9·11 shì jiànyán zhòng yǐng xiǎng yīng guó yóu sǔn shī 150 yīng bàngzhù yào yóu yòulún dūnài dīng bǎojiā de lài dùn lín wēi zhì niú jīnjiàn qiáo děngzhù yào guān guāng jǐng diǎn yòu yuàn guǎnměi shù guǎn jiàn zhù zhù gōng yuán shāng diàn děngyuē 50% de hǎi wài yóu zhù yào zài lún dūn cān guān yóu lǎn bāo kuò jīn róng bǎo xiǎn líng shòu yóu shāng gōng xún děng)。 jìn nián lái zhǎn xùn dào 2001 nián cóng rén yuán 2280 wànzhàn zǒng jiù rén kǒu de 77.5%。 2001 nián zǒng chǎn zhí 2000 nián zēng jiā 1%, zēng jiā zhí zhàn guó nèi zǒng chǎn zhí zēng jiā zhí de 71.4%。 lún dūn shì shì jiè zhù míng jīn róng zhōng xīncóng shì kuà guó yínháng jiè dàiwài huì jiāo guó zhài quàn xíng jīn tóu děng tóng shí shì shì jiè zuì bǎo xiǎn shì chǎngzuì huáng jīn xiàn huò jiāo shì chǎng chuán dài shì chǎng zhòng yào fēi guì zhòng jīn shǔ jiāo zhōng xīnjīn róng shì yīng guó mào píng héng de zhù chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 5% shàngcóng rén yuán 100 duō wàn dào chuàng de 132 yīng bànggōng dǎng zhèng zhí zhèng hòu shǒu jìn xíng jīn róng jiān guǎn gǎi bìng 1998 nián 6 yuè chéng liǎo jīn róng guǎn dài yuán xiān yīng lán yínháng de jiān guǎn zhí néng yīng guó zhèng wài guó xiàng yīng guó tóu bìng jiāng shì wéi yǐn jìn xīn shùxīn chǎn pǐnxīn de guǎn fāng gāo jiù zēng jiā chū kǒu de yòu xiào jìngjìn nián lái yīng guó chéng wéi wài shāng zài 'ōu zhōu tóu de shǒu xuǎn 。 2001 nián yīng guó yǐn wài guó tóu zǒng 'é 538 měi yuán shì jiè sān wèiměi guó shì yīng guó de zuì tóu guótóu 'é zhàn 48.4%, shì guójiā běnfēn bié zhàn 8.2%、 6.4% 5.9%。 tóu lǐng bāo kuò chētōng xùnxìn diàn liáo shè bèijīn róng shí pǐnyǐn liào děngtóu xíng shì wéi shōu gòujiān bìng xiàn yòu kuò jiàn yòu shēng chǎn chǎngjiàn yán huò kuà guó gōng zǒng děng。 2000 niánwài guó zài yīng zhí jiē tóu 862 yīng bàngzhèng quàn tóu 1746 yīng bàng tóu 2818 yīng bàngjié zhǐ dào 2000 nián wài guó zài yīng lěi zhí jiē tóu 'é wéi 3235 yīng bàngzhèng quàn tóu zǒng 'é 10321 yīng bàng tóu 'é 16853 yīng bàngzǒng 'é 30408 yīng bàng
  
  
   yīng guó pǐn pái
  
  GiorgioArmani bǎo zūn huò jiā duǒ dēng zhī huá shì 555 xiāng yān huì fēng
  
   yīng guó gōng gòng jiāo tōng
   jiāo tōng chǔ shè shī jiào quán tiě shuǐ háng kōng yùn shū jūn jiào lún dūn yòu shí fēn de tiě wǎng。 1994 nián yīng hǎi suì dào guàn tōngjiāng yīng guó de tiě tǒng 'ōu zhōu de tiě tǒng lián jiē láigōng dǎng zhèng qián zhèng tàn tǎo zhì dìng zōng jiāo tōng zhèng jiě jué jiāo tōng yōng rǎn wèn jìn nián lái de jiāo tōng yùn shū qíng kuàng
   tiě : 1997 nián wán chéng yòu huàtiě zǒng cháng 3.2 wàn gōng 。 2000 nián tiě yùn shū zēngzhǎng 2.0%, qīng guǐ tiě yùn shū chéng shàng shēng shì。 2000-2001 nián yùn liàng wéi 470 rén gōng 。 2002 nián 1 yuèyīng zhèng xuān xīn de zhàn lüè xìng tiě 10 nián gǎi jìhuà huǎn jiě yùn shū gāo yùn yíng zhì liàngzhèng tóu 335 yīng bàng suǒ 635 yīng bàng jiāng xiàng rén tóu zhě chóu
   gōng dào 2000 niángōng zǒng cháng 39.2 wàn gōng zhōng 3500 gōng wéi gāo gōng 。 2001 niángōng zǒng yùn shū liàng yuē 6790 rén gōng dào 2001 nián zhǐzhù de dòng chē liàng zǒng shù wéi 2974.7 wàn liàng zhōng xiǎo chē 2389.9 wàn liàng( 240 wàn liàng wéi gōng suǒ yòu), huò chē 422 wàn liàng , lèi tuō chē 88.2 wàn liànggōng gòng chē 8.9 wàn liàng
   shuǐ yùnnèi háng yùn xiàn zǒng cháng 3200 gōng zhù yào yòng yóu lǎn gǎi shàn rán huán jìng fēn yòng huò yùnjié zhǐ 2001 nián gòng yòu 100 dūn shàng shāng chuán 594 sōuzǒng dūn wèi wéi 1200 wàn dūnhǎi yùn chéng dān liǎo 95%( zài zhòngde duì wài mào yùn shū。 2001 nián yīng guó háng chuán shōu 37 yīng bàng zhōng huò yùn shōu 28 yīng bàng yīng guó yòu xiǎo gǎng kǒu 300 duō zhōng 70 wéi zhòng yào shāng gǎng kǒu。 2001 nián yīng guó gǎng kǒu chū kǒu 2.36 dūnjìn kǒu 3.29 dūn , zhōng 52 zhù yào gǎng kǒu zǒng tūn liàng 5.48 dūn,, měi nián tūn liàng 100 wàn dūn xià de xiǎo gǎng tūn zǒng liàng wéi 1600 wàn dūntūn liàng chāo guò 1000 wàn dūn de gǎng kǒu yòulún dūn 'ěr - yīn míng hàn nán 'ān dùn lún fěi tuō 'ěr - hēi wénduō děng
    kōng yùn yīng guó de suǒ yòu háng kōng gōng duō chǎng dōushì yíng 。 2000 nián yòu háng kōng fēi yuē 889 jià bāo kuò zhí shēng ), 2001 nián cóng rén yuán 93000 rénguó háng xiàn zǒng cháng 4.6 gōng 。 2000 nián yīng guó háng bān gòng fēi xíng 15.12 gōng wéi lái zuì cháng 1990 nián gāo chū 78.8%。 2001 nián mín háng bān yùn liàng 1.04 rén huò yùn liàng 92.5 wàn dūngòng yòu 150 duō zhù mín yòng chǎngnián liú liàng zài 10 wàn rén shàng de zhàn 1/4, zhù yào yòu luóshì jiè zuì fán máng chǎng zhī )、 gài wēi màn chè míng hànài dīng bǎo děng yīng guó háng kōng gōng (BritishAirways) shì yīng guó zuì de háng kōng gōng shì shì jiè zuì háng kōng gōng zhī 。 2001-2002 nián gāi gōng yíng 'é wéi 83 yīng bàng。 2001 nián“ 9.11” shì jiàn lái yīng guó mín háng shòu míng xiǎn chōng wéi fáng jié shì jiàn shēngzhèng jiā qiáng liǎo mín háng 'ān quán bǎo zhàng gōng zuò
  
  
   huò yīng bàng( Pound)
   gōng : háng kōng háng tiāndiàn shí huà néng chēfǎng zhì jīn xièzào chuán děng
   nóng : màixiǎo màiyàn màitián cài líng shǔ děng
   kuàng chǎn : méitiěshí yóutiān rán děng
  
  
  
  
  
   guó jiā jūn shì
   jiàn jūn shí jiān yuē zài 17 shì zhōng wáng wéi yīng jūn míng shàng de zuì gāo tǒng shuàizuì gāo jūn shì jué gòu shìguó fáng hǎi wài zhèng wěi yuán huì”, shǒuxiàng rèn zhù chéng yuán yòu guó fáng chénwài jiāo chénnèi zhèng chéncái zhèng chén děng yào shí guó fáng cān móu cháng sān jūn cān móu cháng liè huì guó fáng wèiguó fáng zhí xíng gòu shì zhèng xíng zhèng ményòu shì jūn shì zuì gāo lìng yīng guó shì běi yuē tuán de chuàng shǐ guó zhù yào chéng yuán guóyōng yòu de liàngguó jiā zhàn lüè de xīn shì cānyù shì jiè shì wéi yīng guó de guó wèi kào jiè zhù běi yuē fáng liàng lái bǎo wèi 'ōu zhōu yīng guó běn de 'ān quánbìng kuò yīng guó zài 'ōu zhōu de yǐng xiǎng jiā qiáng yīng lián bāng guó jiā de lián bǎo guǎng fàn de hǎi wài 。 2004 nián 7 yuè yīng guó zhèng gōng liǎo jìn shí nián lái guī zuì de jūn shì tiáozhěng jìhuàduì hǎikōng sān jūn bīng zhǒng jié gòu jūn shì zhuāng bèi jìn xíng tiáozhěng zēng jiā duì zài yuǎn chéng zuò zhàn zhōng de líng huó dòng néng cóng 'ér gèng hǎo shì yìng xiàn dài zhàn zhēng de yào yòu xiào yìng duì 21 shì de quán qiú xìng wēi xié yīng guó fáng gōng de shù yīng jūn xiàn yòu zǒng bīng yuē wéi 20 56 wàn rén zhōng jūn 10. 95 wànhǎi jūn 4. 24 wànkōng jūn 5. 37 wàn。 2004~2005 cái zhèng nián de guó fáng suàn yuē wéi 297 yīng bàng, 2007~2008 cái zhèng nián yòu wàng zēng cháng dào 334 yīng bàng
  
   wén huà jiào
   jiào shí xíng 5~16 suì jiào zhì 。 1998 1999 cái zhèng nián jiào jīng fèi zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 4. 9%。 gōng xué xiào xué shēng miǎn jiāo xué fèi xué xiào shī tiáo jiàn jiào xué shè bèi jiào hǎodàn shōu fèi gāoxué shēng duō wéi jiā zhù míng de gāo děng xué xiào yòu niú jīn xuéjiàn qiáo xuélún dūn zhèng zhì jīng xué yuànài dīng bǎo xuéshì jiè shǒu guó jiā guǎn héng héng yīng guǎn yīng guó guǎnwén huà yàn mǎi piào yīng guó guó guǎn miǎn fèi kāi fàng yòu zhāo shù
  
   xīn wén chū bǎn yīng guó bào zhǐ de rén jūn xiāo liàng rèn guó jiā dedōu duōquán guó gòng yòu yuē 1350 zhǒng bào zhǐ, 7000 zhǒng zhōu kān zhì:《 měi kuài bào》、《 měi yóu bào》、《 měi jìng bào》、《 měi xīng bào》、《 tài yáng bào》、《 jīn róng shí bào》、《 měi diàn xùn bào》、《 wèi bào》、《 bào》、《 tài shì bào》、《 shì jiè xīn wén》、《 xīng kuài bào》、《 xīng jìng bào》、《 xīng yóu bào》、《 rén mín bào》、《 xīng diàn xùn bào》、《 guān chá jiā bàoxīng tài shì bào》。 tōng xùn shè zhù yào yòu 3 jiā:( 1) tòu shè: 1850 nián chéng yíngshì jiè zhòng yào tōng xùn shè zhī zǒng shè zài lún dūn。( 2) xīn wén lián shè: 1868 nián chuàng bànyóu PA xīn wén、 PA 、 PA jiǎn suǒ PA shù shè 4 jiā gōng lián jīng yíngzhuān mén wéi yīng guó jiā de gōng gōng guān tóu xìn 。( 3) AFX xīn wén yòu xiàn gōng yóu xīn shè jīn róng shí bào lián jīng yíngxiàng 'ōu zhōu de jīn róng jiè gōng xìn zài 'ōu zhōu 12 guó jiāměi guó běn shè fēn zhī gòuzǒng zài lún dūn yīng guó guǎng gōng xiàn diàn guǎng wǎng)( BBCNetworkRadio) 1922 nián chuàng bàn
   jié
  1、 shèng dàn jié yīng guó de shèng dàn jié shì zuì zhòng yào de jiā tíng jié 。 12 yuè 25 26 liǎng tiān shì guó jiā dìng jié
  2、 xīn nián: 1 yuè 1 shì gōng gòng jié zài xīn nián qián rén men tōng cháng huì 'áo dào shēn yíng jiē xīn nián de dào láizài lánxīn nián qián bèi kàn zuò shì nián shèn zhì shì shèng dàn jié gèng yòu jié fēn de shí hòu
  3、 huó jié huó jié méi yòu dìng de shì zài 3 yuè 4 yuè zhōng xún zhī jiāngōng gòng jiàqī cóng xīng zhí dào huó jié hòu de xīng zhè shí hòu yòu yòu bié de zōng jiào huó dònghái men huì shōu dào qiǎo cǎi dànzài huó jié dāng tiānchéng zhèn yòu huó jié yóu xíngzài huó jié qián de xīng wáng měi nián huì fǎng wèn zuò tóng de jiào tángsòng dāng mín xiē jīn qiánbèi chēng wéi zhuó jié jiù jīnzuò wéi xiàng zhēng xìng de
  
  
  
  1. yīng guó shì xiàn dài qiú de xiáng , shì xiàn dài wǎng qiú , máo qiú , pīng pāng qiú de dàn shēng ( shì yuán 'ò )
  2.1966 nián bàn shì jiè bēiyīng lán duì běn duóguàn
  3.1996 nián chéng gōng bàn 'ōu zhōu bēi
  4. lún dūn 2006 nián 7 yuè 6 chéng gōng shēn bàn jiāng 2012 nián bàn de xià 'ào yùn huì
  5. měi nián 7 yuè fèn jiāng zài lún dūn nán de wēn 'ěr dùn xíng wēn 'ěr dùn wǎng qiú gōng kāi sàizhè shì wǎng qiú mǎn guàn sài shì zhōng de xiàng
  
  
   duì wài guān
   yīng guó wéi lián guó 'ān huì cháng rèn shì guóshì shì jiè guó zhī shì 'ōu méngběi yuēyīng lián bāng 'ōu lián méng děng 120 guó zhì de zhòng yào chéng yuán guózhù zhāng tóng měi guó jiā qiáng guān zhòng shì zhǎn guó de guān gǎi shàn tóng zhōngéyìn děng guó de guān wéi tóng yīng lián bāng guó jiā de chuán tǒng lián bǎo chí kuò zài zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de yǐng xiǎng cānyù quán qiú shì bǎo chí qiáng de guó fáng liàngqiáng diào yóu mào jiā qiáng zài huán jìng bǎo rén quán chí zhǎn děng wèn shàng de guó zuòjiāng rén quán wèn zuò wéi wài jiāo zhèng de xīn
  
   zhōng guó guān
  1997 nián 7 yuè 1 zhōng yīng shùn wán chéng xiāng gǎng huí guī de zhèng quán jiāo jiē。 1998 niánliǎng guó zhèng shǒu nǎo chéng gōng fǎngbìng jiàn liǎo quán miàn huǒ bàn guān 。 1999 nián 10 yuèjiāng mín zhù duì yīng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wènzhè shì zhōng guó guó jiā zhù shǒu fǎng wèn yīng guó 。 2004 nián 5 yuèwēn jiā bǎo zǒng duì yīng guó jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wènliǎng guó biǎo lián shēng míng。 2005 nián 9 yuè lāi 'ěr shǒuxiàng fǎng wèn zhōng guó。 2005 nián 11 yuèguó jiā zhù jǐn tāo duì yīng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn
  
   zhōng yīng lián shēng míng
   zhōng huá rén mín gòng guó guó yuàn zǒng wēn jiā bǎo xià 2004 nián 5 yuè 10 zhèng shì fǎng wèn yīng guó jiān liè diān běi 'ài 'ěr lán lián wáng guó shǒuxiàng tuō · lāi 'ěr zài lún dūn xíng huì
   wēn jiā bǎo zǒng tuō · lāi 'ěr shǒuxiàng jīn tiān duì zhōng yīng jiàn quán miàn zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān biǎo shì huān yíngshuāng fāng chéng nuò gòng tóng zhì zhǎn zhè huǒ bàn guān shǐ zào liǎng guóbìng tuī dòng jiàn gèng jiā 'ān quánfán róng kāi fàng de shì jiè
   zhōng yīng zài shuāng biānduō biān quán qiú wèn shàng kāi zhǎn zuò shuāng fāng men jūn liǎng guó guān shì wéi duì wài guān de zhòng diǎn zhī
   zhōng guó jīng de chí zēngzhǎng zhǎn shàng shēng de quán qiú jīng guó wèishǐ zhōng yīng huǒ bàn guān jìn nián liǎo cháng zhǎnshuāng fāng zài huán jìngjiào zhǎn děng zhòng duō lǐng de guān péng zhǎn
   men zhì rèn wéi cóng men 2003 nián 7 yuè huì láizhōng yīng zuò liǎo zhòng yào jìn zhǎn yīng guó jiāng 2005 nián dān rèn 'ōu méng zhù guó men dài zài 2004 nián 2005 nián zhōng guó - ōu méng lǐng dǎo rén nián huì men tóng jiàn de liǎng guó zhèng lǐng dǎo rén nián huì jiān zhè zhǒng gāo céng duì huà
   lāi 'ěr shǒuxiàng nián fǎng huá hòu men jué dìng chéng shuāng biān guān dòng xiǎo jìn liǎng guó guān kuài zhǎngāi xiǎo huì liǎo shè huì jiè de zhì huìzài mào tóu jīn róngnéng yuánjiào wén huà xué shùhuán jìng bāo kuò hòu biàn huà chí zhǎn děng lǐng chū liǎo xīn de jiàn jiàn jiàn)。 men duì shuāng fāng xiǎo zhù yuē hàn · léi shǒu xiāng táng jiā xuán guó wěi yuán xiǎo chéng yuán suǒ zuò gōng zuò biǎo shì gǎn xiè
   shuāng fāng xiǎo de jiàn liǎng guó zài bāo kuò huán jìng zhì bǎo néng yuánfáng kuò sànfǎn kǒng yòu zhì fàn zuì děng liè guó wèn shàng zēng qiáng de zuò xiàn liǎo zhōng yīng guān de guǎng shēn
   men tóng jiā qiáng liǎng guó zài xià shuāng biān duō biān lǐng de zuò
   gǒng jiā qiáng shuāng biān guān
  ( men tóng zēng jiā gāo céng fǎngliǎng guó zhèng lǐng dǎo rén wài cháng jiāng jìn xíng nián fǎng jiā qiáng bìng kuò shuāng fāng zài zhàn lüè 'ān quánfáng kuò sàn děng lǐng de shuāng biān zhèng zhì zuò
  ( èrliǎng guó tóng gēn shuāng biān guān dòng xiǎo de yòu guān jiàn jiàn jiàn), tōng guò jīng mào lián wěi huì jiā qiáng zài mào tóu lǐng de guǎng fàn zuò
  ( sānshuāng fāng hái jiāng gēn shuāng biān guān dòng xiǎo de jiàn jiā qiáng zài xué shùjiào wén huà huán bǎo lǐng de zuòzài wēn zǒng fǎng wèn jiānshuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo liè liàng jiě bèi wàng tuī dòng shàng shù lǐng de zuò
  ( men zhù dàozhōng yīng lùn tánzài shuāng biān guān zhōng huī de zhòng yào zuò yòngjiàn lùn táncān zhào shuāng biān guān dòng xiǎo de jiàn jiù wèi lái zài gōng jīn róng xué shù huán jìng lǐng yìng huī de zuò yòng jìn xíng yán jiū
   men jiù yòu guān xiāng gǎng de wèn yǒu hǎotǎn chéng jiāo huàn liǎo jiàn men chóngshēn liǎng guó zhèng gòng tóng zhì guàn chèzhōng yīng guān xiāng gǎng wèn de lián shēng míng》, rèn wéi 'àn zhào guó liǎng zhìyuán běn wéi jìn xiāng gǎng de fán róng wěn dìng shuāng fāng de men tóng jiù zhè xiē wèn jiāo huàn jiàn
   yīng guó chóngshēn 1972 nián zhōng yīng huàn shǐ lián gōng bào zhōng guān tái wān wèn de guàn chǎngchéng rèn zhōng guó zhèng guān tái wān shì zhōng guó shěng de chǎngchéng rèn zhōng huá rén mín gòng guó zhèng shì zhōng guó de wéi zhèng
   men gāo zhòng shì zhōng yīng rén quán duì huàjiāng zài píng děng xiāng zūn zhòng de chǔ shàng kāi zhǎn zhè jiāo liúshuāng fāng zhì rèn wéisuǒ yòu guó jiā yìng zūn zhòng bǎo rén quányīng fāng huān yíng zhōng fāng zuì jìn jiāng zūn zhòng bǎo rén quán xiě xiàn xià lún zhōng yīng rén quán duì huà jiāng 2004 nián 5 yuè xíngzhè jiāng wéi liǎng guó kāi zhǎn rén quán lǐng de zuò gōng liáng
   èrgǒng jiā qiáng liǎng guó zài duō biān zhì nèi jiù shuāng fāng guó guān zhù de wèn kāi zhǎn de zuò
   liǎng guó jiāng jiā qiáng zài lián guó de xié diàotuī dòng lián guó gǎi shǐ néng gòu yìng duì 21 shì de tiǎo zhànbìng què bǎolián guó xiàn zhāng guó jìn dào zūn zhòngshuāng fāng jiāng kuò zài lián guó wéi kuàng jià nèi de zuòzhōng guó yuàn yīng guó jiù zhōng dōng děng wèn jiā qiáng cuō shāng
   men chóngshēn kǒng zhù de jué xīnliǎng guó zhèng jiāng dòng zhōng yīng fǎn kǒng duì huà zhìjiā qiáng zài fǎn kǒng lǐng de jiāo liú zuò
   men chóngshēn zài tuī dòng fáng kuò sàn wèn shàng de jué xīn yīng guó huān yíng zhōng guó zài fáng kuò sàn wèn shàng suǒ zuò de chéng nuò wéi cǎi de xíng dòng bié huān yíng zhōng guó wéi jiā qiáng fáng kuò sàn chū kǒu kòng zhì zhì de guān suǒ cǎi de cuò shīzhōng guó zàn shǎng yīng guó zài guó yuán néng gòu kuàng jià nèi wéi tuī dòng lǎng zhí xíng kuò sàn tiáo yuēbǎo zhàng jiān xié shuō fàng guī shā shāng xìng jìhuà suǒ zuò de yīng guó huān yíng zhōng guó zài cháo xiān bàn dǎo wèn liù fāng huì tán zhōng huī de lǐng dǎo zuò yòngshuāng fāng jiāng jiā qiáng zài 'ān quánjūn kòngcái jūn fáng kuò sàn lǐng de jiāo liú zuò
   men chóngshēn jiāng zuò fēi mínliǎng guó zhèng qiān shǔ liǎoguān biàn rén yuán wǎng lái fēi mín huó dòng liàng jiě bèi wàng 》。
   shuāng fāng jué dìng mìqiè jǐng zuòtóng gēn lián guó kuà guó yòu zhì fàn zuì gōng yuēděng guó wén shūjiā qiáng xìn jiāo liú zhí zuògòng tóng zuò kuà guó fàn zuì
   shuāng fāng gāo píng jià 'ōu huì zài jìn 'ōu píng děng huǒ bàn guān fāng miàn de chéng jiùbiǎo shì yuàn jìn jiā qiáng zài 'ōu huì shàng de zuò
   sānzhōng yīng liǎng guó chéng nuò zēng jìn zài guó jīng wèn shàng de zuò jìn chí zhǎnshuāng fāng jiāng gòng tóng shí xiànlián guó qiān nián zhǎn biāo”, bāo kuò xiāo chú pín kùn 'è bìnghuán jìng 'è huàwén máng shì tōng guò chí zhǎn wěi yuán huìzài céng shí xiàn lián guó chí zhǎn shì jiè shǒu nǎo huì suǒ zuò de chéng nuò
   shuāng fāng zhì guó mào yóu huàjiāng tuī dòng duō zhǎn chéng de tán pànshuāng fāng zhì rèn wéinéng fǒu shí xiàn zhǎn biāo shìduō huí tán pàn chéng gōng fǒu de guān jiànshuāng fāng tóng ,“ duō huí zǎo jié shù bìng jūn héng jiēguǒ shì jiè mào zhì suǒ yòu chéng yuán de shuāng fāng jiāng zhēng tán pàn zài 2004 nián chéng kuàng jià xié zhōng yīng tóng jiù bǎo chí duì huà
   shuāng fāng rèn shí dào yòu xiào bǎo zhī shí chǎn quán de zhòng yào xìng bǎo zhī shí chǎn quán zài jìn wài guó tóu yíng zào liáng hǎo shāng huán jìng fāng miàn de zhòng yào zuò yòngshuāng fāng tóng zài bǎo zhī shí chǎn quán fāng miàn jiā qiáng shuāng biān zuòzhōng guó jiāng zūn shǒu jiā de guó zhī shí chǎn quán gōng yuē huò xié de chéng nuòbìng gēn yòu guān guó nèi bǎo zhī shí chǎn quán suǒ yòu zhě de quán
   zhōng yīng chóngshēn zhī chílián guó hòu biàn huà kuàng jià gōng yuē》, dūn shàng wèi zhǔnjīng dìng shūde fāng jìn zǎo zhǔn gāi dìng shūshuāng fāng tóng shí dūn suǒ yòu guó jiā zuì yòu xiào yòng néng yuánhūyù suǒ yòu qiān shǔ gōng yuē jiàn de guó jiā dài tóu cǎi zhì xíng dòngjiǎn shǎo wēn shì de pái fàngshí xiàn gāi gōng yuē zhì dìng de biāo
   zhōng yīng rèn shí dào yuē huán jìng zhǎn xuān yányuán shí suǒ qiáng diào de xiàng guī dìng de zhòng yào xìngxìn gōng kāigōng zhòng cānyù jué huán jìng wèn gōng zhèngshuāng fāng tóng fēn xiǎng xué jīng fāng miàn de jīng yàn shuāng fāng gòng tóng shí xiàn tàn jīng chí zhǎntōng guò zài shēng néng yuán yòu xiào yòng néng yuán huǒ bàn guān děngjiā kāi duì hòu yòu shù de quán qiú shì chǎng
   shuāng fāng chóngshēn yuàn jiù bāo kuò hòu biàn huà rán yuán chí guǎn sēn lín zhí ( zhì zhǐ fēi cǎi )、 shuǐ yuán bǎo kōng zhì liàng gǎi shàn rǎn kòng zhì děng huán jìng wèn suǒ cǎi de cuò shī jiā qiáng jiāo liúzài huán jìng jiān rén yuán péi xùn fāng miàn xiāng xué
   shuāng fāng jiāng gòng tóng bāng zhù zhǎn zhōng guó jiā jiě jué pín kùn zhǎn yòu guān de wèn gèng hǎo yìng duì quán qiú huà dài lái de tiǎo zhànshuāng fāng bié qiáng tiáohé píng 'ān quán fēi zhōu fáng zhì 'ài bìng shí xiàn chí zhǎn wèn bìng jiāng jìn quán zhī chí fēi zhōu guó jiā wéi shí xiànqiān nián zhǎn biāosuǒ zuò de
   zhōng yīng lián shēng míng jiàn
   shuāng biān guān dòng xiǎo guān zhǎn shuāng biān zuò de jiàn :
   mào tóu
   men jiāng zài néng yuánjīn róng xìn tōng xìn shùwèi shēng bǎo jiàn shuǐ yuán děng fāng miàn kāi zhǎn shuāng biān zuòbìng jiāng zuò wéi shuāng fāng zài mào tóu lǐng kāi zhǎn guǎng fàn zuò de zhòng diǎnshàng shù fāng miàn de zuò jìhuà jiāng chǎn xiāng jié míng què shāng chéng guǒjīng mào lián wěi huì de zuò yòng jiāng tōng guò liǎng guó lún liú bàn nián huì de fāng shì jiā qiángshàng shù nián huì jiāng shè mào tóu zhèng wèn 。● yīng guó duì huá mào tóu zhàn lüè yīng guó mào tóu jiāng zài xiàn yòu mào jìnzhòng diǎn lǐng biàn yīng guó zhōng guó shāng wǎng luò de chǔ shàngzhì dìng xīn de duì huá mào tóu zhàn lüè
  ● shuāng fāng jiāng yīng guó dào zhōng guó tóu tóng shí zhōng guó dào yīng guó tóu
  ● shuāng fāng jiāng jìn liǎng guó zhōng xiǎo kāi zhǎn jiāo liú zuò
   jīn róng
  ● shuāng fāng dài zhezhōng yīng cái zhèng jīn róng duì huà zhì xià lún cháng cuō shāng cuō shāng jiāng zài běi jīng xíngbìng shēng wéi zhèng cái jīn duì huà wéi shuāng fāng jiā qiáng zhòng diǎn kāi zhǎn jīn róng lǐng de jiāo liú zuò gōng liǎo kuàng jià bié shì zài hóng guān jīng zhèng chǎn jié gòu tiáozhěnggōng gòng cái zhèng guǎn chuàng zào jiù jìng zhēng jiān guǎn zhèng huán jìng zhì huán jìng bǎo děng wèn shàng de jiāo liú zuòshuāng fāng yīng guó yínháng cānyù zhōng guó yínháng de gǎi
   xìn tōng xùn shù
  ● shuāng fāng huān yíng yòu guān 2004 nián 9 yuè zài zhōng guó xíngxìn tōng xùn shù zhōude jiàn
   néng yuán
   shuāng fāng zhòng shì néng yuán lǐng de zuòyuàn tōng guò zhǒng fāng shì zài néng yuán zhèng néng yuán gǎi zhǎn děng lǐng jìn xíng jiāo liú zuòtóng shíshuāng fāng yuàn zài néng yuán guǎn néng yuán xiàolǜ zài shēng néng yuán de yòng děng lǐng gòng xiǎng xìn lián kāi zhǎn huó dòngzhōng yīng zhòng shì chí de quán qiú néng yuán 'ān quánzhòng shì jiǎn qīng bìng zài néng qíng kuàng xià gǎi biàn hòu biàn huà de yǐng xiǎngshuāng fāng gāo xīng zhù dào fǎng jiānzhōng yīng qiān dìng liǎo duō xiàng néng yuán yòu guān de shāng tóng
   jiào
  ● zhōng yīng lún liú xíng liǎng guó jiào nián huì 。● zhōng guó jiào yīng guó jiào néng tóng gòng tóng gōng jiǎng xué jīn huì zhù zhōng yīng yán jiū shēng jìn xíng jiāo liúdào duì fāng xué kāi zhǎn yán jiū
  ● yīng guó jiāng zhōng guó gòng tóng zēng jìn yīng guó duì dāng dài zhōng guó de jiězài fāng miànxiào jiāo liú xiàng jiāng huī yòu xiào zuò yòng
  ● kāi zhǎn shāng xìng xiàng jiào chǎn xiāng jié wéi gōng chéng shù děng rén yuán gōng shāng jīng yàn shí jiàn zhī shí
  
  ● 2005 nián 1 yuè jiāng zài zhōng guó bàn yīng guó niánhuó dòngzēng jìn zhōng guó duì yīng guó xué yán jiū zhèng de liǎo jiě
  ● shuāng fāng yuàn jiù zài zhī shí chǎn quán lǐng yòu xiào gōng zuò zhì liè jiāo liú huó dòngjiàn yòu xiào de zhī shí chǎn quán bǎo zhì wéi xué shù zhǎn gōng yòu zhī chí yīng guó yuàn zài bāng zhù zhōng guó jiàn shì jiè mào zhì yào qiú de zhī shí chǎn quán bǎo zhì fāng miàn zhōng guó fēn xiǎng jīng yàntóng shí yuàn liǎo jiě zhōng guó zài zhè fāng miàn de gōng zuò zhòng diǎnwéi bǎo zhèng shuāng fāng de cháng yuǎn shōu kǎo zài lǐng jiàn yán jiū huǒ bàn guān
  ● jiàn zhōng yīng chuàng yuán zhǐ dǎo wěi yuán huìzhǐ dǎo zhī chí huà de gōng zuòshuāng fāng tóng zài chuán rǎn bìng liú xíng bìng yán jiū fáng zhì lǐng kāi zhǎn zuòjiā qiáng xìn gòng xiǎng jiāo liú
   huán jìng chí zhǎn
  ● jiàn zhōng yīng hòu biàn huà gōng zuò
  ● kāi zhǎn yòu zhēn duì xìng de xiàng zhī chí zhōng guó jiàn huán jìng yǐng xiǎng píng tǒng zhàn lüè huán jìng píng tǒng
  ● jiàn chí zhǎn duì huà zhìzhōng yīng shì zhǎn wèn de huǒ bàn guóshuāng fāng tóng tōng guò kāi zhǎn yòu fēi zhèng xiāng guān zhì guǎng fàn cānyù de chí zhǎn gāo céng duì huàjiāo liú jīng yànwén huà
  ● shuāng fāng tóng jiā qiáng wén huà jiāo liú zuòzhī chí 2004 nián zài yīng guó bàn zhōng guó wén huà jié
  ● shuāng fāng huān yíng jìn zài chéng guān wén huà zhōng xīn de xié fāng miàn suǒ de jìn zhǎnchóngshēn duì zǎo chéng gōng qiān shǔ gāi xié de jué xīn
  
   zhōng yīng zài zhàn lüè 'ān quánwài jiāo zhèng rén quánjūn kònghuán bǎo děng guǎng fàn lǐng jiàn bìng bǎo chí liǎo cuō shāng duì huà zhì qián 3 shěng 35 chéng shì fēn bié yīng guó de 3 jùn 35 chéng shì jiàn liǎo 38 duì yǒu chéngshěngjùnguān


  England (pronounced /ˈɪŋglənd/) (Old English: Englaland, Middle English: Engelond) is the largest, and most populous country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total population of the United Kingdom, while the mainland territory of England occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. Elsewhere, it is bordered by the North Sea, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea, Bristol Channel and English Channel.
  
  England became a unified state in the year 927 and takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled there during the 5th and 6th centuries. The capital of England is London, the largest urban area in Great Britain, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most, but not all, measures.
  
  England ranks amongst the world's most influential and far-reaching centres of cultural development. It is the place of origin of the English language and the Church of England, and English law forms the basis of the legal systems of many countries; in addition, London was the centre of the British Empire, and the country was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. England was the first country in the world to become industrialised. England is home to the Royal Society, which laid the foundations of modern experimental science. England was the world's first modern parliamentary democracy and consequently many constitutional, governmental and legal innovations that had their origin in England have been widely adopted by other nations.
  
  The Kingdom of England was a separate state, including the Principality of Wales, until 1 May 1707, when the Acts of Union resulted in a political union with the Kingdom of Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.
  
  Etymology and usage
  
  England is named after the Angles, the largest of the Germanic tribes who settled in England in the 5th and 6th centuries, and who are believed to have originated in the peninsula of Angeln, in what is now Denmark and northern Germany. (The further etymology of this tribe's name remains uncertain, although a popular theory holds that it need be sought no further than the word angle itself, and refers to a fish-hook-shaped region of Holstein.
  
  The Angles' name has had various spellings. The earliest known reference to these people is under the Latinised version Anglii used by Tacitus in chapter 40 of his Germania, written around 98 AD. He gives no precise indication of their geographical position within Germania, but states that, with six other tribes, they worshipped a goddess named Nerthus, whose sanctuary was situated on "an island in the Ocean".
  
  The early 8th century historian Bede, in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People), refers to the English people as Angelfolc (in English) or Angli (in Latin).
  
  According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known usage of "England" referring to the southern part of the island of Great Britain was in 897, with the modern spelling first used in 1538,
  
  The word "England" is often used colloquially—and incorrectly—to refer to Great Britain or the United Kingdom as a whole. There are many instances of this usage in history, where references to England are actually intended to include Scotland and Wales as well. The term is used throughout the world and even by English people; the usage is problematic and causes offence in many parts of Britain.
  
  England is officially defined as "subject to any alteration of boundaries under Part IV of the Local Government Act 1972, the area consisting of the counties established by section 1 of that Act, Greater London and the Isles of Scilly."
  
  History
  Prehistory
  
  Stonehenge, a Neolithic and Bronze Age megalithic monument in Wiltshire, thought to have been erected c. 2000–2500 BCBones and flint tools found in Norfolk and Suffolk show that Homo erectus lived in what is now England about 700,000 years ago. At this time, England was joined to mainland Europe by a large land bridge. The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and the Seine. This area was greatly depopulated during the period of the last major ice age, as were other regions of the British Isles. In the subsequent recolonisation, after the thawing of the ice, genetic research shows that present-day England was the last area of the British Isles to be repopulated, about 13,000 years ago. The migrants arriving during this period contrast with the other of the inhabitants of the British Isles, coming across lands from the south east of Europe, whereas earlier arriving inhabitants came north along a coastal route from Iberia. These migrants would later adopt the Celtic culture that came to dominate much of western Europe.
  
  Roman conquest of Britain
  
  By AD 43, the time of the main Roman invasion, Britain had already been the target of frequent invasions, planned and actual, by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It was first invaded by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar in 55 BC, but it was conquered more fully by the Emperor Claudius in 43 AD. Like other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans, and their economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south. With the fall of the Roman Empire 400 years later, the Romans left England.
  
  Anglo-Saxons
  
  An Anglo-Saxon helmet found at Sutton HooThe History of Anglo-Saxon England covers the history of early mediaeval England from the end of Roman Britain and the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Conquest by the Normans in 1066.
  
  Fragmentary knowledge of Anglo-Saxon England in the 5th and 6th centuries comes from the British writer Gildas (6th century) the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (a history of the English people begun in the 9th century), saints' lives, poetry, archaeological findings, and place-name studies.
  
  The dominant themes of the seventh to tenth centuries were the spread of Christianity and the political unification of England. Christianity is thought to have come from three directions—from Rome to the south, and Scotland and Ireland to the north and west.
  
  From about 500, England was divided (it is believed) into seven petty kingdoms, known as the Heptarchy: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex.
  
  The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms tended to coalesce by means of warfare. As early as the time of Ethelbert of Kent, one king could be recognised as Bretwalda ("Lord of Britain"). Generally speaking, the title fell in the 7th century to the kings of Northumbria, in the 8th to those of Mercia, and in the 9th, to Egbert of Wessex, who in 825 defeated the Mercians at the Battle of Ellendun. In the next century his family came to rule all England.
  
  Kingdom of England
  
  Statue of Alfred the Great at WinchesterOriginally, England (or Englaland) was a geographical term to describe the part of Britain occupied by the Anglo-Saxons, rather than a name of an individual nation-state. It became politically united through the expansion of the kingdom of Wessex, whose king Athelstan brought the whole of England under one ruler for the first time in 927, although unification did not become permanent until 954, when Edred defeated Eric Bloodaxe and became King of England.
  
  In 1016 England was conquered by the Danish king Canute the Great, and became the centre of government for his short-lived empire which included Denmark and Norway. In 1042 England became a separate kingdom again with the accession of Edward the Confessor, heir of the native English dynasty.
  
  The Kingdom of England (including Wales) continued to exist as an independent nation-state right through to the Acts of Union. However the political ties and direction of England were changed forever by the Norman Conquest in 1066.
  
  Middle Ages
  
  The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215. It was one of the first steps towards the idea of modern democracy.
  Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the English victory over France at the Battle of Agincourt.The next few hundred years saw England as a major part of expanding and dwindling empires based in France, with the "Kings of England" using England as a source of troops to enlarge their personal holdings in France for many years (Hundred Years' War) ; in fact the English crown did not relinquish its last foothold on mainland France until Calais was lost during the reign of Mary Tudor (the Channel Islands are still crown dependencies, though not part of the UK).
  
  In the 13th century, through conquest Wales (the remaining Romano-Celts) was brought under the control of English monarchs. This was formalised in the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, by which Wales became part of the Kingdom of England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. Wales shared a legal identity with England as the joint entity originally called England and later England and Wales.
  
  An epidemic of catastrophic proportions, the Black Death first reached England in the summer of 1348. The Black Death is estimated to have killed between a third and two-thirds of Europe's population. England alone lost as much as 70% of its population, which passed from seven million to two million in 1400. The plague repeatedly returned to haunt England throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. The Great Plague of London in 1665–1666 was the last plague outbreak.
  
  Reformation
  
  Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I made to commemorate the English victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)During the English Reformation in the 16th century, the external authority of the Roman Catholic Church in England was abolished and replaced with Royal Supremacy and ultimately describes the establishment of a Church of England, outside the Roman Catholic Church, under the Supreme Governance of the English monarch. The English Reformation differed from its European counterparts in that it was a political, rather than purely theological, dispute at root. The break with Rome started in the reign of Henry VIII.
  
  The English Reformation paved the way for the spread of Anglicanism in the church and other institutions.
  
  Civil War
  
  Cromwell at Dunbar. Oliver Cromwell united the whole of the British Isles by force and created the Commonwealth of England.The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations that took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from 1642 until 1651. The first (1642–1645) and second (1648–1649) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–1651) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.
  
  The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II and the replacement of the English monarchy with the Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and then with a Protectorate (1653–1659) : the personal rule of Oliver Cromwell. After a brief return to Commonwealth rule, in 1660 The Crown was restored and Charles II accepted Convention Parliament's invitation to return to England. During the interregnum the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England came to an end, and the victors consolidated the already-established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament although this would not be cemented until the Glorious Revolution later in the century.
  
  Great Britain and the United Kingdom
  
  England United Kingdom
  Although embattled for centuries, the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland had been drawing increasingly together since the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century and after 1603, when the two countries became linked by a personal union, being ruled by the same Stuart dynasty. Following a number of attempts to unite the Kingdoms, on 1 May 1707, the Acts of Union resulted in a political union between the states creating the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Ireland later joined this union to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 to reflect its reduced territory following the secession of southern Ireland as the Irish Free State in 1922.
  
  Throughout these changes, England (including Wales) retained a separate legal identity from its partners, with a separate legal system (English law) from those in Northern Ireland (Northern Ireland law) and Scotland (Scots law). (See subdivisions of the United Kingdom)
  
  Wales had already been made part of the Kingdom of England by the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and it was legally incorporated into England by the Wales and Berwick Act 1746, making laws passed in England automatically applicable to Wales. This was reversed by the Welsh Language Act 1967, which thus effectively gave Wales a separate identity from England. Since then, legal and political terminology refers to "England and Wales". The county of Monmouthshire has long been an ambiguous area, its legal identity passing between England and Wales at various periods. In the Local Government Act 1972 it was made part of Wales.
  
  The Wales and Berwick Act 1746 also referred to the formerly Scottish burgh of Berwick-upon-Tweed. The border town changed hands several times and was last conquered by England in 1482, but was not officially incorporated into England. Contention about whether Berwick was in England or Scotland was ended by the union of the two in 1707. Berwick remains within the English legal system and so is regarded today as part of England though there has been some suggestion in Scotland that Berwick should be invited to 'return to the fold'.
  
  The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are Crown dependencies and are not part of England or of the United Kingdom.
  
  Government and politics
  
  A Mediaeval manuscript, showing the Parliament of England in front of the king c. 1300Main articles: Government of England and Politics of England
  There has not been a Government of England since 1707, when the Kingdom of England merged with the Kingdom of Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, although both kingdoms have been ruled by a single monarch since 1603. Before the Acts of Union of 1707, England was ruled by a monarch and the Parliament of England.
  
  Following the establishment of devolved government for Scotland and Wales in 1999, England was left as the only country within the United Kingdom still governed in all matters by the UK government and the UK parliament in London. (Those, like Mebyon Kernow, who claim that Cornwall should be viewed as having a distinct national identity and who campaign for a Cornish assembly along Welsh lines may dispute this claim.)
  
  
  The Palace of Westminster, Parliament of the United KingdomSince Westminster is the UK parliament but also legislates on matters that affect England alone, devolution of national matters to parliament/assemblies in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland has refocused attention on the anomaly called the West Lothian question. The "Question" is that Scottish and Welsh MPs continue to be able to vote on legislation relating only to England in the post devolution era while English MPs have no equivalent right to legislate on devolved matters. (Of course, Scottish and Welsh MPs are also unable to vote on devolved issues affecting their own constituencies.) This 'problem' is exacerbated by an over-representation of Scottish MPs in the government, sometimes referred to as the Scottish mafia; as of September 2006, seven of the twenty-three Cabinet members represent Scottish constituencies, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Defence Secretary. In addition, Scotland traditionally benefited from moderate malapportionment in its favour, increasing its representation to a degree disproportionate to its population. In 2004 the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004 was passed which rectified this to a degree, reducing the number of MPs representing Scottish constituencies from 73 to 59 and brought the number of voters per constituency closer to that in England. This change was implemented in the 2005 General Election.
  
  There are calls for a devolved English Parliament, and certain English parties go further by calling for the dissolution of the Union entirely. However, the approach favoured by the current Labour government was (on the basis that England is too large to be governed as a single sub-state entity) to propose the devolution of power to the Regions of England. Lord Falconer claimed a devolved English parliament would dwarf the rest of the United Kingdom.
  
  In terms of national administration, therefore, England's affairs are managed by a combination of the UK government, the UK parliament and England-specific quangos such as English Heritage.
  
  Subdivisions and local government
  
  The top tier of local administration within England are the Regions of England. London voted for a London Assembly and the plan was to hold further referenda in other regions to determine whether people wanted directly elected regional assemblies to watch over the work of the non-elected Regional Development Agencies. A referendum on a proposed directly elected North East Assembly was held in November 2004. During the campaign, a common criticism of the proposals was that England did not need "another tier of bureaucracy". On the other hand, many said that they were not decentralising enough, and amounted not to devolution, but to little more than local government reorganisation, with no real power being removed from central government, and no real power given to the regions, which would not even gain the limited powers of the Welsh Assembly, much less the tax-varying and legislative powers of the Scottish Parliament (but Welsh powers are now being expanded). They said that power was simply re-allocated within the region, with little new resource allocation and no real prospects of Assemblies being able to change the pattern of regional aid. Late in the process, responsibility for regional transport was added to the proposals. This was perhaps crucial in the North East, where resentment at the Barnett Formula, which delivers greater public spending per head to adjacent Scotland, was a significant impetus for the North East devolution campaign. The voters rejected the proposal, and plans for referendums in other Regions were shelved.
  
  Historically, the highest level of local government in England was the county. These have their origin in the shires, the subdivisions of the kingdom of Wessex, which were extended over the rest of England as Wessex expanded to unite the country in the ninth and tenth centuries. Some of these new shires, particularly in the south-east of England, retained the extent and names of the kingdoms or subdivisions of kingdoms that had existed there before, such as Sussex and Kent, but most were new creations, named after their principal town with the suffix "-shire" added, for example Warwickshire from Warwick. In the far north of England, the system took longer to become regularised and County Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland emerged after the Norman Conquest. The counties each had a county town.
  
  Since these historical county lines were drawn up before the Industrial Revolution and the mass urbanisation of England, the changes in the distribution of population and the demands on local administration resulting from those developments have led to a series of local government reorganisations since the latter part of the 19th century. The solution to the emergence of large urban areas was the creation of large metropolitan counties centred on cities (an example being Greater Manchester). The creation of unitary authorities, where districts gained the administrative status of a county, began with the 1990s reform of local government. Today, some confusion exists between the ceremonial counties (which do not necessarily form an administrative unit) and the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties.
  
  Non-metropolitan counties (or "shire counties") are divided into one or more districts. At the lowest level, England is divided into parishes, although these are not found everywhere (many urban areas for example are unparished). Parishes are prohibited from existing in Greater London.
  
  Geography
  
  Until 1998, the Humber Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world.Main articles: Geography of the United Kingdom and Geography of England
  England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus offshore islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. It is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of Britain, divided from France only by a 24-statute mile (52 km or 21 nautical mile) sea gap. The Channel Tunnel, near Folkestone, directly links England to the European mainland. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel.
  
  Much of England consists of rolling hills, but it is generally more mountainous in the north with a chain of low mountains, the Pennines, dividing east and west. Other hilly areas in the north and Midlands are the Lake District, the North York Moors, and the Peak District. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by the Tees-Exe line. To the south of that line, there are larger areas of flatter land, including East Anglia and the Fens, although hilly areas include the Cotswolds, the Chilterns, the North and South Downs, Dartmoor and Exmoor.
  
  The largest natural harbour in England is at Poole, on the south-central coast. Some regard it as the second largest harbour in the world, after Sydney, Australia, although this fact is disputed (see harbours for a list of other large natural harbour).
  
  Climate
  
  England has a temperate climate, with plentiful rainfall all year round, although the seasons are quite variable in temperature. However, temperatures rarely fall below −5 °C (23 °F) or rise above 30 °C (86 °F). The prevailing wind is from the south-west, bringing mild and wet weather to England regularly from the Atlantic Ocean. It is driest in the east and warmest in the south, which is closest to the European mainland. Snowfall can occur in winter and early spring, although it is not that common away from high ground.
  
  The highest temperature recorded in England is 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) on August 10, 2003 at Brogdale, near Faversham, in Kent. The lowest temperature recorded in England is −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on January 10, 1982 at Edgmond, near Newport, in Shropshire.
  
  Major rivers
  
  The River Severn viewed from Shrewsbury Castle in ShropshireMain article: Waterways in the United Kingdom
  Severn (the longest river and largest river basin in Great Britain)
  Tees
  Thames
  Trent
  Humber
  Tyne
  Wear
  Ribble
  Ouse
  Mersey
  Dee
  Aire
  Avon
  Medway
  
  Major conurbations
  
  London is the largest urban area in England, the United Kingdom, and the European Union.Main article: List of English cities by population
  London is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the largest and busiest cities in the world. Other cities, mainly in central and northern England, are of substantial size and influence. The list of England's largest cities or urban areas is open to debate because, although the normal meaning of city is "a continuously built-up urban area", this can be hard to define, particularly because administrative areas in England often do not correspond with the limits of urban development, and many towns and cities have, over the centuries, grown to form complex urban agglomerations. Various definitions of cities can be used. For the official definition of a UK (and therefore English) city, see City status in the United Kingdom.
  
  Birmingham
  
  Manchester
  
  Liverpool's skyline
  
  Leeds - Bridgewater Place
  
  According to the ONS urban area populations for continuous built-up areas, these are the 15 largest conurbations (population figures from the 2001 census):
  
  Rank Urban Area Population
  (2001 Census)
   Localities Major localities
  1 Greater London Urban Area 8,278,251 67 Croydon, Barnet, Ealing, Bromley
  2 West Midlands Urban Area 2,284,093 22 Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Walsall
  3 Greater Manchester Urban Area 2,240,230 57 Manchester, Salford, Bolton, Stockport, Oldham
  4 West Yorkshire Urban Area 1,499,465 26 Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, Wakefield
  5 Tyneside 879,996 25 Newcastle upon Tyne, North Shields, South Shields, Gateshead, Jarrow
  6 Liverpool Urban Area 816,216 8 Liverpool, St Helens, Bootle, Huyton-with-Roby
  7 Nottingham Urban Area 666,358 15 Nottingham, Beeston and Stapleford, Carlton, Long Eaton
  8 Sheffield Urban Area 640,720 7 Sheffield, Rotherham, Chapeltown, Mosborough/Highlane
  9 Bristol Urban Area 551,066 7 Bristol, Kingswood, Mangotsfield, Stoke Gifford
  10 Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton 461,181 10 Brighton, Worthing, Hove, Littlehampton, Shoreham, Lancing
  11 Portsmouth Urban Area 442,252 7 Portsmouth, Gosport, Waterlooville, Fareham
  12 Leicester Urban Area 441,213 12 Leicester, Wigston, Oadby, Birstall
  13 Bournemouth Urban Area 383,713 5 Bournemouth, Poole, Christchurch, New Milton
  14 Reading/Wokingham Urban Area 369,804 5 Reading, Bracknell, Wokingham, Crowthorne
  15 Teesside 365,323 7 Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar, Billingham
  
  Economics
  
  The City of London is a major business and commercial centre, ranking alongside New York City and Tokyo as the leading centre of global finance.Main article: Economy of England
  England's economy is the second largest in Europe and the fifth largest in the world. It follows the Anglo-Saxon economic model. England's economy is the largest of the four economies of the United Kingdom, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations based in London. As part of the United Kingdom, England is a major centre of world economics. One of the world's most highly industrialised countries, England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly aerospace, the arms industry and the manufacturing side of the software industry.
  
  
  The Bullring shopping complex in Birmingham city centre attracted 36.5 million visitors in its début year upon opening in 2003.London exports mainly manufactured goods and imports materials such as petroleum, tea, wool, raw sugar, timber, butter, metals, and meat. England exported more than 30,000 tons of beef last year, worth around £75,000,000, with France, Italy, Greece, the Netherlands, Belgium and Spain being the largest importers of beef from England.
  
  The central bank of the United Kingdom, which sets interest rates and implements monetary policy, is the Bank of England in London. London is also home to the London Stock Exchange, the main stock exchange in the UK and the largest in Europe. London is one of the international leaders in finance and the largest financial centre in Europe.
  
  Traditional heavy and manufacturing industries have declined sharply in England in recent decades, as they have in the United Kingdom as a whole. At the same time, service industries have grown in importance. For example, tourism is the sixth largest industry in the UK, contributing 76 billion pounds to the economy. It employs 1,800,000 full-time equivalent people—6.1% of the working population (2002 figures). The largest centre for tourism is London, which attracts millions of international tourists every year.
  
  As part of the United Kingdom, England's official currency is the Pound Sterling (also known as the British pound or GBP).
  
  Demography
   This section may stray from the topic of the article into the topic of another article, United Kingdom.
  Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. (help)
  
  Demography of EnglandWith 50,431,700 inhabitants, or 84% of the UK's total, England is the most populous nation in the United Kingdom; as well as being the most ethnically diverse. England would have the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25th largest country by population if it were a sovereign state.
  
  The country's population is 'ageing', with a declining percentage of the population under age 16 and a rising one of over 65. Population continues to rise and in every year since 1901, with the exception of 1976, there have been more births than deaths. England is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe, with 383 people per square kilometre (992/sq mi) , making it second only to the Netherlands.
  
  The generally accepted view is that the ethnic background of the English populace, before 19th- and 20th century immigration, was a mixed European one deriving from historical waves of Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Norman invasions, along with the possible survival of pre-Celtic ancestry. Genetic studies have shown that the modern-day English gene pool contains more than 50% Germanic Y-chromosomes.
  
  The economic prosperity of England has also made it a destination for economic migrants from Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. This was particularly true during the Industrial Revolution.
  
  Since the fall of the British Empire, many denizens of former colonies have migrated to Britain including the Indian sub-continent and the British Caribbean. A BBC-published report of the 2001 census, by the Institute for Public Policy Research stated that the vast majority of immigrants settled in London and the South East of England. The largest groups of residents born in other countries were from the Republic of Ireland, India, Pakistan, Germany, and the Caribbean. Although Germany was high on the list, this was mainly the result of children being born to British forces personnel stationed in that country.
  
  About half the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to foreign-born immigration. In 2004 the number of people who became British citizens rose to a record 140,795—a rise of 12% on the previous year. The number had risen dramatically since 2000. The overwhelming majority of new citizens come from Africa (32%) and Asia (40%), the largest two groups being people from India and Pakistan. One in five babies in the UK are born to immigrant mothers, according to official statistics released in 2007. 21.9% of all births in the UK in 2006 were to mothers born outside the United Kingdom compared with just 12.8% in 1995.
  
  In 2006, an estimated 591,000 migrants arrived to live in the UK for at least a year, while 400,000 people emigrated from the UK for a year or more, with Australia, Spain, France, New Zealand and the U.S. most popular destinations. Largest group of arrivals were people from the Indian subcontinent who accounted for two-thirds of net immigration, mainly fuelled by family reunion. One in six were from Eastern European countries. They were outnumbered by immigrants from New Commonwealth countries.
  
  The European Union allows free movement between the member states. While France and Germany put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration, the UK and Ireland did not impose restrictions. Following Poland's entry into the EU in May 2004 it is estimated that by the start of 2007 about 375,000 Poles have registered to work in the UK, although the total Polish population in the UK is believed to be 750,000. Many Poles work in seasonal occupations and a large number is likely to move back and forth including between Ireland and other EU Western nations. A quarter of Eastern European migrants, often young and well-educated, plan to stay in Britain permanently. Most of them had originally intended to go home but have changed their minds after living there.
  
  Culture
  
  England has a vast and influential culture that encompasses elements both old and new. The modern culture of England is sometimes difficult to identify and separate clearly from the culture of the wider United Kingdom, so intertwined are its composite nations. However, the traditional and historic culture of England is more clearly defined.
  
  English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. London's British Museum, British Library and National Gallery contain some of the finest collections in the world.
  
  The English have played a significant role in the development of the arts and sciences. Many of the most important figures in the history of modern western scientific and philosophical thought were either born in, or at one time or other resided in, England. Major English thinkers of international significance include scientists such as Sir Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, Charles Darwin and New Zealand-born Ernest Rutherford, philosophers such as John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Bertrand Russell and Thomas Hobbes, and economists such as David Ricardo, and John Maynard Keynes. Karl Marx wrote most of his important works, including Das Kapital, while in exile in Manchester, and the team that developed the first atomic bomb began their work in England, under the wartime codename tube alloys.
  
  Architecture
  
  The dome of St. Paul's Cathedral designed by Sir Christopher WrenEngland has played a significant part in the advancement of Western architecture. It is home to some of the finest mediaeval castles and forts in the world, including Warwick Castle, the Tower of London and Windsor Castle (the largest inhabited castle in the world and the oldest in continuous occupation). It is known for its numerous grand country houses, and for its many mediaeval and later churches and cathedrals.
  
  English architects have contributed to many styles over the centuries, including Tudor architecture, English Baroque, the Georgian style and Victorian movements such as Gothic Revival. Among the best-known contemporary English architects are Norman Foster and Richard Rogers.
  
  Cuisine
  Main article: English cuisine
  Although highly regarded in the Middle Ages, English cuisine later became a source of fun among Britain's French and European neighbours, being viewed until the late 20th century as crude and unsophisticated by comparison with continental tastes. However, with the influx of non-European immigrants (particularly those of south and east Asian origins) from the 1950s onwards, the English diet was transformed. Indian and Chinese cuisine in particular were absorbed into British culinary life, with restaurants and takeaways appearing in almost every town in Britain, and 'going for an Indian' becoming a regular part of British social life. A distinct hybrid food style composed of dishes of Asian origin, but adapted to British tastes, emerged and was subsequently exported to other parts of the world. Many of the well-known Indian dishes in the western world, such as Tikka Masala and Balti, are in fact dishes of this sort.
  
  Dishes forming part of the old tradition of English food include:
  
  Apple pie
  Bangers and mash
  Bedfordshire clanger
  Bubble and Squeak
  Cornish pasty
  Cottage pie
  Devonshire Cream Tea
  Faggot and peas
  Fish and chips
   Full English breakfast
  Gravy
  Jellied eels
  Lancashire hotpot
  Lincolnshire sausage
  Mince pies
  Pie and mash
  Ploughman's lunch
  Pork pie
   Scouse
  Shepherd's pie
  Spotted Dick
  Steak and kidney pie
  Sunday roast
  Toad in the hole
  Yorkshire pudding
  
  Engineering and innovation
  
  As birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th century. Famous English engineers include Isambard Kingdom Brunel, best known for the creation of the Great Western Railway, a series of famous steamships, and numerous important bridges, hence revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.
  
  Other notable English figures in the fields of engineering and innovation include:
  
  Richard Arkwright – inventor of the first industrial spinning machine
  Charles Babbage – inventor of the first computer (in the 19th century)
  Tim Berners-Lee – inventor of the World Wide Web, http, html, and many of the other technologies on which the Web is based
  James Blundell – who performed the first blood transfusion
  Hubert Cecil Booth – inventor of the Vacuum cleaner
  Edwin Beard Budding – inventor of the lawnmower
  George Cayley – inventor of the seat belt
  Christopher Cockerell – inventor of the hovercraft
  John Dalton – pioneer of atomic theory
  James Dyson – inventor of the Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner
  Michael Faraday – inventor of the electric motor
  Thomas Fowler – inventor of the thermosiphon
  Robert Hooke – Hooke's law of elasticity
  E. Purnell Hooley – inventor of tarmac
  Thomas Newcomen – inventor of the first practical steam engine
  Isaac Newton – defining Universal gravitation, Newtonian mechanics, Infinitesimal calculus
  Stephen Perry – inventor of the rubber band
  Thomas Savery – inventor of the steam engine
  Percy Shaw – inventor of the "cat's eye" road safety device
  George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson – railway pioneers (father and son)
  Joseph Swan – developer of the light bulb
  Richard Trevithick – builder of the earliest steam locomotive
  Jethro Tull – inventor of the seed drill
  Alan Turing and Tommy Flowers – inventors of the modern computer and its associated concepts and technologies
  Frank Whittle – inventor of the jet engine
  Joseph Whitworth – inventor of many of the modern techniques and technologies of precision engineering
  
  Folklore
  
  English folklore is rich and diverse. Many of the land's oldest legends share themes and sources with the Celtic folklore of Wales, Scotland and Ireland, a typical example being the legend of Herne the Hunter, which shares many similarities with the traditional Welsh legend of Gwyn ap Nudd.
  
  Successive waves of pre-Norman invaders and settlers, from the Romans onwards, via Saxons, Jutes, Angles, Norse to the Norman Conquest have all influenced the myth and legend of England. Some tales, such as that of The Lambton Wyrm show a distinct Norse influence, while others, particularly some of the events and characters associated with the Arthurian legends show a distinct Romano-Gaulic slant.
  
  Among the most famous English folk-tales are the legends of King Arthur, although it would be wrong to regard these stories as purely English in origin as they also concern Wales and, to a lesser extent, Ireland and Scotland. They should therefore be considered as part of the folklore of the British Isles as a whole.
  
  Post-Norman stories include the tales of Robin Hood, which exists in many forms, and stories of other folk heroes such as Hereward the Wake and Fulk FitzWarin who, although being based on historical characters, have grown to become legends in their own right.
  
  Literature
  
  William Shakespeare; an English poet and playwright widely regarded as the greatest writer of the English language, as well as one of the greatest in Western literature.Main article: English literature
  The English language has a rich and prominent literary heritage. England has produced a wealth of significant literary figures including playwrights William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, John Webster, as well as writers Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, Jane Austen, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Brontë, Emily Brontë, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Dickens, Mary Shelley, H. G. Wells, George Eliot, Rudyard Kipling, D. H. Lawrence, E. M. Forster, Virginia Woolf, George Orwell and Harold Pinter. Others, such as J. K. Rowling, Enid Blyton and Agatha Christie have been among the best-selling novelists of the last century.
  
  Among the poets, Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sydney, Thomas Kyd, John Donne, Andrew Marvell, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, Lord Byron, John Keats, John Milton, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, T. S. Eliot (American-born, but a British subject from 1927) and many others remain read and studied around the world. Among men of letters, Samuel Johnson, William Hazlitt and George Orwell are some of the most famous. England continues to produce writers working in all branches of literature, and in a wide range of styles; contemporary English literary writers attracting international attention include Martin Amis, Julian Barnes and Zadie Smith.
  
  Music
  
  The composer Sir Edward Elgar is primarily remembered for his orchestral music, some of which develops patriotic themes.Composers from England have not achieved recognition as broad as that earned by their literary counterparts, and, particularly during the 19th century, were overshadowed in international reputation by other European composers; however, many works of earlier composers such as Thomas Tallis, William Byrd, and Henry Purcell are still frequently performed throughout the world today. A revival of England's musical status began during the 20th century with the prominence of composers such as Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, William Walton, Eric Coates, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Frederick Delius and Benjamin Britten.
  
  In popular music, however, English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Elton John, Queen, and The Rolling Stones are among the highest selling in the world. England is also credited with being the birthplace of many musical genres and movements such as hard rock, British invasion, heavy metal, britpop, glam rock, drum and bass, progressive rock, punk rock, gothic rock, shoegazing, acid house, UK garage, trip hop and dubstep.
  
  Science and philosophy
  Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday, J. J. Thomson, Charles Babbage, Charles Darwin, Stephen Hawking, Christopher Wren, Alan Turing, Francis Crick, Joseph Lister, Tim Berners-Lee, Andrew Wiles and Richard Dawkins. Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a Metric system was invented by John Wilkins, first secretary of the Royal Society in 1668.
  
  England played a major role in the development of Western philosophy, particularly during the Enlightenment. Jeremy Bentham, leader of the Philosophical Radicals, and his school are recognised as the men who unknowingly laid down the doctrines for Socialism. Bentham's impact on English law is also considerable. Aside from Bentham, major English philosophers include Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, and Bernard Williams.
  
  Sport
  
  Several modern sports were codified in England during the 19th century, among them cricket, rugby union and rugby league, football, tennis and badminton. Of these, association football, rugby and cricket remain the country's most popular spectator sports. England contains more UEFA 5 star and 4 star rated stadia than any other country, and is home to some of the sport's top clubs. Among these, Aston Villa, Liverpool FC, Manchester United and Nottingham Forest have won the European Cup. The England national football team are considered one of the game's superpowers (currently ranked 11th by FIFA and 8th by Elo), having won the World Cup in 1966 when it was hosted in England. Since then, however, they have failed to reach a final of a major international tournament, although they reached the semi-finals of the World Cup in 1990 and the quarter-finals in 2002 and 2006 and Euro 2004.
  
  More recently, England failed to qualify for the Euro 2008 championships when it lost 2–3 to Croatia on November 21, 2007 in its final qualifying match. England, playing at home at Wembley Stadium, needed just a draw to ensure qualification. This is the first time since the 1994 World Cup that England has failed to qualify for a major football championship and first time since 1984 that the team will miss the Euros. On November 22, 2007, the day after the defeat to Croatia, England fired its football coach, Steve McClaren and his assistant Terry Venables, ostensibly as a direct consequence of its failure to qualify for Euro 2008.
  
  The England national rugby union team and England cricket team are often among the best performing in the world, with the rugby union team winning the 2003 Rugby World Cup (and finishing as runners-up in 2007), and the cricket team winning The Ashes in 2005, and being ranked the second best Test nation in the world. Rugby union clubs such as Leicester Tigers, London Wasps and the Northampton Saints have had success in the Europe-wide Heineken Cup. At rugby league, the England national rugby league team are to compete more regularly after 2006, when England will become a full test nation in lieu of the Great Britain national rugby league team, when that team is retired after the 2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations.
  
  Sport England is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England.
  
  The 2012 Summer Olympics are to be hosted by London, England. It will run from 26 July to 12 August 2012. London will become the first city to have hosted the modern Olympic Games three times, having previously done so in 1908 and 1948.
  
  Language
  
  Places in the world where English language is spoken. Countries are dark blue where English is an official language, de facto official language, or national language. Countries are light blue where it is an official, non-primary language or non-official primary language.
  Beowulf is one of the oldest surviving epic poems in what is identifiable as a form of the English language.As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today (although not officially designated as such). An Indo-European language in the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family, it is closely related to Scots and the Frisian languages. As the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms merged into England, "Old English" emerged; some of its literature and poetry has survived.
  
  Used by aristocracy and commoners alike before the Norman Conquest (1066), English was displaced in cultured contexts under the new regime by the Norman French language of the new Anglo-Norman aristocracy. Its use was confined primarily to the lower social classes while official business was conducted in a mixture of Latin and French. Over the following centuries, however, English gradually came back into fashion among all classes and for all official business except certain traditional ceremonies, some of which survive to this day. Although, Middle English, as it had by now become, showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the Renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins; and more recent years, Modern English has extended this custom, willing to incorporate foreign-influenced words.
  
  It is most commonly accepted that—thanks in large part to the British Empire, and now the United States—the English language is now the world's unofficial lingua franca, while English common law is also the foundation of many legal systems throughout the English-speaking countries of the world. English language learning and teaching is an important economic sector, including language schools, tourism spending, and publishing houses.
  
  Additional languages
  UK legislation does not recognise any language as being official, but English is the only language used in England for general official business. The other national languages of the UK (Welsh, Irish, Scots and Scottish Gaelic) are confined to their respective nations, except Welsh to some degree.
  
  The only non-Anglic native spoken language in England is the Cornish language, a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall, which became extinct in the 19th century but has been revived and is spoken in various degrees of fluency, currently by about 2,000 people. This has no official status (unlike Welsh) and is not required for official use, but is nonetheless supported by national and local government under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Cornwall County Council has produced a draft strategy to develop these plans. There is, however, no programme as yet for public bodies to actively promote the language. Scots is spoken by some adjacent to the Anglo-Scottish Border, and Welsh is still spoken by some natives around Oswestry, Shropshire, on the Welsh border.
  
  Most deaf people within England speak British sign language (BSL), a sign language native to Britain. The British Deaf Association estimates that 250,000 people throughout the UK speak BSL as their first or preferred language, but does not give statistics specific to England. BSL is not an official language of the UK and most British government departments and hospitals have limited facilities for deaf people. The BBC broadcasts several of its programmes with BSL interpreters.
  
  Different languages from around the world, especially from the former British Empire and the Commonwealth of Nations, have been brought to England by immigrants. Many of these are widely spoken within ethnic minority communities, with Bengali, Hindi, Sinhala, Tamil, Punjabi, Urdu, Gujarati, Polish, Greek, Turkish and Cantonese being the most common languages that people living in Britain consider their first language. These are often used by official bodies to communicate with the relevant sections of the community, particularly in large cities, but this occurs on an "as needed" basis rather than as the result of specific legislative ordinances.
  
  Other languages have also traditionally been spoken by minority populations in England, including Romany.
  
  Despite the relatively small size of the nation, there are many distinct English regional accents. Those with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood elsewhere in the country. Use of foreign non-standard varieties of English (such as Caribbean English) is also increasingly widespread, mainly because of the effects of immigration.
  
  Religion
  
  Due to immigration in the past decades, there is an enormous diversity of religious belief in England, as well as a growing percentage that have no religious affiliation. Levels of attendance in various denominations have begun to decline[citation needed]. England is classed largely as a secular country even allowing for the following affiliation percentages : Christianity: 71.6%, Islam: 3.1%, Hindu: 1.1%, Sikh: 0.7%, Jewish: 0.5%, and Buddhist: 0.3%, No Faith: 22.3%. The EU Eurobarometer poll of 2005 shows that only 38% of people in the UK believe in a god, while 40% believe in "some sort of spirit or life force" and 20% do not believe in either.
  
  Christianity
  
  Stained glass from Rochester Cathedral in Kent, England, incorporating the Flag of EnglandChristianity reached England through missionaries from Scotland and from Continental Europe; the era of St. Augustine (the first Archbishop of Canterbury) and the Celtic Christian missionaries in the north (notably St. Aidan and St. Cuthbert). The Synod of Whitby in 664 ultimately led to the English Church being fully part of Roman Catholicism. Early English Christian documents surviving from this time include the 7th century illuminated Lindisfarne Gospels and the historical accounts written by the Venerable Bede. England has many early cathedrals, most notably York Minster (1080), Durham Cathedral (1093) and Salisbury Cathedral (1220), In 1536, the Church was split from Rome over the issue of the divorce of King Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon. The split led to the emergence of a separate ecclesiastical authority, and later the influence of the Reformation, resulting in the Church of England and Anglicanism. Unlike the other three constituent countries of the UK, the Church of England is an established church (although the Church of Scotland is a 'national church' recognised in law).
  
  Canterbury Cathedral is the mother church of the Church of England, a significant worldwide Christian denomination.The 16th century break with Rome under the reign of King Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries had major consequences for the Church (as well as for politics). The Church of England remains the largest Christian church in England; it is part of the Anglican Communion. Many of the Church of England's cathedrals and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance.
  
  Other major Christian Protestant denominations in England include the Methodist Church, the Baptist Church and the United Reformed Church. Smaller denominations, but not insignificant, include the Religious Society of Friends (the "Quakers") and the Salvation Army—both founded in England. There are also Afro-Caribbean Churches, especially in the London area.
  
  The Roman Catholic Church re-established a hierarchy in England in the 19th century. Attendances were considerably boosted by immigration, especially from Ireland and more recently Poland.
  
  The Church of England is still the official state church.
  
  Other religions
  Throughout the second half of the 20th century, immigration from many colonial countries, often from South Asia and the Middle East have resulted in a considerable growth in Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism in England. Cities and towns with large Muslim communities include Birmingham, Blackburn, Coventry, Bolton, Bradford, Leicester, London, Luton, Manchester, Oldham and Sheffield. Cities and towns with large Sikh communities include London, Slough, Staines, Hounslow, Southall, Reading, Ilford, Barking, Dagenham, Leicester, Leeds, Birmingham, Wolverhampton and others.
  
  The Jewish community in England is mainly in the Greater London area, particularly the north west suburbs such as Golders Green; although Manchester, Leeds and Gateshead also have significant Jewish communities.
  
  Education
  
  The chapel of King's College, Cambridge UniversityMain article: Education in England
  There is a long history of the promotion of education in England in schools, colleges and universities. England is home to the oldest existing schools in the English speaking world: The King's School, Canterbury and The King's School, Rochester, believed to be founded in the 6th and 7th century respectively. At least eight existing schools in England were founded in the first millennium. Most of these ancient institutions are fee-paying schools, however some state schools are also very old, most notably Beverley Grammar School founded in 700. Other notable English schools include Winchester College (founded 1382), Eton College (1440), St Paul's School (London) (1509), Tonbridge School (1553), Rugby School (1567), Harrow School (1572), Charterhouse School (1611), and Sherborne School, which was granted an official charter in 1550, but due to its attachment to Sherborne Abbey, which has been a place of scholarship since 705, it stakes a good claim to being among the oldest educational establishments in the country, and Radley College (1847). The oldest surviving girls' school in England is Red Maids' School founded in 1634. England is also home to the two oldest universities in the English speaking world: Oxford University (12th century) and Cambridge University (early 13th century). More than 90 universities are in England and many of these (most notably the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London) consist of autonomous colleges, many of which are world famous in their own right, for example University College, Oxford (founded 1249), Peterhouse, Cambridge (1284) Imperial College London and the London School of Economics (1895).
  
  The education system in England is run by the Department for Children, Schools and Families. The education is split into two main types; State schools funded through taxation and free to all, and private schools, which provide a paid-for education on top of taxes (also confusingly known as "Public" or "Independent" schools).
  
  The level of education in England is maintained by regular Government inspections of State run schools, and Ofsted inspections of private schools.
  
  Healthcare
  
  The NHS Logo for EnglandThe National Health Service (NHS) is the publicly funded healthcare system in England responsible for provided the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS provides most services free at the point of use for the patient though there are charges associated with eye tests, dental care, prescriptions, and many aspects of personal care.
  
  The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the National Health Service Act 1946. (The Act originally set up the NHS in England and Wales but Wales was split off in the 1960s – see NHS Wales.)Private health care has continued parallel to the NHS, paid for largely by private insurance, but it is used by less than 8% of the population, and generally as a top-up to NHS services. Recently the private sector has been increasingly used to increase NHS capacity despite a large proportion of the public opposing such involvement.
  
  The NHS is largely funded from general taxation (including a proportion from National Insurance payments). The UK government department responsible for the NHS is the Department of Health, headed by the Secretary of State for Health (Health Secretary), who sits in the British Cabinet. Most of the expenditure of The Department of Health (£98.6 billion in 2008-9) is spent on the NHS.
  
  Transport
  
  Heathrow Airport is the world's busiest airport in terms of numbers of international passengersLondon Heathrow Airport is England's largest airport, the largest airport by traffic volume in Europe and one of the world's busiest airports, and London Gatwick Airport is England's second largest, followed by Manchester Airport. Other major airports include London Stansted Airport in Essex, about 50 kilometres (30 mi) north of London, Coventry Airport and Birmingham International Airport.
  
  The growth in private car ownership in the latter half of the 20th century led to major road-building programmes. Important trunk roads built include the A1 Great North Road from London to Newcastle and Edinburgh, and the A580 "East Lancs." road between Liverpool and Manchester. The M6 motorway is the country's longest motorway running from Rugby through North West England to the Scottish border. Other major roads include the M1 motorway from London to Leeds up the east of the country, the M25 motorway which encircles London, the M60 motorway which encircles Manchester, the M4 motorway from London to South Wales, the M62 motorway from Liverpool to Manchester and Yorkshire, and the M5 motorway from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.
  
  Most of the British National Rail network of 16,116 route km (10,072 route miles) lies in England. Urban rail networks are also well developed in London and several other cities, including the Manchester Metrolink and the London Underground. The London Underground is the oldest and most extensive underground railway in the world, and as of 2007 consists of 407 km (253 mi) of line and serves 275 stations.
  
  There are around 7,100 km (4,400 mi) of navigable waterways in England, of which roughly half is owned by British Waterways. An estimated 165 million journeys are made by people on Britain's waterways annually. The Thames is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at Tilbury, one of the three major ports in the UK. Ports in the UK handled over 560 million tonnes of domestic and international freight in 2005.
  
  The government department overseeing transport is the Department for Transport.
  
  People
  
  The ancestry of the English, considered as an ethnic group, is mixed; it can be traced to the mostly Celtic Romano-Britons, to the eponymous Anglo-Saxons, the Danish-Vikings that formed the Danelaw during the time of Alfred the Great and the Normans, among others. The 19th and 20th centuries, furthermore, brought much new immigration to England.
  
  Ethnicity aside, the simplest view is that an English person is someone who was born in England and holds British nationality, regardless of his or her racial origin. It has, however, been a notoriously complicated, emotive and controversial identity to delimit. Centuries of English dominance within the United Kingdom has created a situation where to be English is, as a linguist would put it, an "unmarked" state. The English frequently include themselves and their neighbours in the wider term of "British", while the Scots and Welsh tend to be more forward about referring to themselves by one of those more specific terms. This reflects a more subtle form of English-specific patriotism in England; St George's Day, the country's national day, is barely celebrated. The celebrations have increased year on year over the past five years.
  
  Modern celebration of English identity is often found around its sports, one field in which the British Home Nations often compete individually. The English Association football team, rugby union team and cricket team often cause increases in the popularity of celebrating Englishness.
  
  Nomenclature
  The country is named after the Angles, one of several Germanic tribes who settled the country in the fifth and sixth centuries. There are two distinct linguistic patterns for the name of the country.
  
  Most European languages use names similar to "England":
  
  "Anglie" (Czech)
  "Anglicko" (Slovak)
  "England" (Danish, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Luxembourgish)
  "Engeland" (Dutch)
  "Inglismaa" (Estonian)
  "Angleterre" (French)
  "Англия" (Angliya) (Russian, Bulgarian)
  "Anglaterra" (Catalan)
  "Inghilterra" (Italian)
  "Ingilterra" (Maltese, Egyptian)
  "Inglaterra" (Spanish, Portuguese, Galician)
  "İngiltere" (Turkish)
  "Anglia" (Latin, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Albanian)
  "Anglija" (Slovene, Lithuanian, Latvian, Ukrainian)
  "Engleska" (Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian)
  "Αγγλία" ("Aglía") (Greek)
  "Englanti" (Finnish)
  "Ingalaterra" (Basque)
  "ინგლისი" ("inglisi") (Georgian)
   The Celtic names are quite different, referring to the Saxons, another family of Germanic tribes that arrived at about the same time as the Angles.
  
  "Bro-Saoz" (Breton)
  "Pow Sows" (Cornish)
  "Sasana" (Irish)
  "Sostyn" (Manx)
  "Sasainn" (Scottish Gaelic)
  "Lloegr" (Welsh), an ancient geographic term and not Saxon-related; but the inhabitants are referred to as "Saeson".
  The names in Asian languages:
  
  "إنجلترا" (Ingiltra) or "إنكلترا" (Inkiltra) (Arabic)
  "ইংল্যান্ড" (Ingland) (Bangla)
  "انگلستان" (Inglistan) (Hindi, Persian)
  "אנגליה" (Anglia) (Hebrew)
  "イングランド" (Ingurando) (Japanese)
  "Engalaantha" (Sri Lankans (Sinhalese))
  "இங்கிலாந்து" (In-gi-laan-dhu) (Tamil)
  "Anh Quôc" (Vietnamese)
  "Inggris" (Indonesian)
  "อังกฤษ" (Ang-grit) (Thai)
  "英格蘭" (Yīnggélán) (Chinese)
  "잉글랜드" (Ing-geul-laen-deu) (Korean)
  "eng-ge-re-ji" ( Punjabi languages )
  "英倫" (Ying-lun)(Cantonese)
  Names in other languages:
  
  "Uingereza"(Ou-I-ng'e-re-za) (Swahili)
  
  Alternative names include:
  
  The slang "Blighty", from the Hindustani "bila yati" meaning "foreign" (which coincidentally resembles "Britain")
  "Albion", an ancient name, supposedly referring to the white (Latin alba) cliffs of Dover. Although it refers to the whole island of Great Britain, it is occasionally, and incorrectly, used for England. Following the Roman conquest of Britain, the term contracted to mean only the area north of Roman control and is today a relative of Alba, the Celtic languages name for Scotland.
  More poetically, England has been called "this sceptred isle...this other Eden" and "this green and pleasant land", quotations respectively from the poetry of William Shakespeare (in Richard II) and William Blake (And did those feet in ancient time).
  Slang terms sometimes used for the people of England include "Sassenachs" or "Sasanachs" (from the Scots Gaelic and Irish Gaelic respectively, both originally meaning "Saxon", and originally a Scottish Highland term for Lowland Scots), "Limeys" (in reference to the citrus fruits carried aboard English sailing vessels to prevent scurvy) and "Pom/Pommy" (used in Australian English and New Zealand English), but these may be perceived as offensive. Also see alternative words for British.
  
  
  National symbols, insignia and anthems
  The two main traditional symbols of England are the St George's Cross (the English flag), and the Three Lions coat of arms.
  
  Other national symbols exist, but have varying degrees of official usage, such as the oak tree and the rose.
  
  England's National Day is St George's Day (Saint George being the patron saint), which is on 23 April.
  
  A one-pound coin with an English oak tree
  
  A one-pound coin with the three lions of England
  
  Saint George and the Dragon, Paolo Uccello, c. 1470. This small dragon has the look of a griffin or a wyvern.
  
  The English rose at the border of Wales and England
  
  St George's Cross
  
  The St George's Cross is a red cross on a white background and is the national flag of England.
  
  It is believed to have been adopted for the uniform of English soldiers during the Crusades of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. From about 1277 it became the national flag of England. St George's Cross was originally the flag of Genoa and was adopted by England and the City of London in 1190 for their ships entering the Mediterranean to benefit from the protection of the powerful Genoese fleet. The maritime Republic of Genoa was rising and going to become, with its rival Venice, one of the most important powers in the world. The English Monarch paid an annual tribute to the Doge of Genoa for this privilege. The cross of St George would become the official Flag of England.
  
  A red cross acted as a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with St George and England, along with other countries and cities (such as Georgia, Milan and the Republic of Genoa), which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner. It remained in national use until 1707, when the Union Flag (also known as the Union Jack, especially at sea) which English and Scottish ships had used at sea since 1606, was adopted for all purposes to unite the whole of Great Britain under a common flag. The flag of England no longer has much of an official role, but it is widely flown by Church of England properties and at sporting events.
  
  Until recently, the flag was not commonly flown in England with the British Union Flag being used instead. This was certainly evident at the 1966 football World Cup when English fans predominantly flew the latter. However, since devolution in the United Kingdom, the St George Cross has experienced a growth in popularity and is now the predominant flag used in English sporting events.
  
  Three Lions
  
  The arms of England are gules, three lions passant guardant or; the earliest surviving record of their use was by Richard I (Richard the Lionheart) in the late 12th century.
  
  Since union with Scotland and Northern Ireland, the arms of England are no longer used on their own; instead they form a part of the conjoined Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. However, both the Football Association and the England and Wales Cricket Board use logos based on the three lions. In recent years, it has been common to see banners of the arms flown at English football matches, in the same way the Lion Rampant is flown in Scotland.
  
  In 1996, Three Lions was the official song of the England football team for the 1996 European Football Championship, which were held in England.
  
  Rose
  The Tudor rose is the national floral emblem of England, and was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses.
  
  The rose is used in a variety of contexts in its use for England's representation. The Rose of England is a Royal Badge, and is a Tudor, or half-red-half-white rose, symbolising the end of the Wars of the Roses and the subsequent marriage between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. This symbolism is reflected in the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom and the crest of the FA. However, the rose of England is often displayed as a red rose (which also symbolises Lancashire), such as the badge of the England national rugby union team. A white rose (which also symbolises Yorkshire) is also used on different occasions.
  
  Anthem
  England does not have an official designated national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has "God Save the Queen". However, the following are often considered unofficial English national anthems:
  
  "I Vow to Thee, My Country"
  "Land of Hope and Glory"
  "Nimrod"
  "Jerusalem"
  "Heart of Oak"
  "God Save the Queen" is usually played for English sporting events, such as football matches, against teams from outside the UK, although "Land of Hope and Glory" was used as the English anthem for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. Since 2004, "Jerusalem" has been sung before England cricket matches, and "Rule Britannia" (Britannia being the Roman name for Great Britain, a personification of the United Kingdom) was often used in the past for the English national football team when they played against another of the home nations but more recently "God Save the Queen" has been used by the rugby union and football teams.
  
  Gallery
  
  Durham Cathedral
  
  Tower of London, London.
  
  The Palace of Westminster – the political centre of the United Kingdom.
  
  Stonehenge – a Neolithic and Bronze Age megalithic monument in Wiltshire.
  
  Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol.
běi 'ōu dǎo guó
   běi 'ōu dǎo guóquán míng wéi liè diān běi 'ài 'ěr lán lián wáng guó”。 zài yáng shàng yīng hǎi xiá duō 'ěr hǎi xiá 'ōu zhōu xiāng wàngyóu yīng lán lánwēi 'ěr shì běi 'ài 'ěr lán chéngmiàn 24 41 wàn píng fāng qiān rén kǒu 5839 5 wàn (1994 nián )。 shǒu lún dūnběi zhù yào fēn jiǔ jīng qīn shí de gāo yuán shān dōng nán wéi wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng hòuzuì zǎo shí xiàn gōng huà de guó jiājīng shì jiè gōng guó zhī xiè zhì zào wéi zhù dǎo ménōu zhōu zhòng yào shí yóu shēng chǎn guóshì jiè mào guó hǎi yùn guó
No. 3
   yīng guó zuì jiā yóu shí jiānzhòng suǒ zhōu zhī yīng guó shì dǎo guó liè diān dǎo wéi zhōng xīnzhōu wéi fēn zhe xiǎo děng de dǎo zài jiā shàng 'ài 'ěr lán dǎo de fēnbiàn gòu chéng liǎo zhěng guó jiāguó fēn zài běi wěi 50 dào běi wěi 60 zhī jiānlún dūn wèi běi wěi 51 xiāng dāng hēi lóng jiāng běi de wèi zhì duō rén néng huì rèn wéi wěi zhī gāodōng dìng hěn lěng liǎo shí rányīn wéi cóng wān yòu qiáng de nuǎn liú duì yīng lún sān dǎo yǐng xiǎng hěn shǐ zài dōng tiānzhè shì wēn nuǎn duō bié shì miàn duì nuǎn liú de hǎi 'àn yóu wéi míng xiǎn
  “ 3 yuè fēng, 4 yuè dài lái 5 yuè de huā。”
   zhè shī de huà men biàn liǎo jiě dàoměi dào 5 yuèmàn cháng de dōng biàn wéi chūn tiān suǒ dàihuā 'ér yědōu kāi shǐ chū xiào liǎn bié shì dào 6 yuè jiē xiǎo xiàng biàn huì kāi mǎn liǎo yīng guó de guó huā héng héng méi guīdào liǎo xià tiānhuò shì gāo wěi de yuán hěn shǎo yòu shǔ lái shuō bài lún céng xià guò zhè yàng de jié lùn:“ yīng lún de dōng zhōng 7 yuèshǐ 8 yuè。” dōng dào yīng guó xíng dāng rán yào zhǔn bèi zhī lèi de fáng hán pǐn xià tiān de shí hòu zuì hǎo dài shàng jiàn máo shǐ shì 8 yuè yào rèn wéi shì shèng xià 'ér háo zhǔn bèi
   yóu chǔyú gāo wěi xià de jiǔ diǎnzhòngtiān kōng réng rán piàn guāng míngxiāng fǎnzài dōng tiānměi dào xià 3 diǎn yáng biàn yào xié liǎo
  “ qíng shí duō yún 'ǒu zhèn shùn yáng guāng zhào。”
   què shí yīng guó de tiān yòngnán nǎi zhìfēng kuánglái xíng róng。“ zhèn qíngcháng zài tiān de bào zhōng jiǎo chéng tuán
   nián zhōng yīng guó zuì měi de shí jiān shì 5 yuè 6 yuèwàn qiān hóng de zhǒng huā duǒ kāi fàngshí fēn shì xíngdāng ránměi jié dōuyòu de mèi zhè shì yōng zhì de
   yīng guó mín jié qìng huó dòng yīng guó de guó qìng bìng dìngér shì guó wáng de zhèng shì shēng wèiguó qìng yīng guó hái yòu 8 tiān de suǒ wèiyínháng jiàrì”, zhè shì quán guó xìng de jiàrìbìng jǐn xiàn yínháng。 8 tiān yínháng jiàrì shì nián zhōng zuì shòu huān yíng de jié yuán yīn zhèng zhí hái men fàngjià duō rén shè chéng jiào cháng de zhōu hǎi biān huò xiāng cūn
   zhù yào de jié yòu
   huó jié bān zài 3 yuè zhì 4 yuè zhōng chūn fēn yuè yuán de xīng
   yínháng jié: 5 yuè de xīng zuì hòu xīng , 8 yuè de zuì hòu xīng
   jié : 12 yuè 26
   shuò jié: 5 yuè 1
   yuè bīng : 6 yuè fèn de 'èr xīng liù
   xué jié:1831 nián kāi shǐ nián bàn
   xué zhōu:1994 nián kāi shǐzài měi nián deyuè bàn
   yīng guó bié xǐng xíng xìn
   yīng guó yòu yàn ,“ itisbettertotravelhopefullythantoarnve.” shìmǎn huái wàng de yào dào mùdì gèng kuài ”。 què shízài wèi dào mùdì zhī qián de chéng chōng mǎn liǎo xiá xiǎng dàishì yóu de
   shōu xíng xìn shì fēi cháng yòu yòu guān xíng de xìn yuè duōnín de 'ān jiù yuè xiāo chúzhè shì hěn rán de shì qíng
   yīng guó zhēn kuì shì shì jiè yóu guó shuō zài quán yīng yòu duō shǎo chéng zhèn jiù yòu duō shǎo xún chùzhè xiē xún chù bèi yòu zhǒng shǒu yóu zhǐ nánzài lún dūnnín jiù quán miàn zhì liǎo jiě lánwēi 'ěr shìběi 'ài 'ěr lán de qíng kuàng
   míng chēng zhǐ diàn huà bèi zhù
   yīng guó yóu zhōng xīn 12lowerregentst.londonsw1( 0171) 7303400 bèi yòu quán guó de xìn . bìng yòu br de jiē qià chù
   guó jiā yóu xìn zhōng xīn victoriastationforecourt,londonsw1( 0171) 7303488 lún dūnyīng lán děng de xìn wéi zhù
   lán yóu guǎn 19cocksqurst.londonsw1( 0171) 9308661 lán de yòu guān xìn wéi zhù dìng fáng jiān
   huò
   dān wèi wéi yīng bàng pound( biàn shì pence(p)。£ 1 100p。 zhǐ de zhǒng lèi wéi£ 5、£ 10、£ 20、£ 50。 yìng de zhǒng lèi wéi 1p、 2p、 3p、 10p、 20p、 50op、 $1。
   duì huàn
   guǎn nín shì zhǐ yīng guó yóu hái shì yào biàn lǎn 'ōu zhōu guótuī jiàn nín shǐ yòng yīng bàng de t/c( xíng zhī piàoyòng duì huàn xiàn jīn zuì wéi fāng biànér qiě zài duō shù fàn diàn b b zhōng dài xiàn jīn yòng zhī zhǎo líng qián)。
   zài chéng shì zhōngcháng jiàn dàoduì huàn chù”( bureanecnange)。 zài zhè xiē duì huàn chù fēn yínháng zhōngruò jiāng£ 20 de t/c duì chéng xiàn jīnduì fāng huì shōu xiāng yìng de shǒu fèi guò zhěng yīng guó méi yòu chéng shì shè yòu yín xíng huò duì huàn chù denín fēn xiàn jīn zhǐ dài t/ c bǎo guǎn méi yòu wèn
   diàn huà
   gōng yòng diàn huà yòu xiē huài xià tīng tǒng hòu shēng yīnyòu xiǎn shìsuǒ nín zuì hǎo zhǔn bèi hǎo líng qián diàn huà
   tōng gōng yòng diàn huà
   àn jiàn shì huà shǐ yòng 10p shàng de yìng shàng huì duàn biǎo shì 'étuì huí de líng qián zhǐ shì duō tóu liǎo de yìng yòu shí yòu xiē huà shì duì fāng tīng tǒng hòu cái tóu de
   diàn huà
   tóng guó guó nèi de diàn huà de shǐ yòng fāng xiāng tóng fēn wéi£ 2,£ 5,£ 10,£ 20,4 zhǒng( bt yòng)。 1 fēn zhōng 10p。 zàiduì huàn chù xún chùyóu děng tiē yòu zhāo tiē huà de fāng chū shòu
   xìn yòng diàn huà
   zài yóu chéng shì de zhōng xīn shè yòu zhǒng diàn huàzuì jìn zài tiě zhàn nèi kāi shǐ chū xiàn shǐ zuò visa、 jcb děng xìn yòng lán diàn huà tíng zhōng de xīngdiàn huà shǐ yòng zhè xiē xìn yòng shí fēn fāng biàn
   yào guó cháng zài jiē tóu de gōng yòng diàn huà diàn huàxìn yòng diàn huà shàng zhí jiē jià piányí xiāng dāng biàn
   yīng guó de fěi jǐnghuǒ jǐng jiù diàn huà jūn wéi 999。 chá hào tái wéi 192, yīng nín ruò chá hàoyòng yīng gào zhī duì fāng zhǐ míng shāng diàn yào shuō míng hángyè
   yóu zhèng
   yóu de yíng shí jiān píng wéi 9: 00- 17: 30。 zhōu liù wéi 9: 00- 12: 00。 yòu de yóu zhōng shè yòu duì huàn chù
   xiǎo bāo guǒ zǒu chuán yùn huò háng kōngchuán yùn 1 yuè shàngháng kōng fēn 3-4 tiān dào xīng dào liǎng zhǒng hǎo bāo guǒyóu zhōng yòu xiāng bāo dài chū shòu), zài chuāng kǒu bàn shǒu
   yīng guó měi shíshí fēn hàn dào yīng guó càihǎo xiàng jiā de píng jià dōubù tài gāoquè shí yīng guó cài yòng lái xíng róng,“ simple”( tài jiǎn dān)。 jiǎn 'ér yán zhī zhì zuò fāng shì zhǐ yòu liǎng zhǒngfàng huǒ kǎo xiāng kǎohuò zhě fàng huǒ guō zhǔzuò cài shí shénme tiáowèi pǐn dōubù fàngchī de shí hòu zài rén 'àihào fàng xiē yán jiāo huò jiè jiàng yóu zhī lèishuō lái shì zūn zhòng rén de hàowùquè nán miǎn yòu tōu gōng jiǎn liào zhī xián guò rán lái dào liǎo yīng guóquán qiě huì xià yīng guó cài de mèi
   yīng shì zǎo cān
   shǒu xiān qiē chéng bàn de táo huò chéng zhīdìng shì 100% de chún guǒ zhīkāi chǎngjiā shàng piànjiāo shàng niú nǎi shā tángrán hòu shí yòng xià shì zhù cài bān shì chéng ròuxiāng cháng jiān dàn pèi jiān huò hóng shìjiān hóng shì xiāng dāng hàochī)。 dāng rán hái yòu kǎo tóng bāozuì hòu shì fēi huò hóng chá yòu yīng guó chuán tǒng de nǎi cházhè biàn shì yīng shì zǎo cān liǎo
   yào liǎo jiě yīng guó jiù yīngdāng jiǔ guǎn
   yīng guó rén chēng xiǎo jiǔ guǎn wéi ”( pub), publichouse de jiǎn chēngzhè shì men shēng huó zhōng huò quē de fēn shǐ shì zài lún dūn chéng gōng zuò de shāng rén men cháng zài jiě jué cān guò zài zhù zhái de jiǔ guǎn zhōngduō wéi dāng mínwài rén hěn nán róng de fēn zhī zhōngyóu jiù gèng bèi kàn zuò shì shēng rén”( stranger) liǎoyīn yīng guó de jiǔ guǎn fēn wéi miàn xiàng yóu de miàn xiàng mín de liǎng zhǒngdàn shìnín xià dìng jué xīndào xiē mín xíng de jiǔ guǎn zuò zuò
   jiǔ guǎn gōng xuǎn de jiǔ yòu hěn duō zhù yào zhǒng lèi xiàn jiè shào xià jiā gēn de hǎo lái xuǎn
  bitter jiǔ héng héng yán jiào nóngdài wèi yīng guó zuì dài biǎo xìng de jiǔ
  mild qīng jiǔ héng héng wèi jiǔ jiǔ yán jiǔ shēn de zhǒng shēn
  paleale dàn jiǔ héng héng píng zhuāng de jiǔjiǔ jīng nóng gāotàn suān yán hěn qiǎn
  strongale liè jiǔ héng héng yòu shēng píng liǎng zhǒng jiào shí jiān chángjiǔ jīng jiào gāo
  stout hēi jiǔ héng héng zuì hēi zuì liè de zhǒng jiǔ , zài mài zhōng jiā liàng de jiǔ huā zhì chéng
  lager dàn jiǔ héng héng bān men de jiǔzài yīng guó jiǔ guǎn jūn yòu shòu yīng guó gòu yīng guó de lún dūn shì gòu tiān táng yòu wéi yīng guó huáng shì gōng de lǎo diànyòu yòu jiē tóu tiān xiǎo diànyòu rén shèn zhì shuōzài lún dūn méi yòu mǎi dào de dōng
   zhè duō shù shāng diàn zài 10: 00-18: 00 yíng měi zhōu wéi shēn gòu dào 19: 00 huò 20: 00 de yíng de shāng diàn wéi shù shǎozuì jìnzhōu liùzhōu xiàng wǎng cháng yàng yíng de shāng diàn jiàn zēng duōjiē tóu xiǎo diàn dēng huǒ tōng míng yǐn liǎo shàonǚ shì qián wǎng
   yīng guó jiāo tōngháng kōng qián wǎng yīng guó kuài 'ér biàn jié
   huǒ chētiě tǒng fēi cháng wán shànshè bèi jiāyòu zhǒng cháng yòng de huǒ chē yōu dài piào yīng guó guó tiě lián piào (/britrailpass)、 lún dūn huì huǒ chē piào (londonextrarailpass)、 ōu zhōu zhī xīng (eurostar)、 tiě màn yóu piào (railrovers) děngqián sān zhě wéi wài guó zhuān shǔ zài gāi guó gòu mǎiruò chí qīng nián lǎo rén huǒ chē (railcard) gòu piào xiǎng sān fēn zhī zhé kòu piàn zài chē zhàn jiē shēn bàn
   cháng chéng shì yīng guó yòu xiāng dāng biàn de shì wǎng gōng shù zhǒng jiāo tōng tào piàokuài chē tōng xíng zhèng (britespresscard)、 shì zhé kòu (discountcoachcard)、 shì yóu zhèng (touristtrailpass) děng
   tiěshì jiè 1 tiáo tiě shè zài lún dūngòng yòu 11 tiáo xiànzuì piào ji࣠1.2, chē zhàn jiē dào miǎn fèi de tiě
   shì shìyòu dān céng shuāng céng shìzuì piào jià 60p, bìng yòu lái huí piào piàozhōu piào děng shòuquán shǐ yòng de piào jià wéi£ 2.7。
   chū chēhēi chū chē shì lún dūn de biāo zhì tiào£ 2, lìng zhǒng xiǎo xíng zhǒng yán de chū chē (minicab) jiào piányíwéi jià
   jiǎo chē zài yóu zhōng xīn xún wèn dān chē lìn chù tiān yuē£ 5。
   shuǐ yùn lún de tóu zài westminster charingcross, yán tài shì měi 15 fēn zhōng 1 bānpiào ji࣠2, 5 yuè zhì 9 yuè 11am zhì 5pm。
   chēruò guàn zuǒ biān xíng chē yīng guó kāi chē yóu xiāng dāng shū shì
   yīng guó zhù yīng guó de fàn diàn zhǒng lèi fán duōyòu pái mǎn shuāng céng chuáng de shè shì diàn qīng nián diàn liè), yòu qián jǐn gōng 'ā bàwáng gōng shǐ yòng de chāo gāo dàng fàn diàn de zǒng tǒng tào jiānyóu rèn tiǎo xuǎn shíyīng lún quán dǎo de fàn diàn shì xīng luó shù zhòng duō gòu yóu tóu
   zài zhù fāng miàn yòu diǎn shì yǐn zhù de
   guān dìng fáng jiānzài yīng guó bān yào qián shù dìng fáng jiāndāng rán shù jié jiān de 'ài dīng bǎo xiē chéng bǎo fàn diàn wàizài xiǎng yóu lǎn de chéng zhèn zhōngzhǎo dào shì 'àihào de diànzhī jiē shòu de jià biàn zhù
   èrguān zhù fèiyóu rén jiāo shè qǐng xún chù bāng mángdàn dìng yào zài zhù zhī qián què shí jiě jué hǎo zhè wèn shǒu xiānyào xiàng duì fāng jiǎng qīng chǔ yào zhù lèi fáng xíngzhī dào fáng jià hòu hái yào xún wèn jià zhōng shì fǒu hán yòu zǎo cān fèi( b& b chú wài)。 wài bié shì zài shì fàn diàn zhōng jié zhàng shíduì fāng cháng huì yào qiú lìng vta( 17.5% de xiāo fèi shuì), suǒ zhù shí hái yào shí zhù fèi zhōng shì fǒu hán yòu vta。 hái yòu bān fàn diàn huì lìng shōu zhū lín diàn shìgōng nuǎn děng 'é wài de fèi yòngdàn xún wèn qīng chǔ wéi miào
   zài lún dūn děng chéng shìbàn zhù shǒu dìng xià fáng jiān hòu cháng cháng yào xiān fáng fèiér zài xiāng xià bān zài tuì fáng jié zhàng shí zhī chéng shì gèng xiāng xìn rénzhù zhù zhàng shí wàng suǒ shōu
   zài jiè shào xià guǎn de zhù yào lèi xíng
  inn( guǎn
   dāng coach hái shì zhǐ dài chē de shí hòuzhè zhǒng céng wéi jiǔ guǎnèr céng wéi zhù de guǎn céng biàn quán yīngdàn zhǐ néng zài xiāng xià jiàn dào liǎo wài,“ inn” hái zhǐ mǒu xiē yòu bié de shǐ yōu jiǔ de jiàn zhùér bìng fēi guǎn
   shì shì jiān nán duō guǎn suī réng chēng inn, bǎo liú liǎo jiàn zhù wài guān de yuán màodàn wèile shēng cún xià fēn fēn jìn xíng háo huá de nèi zhuāng xiūgǎi wéi gāo dàng fàn diànzhè zhǒng inn suī jià piān gāodàn què hěn shì chōng fēn wèi yīng guó yòu de fēn wéi
  guesthouse( diàn
   gāi lèi diàn yòu chēng privatehotel( rén fàn diàn), duō shì jiā zhōngjiàng 'ér de fáng jiān téng kōng hòu xiàng rén chū de jīng yíng xìng jiā tíng xíng fàn diànfáng jiān shù jūn duōdàn zhōu dào qíng duō diàn de zhù fèi zhōng jūn hán yòu zǎo cān fèixiāng duì lái shuōzhè lèi diàn de tiáo jiàn jiào b& b yōu yuèjià chàbù duō
  bed& breakfast( b& b diàn
  b& b diàn shì yīng guó de zhù shè shīhěn shòu yóu huān yíng guǒ nín 'ài yīng guó de chuán tǒng wén huàxiǎng duō liǎo jiě yīng guó rén jiù dìng yào dào b& b lái zhù suī rán zài lún dūnměi rén 30 yīng bàng xià de b& b yuè lái yuè nán zhǎo liǎodàn xiāng xià què réng shì píng mín xìng de diàn duō bān měi rén 12 yīng bàng zuǒ yòu jiàzhí xiě shàng de shìzhè zhǒng diàn gōng fēng shèng de yīng shì zǎo cānsuī zài lún dūn děng chéng shì de b& b zhōngcháng cháng zhǐ gōng hóng chá fēi zhī lèi de shì zǎo cāndàn zài xiāng jiān, 9 chéng shàng de b& b què ràng nín xiǎng shòu dào fēng shèng wèi měi de zǎo cān
   wàiyòu xiē b& b guà rèn zhāo páinín zuì hǎo shì xiān zài dāng de xún chù xún wèn qīng chǔhuò zhí jiē xiàng dāng rén tīngnéng zhù dào tōng rén jiā shì wéi yòu de
  y. h.( qīng nián diàn
   zhù qīng nián diàn bān shì zhōng xīn jiào yuǎn qīng nián diàn yào y. h. huì yuán zhèngzài xiē xíng y. h. jūn dāng chǎng bàn zhù fèi bān wéi 5--10 yīng bàng zuǒ yòu( 18 suì shàng), lún dūn 10--20 bàngyòu de diàn zhù fèi zhōng hán zǎo cān fèi wài duō qīng nián diàn jūn wéi fáng jiānduō rén gòng zhùzhù bǎo guǎn hǎo de cái
   wài duō qīng nián diàn jūn jiàn zài chéng jiāo fēng jǐng xiù de fāngyòu de diàn běn shēn biàn shì chéng bǎo huò jiàn zhùsōu xiē yòu guān y. h. de xìn zhì dìng zhù jìhuà shí b& b děng 'ān páidìng rán huì jīng yòu shū shì yīng guó qiú shì yīng guó zuì shèng xíng de yùn dòng xiàng zhè shì xiàng lǎo de yùn dòngyuǎn zài zhōng shì jiù liú xíng yīng děng guóshì jiè shàng qiú xié huì 1863 nián zài yīng guó chéng quán guó qiú duì shùzhí xìng de qiú gòng 90 duō měi chéng shì zhì shǎo yòu
   qiú suī rán shèng xíngdàn bān rèn wéi yīng lán deguó qiúquè shì bǎn qiúyīng lán chú běi fāng shǎo shù wàichàbù duō měi cūn zhuāng dōuyòu bǎn qiú bǎn qiú shì xià yùn dòng xiàng sài jié měi nián wéi 4 yuè
   yīn zài yīng guó rén de wén huà shēng huó zhōng zhàn yòu zhòng yào de wèi duō rén yòu yīnyuè xiū yǎng huān diǎn yīnyuè yīng guó de zhǒng yīnyuè lùn shì diǎn yīnyuèliú xíng gēqǔjué shì hái shì tóng guǎn yōng yòu zhòng duō de 'àihào zhějìn nián lái yīng guó chū xiàn liǎoshǔ bǎi jiā yīnyuè”, zhǐ de shì yòng shǔ kāi shè de zhǒng duǎn yīnyuè xué xiào huò jiǎng zuò jiǎng shòu de nèi róng bāo kuò cóng zhōng shì yīnyuè diǎn yīnyuè zhí zhì xiàn dài liú xíng yīn yáo gǔn de yǎn zòushí jiān zhǎngzhě sān zhōuduǎn zhě jǐn zhōu zhè lèi xué xiào měi nián dōuyòu hěn duō rén bào míng cān jiā jiàn yīng guó rén duì yīnyuè de xīng wéi nóng hòu
   zuì yòu de shì lún dūn huáng jiā 'ài yīnyuè tīng desàn chǎng yīnyuè huì”。 měi dāng lín jìn xià zhè jiā yīnyuè tīng wéi xíng zhè zhǒng yīnyuè huì yǎn chū tīng zhōng de zuò wèi chè diàozhǐ zài zhōu zǒu láng liú shǎo shù zuò wèitīng zhòng chǎng hòu zhàn zhe xīn shǎng yīnyuèzhè yàngyīnyuè tīng róng gèng duō de tīng zhòngyòu zhǒng yòu de qīng sōng rán de fēn
   diàn yǐng yīng guó de chǎng duō zhōng zài lún dūnlún dūn de zhù míng chǎng yòu zhōng zài tài shì běi 'àn de guǎng chǎng de zhōu wéi de chǎng zhì shǎo yòu 4o jiāzhè shì zhù míng tuán de tiáo cǎo zhī chéng gōng de yòu shí zài lún dūn lián yǎn shù yuè
yīng guó
yīngwénjièshì
  1. :  the English nation,  GB United Kingdom
  2. n.:  britain,  england,  kingdom,  the United Kingdom,  English
  3. pref.:  the Great C-
  4. abbr.:  uk
fǎwénjièshì
  1. n.  Royaume-Uni, Grande-Bretagne, G.B.
jìnyící
liè diān , liè diān běi 'ài 'ěr lán lián wáng guó , lián wáng guó
xiàngguāncí
shù diāo huì huà bǎi diǎn hòu xiàn dài zhù wǎng qiú sài
wēn 'ěr dēng rén zuò jiā míng rén wén xué jiào xué xiào gāo xiào
míng xiào xué liú xué shì jiè zhù míng xué lán shǐ tàn xiǎn jiā háng hǎi
háng hǎi jiā diàn yǐng míng xīng běn méng yùn dòng màn huà
gèng duō jiēguǒ ...
bāo hán cí
yīng guó rényīng guó guǎnyīng guó de
fēnlèixiángqíng
 <span title=张>zhāng</span> <span title=开>kāi</span> wēi 'ěr shì lán běi 'ài 'ěr lán yīng lán niú jīn
lín wēi zhì yuē jùn fán yīng guó hǎi wài lǐng kǎo wén chuí shì
yīng guó gāo děng yuàn xiào màn chè niú jīn shì běi wēi 'ěr shì