 瑞典
guó míng shì yì： lái zì ruì diǎn yǔ， “ qīn shǔ ” de yì sī。
guó tǔ miàn jī - zǒng jì 449964 píng fāng gōng lǐ - shuǐ yù dì 54 wèi 8.67%
rén kǒu - zǒng jì 897.7 wàn rén - mì dù dì 82 wèi
dú lì rì： 6 yuè 6 rì（ １ ８ ０ ９ nián ６ yuè６ rì， ruì diǎn tōng guò dì yī bù xiàn dài xiàn fǎ。１９８ ３ nián， yì huì zhèng shì xuān bù６ yuè６ rì wéi ruì diǎn guó qìng jié。）
guó qí： wéi lán sè， huáng sè shí zì lüè xiàng zuǒ cè。 lán、 huáng yán sè lái zì ruì diǎn huáng huī de yán sè。
guó huī： dà guó huī wéi dǒu péng shì， shì yòu wáng guān de lán dùn bèi huáng shí zì yī fēn wéi sì： zuǒ shàng hé yòu xià bù huì yòu３ dǐng wáng guān； yòu shàng hé zuǒ xià bù huì yòu dài wáng guān de jīn shī。 dà dùn zhōng yòu yī xiǎo dùn， zuǒ miàn yóu lán、 yín bái、 hóng sān sè xié wén hé yī gè jīn píng zǔ chéng； yòu miàn huì yòu yī gè chéng bǎo shì de zhōng lóu hé yī zhǐ jīn yīng。 lán dùn liǎng bàng shì jīn shī， xià duān wéi xūn zhāng。 xiǎo guó huī wéi yī dài wáng guān de lán dùn， dùn miàn shàng３ dǐng jīn guān shì ruì diǎn wáng guó de xiàng zhēng， yě xiàng zhēng zhe dāng nián zǔ chéng kǎ 'ěr mǎ lián méng de dān mài、 ruì diǎn hé nuó wēi。
guó gē：《 nǐ gǔ lǎo de guāng róng de běi guó shān xiāng》（ Dugamla,Dufria）
mín zú： 90% wéi rì 'ěr màn zú ruì diǎn rén， hái yòu bù fēn fēn lán rén。
zōng jiào： jī dū jiào lù dé zōng
guó huā： bái jú、 shuì lián
guó niǎo： wū dōng（ bǎi shé）
guó shí： xiǎo（ shuǐ） jīng
bié chēng： ōu zhōu jù mù chǎng
mín sú： jìn jiǔ zhī guó（ zài jiā yǐn jiǔ xū chí tè xǔ zhèng qù zhǐ dìng dì gòu mǎi bìng jiāo nà yī dìng de shuì kuǎn）
tǒng yī :900~1200 nián
huò bì： ruì diǎn kè lǎng（ Svenskkrona）
1 ruì diǎn kè lǎng kě yǐ huàn 1.1269 yuán rén mín bì
shí qū： UTC+1 bǐ běi jīng shí jiān wǎn ７ xiǎo shí（ měi nián３ yuè dǐ dào１０ yuè dǐ běi 'ōu shí xíng xià shí zhì， yǔ běi jīng shí jiān chā jù suō duǎn１ xiǎo shí）。
hù lián wǎng guó jiā yù míng .SE
guó jì diàn huà qū hào 46
zhèng fǔ wǎng zhǐ
ruì diǎn wáng shì： http://www.royalcourt.se
yì huì： http://www.riksdagen.se
shǒu xiāng fǔ： http://www.regeringen.se
wài jiāo bù： http://www.ud.se
ruì diǎn guó jì kāi fā shǔ： http://www.sida.se
ruì diǎn xué huì： http://www.si.se
guó jiā zhèng yào： guó wáng kǎ 'ěr shí liù shì · gǔ sī tǎ fū (CarlXVIGustaf)，１９７３ nián９ yuè jì chéng wáng wèi； shǒuxiàng fú léi dé lǐ kè · lài yīn fèi 'ěr tè， ２００６ nián１０ yuè chū rèn shǒuxiàng。
zì rán dì lǐ
wèi yú běi 'ōu sī kān de nà wéi yà bàn dǎo dōng bù。 dōng běi bù yǔ fēn lán jiē rǎng， xī bù hé xī běi bù yǔ nuó wēi wéi lín， dōng bīn bō luó de hǎi hé kǎ tè jiā tè hǎi xiá， xī nán lín běi hǎi， bìng yǔ dān mài gé hǎi xiāng wàng。 lǐng tǔ miàn jī wéi ４４ ．９９ wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ（ bù bāo kuò lǐng hǎi miàn jī）。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng yuē２１８１ gōng lǐ。 dì shì zì xī běi xiàng dōng nán qīng xié。 běi bù wéi nuò 'ěr lán gāo yuán， quán guó zuì gāo fēng kè bù nè kǎi sài fēng hǎi bá２１２３ mǐ， nán bù jí yán hǎi duō wéi píng yuán huò qiū líng。 zhù yào hé liú yòu yuē tǎ hé、 dá 'ěr hé、 wēng 'è màn hé。 húpō zhòng duō， yuē９．２ wàn gè。 zuì dà de wéi nà 'ēn hú miàn jī ５５８５ píng fāng gōng lǐ， jū 'ōu zhōu dì sān。 yuē１５ ％ de tǔ dì zài běi jí juàn nèi， dàn shòu dà xī yáng nuǎn liú yǐng xiǎng， dōng jì bù tài hán lěng， dà bù fēn dì qū shǔ wēn dài zhēn yè lín qì hòu， zuì nán bù shǔ wēn dài kuò yè lín qì hòu。
rén kǒu
yòu９１２ wàn（２００７ nián２ yuè）。９０％ wéi ruì diǎn rén（ rì 'ěr màn zú hòu yì）， wài guó yí mín jí qí hòu yì chāo guò１００ wàn（ qí zhōng５２．６％ wéi wài jí qiáo mín）。 běi bù sà mǐ zú shì wéi yī de shǎo shù mín zú， yuē１ wàn rén。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi ruì diǎn yǔ。９０％ de guó mín xìn fèng jī dū jiào lù dé zōng。
ruì diǎn de rén jūn shòu mìng gāo， chū shēng shuài dī。 èr cì dà zhàn hòu dà liàng yí mín yǒng rù， qíng kuàng yǔ zhàn qián xiāng fǎn。 xiàn gāi guó 12% de rén kǒu chū shēng dì bù zài ruì diǎn ， wǔ fēn zhī yī rén kǒu shì yí mín huò yí mín de hòu dài。 yí mín duō shù lái zì fēn lán、 qián nán sī lā fū、 yī lǎng、 nuó wēi、 dān mài、 bō lán， fǎn yìng liǎo běi 'ōu rén kǒu liú dòng xìng gāo、 zǎo qī láo gōng yí mín jí hòu qī de nànmín cháo děng xiàn xiàng。
zuì zǎo de yí mín shì fēn lán rén。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn shí yuē 70,000 fēn lán 'ér tóng fàng zhú dào ruì diǎn ， qí zhōng 15,000 zhàn hòu jū liú ruì diǎn 。 1950~60 nián dài， zhàn hòu de fēn lán jīng jì xiàn rù kùn jìng， dà liàng de fēn lán shī yè zhě zǒu dào jīng jì qǐ fēi de ruì diǎn 。 gāo fēng shí qī ruì diǎn yòu 400,000 fēn lán rén。 1973 nián néng yuán wēi jī， ruì diǎn shī yè rén shù shàng shēng， fēn lán cóng yǔ lín guó sū lián de mào yì zhōng dé yì， liú ruì fēn rén jiàn jiàng zhì 200,000 rén。
ruì diǎn yǔ shǔ rì 'ěr màn yǔ xì， yǔ dān mài yǔ jí nuó wēi yǔ yòu guān xì， dàn fā yīn yǔ xiě fǎ jūn xiāng yì。 yīng yǔ shì zuì pǔ biàn de dì 'èr yǔ yán， yóu qí shì 50 suì yǐ xià de rén。 ruì diǎn yǔ wú yí shì zuì pǔ biàn de yǔ yán， suǒ yǐ guān fāng yǔ yán sì hū shì duō yú de zhèng zhì yì tí。
zhè shì gè míng fù qí shí de“ nǚ quán guó jiā”。 2000 nián， ruì diǎn yǔ tā de běi 'ōu lín guó fēn lán yī qǐ bèi lián hé guó píng wéi shì jiè shàng nán nǚ píng děng de“ mó fàn guó jiā”。 ruì diǎn de yì huì zhōng， nǚ yì yuán de bǐ lì yuē zhàn 40%， zài 1986 nián， ruì diǎn de 32 gè bù cháng zhōng yī dù yóu nǚ xìng zhàn jù liǎo qí zhōng de 16 xí。 ér ruì diǎn fù nǚ zài shè huì huó dòng zhōng bǐ nán rén gèng huó yuè， jù tǒng jì， zài ruì diǎn de duì wài mào yì huó dòng， nǚ rén chuàng zào de jià zhí zhàn liǎo jìn 60%。
shǒu dū
sī dé gē 'ěr mó（ Stockholm）， shì qū rén kǒu７８．３ wàn（２００６ nián１２ yuè）。
xíng zhèng qū huá
ruì diǎn yòu 21 gè xíng zhèng qū yù。 dì fāng xíng zhèng jú yóu zhèng fǔ rèn mìng。 xíng zhèng qū yòu qū yì huì， yì yuán wéi shì dài biǎo。 xíng zhèng qū yóu shì zǔ chéng， 2002 nián quán guó gòng yòu shì 289 gè。
quán guó gòng fēn wéi 21 gè shěng： bù lāi jīn 'è shěng， dá lā nà shěng yé fū lè bǎo shěng， gē dé lán shěng， hā lán shěng， yé mǔ tè lán shěng， yán xuě píng shěng， kǎ 'ěr mǎ shěng， kè lǔ nǔ bèi lǐ shěng， běi bó téng shěng， è lè bù lǔ shěng， dōng yuē tè lán shěng， sī kē nài shěng， nán màn lán shěng， sī dé gē 'ěr mó shěng， wū pǔ sà lā shěng， wéi mǔ lán shěng， xī bó téng shěng， xī nuò 'ěr lán shěng， xī màn lán shěng， xī yuē tè lán shěng。
jiǎn shǐ
gēn jù kǎo gǔ xué jiā de yán jiū， suí zhe bīng hé shí qī nèi lù jī xuě jiàn jiàn róng jiě， ruì diǎn yī dài dì qū shí qì shí dài yǐ yòu rén jù jū。 tā men jū zhù zài bō luó de hǎi fù jìn， zhù yào yǐ dǎ liè、 sōu jí、 bǔ yú wéi shēng。
mào yì huó dòng de yí jì xiǎn shì ruì diǎn nán bù qīng tóng shí dài rén kǒu yǐ pō wéi chóu mì。
jiǔ zhì shí shì jì shí， ruì diǎn dì qū fā zhǎn chū wéi jīng wén huà， yǐ mào yì、 qīn lüè、 zhí mín děng fāng shì xiàng dōng fā zhǎn， yǐng xiǎng de dì qū bāo kuò bō luó de hǎi、 é luó sī jí hēi hǎi。
gōng yuán１１００ nián qián hòu kāi shǐ xíng chéng guó jiā。１１５７ nián jiān bìng fēn lán。１３９７ nián yǔ dān mài、 nuó wēi zǔ chéng kǎ 'ěr mǎ (Kalmar) lián méng， shòu dān tǒng zhì。１５２３ nián tuō lí lián méng dú lì。 tóng nián， gǔ sī tǎ fū · wǎ sà (GustavErikssonVasa) bèi tuī jǔ wèiguó wáng。１６５４ zhì１７１９ nián wéi ruì diǎn de qiáng shèng shí qī， lǐng tǔ bāo kuò xiàn fēn lán、 ài shā ní yà、 lā tuō wéi yà、 lì táo wǎn yǐ jí 'é guó、 bō lán hé dé guó de bō luó de hǎi yán 'àn dì qū。
17 shì jì shí ruì diǎn zài sān shí nián zhàn zhēng (1618~1648 nián ) zhōng yuè shēng chéng wéi 'ōu zhōu qiáng guó。 18 shì jì dà běi fāng zhàn zhēng (1700~1721 nián ) hòu 'é guó qǔ dài ruì diǎn zài 'ōu zhōu de dì wèi。１７１８ nián duì 'é guó、 dān mài hé bō lán zuò zhàn shī bài hòu zhú bù zǒu xiàng shuāi luò。１８０５ nián cān jiā ná pò lún zhàn zhēng，１８０９ nián bài yú 'é guó hòu bèi pò gē ràng fēn lán，１８１４ nián cóng dān mài qǔ dé nuó wēi， bìng yǔ nuó jié chéng ruì nuó lián méng。１９０５ nián nuó wēi tuō lí lián méng dú lì。 ruì diǎn zài liǎng cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng jūn shǒu zhōng lì。
ruì diǎn de jìn dài shǐ bǐ jiào píng jìng。 zuì jìn qī de yī cì shì 1814 nián yǔ nuó wēi de zhàn shì。 gāi zhàn hòu liǎng guó zǔ chéng yóu ruì diǎn zhù dǎo de lián méng， 1905 nián jiě sàn。 ruì diǎn zài liǎng cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng jūn bǎo chí zhōng lì。 lěng zhàn shí qī méi yòu xiàng liǎng dà zhèn yíng kào lǒng。 ruì diǎn bù shì jūn shì zǔ zhì de chéng yuán， dàn huì cānyù běi yuē de jūn shì xùn liàn。
1901 nián， dì yī jiè nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng bān jiǎng lǐ zài ruì diǎn sī dé gē 'ěr mó huáng jiā yīnyuè xué yuàn jǔ xíng。 1902 nián kāi shǐ nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng yóu ruì diǎn guó wáng bān shòu。
ruì diǎn zài dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn hé dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn dū wéi chí zhōng lì。 kě shì， 1995 nián fàng qì zhōng lì zhù yì， jiā rù 'ōu méng。
20 shì jì， ruì diǎn zài guó jì zhōng bǎo chí zhōng lì， běn tǔ xiāng duì hé píng wěn dìng， ruì diǎn shí xíng de zī běn zhù yì zhì dù bù tóng yú měi guó， yòu wán shàn de fú lì bǎo zhàng zhì dù， jù yòu“ gāo gōng zī、 gāo shuì shōu、 gāo fú lì” de tè diǎn， zài 20 shì jì 60 nián dài dào 90 nián dài， ruì diǎn jīng jì fēi sù fā zhǎn， rén mín shēng huó shuǐ píng dé yǐ dà dà tí gāo。
zhèng zhì
xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yóu zhèng fǔ fǎ diǎn（１８０９ nián zhì dìng，１９７４ nián xiū dìng）、 wáng wèi jì chéng fǎ（１８１０ nián zhì dìng，１９７９ nián xiū dìng） hé xīn wén zì yóu fǎ（１９４９ nián zhì dìng） sān gè jī běn fǎ zǔ chéng， cǐ wài hái yòu yì huì zǔ zhì fǎ（１８６６ nián zhì dìng，１９７４ nián xiū dìng）。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng ruì diǎn shí xíng jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì。 guó wáng shì guó jiā yuán shǒu hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì tǒng shuài， zuò wéi guó jiā xiàng zhēng jǐn lǚ xíng dài biǎo xìng huò lǐ yí xìng zhí zé， bù néng gān yù yì huì hé zhèng fǔ gōng zuò。 yì huì shì guó jiā wéi yī de lì fǎ jī gòu， yóu pǔ xuǎn chǎn shēng。 zhèng fǔ shì guó jiā zuì gāo xíng zhèng jī gòu， duì yì huì fù zé。 guó wáng de zuì niánzhǎng zǐ nǚ shì fǎ dìng wáng wèi jì chéng rén。 yì huì wéi yī yuàn zhì。
jīng jì
ruì diǎn shí xíng fā dá de sī yíng gōng shāng yè yǔ bǐ jiào wán shàn de guó yíng gōng gòng fú wù bù mén xiāng jié hé de " hùn hé jīng jì "， yǐ gāo gōng zī、 gāo shuì shōu、 gāo fú lì zhù chēng。 sēn lín、 tiě kuàng hé shuǐ lì shì ruì diǎn de sān dà zì rán zī yuán， zài cǐ jī chǔ shàng fā zhǎn bìng xíng chéng liǎo cǎi kuàng yě jīn、 lín yè zào zhǐ、 diàn lì hé jī xiè zhì zào sì dà chuán tǒng gōng yè tǐ xì。 zuò wéi yī gè jù yòu fēng fù de mù cái、 tiě kuàng、 shuǐ lì zī yuán de guó jiā， ruì diǎn zhuózhòng fā zhǎn yǐ chū kǒu wéi dǎo xiàng de gōng yè huà jīng jì。 gōng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn yòu shí fēn zhòng yào de dì wèi，８２％ de gōng yè pǐn chū kǒu dào guó wài。
２０ shì jì 70 nián dài zhōng qī yǐ hòu， ruì diǎn gōng yè jié gòu fā shēng liǎo xiǎn zhù biàn huà。 ruì diǎn jiā dà kē yán yǔ fā zhǎn de lì dù hé tóu rù， gāo kē jì chǎn yè xùn sù fā zhǎn， jiāo tōng、 tōng xùn、 yī yào bǎo jiàn、 xìn xī、 huán bǎo lǐng yù zài shì jiè shàng jù yòu jiào qiáng de jìng zhēng lì， yī dù zuò wéi ruì diǎn zhù yào chū kǒu bù mén de gāng tiě， mù cái jiā gōng yè yǐ zhú jiàn bèi jī xiè zhì zào， diàn zǐ jīng mì yí qì hé qì chē děng gōng yè bù mén suǒ dài tì。 zào chuán、 fǎng zhì děng gōng yè rì yì shuāi luò， zhèng fǔ tí gōng liǎo dà liàng zī jīn jìn xíng bǔ tiē， gǎi zǔ huò shōu guī guó yòu。 jīn shǔ jiā gōng hé jī qì zhì zào yè shì ruì diǎn zuì zhòng yào de gōng yè bù mén。 ruì diǎn de jī xiè chǎn pǐn jù yòu jīng mì， nài yòng hé gōng yì shuǐ píng gāo de tè diǎn。 gǔn zhū zhóu chéng、 lěng dòng shè bèi děng chuán tǒng chǎn pǐn zài guó jì shì chǎng shàng dū xiǎng yòu hěn gāo de shēng yù。 gāng tiě gōng yè shì lì shǐ yōu jiǔ de gōng yè bù mén zhī yī。 huà xué gōng yè shì ruì diǎn zhù yào gōng yè bù mén zhī yī。 zài huà xué gōng yè nèi bù， yóu yǐ shí yóu huà xué， shí yóu jīng liàn zuì wéi tū chū， sù liào、 huà xiān、 yào pǐn hé huà féi yě yòu jiào dà fā zhǎn。 qì chē gōng yè zhàn hòu fā zhǎn xùn sù， chú shēng chǎn xiǎo qì chē wài， hái shēng chǎn gè zhǒng kǎ chē。 xiǎo qì chē chǎn liàng de sān fēn zhī yī xiāo wǎng měi guó。 néng yuán gōng yè zài ruì diǎn jīng jì zhōng jū yú shí fēn zhòng yào de dì wèi。 ruì diǎn gōng yè fā dá， néng yuán mì jí qǐ yè jū duō， jiā shàng dōng jì màn cháng hé jiāo tōng xiàn hěn cháng， shì yī gè néng yuán gāo xiāo fèi guó jiā， jǐn diàn lì xiāo hào měi rén nián jūn dá 1.3 wàn dù zuǒ yòu。 ruì diǎn de nóng yè hé fú wù yè yě jiào wéi fā dá。 ruì diǎn jīng jì zhù yào yǐ lài duì wài mào yì， zhù zhāng shì chǎng kāi fàng hé zì yóu mào yì。
ruì diǎn zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn yòu： qì chē jí yùn shū shè bèi、 jī xiè hé yí qì、 diàn zǐ chǎn pǐn、 mù jiāng zhǐ zhāng、 yī yào huà gōng hé gāng tiě jí jīn shǔ zhì pǐn。 ruì diǎn jìn kǒu huò wù de６０％ yǐ shàng wéi zhì zào yè de bù jiàn hé yuán cái liào， zhù yào yòu： diàn zǐ chǎn pǐn、 jī xiè hé yí qì、 qì chē hé yùn shū shè bèi、 shí pǐn、 fǎng zhì pǐn hé xié lèi děng。
ruì diǎn rén kǒu xī shǎo， bù zú jiǔ bǎi wàn， cóng hóng guān jīng jì de jiǎo dù kàn shì yī gè wēi bù zú dào de shì chǎng， zhè yī tè diǎn jué dìng liǎo duì wài mào yì duì ruì diǎn yóu qí zhòng yào， zhù yào tiān rán zī yuán yòu sēn lín、 shuǐ lì fā diàn、 tiě kuàng děng。
sī yòu qǐ yè zhàn gōng yè shēng chǎn jiǔ chéng， qí zhōng 50% shì shū chū huò shū rù de gōng chéng xiàng mù。 nóng yè zhǐ zhàn 2% de guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí； quán guó yì zhǐ yòu 2% de jiù yè rén kǒu cóng shì nóng yè shēng chǎn。 yīn zhèng fǔ zhuólì jǐn suō kāi zhī， 2001 nián yòu dà 'é yíng yú； dàn 2002 nián de yíng yú yīn quán qiú jīng jì shuāi tuì 'ér dà fú xià jiàng yī bàn。
tōng xìn、 jī xiè zhì zào、 jiàn zhù gōng chéng jí yùn shū yè shì ruì diǎn zhòng yào de jī chǔ chǎn yè。
ruì diǎn yòu hěn duō guó jì zhī míng de pǐn pái， wò 'ěr wò qì chē、 sà bó qì chē hé wǔ qì、 ài lì xìn tōng xìn、 yī lāi kè sī diàn qì、 ABB、 hā sū xiàngjī、 yí jiā jiā jù hé H&M fú zhuāng děng děng。 àn rén kǒu bǐ lì jì suàn， ruì diǎn shì shì jiè shàng yōng yòu kuà guó gōng sī zuì duō de guó jiā。
ài lì xìn gōng sī１８７６ nián chéng lì yú sī dé gē 'ěr mó de 'ài lì xìn gōng sī（ TelefonaktiebolagetLMEricsson） shì ruì diǎn zuì dà de yī jiā cóng shì diàn zǐ、 tōng xìn děng yè wù de gōng sī， shì shì jiè zhù míng de diàn xìn shēng chǎn qǐ yè， qí gù dìng hé yí dòng tōng xìn wǎng、 yí dòng diàn huà jí xìn xī tōng xìn xì tǒng děng fāng miàn de jì shù， zài guó jì diàn xìn yè zhōng jū lǐng xiān dì wèi。 ài lì xìn de yè wù tǐ xì bāo kuò： tōng xìn wǎng luò xì tǒng， zhuān yè diàn xìn fú wù， jì shù shòu quán， qǐ yè xì tǒng hé yí dòng zhōng duān yè wù（ yōng yòu suǒ ní 'ài lì xìn yí dòng tōng xìn gōng sī５０％ de gǔ fèn）。 jié zhì１９９９ nián７ yuè， yōng yòu zhí gōng yuē１０ wàn duō， fēn bù zài shì jiè１４０ duō gè guó jiā hé dì qū。 ài lì xìn gōng sī tóng zhōng guó zài diàn zǐ hé tōng xùn lǐng yù jìn xíng liǎo cháng qī de yǒu hǎo hé zuò。 tā zài zhōng guó de yè wù jí zhōng zài３ gè lǐng yù： gōng gòng wǎng luò de chéng kòng jiāo huàn jī、 yí dòng diàn huà xì tǒng hé bàn gōng jiāo huàn xì tǒng。１９８５ nián， ài lì xìn zài běi jīng kāi shè liǎo dì yī jiā bàn shì chù。１９９４ nián４ yuè， ài lì xìn（ zhōng guó） yòu xiàn gōng sī chéng lì， tā wán quán guī shǔ ruì diǎn ài lì xìn gōng sī， shì 'ài lì xìn de zhōng guó xié diào rén， zǒng bù zài běi jīng。 jié zhì２０００ nián dǐ， ài lì xìn gōng sī zài huá yǐ yōng yòu４０００ duō míng yuán gōng，２４ jiā bàn shì chù hé１０ jiā hé zī qǐ yè。
wò 'ěr wò jí tuán（ ABvolvo， yòu yì“ fù háo jí tuán”） chuàng jiàn yú１９２７ nián de shì shì jiè zuì dà díkǎ chē、 kè chē jí jiàn zhù shè bèi de shēng chǎn shāng zhī yī， zài hǎi yáng jí gōng yè néng yuán xì tǒng fāng miàn hé fēi jī fā dòng jī yuán jiàn lǐng yù zhàn yòu lǐng xiān dì wèi。 gāi jí tuán shì běi 'ōu zuì dà de qǐ yè， yě shì shì jiè６０ jiā dà gōng sī zhī yī。 qí yè wù bāo kuò wò 'ěr wò kǎ chē、 mài kè kǎ chē、 léi nuò kǎ chē、 wò 'ěr wò kè chē、 wò 'ěr wò jiàn zhù shè bèi、 wò 'ěr wò fā dòng jī、 wò 'ěr wò háng tiān háng kōng hé wò 'ěr wò jīn róng fú wù。 cǐ wài， hái yòu duō gè shāng yè jī gòu zài gōng chéng、 yán fā、 IT、 líng bù jiàn hé wù liú děng lǐng yù tí gōng quán jí tuán fàn wéi nèi de zhī chí。 jí tuán zǒng bù shè zài gē dé bǎo， zài quán qiú２５ gè guó jiā yōng yòu shēng chǎn jī dì， chǎn pǐn xiāo wǎng１３０ duō gè shì chǎng。 yuē yòu yuán gōng gòng７．６ wàn rén。 wò 'ěr wò jí tuán２００３ nián de jìng xiāo shòu 'é dá１９１．５１ yì 'ōu yuán。 jí tuán de xià shǔ gōng sī yòu： wò 'ěr wò jiào chē gōng sī (volvocars)、 wò 'ěr wò kǎ chē gōng sī (volvotruckcorp.)、 wò 'ěr wò dà kè chē gōng sī (volvobuscroup)、 wò 'ěr wò shī gōng shè bèi gōng sī、 wò 'ěr wò fā dòng jī zhì zào gōng sī (volvopenta)、 wò 'ěr wò fēi jī（ háng tiān） fā dòng jī zhì zào gōng sī děng。
wén huà
shí xíng９ nián yī guàn zhì yì wù miǎn fèi jiào yù。 zhù míng gāo xiào yòu sī dé gē 'ěr mó dà xué、 wū pǔ sà lā dà xué、 lóng dé dà xué、 huáng jiā gōng xué yuàn、 sī dé gē 'ěr mó shāng xué yuàn děng。 ruì diǎn rén wén huà sù zhì jiào gāo、 rè qíng hàokè、 chún pǔ chéng shí、 tán tù wén míng、 xíng wéi guīju、 zhòng nuò shǒu shí， ruì diǎn rén shí fēn zhòng shì huán jìng bǎo hù， ài huā、 ài niǎo hé qí tā yě shēng wù， rè 'ài dà zì rán。 gù yuán měi nián xiǎng shòu５ zhōu de fǎ dìng yòu xīn jiàqī， měi zhōu gōng zuò５ tiān， quán nián lěi jì gōng zuò１，５０００ xiǎo shí。 rén men xǐ huān lì yòng xián xiá shí jiān dào yě wài huó dòng， dào sēn lín hé tián yě yuǎn zú， cǎi zhāi yě guǒ hé mó gū， dào hǎi hú qù yóu yǒng、 fàn zhōu、 chuí diào； zài zhòu cháng yè duǎn de xià jì， dà jiā fēn fēn dào guó nèi wài qù lǚ yóu。 ruì diǎn yǐ chéng wéi shì jiè shàng wài chū lǚ yóu rén shù zuì duō de guó jiā zhī yī。 tǐ yù huó dòng gèng shì ruì diǎn rén de 'àihào。
jù ruì diǎn gē dé bǎo dà xué２００２ nián６ yuè２４ rì gōng bù de yī xiàng diào chá xiǎn shì， yīn tè wǎng zài ruì diǎn yǐ jīng chāo guò chuán tǒng de bào zhǐ， chéng wéi gèng shòu rén men huān yíng de chuán méi。 gēn jù chōu yàng diào chá， píng jūn měi gè ruì diǎn rén měi zhòu yè shàng wǎng liú lǎn de shí jiān dá２３ fēn zhōng， ér ruì diǎn rén yòng yú yuè dú rì bào de shí jiān shì２１ fēn zhōng， yòng yú yuè dú wǎn bào de shí jiān zhǐ shèng xià８ fēn zhōng， shōu tīng guǎng bō hé shōu kàn diàn shì de shí jiān fēn bié gāo dá２ xiǎo shí hé４５ fēn zhōng。 diào chá xiǎn shì， nǚ xìng bǐ jiào xǐ huān shōu tīng guǎng bō hé dú shū； nán xìng zé jiào qīng xiàng yú shōu kàn wén zì diàn shì xīn wén， kàn lù xiàng hé yuè dú wǎn bào。 shòu guò gāo děng jiào yù de rén bǐ jiào yuàn yì shàng wǎng， dú shū hé yuè dú zhuān yè zá zhì； ér shòu jiào yù chéng dù jiào dī de rén zé lè yì kàn diàn shì， tīng guǎng bō hé yuè dú wǎn bào。
ruì diǎn de jiàqī zhù yào shì tiān zhù jiào jié rì jí chuán tǒng jié rì rú zhòng xià jié（ Midsummer） jí wò 'ěr pà jí sī yè（ WalpurgisNight）。 gè dà de jié rì tóng shí yě shì guó qí rì， jiā jiā hù hù huì guà qǐ guó qí。 ruì diǎn rén yì huì gēn jù míng zì rì rì lì guà qǐ guó qí。 6 yuè 6 rì shì ruì diǎn de guó qìng rì， dàn réng wèi shì zhèng shì de jiàqī。
ruì diǎn tōng xùn shè (TidningarnasTelegrambyra--TT) shì ruì diǎn zuì dà de tōng xùn shè， chuàng jiàn yú１９２１ nián。 tā shì ruì diǎn gè bào zhǐ hé guǎng bō diàn tái hé zuò suǒ yòu de yī gè gǔ fèn gōng sī， qí rèn wù shì xiàng ruì diǎn １４０ duō jiā bào zhǐ yǐ jí guǎng bō diàn tái hé diàn shì tái tí gōng guó nèi wài xīn wén。 zǒng shè shè zài sī dé gē 'ěr mó， zài mǎ 'ěr mò、 gē dé bǎo、 sōng cí wǎ 'ěr、 lǚ lè 'ōu hé yán xuě píng５ gè chéng shì shè yòu fēn shè。 ruì tōng shè shè yòu guó nèi、 guó jì、 shè yǐng、 tǐ yù、 yì huì、 jīng jì hé láo gōng shì chǎng biān ji bù。 zǒng shè yòu gù yuán jìn１８０ rén， qí zhōng jì zhě yuē１５０ rén， zài qí tā dì fāng gōng zuò de jì zhě gòng yuē４００ rén。 ruì tōng shè de guó nèi xīn wén yuē zhàn２ ／３， guó jì xīn wén yī bù fēn shì yóu gāi shè zhù wài jì zhě tí gōng， dà bù fēn zé shì zhuǎn bō lù tòu shè、 fǎ xīn shè hé dé xīn shè děng dà tōng xùn shè de xiāo xī， měi rì yuē jiē shōu shàng shù tōng xùn shè１２ wàn zì de xīn wén。 gāi shè yǔ bāo kuò xīn huá shè zài nèi de２０ duō jiā tōng xùn shè yòu hé zuò guān xì。 ruì tōng shè zài tōng xùn jì shù fāng miàn bǐ jiào xiān jìn。１９５４ nián， tā zuò wéi dì yī jiā 'ōu zhōu tōng xùn shè kāi shǐ shǐ yòng diàn chuán jī fā gǎo。 ruì tōng shè hái yǐ lù yīn fāng shì bō sòng diàn huà xīn wén， zhǐ yào bō gù dìng de diàn huà hào mǎ， suí shí dōukě yǐ shōu tīng dào gāi shè de zuì xīn jiǎn míng xiāo xī。
wū pǔ sà lā dà xué (http://www.uu.se)
lóng dé dà xué (http://www.lu.se)
gē dé bǎo dà xué (http://www.gu.se)
sī dé gē 'ěr mó dà xué (http://www.su.se)
yú mò 'ào dà xué (http://www.uu.se)
lín xuě píng dà xué (http://www.liu.se)
ruì diǎn lán dé dà xué
huáng jiā gōng xué yuàn (http://www.kth.se)
chá 'ěr mǔ sī gōng xué yuàn (http://www.chalmers.se)
kǎ luò lín sī kǎ yī xué yuàn (http://www.ki.se)
sī dé gē 'ěr mó jīng jì xué yuàn (http://www.sse.se)
jūn shì
ruì diǎn xiàn yòu zǒng bīng lì yuē６．５ wàn rén、 wén zhí rén yuán yuē２ wàn rén， zhàn shí kě dòng yuán８５ wàn rén。２００４ nián９ yuè， ruì diǎn guó fáng dà chén bǐ yuē kè lóng dé fā biǎo shēng míng shuō， ruì diǎn guò qù bǎ fáng fàn lái zì qián sū lián jí tuán de rù qīn dāng zuò guó jiā fáng wù de zhòng diǎn， ér zhè yī wēi xié xiàn zài yǐ jīng bù fù cún zài。 xiàn zài de zhòng diǎn shì duì fù guó jì wēi jī hé hàn wèi guó jiā lǐng tǔ wán zhěng。
míng shèng
nuò bèi 'ěr gù jū (Nobel'sHouse) zuò luò zài ruì diǎn zhōng bù kǎ 'ěr sī kù jiā shì de bái huà shān zhuāng， lí sī dé gē 'ěr mó２００ duō gōng lǐ。 zhè shì yī zuò rǔ bái sè de 'èr céng lóu fáng， lóu fáng qián de lǜ cǎo píng hé sì zhōu de bái huà lín jiāo xiāng huī yìng， huán jìng qīng yōu。１８９４ nián 'ā 'ěr fú léi dé · nuò bèi 'ěr jié shù liǎo hǎi wài piāo bó shēng yá huí dào zǔ guó dìng jū， zài zhè lǐ dù guò liǎo tā shēng mìng zuì hòu liǎng nián zhōng de dà bù fēn shí guāng。 yóu yú tā dāng nián zài sī dé gē 'ěr mó chū shēng de jiù jū rú jīn yǐ jīng chù lì qǐ gāo lóu dà shà， bái huà shān zhuāng jiù chéng liǎo jīn tiān wéi yī bǎo cún wán zhěng de nuò bèi 'ěr gù jū。
zì１９７５ nián jiàn lì qǐ jì niàn guǎn yǐ lái， zhè lǐ yǐ chéng wéi yī yóu lǎn shèng dì hé nuò bèi 'ěr xué shù huó dòng de zhōng xīn。 měi nián yī dù zài zhè lǐ jǔ xíng nuò bèi 'ěr xué shù tǎo lùn huì， lái zì shì jiè gè dì de zhù míng kē xué jiā jǐjǐ yī táng， gòng tóng tàn tǎo kē xué lǐng yù xīn kè tí hé nuò bèi 'ěr“ zào fú yú rén lèi” de xué shù sī xiǎng。 jì niàn guǎn lǐ bǎo liú zhe nuò bèi 'ěr shēng qián huó dòng de zhào piàn、 tā huò dé de gè zhǒng jì shù fā míng zhuān lì zhèng shū、 jīn zhì jiǎng zhāng hé yí zhǔ。 nuò bèi 'ěr de wò shì chén shè shí fēn jiǎn dān， zhǐ yòu chuáng、 zhuō hé yī guì děng jǐ jiàn zuì bì yào de jiā jù， ér tā shí yàn shì lǐ de gè zhǒng yí qì hé shè bèi， zé lín láng mǎn mù。 nuò bèi 'ěr１８３３ nián１０ yuè２１ rì shēng。 tā yīn fā míng xiāo huà gān yóu yǐn bào jì、 léi guǎn、 xiāo huà gān yóu gù tǐ zhà yào hé jiāo zhuàng zhà yào děng， róng yīng“ zhà yào dà wáng” de míng shēng。１８９６ nián１２ yuè１０ rì yǔ shì cháng cí。 zhōng nián６３ suì。 gēn jù tā de yí zhǔ， bǎ zhé hé wéi９２０ wàn měi yuán de bù fēn yí chǎn， zuò wéi jiǎng lì zào fú rén lèi de kē xué gōng zuò zhě de jī jīn。 yǐ zhè bǐ jī jīn de lì xī， fēn shè wù lǐ、 huà xué、 shēng lǐ huò yī yào、 wén xué、 hé píng５ zhǒng jiǎng jīn， měi nián zài nuò bèi 'ěr de shì shì rì bān fā yī cì， chēng nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng jīn。
ruì diǎn huáng gōng shì guó wáng bàn gōng hé jǔ xíng qìng diǎn de dì fāng， sī dé gē 'ěr mó zhù yào lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn。 zuò luò zài sī dé gē 'ěr mó shì zhōng xīn。 jiàn yú１７ shì jì， shì ruì diǎn zhù míng jiàn zhù xué jiā tè lǐ yà 'ěr de zuò pǐn。 zhèng mén yóu liǎng zhǐ shí diāo shī zǐ fēn lì liǎng bàng， liǎng míng tóu dài hóng yīng jūn mào、 shēn chuān zhōng shì jì fú zhuāng de wèi shì chí qiāng 'ér lì， xiǎn dé shí fēn wēi wǔ sēn yán。 huáng gōng sì bì yòu xǔ duō jīng měi de fú diāo， zhōng jiān shì yī gè hěn dà de chángyuàn。 nán bàn jué de wáng gōng jiào táng hé guó jiā tīng yǐ jí běi bàn jué de yàn huì tīng zhì jīn bǎo chí zhe yuán yòu chén shè， duì gōng zhòng kāi fàng。 huáng gōng huá lì de dà tīng lǐ， bì shàng guà zhe dà fú de lì dài guó wáng hé huáng hòu de xiào xiàng huà， qióng dǐng shì yòu cí mái hé diāo kè hé xuàn lì de huì huà。 jù shuō dà duō chū zì１７ shì jì dé guó měi shù jiā zhī shǒu。 yòu de shì nèi hái chén shè zhe gǔ dài de zhàn chē bīng qì、 zhū bǎo shì wù、 jīn yín qì mǐn hé shǒu chí cháng máo、 quán shēn pī guà zhe tóng kuī tiě jiá de zhōng shì jì qí shì de shí tǐ mó xíng。 wáng gōng wèi duì měi tiān zhōng wǔ 'àn gǔ lǎo chuán tǒng jǔ xíng lóng zhòng de huàn gǎng yí shì， xī yǐn dà pī yóu kè。
lì shǐ míng rén
ā 'ěr fú léi dé · bèi 'ēn hǎdé · nuò bèi 'ěr (AlfredBernhardNobel,1833.10.21~1896.12.10)， ruì diǎn zhù míng huà xué jiā、 xiāo huà gān yóu zhà yào fā míng rén。１８３３ nián shēng yú ruì diǎn de sī dé gē 'ěr mó， tā yī shēng zhì lì yú zhà yào de yán jiū， zài xiāo huà gān yóu de yán jiū fāng miàn qǔ dé liǎo zhòng dà chéng jiù。１８９６ nián１２ yuè１０ rì， nuò bèi 'ěr zài yì dà lì shì shì。 shì shì de qián yī nián， tā zài yí zhǔ zhōng tā tí chū： jiāng qí bù fēn yí chǎn（９２０ wàn měi yuán） zuò wéi jī jīn， yǐ qí lì xī fēn shè wù lǐ、 huà xué、 shēng lǐ huò yī xué、 wén xué jí hé píng５ zhǒng jiǎng jīn， shòu yú shì jiè gè guó zài zhè xiē lǐng yù duì rén lèi zuò chū zhòng dà gòng xiàn de xué zhě。１９００ nián６ yuè ruì diǎn zhèng fǔ pī zhǔn chéng lì nuò bèi 'ěr jī jīn huì， bìng yú cì nián nuò bèi 'ěr shì shì５ zhōu nián jì niàn rì， jí１９０１ nián１２ yuè１０ rì shǒu cì bān fā nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng。１９６８ nián ruì diǎn zhōng yāng yínháng yú jiàn xíng３００ zhōu nián zhī jì， tí gōng zī jīn zēng shè nuò bèi 'ěr jīng jì jiǎng（ quán chēng wéi " ruì diǎn zhōng yāng yínháng jì niàn 'ā 'ěr fú léi dé · bó 'ēn dé · nuò bèi 'ěr jīng jì kē xué jiǎng jīn "， yì chēng " jì niàn nuò bèi 'ěr jīng jì xué jiǎng "）， bìng yú１９６９ nián kāi shǐ yǔ qí tā５ xiàng jiǎng tóng shí bān fā。 nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng >>>
ào luò fū · pà 'ěr méi（ OlofPalme， 1927.1.30~1986.2.28)， ruì diǎn yǐ gù shǒuxiàng。１９２７ nián１ yuè３０ rì shēng yú sī dé gē 'ěr mó。 zǎo nián sī dé gē 'ěr mó fù jìn de xī gé dì nà xué xiào xué xí， bì yè hòu fú bīng yì。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn hòu， rù měi guó 'é hài 'é zhōu kǎi ní 'ēn xué yuàn，１９４８ nián huò wén xué shì xué wèi。 huí guó hòu rù sī dé gē 'ěr mó dà xué，１９５１ nián huò fǎ xué shì xué wèi。１９５０ cān jiā shè huì mín zhù dǎng。１９５３ nián rèn ruì diǎn shǒuxiàng tè bié gù wèn。１９５８ nián dāng xuǎn wéi yì yuán。１９６３ nián qǐ zài zhèng fǔ zhōng rèn zhí。１９６９ nián rèn shè huì mín zhù dǎng zhù xí。１９６９ nián、１９８２ nián liǎng dù chū rèn shǒuxiàng。１９７６ nián１１ yuè dāng xuǎn wéi shè huì dǎng guó jì fù zhù xí。１９８０ nián９ yuè， zài tā chàng yì xià chéng lì liǎo“ guān yú cái jūn hé 'ān quán wèn tí dú lì wěi yuán huì”（ yě chēng“ pà 'ěr méi wěi yuán huì”）， rèn zhù xí。１９８０ nián１１ yuè zuò wéi lián hé guó mì shū cháng de tè shǐ tiáotíng liǎng yī zhàn zhēng。１９８６ nián２ yuè２８ rì zài sī dé gē 'ěr mó yù cì shēn wáng。
wài jiāo
fèng xíng“ hé píng shí qī jūn shì bù jié méng， yǐ qiú lín jìn dì qū fā shēng zhàn zhēng shí shǒu zhōng lì” de wài jiāo zhèng cè。 zài lín jìn dì qū、 ōu zhōu hé shì jiè shì wù sān gè céng miàn jī jí cānyù guó jì hé zuò。 rèn wéi hé zuò jí 'ān quán， lín jìn dì qū shì zì shēn de 'ān quán jī chǔ， ōu méng zài 'ōu 'ān shì wù zhōng fā huī zhe yuè lái yuè zhòng yào de zuò yòng， chéng rèn běi yuē zài 'ōu 'ān shì wù zhōng de zhù dǎo dì wèi， shì cānyù lián hé guó shì wù wéi wài jiāo jī shí zhī yī。１９９４ nián６ yuè， jiā rù běi yuē“ hé píng huǒ bàn guān xì”。１９９５ nián１ yuè１ rì chéng wéi 'ōu méng zhèng shì chéng yuán guó。 ruì diǎn hái zhù zhāng fā huī lián hé guó zuò yòng， jī jí cù jìn huǎn hé yǔ cái jūn。 ruì diǎn shì 'ōu zhōu wěi yuán huì、 běi 'ōu lǐ shì huì、 ōu zhōu zì yóu mào yì lián méng chéng yuán guó。
yǔ zhōng guó guān xì： ruì diǎn yú１９５０ nián１ yuè１４ rì chéng rèn xīn zhōng guó，１９５０ nián５ yuè９ rì， ruì diǎn yǔ zhōng guó jiàn jiāo， shì dì yī gè yǔ zhōng guó jiàn jiāo de xī fāng guó jiā。２００６ nián７ yuè， kǎ 'ěr shí liù shì guó wáng duì zhōng guó jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。２００７ nián６ yuè， hú jǐn tāo zhù xí duì ruì diǎn jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn， hú jǐn tāo zài sī dé gē 'ěr mó chū xí ruì zhōng mào yì wěi yuán huì jǔ xíng de huān yíng wǎn yàn bìng fā biǎo zhòng yào jiǎng huà。
ruì diǎn zhù yào gǎng kǒu gài kuàng
yī、 sī dé gē 'ěr mó
gǎng kǒu míng chēng ( zhōng wén )： sī dé gē 'ěr mó
gǎng kǒu míng chēng ( yīng wén )： STOCKHOLM
háng xiàn： běi 'ōu
guó jiā： ruì diǎn
shí qū：
gǎng kǒu qíng kuàng miáo shù
gǎng kǒu xìng zhì： hú hǎi gǎng， zì yóu gǎng
jīng wěi dù， 59 dù 20 fēn N， 018 dù 03 fēn E
háng xiàn： běi 'ōu
wèi yú ruì diǎn （ quán chēng， ruì diǎn wáng guó THEKINGDOMOrSWEDEN） dōng nán yán hǎi méi lā lún（ MALAREN） hú de chū hǎi kǒu chù， bīn lín bō luó de（ BALTIC） hǎi de xī běi cè， shì ruì diǎn dì 'èr dà gǎng， yě shì bō luó de hǎi de zhù yào gǎng zhī yī。 tā shì ruì diǎn de shǒu dū， quán guó zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà hé jiāo tōng de zhōng xīn， yòu shì yī zuò yòu míng de guó jì chéng shì， hěn duō shì jiè xìng huì yì dōuzài cǐ zhào kāi。 shì qū yóu dà xiǎo 14 gè dǎo yǔ hé 70 duō zuò qiáo liáng zǔ chéng， gù yòu“ běi fāng wēi ní sī” zhī chēng。 zhù yào gōng yè yòu gāng tiě、 zào chuán、 jī qì zhì zào、 shí pǐn、 huà xué、 liàn yóu jí fǎng zhì děng， gǎng kǒu jù fēn lán de hè 'ěr xīn jī。 (HELSINKI） gǎng yuē 240nmi1e。 jù jī chǎng yuē 40km， yòu zhèng guī háng bān。
gāi gǎng shǔ běi wēn dài dà lù xìng qì hòu， shèng xíng nán yī xī fēng， nián píng jūn qì wēn zuì gāo yuē 29 ℃， zuì dī yī 16℃。 měi nián jié bīng qī 14 tiān， yòu pò bīng chuán xié zhù kāi háng。 quán nián píng jūn jiàng yǔ liàng 60Omm。 cháo chā bù xiǎn zhù。
zhuāng xiè shè bèi yòu gè zhǒng 'àn diào、 kě yí shì diào、 qì chē diào、 fú diào、 juǎnyáng jī、 kǎ chē、 tuō chē jí gǔn zhuāng shè shī děng， qí zhōng fú diào zuì dà qǐ zhòng néng lì dá 260 dūn， hái yòu zhí jìng wéi 152.4 ～ 508mm de shū yóu guǎn gōng zhuāng xiè shí yóu shǐ yòng。 yóu mǎ tóu kě kào 6.5 wàn zài zhòng dūn de yóu chuán。 zhuāng xiè xiàolǜ： xī liáng jī měi xiǎo shí wéi 120 dūn。 liáng kù róng jī dá 7 wàn dūn。 dà chuán máo dì shuǐ shēn zài 60m yǐ shàng。 běn gǎng zì yóu gǎng qū yòu 3 gè cháng mǎ tóu， 2 gè duǎn mǎ tóu， gǎng qū miàn jī dá 38 wàn píng fāng mǐ , huò chǎng miàn jī yuē 9 wàn píng fāng mǐ， liáng kù róng jī wéi 1.6 wàn dūn， gǎng。 kǒu zhù yào chū kǒu huò wù wéi mù cái、 zhǐ zhāng、 gāng tiě、 jī xiè、 zhǐ jiāng jí shí pǐn děng， jìn kǒu huò wù zhù yào yòu méi tàn、 shí yóu、 jīn shǔ jí huà gōng pǐn děng。 1992 nián jí zhuāng xiāng tūn tù liàng wéi 2.4 wàn TEU， nián huò wù tūn tù néng lì yuē 2500 wàn dūn。 zài jié jiǎ rì zhōng， rú xū jiā bān， shōu fèi jiā bèi。
èr、 hè 'ěr xīn bǎo
gǎng kǒu míng chēng ( zhōng wén )： hè 'ěr xīn bǎo
gǎng kǒu míng chēng ( yīng wén )： Helsinborg
háng xiàn： běi 'ōu
guó jiā： ruì diǎn
shí qū： -7
gǎng kǒu qíng kuàng miáo shù
gǎng kǒu xìng zhì： hǎi wān gǎng、 shè yòu zì yóu mào yì qū、 jī běn gǎng（ M）
jīng wěi dù： 60 dù 10 fēn N， 024 dù 57 fēn E
háng xiàn： běi 'ōu
wèi yú fēn lán（ quán chēng： fēn lán gòng hé guó THEREPUBLICOFFINLAND） nán bù yán hǎi fēn lán（ FINLAND） wān de běi 'àn， shì fēn lán zuì dà de gǎng kǒu。 shǐ jiàn yú 1640 nián， dào 1812 nián chéng wéi fēn lán de shǒu dū， xiàn wéi quán guó zhèng zhì、 wén huà、 jīng jì hé jiāo tōng zhōng xīn。 yě shì quán guó zuì dà de gōng yè zhōng xīn， tā bù jǐn shì quán guó jī qì zhì zào gōng yè hé zào chuán gōng yè zhōng xīn， hái shì yìn shuà gōng yè hé fú zhuāng gōng yè de zhōng xīn。 cǐ wài， hái yòu yě jīn、 huà xué、 shí pǐn jí fǎng zhì děng gōng yè。 hè 'ěr xīn jī yòu shì quán guó zuì dà de wài mào kǒu 'àn， tā dān fù zhe fēn lán duì wài mào yì huò yùn liàng de 50% zuǒ yòu。 hè gǎng de xià jì tè bié cháng， yī tiān zhōng， yáng guāng pǔ zhào de shí jiān dá 20 gè xiǎo shí， yīn cǐ， rén men bǎ hè 'ěr xīn jī jiào zuò“ tài yáng bù luò dedōu chéng”。 gǎng kǒu jù jī chǎng yuē 25km， měi tiān yòu dìng qī háng bān fēi wǎng shì jiè gè dì。 jù 'é luó sī shèng bǐ dé bǎo（ ST.PETERSBURG) gǎng yuē 170nmile。
gāi gǎng běi wēn dài dà lù xìng qì hòu， shèng xíng nán héng dōng nán fēng。 nián píng jūn qì wēn dōng jì yuē -7 shè shì dù， zuì dī céng dá -24 shè shì dù， xià jì yuē 22 shè shì dù， zuì gāo céng dá 29 shè shì dù。 měi nián 12 yuè xià xún zhì cì nián de 4 yuè zhōng xún wéi bīng dòng qī， dàn yòu pò bīng chuán xié zhù kāi háng。 quán nián píng jūn jiàng yǔ liàng yuē 600mm。 píng jūn cháo chā shèn xiǎo。 běn gǎng gǎng wài yòu xiǎo dǎo zuò píng zhàng， shì tiān rán liáng gǎng。
zhuāng xiè shè bèi yòu gè zhǒng 'àn diào、 mén diào、 jí zhuāng xiāng diào、 duō gōng néng diào、 gǔ wù xī yáng jī、 zhuān yòng qiáo shì qǐ zhòng jī jí gǔn zhuāng shè shī děng。 zá huò mǎ tóu yòu zuì dà qǐ zhòng néng lì dá 150 dūn de gù dìng qǐ zhòng jī； yóu mǎ tóu yòu xù diàn chí； jí zhuāng xiāng mǎ tóu yuē zhàn 20 wàn píng fāng mǐ。 gǎng kǒu cāng kù zǒng miàn jī dá 52 wàn píng fāng mǐ， lù tiān duī chǎng miàn jī dá 120 wàn píng fāng mǐ。 gāi gǎng yǐ xī gǎng qū wéi zuì dà， tā fù zé lái wǎng yú ruì diǎn 、 nuó wēi、 dān mài、 dé guó、 bō lán、 fǎ guó hé yīng guó de jí zhuāng xiāng hé guà chē bān lún de zhuāng xiè， yě wéi háng chéng gèng yuǎn de zá huò bān lún jìn xíng zhuāng xiè。 sài 'ěr nà yǐ nán gǎng qū shì fù zé lái wǎng yú bō luó de hǎi gè gǎng jí bǐ lì shí、 hé lán hé yīng guó zhù yào guà chē de dìng qī háng yùn zhōng xīn， yě shì fēn lán jìn chū shuǐ guǒ hé shū cài de zhōng xīn， yōng yòu dà guī mó de xiān huò cāng kù， hái yòu jìn kǒu shí yóu de zhuān yòng mǎ tóu， bìng tí gōng wēi xiǎn pǐn hé yì rán huà xué pǐn cāng kù。 běn gǎng zì yóu mào yì qū de miàn jī dá 10 wàn píng fāng mǐ， zhù yào shì cāng chǔ shè shī， zài xī gǎng qū yòu 2 wàn píng fāng mǐ de zì yóu mào yì qū， jìn rù gāi qū de huò wù bù shòu hǎi guān kòng zhì， qī xiàn yě bù shòu xiàn zhì， dài huò wù yùn zǒu shí， zài nà shuì jiāo fèi。 zài sài 'ěr nà yǐ nán gǎng qū yòu 8 wàn píng fāng mǐ de zì yóu mào yì qū， zhù yào yòng yú tíng fàng jìn kǒu de qì chē děng dài jiāo huò。 zhù yào jìn kǒu huò wù wéi méi、 shí yóu、 liáng gǔ、 shuǐ guǒ jí qì chē děng， chū kǒu huò wù zhù yào yòu mù cái、 zhǐ zhāng、 zhǐ jiāng jí mù zhì pǐn děng。 1994 nián jí zhuāng xiāng tūn tù liàng wéi 47.3 wàn TEU（ chū kǒu 22.2 wàn， jìn kǒu 25.1 wàn）， jí zhuāng xiāng yùn liàng zhàn zhěng gè fēn lán yuē 74%， kǎ chē hé guà chē yùn liàng yuē 46%。 nián huò wù tūn tù néng lì yuē 1500 wàn dūn。 zài jié jiǎ rì zhōng rú guǒ xū yào jiā bān， bì xū zài 24 xiǎo shí qián tí chū shēn qǐng， jīng pī zhǔn hòu kě yǐ 'ān pái zuò yè， dàn yìng fù jiā bān fèi。
sān、 gē dé bǎo
gǎng kǒu míng chēng ( zhōng wén )： gē dé bǎo
gǎng kǒu míng chēng ( yīng wén )： Gothenburg
háng xiàn： běi 'ōu
guó jiā： ruì diǎn
shí qū： -7
gǎng kǒu qíng kuàng miáo shù
gǎng kǒu xìng zhì： hǎi xiá hé kǒu gǎng、 zì yóu gǎng、 jī běn gǎng（ M）
jīng wěi dù： 57 dù 42 fēn N， 011 dù 58 fēn E
háng xiàn： běi 'ōu
wèi yú ruì diǎn （ quán chēng： ruì diǎn wáng guó THEKINGDOMOFSWEDEN） xī nán yán hǎi yuē tǎ（ GOTA） hé kǒu， bīn lín kǎ tè jiā tè（ KATTEGAT） hǎi xiá de dōng běi cè， yǔ dān mài de féi tè liè（ FREDERIKSHAVN） gǎng gé xiá xiāng wàng， xiāng jù jǐn 50nmile， shì ruì diǎn de zuì dà gǎng kǒu。 zì 18 shì jì chū， suí zhe ruì diǎn hǎi yùn yè de fā zhǎn hé fán róng 'ér zhú jiàn chéng wéi quán guó dì yī dà gǎng。 tā yòu shì ruì diǎn xī bù de gōng yè zhōng xīn， zhù yào gōng yè yòu zào chuán、 liàn yóu、 qì chē、 jī xiè、 mù cái jiā gōng jí shí pǐn děng， yòu quán guó guī mó zuì dà de zào chuán chǎng hé liàn yóu chǎng。 gǎng kǒu jù jī chǎng yuē 30km。
gāi gǎng shǔ běi wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu， quán nián duō nán - xī fēng。 3~5 yuè duō wù。 12~2 yuè hǎi miàn yòu bīng， dàn bù fēng gǎng。 nián píng jūn qì wēn dōng jì yuē -11 shè shì dù， xià jì yuē 28 shè shì dù。 quán nián píng jūn jiàng yǔ liàng yuē 550mm。 cháo chā bù xiǎn zhù， yī bān wéi 0.25m。 gǎng qū fēn bù zài yuē tǎ hé nán běi liǎng 'àn hé hé kǒu yǐ běi de hǎi xiá yán 'àn， yǔ sī dé gē 'ěr mó zhī jiān yòu yī tiáo yùn hé xiāng lián。 gē gǎng shì ruì diǎn jìn chū dà xī yáng zuì jìn de gǎng kǒu。
zhuāng xiè shè bèi yòu gè zhǒng 'àn diào、 mén diào、 juǎnyáng jī、 chuán sòng dài、 jí zhuāng xiāng diào、 fú diào jí gǔn zhuāng shè shī děng， qí zhōng jí zhuāng xiāng diào zuì dà qǐ zhòng néng lì wéi 60 dūn， fú diào zuì dà qǐ zhòng néng lì dá 260 dūn， hái yòu zhí jìng wéi 203.2~406.4mm de shū yóu guǎn gōng zhuāng xiè shí yóu shǐ yòng。 jí zhuāng xiāng mǎ tóu kě kào 3.5 wàn zài zhòng dūn de chuán bó； yóu mǎ tóu zuì dà kě bó 25 wàn zài zhòng dūn de dà xíng yóu chuán。 huò péng yǔ cāng kù miàn jī dá 88 wàn píng fāng mǐ， lù tiān duī chǎng miàn jī dá 180 wàn píng fāng mǐ。 gǎng kǒu yòu yùn hé yǔ tiě lù kě tōng sī dé gē 'ěr mó gǎng。 běn gǎng zì yóu gǎng qū de miàn jī dá 30 wàn píng fāng mǐ。 gē dé bǎo xīn yǐn jìn liǎo yī tiáo zì dòng huà jì shù jiǎn cè xì tǒng héng DICAMOS xì tǒng（ shù zì shè xiàng jiān kòng xì tǒng）， ān zhuāng zài mǎ tóu dà mén de jìn chū kǒu tōng dào， měi tiáo tōng dào yòu gù dìng de shè xiàng jī， bǎ tōng guò dà mén de tuō chē jí jí zhuāng xiāng qíng kuàng， jǐn yòng 20 miǎo zhōng jí kě jiāng shì pín xìn hào jì lù qì de jiǎn cè xì tǒng jì lù xià lái， bìng jiāng tú xiàng chǔ cún zài cí pán shàng。 měi gè cí pán kě yǐ cún rù 500 dūn liàng tuō chē de xìn xī， měi liàng tuō chē kě yǐ yòu 14 gè jìng tóu。 zhè xiē cí pán bèi bǎo liú xià lái， yǐ biàn zài kě néng fā shēng de huò wù yùn shū guò chéng mǒu gè huán jié zhōng jiū fēn shí zhī yòng。 gǎng kǒu zhù yào jìn kǒu huò wù wéi méi、 jiāo tàn、 jī xiè、 xiǎo qì chē、 kuàng yóu、 jīn shǔ、 tiě、 mián huā、 yáng máo、 sī zhì pǐn、 gǔ wù、 shí pǐn、 shuǐ guǒ jí huà gōng pǐn děng， chū kǒu huò wù zhù yào yòu zhǐ jiāng、 mù zhì pǐn、 zhǐ zhāng、 gāng tiě、 zhǐ bǎn、 huà gōng chǎn pǐn、 qì chē、 jī xiè jí shí yóu chǎn pǐn děng。 1993 nián huò wù tūn tù liàng wéi 2710 wàn dūn， bǐ 1992 nián zēngzhǎng 6%， 1993 nián jí zhuāng xiāng tūn tù liàng dá 37 wàn TEU， bǐ 1992 nián zēngzhǎng 3%。 zài jié jiǎ rì zhōng jiā bān yào gōng rén zì yuàn， zài yuán dàn、 wǔ yī、 shèng dàn jié jí chú xī děng jié rì bù jiā bān。
ruì diǎn de bié chēng：“ sēn lín wáng guó”“ húpō wáng guó”“ ōu zhōu jù mù chǎng”“ běi 'ōu xuě guó”“ jìn jiǔ wáng guó”
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info) [ˈko:.nɵ.ŋa.ˌri:.kət ˈsvær:.jə]), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by the Oresund Bridge. It has been a member of the European Union since January 1, 1995. Its capital city is Stockholm.
At 449.964 km² (173.732 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country by area in Western Europe and fourth in all of Europe. With a total population slightly over 9 million, Sweden has a low population density of 20 people per km² (52 per sq. mi). About 84% of the population live in urban areas.
Modern Sweden emerged out of the Kalmar Union formed in 1397, and by the unification of the country by King Gustav Vasa in the 16th century. In the 17th century the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish empire. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden constituted by the eastern half of Norrland and Österland was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden, a union which lasted until 1905. Since 1814, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime. Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with a strong tradition of parliamentary democracy.
The modern name Sweden is derived through "back-formation" from Old English Sweoðeod, which meant "people of the Swedes" (Old Norse Svíþjóð, Latin Suetidi). This word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas (Old Norse Sviar, Latin Suiones). The Swedish name Sverige literally means "Realm of the Swedes", excluding the Geats in Götaland.
The etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but suggestively deriving from Proto-Germanic *Swihoniz meaning "one's own", referring to one's own Germanic tribe.
History
Prehistory
Sweden's prehistory begins in the Allerød warm period c. 12,000 BCE with Late Palaeolithic reindeer-hunting camps of the Bromme culture at the edge of the ice in what is now the country's southernmost province. This period was characterised by small bands of hunter-gatherer-fishers using flint technology.
Rock carvings from Tanum, Bohuslän. Rock carvings (petroglyphs) are common all over Scandinavia and several thousands have been found in Sweden alone.Farming and animal husbandry, along with monumental burial, polished flint axes and decorated pottery, arrived from the Continent with the Funnel-beaker Culture in c. 4,000 BCE. Sweden's southern third was part of the stock-keeping and agricultural Nordic Bronze Age Culture's area, most of it being peripheral to the culture's Danish centre. The period began in c. 1700 with the start of bronze imports from Europe. Copper mining was never tried locally during this period, and Scandinavia has no tin deposits, so all metal had to be imported though it was largely cast into local designs on arrival.
The Nordic Bronze Age was entirely pre-urban, with people living in hamlets and on farmsteads with single-story wooden long-houses.
In the absence of any Roman occupation, Sweden's Iron Age is reckoned up to the introduction of stone architecture and monastic orders about 1100 CE. Much of the period is proto-historical, that is, there are written sources but most hold a very low source-critical quality. The scraps of written matter are either much later than the period in question, written in areas far away, or local and coeval but extremely brief.
A rock painted moose from Jämtland. Rock paintings (pictographs) have been fairly limited to northern Scandinavia.The climate took a turn for the worse, forcing farmers to keep cattle indoors over the winters, leading to an annual build-up of manure that could now for the first time be used systematically for soil improvement.
A Roman attempt to move the Imperial border forward from the Rhine to the Elbe was aborted in AD 9 when Germans under Roman-trained leadership defeated the legions of Varus by ambush in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. About this time, a major shift in the material culture of Scandinavia occurred, reflecting increased contact with the Romans.
Starting in the 2nd century CE, much of southern Sweden's agricultural land was parcelled up with low stone walls. They divided the land into permanent infields and meadows for winter fodder on one side of the wall, and wooded outland where the cattle was grazed on the other side. This principle of landscape organization survived into the 19th century. The Roman Period also saw the first large-scale expansion of agricultural settlement up the Baltic coast of the country's northern two thirds.
Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in 98 CE. Whether any of the brief information he reports about this distant barbaric area was well-founded is uncertain, but he does mention tribal names that correspond to the Swedes (Suiones) and the Sami (Fenni) of later centuries. As for literacy in Sweden itself, the runic script was invented among the south Scandinavian elite in the 2nd century, but all that has come down to the present from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artefacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke Proto-Norse at the time, a language ancestral to Swedish and other North Germanic languages.
Panoramic view of Ale's Stones in Scania, southern Sweden. This ship setting is a Vendel Period burial monument, most likely dating from the 7th century CE.
Viking and Middle ages
See also: Early Swedish history and Foundation of Modern Sweden
The Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the eighth and eleventh centuries CE. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and incorporated the Geats to the south. While Vikings from what is today Norway, Denmark and the west coast and south of Sweden travelled south and west, Swedish vikings and Gutar travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, the Mediterranean and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed the rivers of Russia down south to Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) (present-day Istanbul, Turkey) on which they did numerous raids. The Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war, and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, these were called the varangian guard. The Swedish vikings Template:Early Swedish history. The Swedish vikings (Rus) are, according to the most popular theory, believed to have to have founded Russia. The adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones. There was also considerable participation in expeditions westwards, which are commorated on stones such as the England Runestones. The last major Swedish Viking expedition appears to have been the ill-fated expedition of Ingvar the Far-Travelled to Serkland, the region south-east of the Caspian Sea. Its members are commemorated on the Ingvar Runestones, none of which mentions any survivor. What happened to the crew is unknown, but it is believed that they died of sickness.
It is not known when and how the kingdom of Sweden was born, but the list of Swedish monarchs is drawn from the first kings who ruled Svealand (Sweden) and Götaland (Gothia) as one with Erik the Victorious. Sweden and Gothia were two separate nations long before that. It is not known how long they existed, Beowulf described semi-legendary Swedish-Geatish wars in the sixth century CE.
Visby, a medieval city on Gotland.During the early stages of the Scandinavian Viking Age, Ystad in Scania and Paviken on Gotland, in present-day Sweden, were flourishing trade centers. Remains of what is believed to have been a large market have been found in Ystad dating from 600–700 CE. In Paviken, an important center of trade in the Baltic region during the ninth and tenth century, remains have been found of a large Viking Age harbour with shipbuilding yards and handicraft industries. Between 800 and 1000, trade brought an abundance of silver to Gotland and according to some scholars, the Gotlanders of this era hoarded more silver than the rest of the population of Scandinavia combined.
St. Ansgar introduced Christianity around 829, but the new religion did not begin to fully replace paganism until the twelfth century and onward. During the 11th century, Christianity became the most prevalent religion, and from the year 1050 Sweden is counted as a Christian nation. The period between 1100 and 1400 was characterized by internal power struggles and competition among the Nordic kingdoms, including struggles for territory and comparative power. Swedish kings also began to expand the Swedish-controlled territory in Finland, creating conflicts with the Rus.
In the 14th century, Sweden was struck by the Black Death (the Plague). During this period the Swedish cities also began to acquire greater rights and were strongly influenced by German merchants of the Hanseatic League, active especially at Visby. In 1319, Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus Eriksson and in 1397 Queen Margaret I of Denmark effected the personal union of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark through the Kalmar Union. However, Margaret’s successors, whose rule was also centred in Denmark, were unable to control the Swedish nobility. Real power was held for long periods by regents (notably those of the Sture family) chosen by the Swedish parliament. King Christian II of Denmark, who asserted his claim to Sweden by force of arms, ordered a massacre in 1520 of Swedish nobles at Stockholm. This came to be known as the “Stockholm blood bath” and stirred the Swedish nobility to new resistance and, on 6 June (now Sweden's national holiday) in 1523, they made Gustav Vasa their king. This is sometimes considered as the foundation of modern Sweden. Shortly afterwards he rejected Catholicism and led Sweden into the Protestant Reformation. Gustav Vasa is considered to be Sweden's "Father of the Nation".
Swedish Empire
Sweden was during Imperial times the most powerful country of northern Europe and the Baltic Sea. Sweden's Imperial status took its start with Gustav II Adolph as king, who made Sweden the third biggest nation in Europe by area after Russia and Spain, and his successful participation in the Thirty Years' War, which made Sweden the recognized leader of continental Protestantism in Europe until 1721, when the Empire collapsed. Sweden's Imperial status during this period is largely credited to Gustav I's major changes on the Swedish economy in the mid-1500s, and his introduction of Protestantism (Lutheran).
The mid 1600s and the early 1700s were Sweden's most successful years as a great power. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent as an empire during the rule of Charles X (1622–1660) after the treaty of Roskilde in 1658. However, Sweden's largest territorial extent lasted from 1319 to 1343 with Magnus Eriksson ruling all of the traditional lands of Sweden and Norway. 17th century saw Sweden engaged in warfare with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with both sides competing for territories of today's Baltic states, with the disastrous Battle of Kircholm being one of the highlights. This period also saw the Deluge - the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After more than a half century of almost constant warfare the Swedish economy had deteriorated. It would become the lifetime task of Charles' son, Charles XI (1655-1697), to rebuild the economy and refit the army. His legacy to his son, the coming ruler of Sweden Charles XII, was one of the finest arsenals in the world, a large standing army and a great fleet. Sweden's largest threat at this time, Russia, had a larger army but was far behind in both equipment and training. After the Battle of Narva in 1700, one of the first battles of the Great Northern War, the Russian army was so severely injured, that Sweden had an open chance to invade Russia. Instead, however, Charles XII invaded Poland and changed their king to a more Swedish friendly one. However after the crushing defeat at poltava the old king quickly took his throne back. This gave the Russian Tsar time to rebuild and modernise his army. After the success of invading Poland Charles decided to make an invasion attempt of Russia, which however, ended in a decisive Russian victory at the Battle of Poltava in 1709. The campaign had a successful opening for Sweden, which came to occupy Poland and change their rule into a more Swedish friendly king. But after a long march exposed by cossack raids, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great's scorched-earth techniques and the cold Russian climate, the Swedes stood weakened with a shattered confidence, and enormously outnumbered against the Russian army at Poltava. The defeat meant the beginning of the end for Sweden as Empire.
After building up a new army Charles XII attempted to invade Norway 1716, however he was shot at Fredriksten fortress in 1718. The Swedish military was not defeated at Fredriksten. However, when Karl died the whole structure and organisation of the Norwegian campaign fell apart and the army withdrew back home. However this led to defeat, the Swedish head of state signed the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. Forced to cede large areas of land, Sweden also lost its place as an empire and as the dominant state on the Baltic Sea. With Sweden's lost influence, Russia began to emerge as an empire, and become one of Europe's dominant nations.
In the 18th century, Sweden did not have enough resources to maintain its territories outside Scandinavia and most of them were lost, culminating with the 1809 loss of the eastern part to Russia: forming the semi-autonomous (Duchy) of Finland of Imperial Russia.
After Denmark-Norway was defeated in the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden on 14 January 1814, at the Treaty of Kiel. The Norwegian attempts to keep their status as a sovereign state were rejected by the Swedish king, Charles XIII. He launched a military campaign against Norway on July 27, 1814, ending in the Convention of Moss, which forced Norway into a personal union with Sweden, which was not dissolved until 1905. The 1814 campaign was also the last war in which Sweden participated as a combatant.
Modern history
The 18th and 19th centuries saw a significant population increase, which the writer Esaias Tegnér in 1833 famously attributed to "the peace, the (smallpox) vaccine, and the potatoes". Between 1750 and 1850, the population in Sweden doubled. According to some scholars, mass emigration to America became the only way to prevent famine and rebellion; over 1 percent of the population emigrated annually during the 1880s. Nevertheless, Sweden remained poor, retaining a nearly entirely agricultural economy even as Denmark and Western European countries began to industrialize. Many looked towards America for a better life during this time. It is believed that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million Swedes moved to the United States. In the early 20th century, more Swedes lived in Chicago than in Gothenburg (Sweden's second largest city). Most Swedish immigrants moved to the Midwestern United States, with a large population in Minnesota. Some Swedes moved to Delaware. Some also moved to Canada and others in smaller numbers to Argentina.
A map of Sweden with largest cities and lakes and most important roads and railroads, from a printed CIA World Factbook. (See also: Atlas of Sweden)Despite the slow rate of industrialization into the 19th century, many important changes were taking place in the agrarian economy due to innovations and the large population growth. These innovations included government-sponsored programs of enclosure, aggressive exploitation of agricultural lands, and the introduction of new crops such as the potato. Due also to the fact that the Swedish peasantry had never been enserfed as elsewhere in Europe, the Swedish farming culture began to take on a critical role in the Swedish political process, which has continued through modern times with modern Agrarian party (now called the Centre Party). Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialized economy that exists today.
Strong grassroots movements sprung up in Sweden during the latter half of the nineteenth century (trade unions, temperance groups, and independent religious groups), creating a strong foundation of democratic principles. These movements precipitated Sweden's migration into a modern parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of World War I. As the Industrial Revolution progressed during the twentieth century, people gradually began moving into cities to work in factories, and became involved in socialist unions. A socialist revolution was avoided in 1917, following the re-introduction of parliamentarism, and the country was democratized.
World Wars
Sweden remained officially neutral during World War I and World War II, although its neutrality during World War II has been vigorously debated. Sweden was under German influence for most of the war, as ties to the rest of the world were cut off through blockades. The Swedish government felt that it was in no position to openly contest Germany, and therefore collaborated with Hitler. Swedish volunteers in Nazi SS units were among the first to invade the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Sweden also supplied steel and machined parts to Germany throughout the war. Toward the end of the war however, when the defeat of Germany seemed imminent, Sweden began to play a role in humanitarian efforts and many refugees, among them many Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe, were saved partly because of the Swedish involvement in rescue missions at the internment camps and partly because Sweden served as a haven for refugees, primarily from Norden and the Baltic states. Nevertheless, internal and external critics have argued that Sweden could have done more to resist the Nazi war effort, even if risking occupation.
Cold War
Following the war, Sweden took advantage of an intact industrial base, social stability and its natural resources to expand its industry to supply the rebuilding of Europe. By the 1960s, Sweden, like the other Nordic countries, had become an affluent consumer society and welfare state. Sweden was part of the Marshall Plan and participated in the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), many of the policies aiming to improve the quality of life for the general population, in particular Sweden's working class, were successfully implemented.
Sweden, like countries around the globe, entered a period of economic decline and upheaval, following the oil embargoes of 1973-74 and 1978-79. In the 1980s pillars of Swedish industry were massively restructured. Shipbuilding was discontinued, wood pulp was integrated into modernized paper production, the steel industry was concentrated and specialized, and mechanical engineering was roboticized. Prime Minister Olof Palme was murdered in 1986.
Between 1970 and 1990 Sweden increased overall tax burden by over ten percentage points and the growth was very low compared to most other countries in Western Europe. Sweden steadily lost its position in rankings such as GDP per capita.
Recent history
A bursting real estate bubble caused by inadequate controls on lending combined with an international recession and a policy switch from anti-unemployment policies to anti-inflationary policies resulted in a fiscal crisis in the early 1990s. Sweden's GDP declined by around 5%. In 1992 there was a run on the currency, the central bank briefly jacking up interest to 500% in an unsuccessful effort to defend the currency's fixed exchange rate. Total employment fell by almost 10% during the crisis.
The response of the government was to cut spending and institute a multitude of reforms to improve Sweden's competitiveness, among them reducing the welfare state and privatizing public services and goods. Much of the political establishment promoted EU membership, and the Swedish referendum passed by 52-48% in favour of joining the EU on 14 August 1994.
Sweden joined the European Union on1 January 1995, after the collapse of the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Europe's non-aligned Western countries, except Ireland, had considered membership unwise, as the EU predecessor, the European Community, had been strongly associated with NATO countries. Following the end of the Cold War, however, Sweden, Austria and Finland joined, though in Sweden's case without adopting the Euro. Sweden remains non-aligned militarily, although it participates in some joint military exercises with NATO and some other countries, in addition to extensive cooperation with other European countries in the area of defence technology and defence industry. Among others, Swedish companies export weapons that are used by the American military in Iraq. Sweden also has a long history of participating in international military operations, including most recently, Afghanistan, where Swedish troops are under NATO command, and in EU sponsored peacekeeping operations in UN protectorate Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Cyprus. Foreign minister Anna Lindh was murdered in 2003.
Geography and climate
Situated in Northern Europe, Sweden lies west of the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia, providing a long coastline, and forms the eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. To the west is the Scandinavian mountain chain (Skanderna), a range that separates Sweden from Norway.
Sweden is surrounded by Norway (west), Finland (northeast), the Skagerrak, Kattegat and Öresund straits (southwest) and the Baltic Sea (east). It has maritime borders with Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, and it is also linked to Denmark (southwest) by the Öresund Bridge.
The 25 provinces of SwedenAt 449,964 km² (173,732 sq mi), Sweden is the 55th largest country in the world. It is the 5th largest in Europe, and the largest in Northern Europe. The country is slightly larger than the U.S. state of California, with a population in 2006 of 9.1 million people.
The lowest elevation in Sweden is in the bay of Lake Hammarsjön, near Kristianstad at -2.41 m (-7.91 ft) below sea level. The highest point is Kebnekaise at 2,111 m (6,926 ft) above sea level.
Sweden has 25 provinces or landskap (landscapes), based on culture, geography and history; Bohuslän, Blekinge, Dalarna, Dalsland, Gotland, Gästrikland, Halland, Hälsingland, Härjedalen, Jämtland, Lapland, Medelpad, Norrbotten, Närke, Skåne, Småland, Södermanland, Uppland, Värmland, Västmanland, Västerbotten, Västergötland, Ångermanland, Öland and Östergötland. While these provinces serve no political or administrative purpose, they are common in everyday language. The provinces are usually grouped together in three large lands, parts, Norrland, Svealand and Götaland.
About 15% of Sweden lies north of the Arctic Circle. Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, with increasing forest coverage northward. The highest population density is in the Öresund region in southern Sweden, and in the valley of lake Mälaren in central Sweden. Gotland and Öland are Sweden's largest islands; Vänern and Vättern are Sweden's largest lakes.
Sweden has a temperate climate despite its northern latitude, mainly because of the Gulf Stream. In the mountains of northern Sweden a sub-Arctic climate predominates. North of the Arctic Circle, the sun never sets for part of each summer, and in the winter, night is similarly unending.
Common weather in the seasons (°C):
Winter: Cold in the whole country, average temperature below 0°C.
Spring: Chilly in north, and cool to mild in southern and central.
Summer: Pleasantly warm in southern and central, cooler in north.
Autumn: Cool to mild.
Average precipitation is between 500 and 800 mm every year. In some parts though the average is between 1000 and 1700 mm/year.
Administration and politics
Sweden is a constitutional monarchy, in which King Carl XVI Gustaf is head of state, but royal power has long been limited to official and ceremonial functions. The Economist Intelligence Unit, while admitting that democracy is difficult to measure, lists Sweden in first place in its index of democracy assessing 167 countries. The nation's modern legislative body is the Riksdag (Swedish Parliament), with 349 members, which chooses the Prime Minister. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, on the third Sunday of September.
Counties and municipalities
Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into twenty-one counties (län). Each county has a County Administrative Board or länsstyrelse, which is appointed by the government (the first Swedish County Administrative Board was made up by the Swedish Prime Minister Axel Oxenstierna in 1634). In each county there is also a separate County Council or landsting, which is elected directly by the people.
Each county further divides into a number of municipalities or kommuner, with a total of 290 municipalities in 2004. Municipal government in Sweden is similar to city commission government and cabinet-style council government. A legislative municipal assembly (kommunfullmäktige) of between 31 and 101 members (always an uneven number) is elected from party-list proportional representation at municipal elections, held every four years in conjunction with the national parliamentary elections.
The municipalities are also divided into a total of 2,512 parishes, or församlingar (2000). These have traditionally been a subdivision of the Church of Sweden, but still have importance as districts for census and elections.
There are also older historical divisions, primarily the twenty-five provinces and three lands, which still retain cultural significance. The Swedish government is investigating the possibilities of merging the current 21 counties into circa 9 larger regions along the lines of the current riksområden used for statistical purposes. If approved, these would come into effect around 2015.
Political history
Kingdoms of Svear (Swedish) and Götar (Geats) in the twelfth century.The actual age of the kingdom of Sweden is unknown. It depends mostly on whether Sweden should be considered a nation when the Svear (Swedes) ruled Svealand or if the emergence of the nation started with the Svear and the Götar (Geats) of Götaland being united under one ruler. In the first case, Sweden was first mentioned to have one single ruler in the year 98 by Tacitus, but it is almost impossible to know for how long it had been this way. However, historians usually start the line of Swedish monarchs from when Svealand and Götaland were ruled under the same king, namely Erik the Victorious and his son Olof Skötkonung in the 10th century. These events are often described as the consolidation of Sweden, although substantial areas were conquered and incorporated later.
Earlier kings, for which no reliable historical sources exist can be read about in mythical kings of Sweden and semi-legendary kings of Sweden, many of these kings are only mentioned in various saga and blend with Norse mythology.
The title Sveriges och Götes Konung was last used for Gustaf I of Sweden, after which the title became "King of Sweden, of the Goths and of the Wends" (Sveriges, Götes och Vendes Konung) in official documentation. Up until the beginning of the 1920s, all laws in Sweden were introduced with the words, "We, the king of Sweden, of the Goths and Wends". This title was used up until 1973. The present King of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf was the first monarch officially proclaimed "King of Sweden" (Sveriges Konung) with no additional peoples mentioned in his title.
The term Riksdag was used for the first time in the 1540s, although the first meeting where representatives of different social groups were called to discuss and determine affairs affecting the country as a whole took place as early as 1435, in the town of Arboga. During the assemblies of 1527 and 1544, under King Gustav Vasa, representatives of all four estates of the realm (clergy, nobility, townsmen and peasants) were called on to participate for the first time. The monarchy became hereditary in 1544.
Executive power was historically shared between the King and a noble Privy Council until 1680, followed by the King's autocratic rule initiated by the common estates of the Parliament. As a reaction to the failed Great Northern War, a parliamentary system was introduced in 1719, followed by three different flavours of constitutional monarchy in 1772, 1789 and 1809, the latter granting several civil liberties. The monarch remains as the formal, but merely symbolic head of state with ceremonial duties.
The Riksdag of the Estates consisted of two chambers. In 1866 Sweden became a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral parliament, with the First Chamber indirectly elected by local governments, and the Second Chamber directly elected in national elections every four years. In 1971 the Riksdag became unicameral. Legislative power was (symbolically) shared between king and parliament until 1975. Swedish taxation is controlled by the Riksdag (parliament).
Modern political system
The Riksdag building, Stockholm.Constitutionally, the 349-member Riksdag (Parliament) holds supreme authority in modern Sweden. This Riksdag is responsible for choosing the prime minister, who then appoints the government (the ministers). The legislative power is then shared between the parliament and the Prime Minister led government. The executive power is exercised by the government, while the judiciary is independent. Sweden lacks compulsory judicial review, although the non-compulsory review carried out by lagrådet (Law Council) is mostly respected in technical matters but less so in controversial political matters. Acts of the parliament and government decrees can be made inapplicable at every level if they are manifestly against constitutional laws. However, due to the restrictions in this form of judicial review and a weak judiciary, this has had little practical consequence.
Legislation may be initiated by the cabinet or by members of Parliament. Members are elected on the basis of proportional representation for a four-year term. The Constitution of Sweden can be altered by the Riksdag, which requires a simple but absolute majority and two decisions with general elections in between. Sweden has three other constitutional laws: the Act of Royal Succession, the Freedom of Press Act and the Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression.
The Swedish Social Democratic Party has played a leading political role since 1917, after Reformists had confirmed their strength and the revolutionaries left the party. After 1932, the cabinets have been dominated by the Social Democrats. Only four general elections (1976, 1979, 1991 and 2006) have given the centre-right bloc enough seats in Parliament to form a government. However, poor economic performance since the beginning of the 1970s, and especially the crisis at the beginning of the 1990s, have forced Sweden to reform its political system to become more like other European countries. In the 2006 general election the Moderate Party, allied with the Centre Party, Liberal People's Party, and the Christian Democrats, with a common political platform, won a majority of the votes. Together they have formed a majority government under the leadership of the Moderate party's leader Fredrik Reinfeldt. The next elections will be held in September 2010
The Riksdag following its 2006 renovation (picture of assembly hall).Election turnout in Sweden has always been high in international comparisons, although it has declined in recent decades, and is currently around 80% (80.11 in general election of 2002, 81.99 in general election of 2006). Swedish politicians enjoyed a high degree of confidence from the citizens in the 1960s but it has since declined steadily and has a markedly lower level of trust than its Scandinavian neighbours.
Some Swedish political figures that have become known worldwide include Raoul Wallenberg, Folke Bernadotte, former Secretary General of the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld, former Prime Minister Olof Palme, former Prime Minister and Foreign minister Carl Bildt, former President of the General Assembly of the United Nations Jan Eliasson, and former International Atomic Energy Agency Iraq inspector Hans Blix.
Political movements
Sweden has a history of strong political involvement by ordinary people through its "popular movements" (Folkrörelser), the most notable being trade unions, the independent Christian movement, the temperance movement, the women's movement and—more recently—the sports movement.
Sweden is currently leading the EU in statistics measuring equality in the political system and equality in the education system. Gudrun Schyman founded the first Swedish feminist party, the Feminist Initiative party, commonly referred to simply as F!, in 2005. Ms. magazine quoted Schyman's view of Sweden's reputation for progressive initiatives: "In Sweden there’s a gap between words and reality.... Internationally a lot of people look upon Sweden as equality paradise, but that is not the truth – and now things are actually going backwards." In fact the pay gap between men and women in Sweden is 16%, higher than the EU average of 15%. Sweden compares unfavourably with the EU average when it comes to providing full-time jobs for women, with a high fraction of employed women working part-time.
Law, law enforcement, and judicial system
Swedish police car (Volvo V70).The Supreme Court of Sweden is the supreme court and the third and final instance in all civil and criminal cases in Sweden. Before a case can be decided by the Supreme Court, leave to appeal must be obtained, and with few exceptions, leave to appeal can be granted only when the case is of interest as a precedent. The Supreme Court consists of 16 Councillors of Justice or justitieråd which are appointed by the government, but the court as an institution is independent of the Riksdag, and the government is not able to interfere with the decisions of the court.
Law enforcement in Sweden is carried out by several government entities. The Swedish Police Service is a Government agency concerned with police matters in Sweden. The National Task Force is a national SWAT unit within the National Criminal Investigation Department. Swedish Security Service's responsibilities are counter-espionage, anti-terrorist activities, protection of the constitution and protection of sensitive objects and people.
According to a victimization survey of 1,201 residents in 2005, Sweden has above average crime rates compared to other EU countries. Sweden has high or above average levels of assaults, sexual assaults, hate crimes, and consumer fraud. Sweden has low levels of burglary, car theft and drug problems. Bribe seeking was rare.
Foreign policy
Throughout the twentieth century, Swedish foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment in peacetime and neutrality in wartime. "Sweden's government was left to pursue an independent course based on a foreign policy defined as nonalignment in times of peace so that neutrality would be possible in the event of war."
Sweden's doctrine of neutrality is often traced back to the 19th century as it has not participated in any war since the end of the Swedish campaign against Norway in 1814. During World War II Sweden joined neither the allied nor axis powers. This has been disputed by many since in effect Sweden allowed the Nazi regime to use its railroad system to transport troops and goods, especially iron ore from the rich mines in northern Sweden, of vital need to the German war machine.
During the early Cold War era, Sweden combined its policy of non-alignment with a low profile in international affairs, although it also pursued a security policy based on strong national defence to deter attack. At the same time, the country maintained relatively close informal connections with the Western bloc, especially in the realm of intelligence exchange. In 1952, a Swedish DC-3 was shot down over the Baltic Sea by a Soviet MiG-15 jet fighter. Later investigations revealed that the plane was actually gathering information for NATO. Another plane, a Catalina search and rescue plane, was sent out a few days later and shot down by the Soviets as well. Olof Palme the former prime minister of Sweden visited Cuba during the 1970s and showed his support for Cuba in his speech which was in Spanish.[citation needed]
Beginning in the late 1960s, Sweden for a period attempted to play a more significant and independent role in international relations. This involved significant activity in international peace efforts, especially through the United Nations, and in support to the Third World. Since the murder of Olof Palme in 1986 and the end of the Cold War, this has been significantly toned down, although Sweden remains comparatively active in peace keeping missions and maintains a generous foreign aid budget.
In 1981 a Soviet Whiskey class submarine ran aground close to the Swedish naval base at Karlskrona in the southern part of the country. It has never been clearly established whether the submarine ended up on the shoals through a navigational mistake or if it was a matter of espionage against Swedish military potential. The incident triggered a diplomatic crisis between Sweden and the Soviet Union.
Since 1995 Sweden has been a member of the European Union, and as a consequence of a new world security situation the country's foreign policy doctrine has been partly modified, with Sweden playing a more active role in European security co-operation as well.
Military
The Försvarsmakten (Swedish Armed Forces) is a government agency reporting to the Swedish Ministry of Defence and responsible for the peacetime operation of the armed forces of Sweden. The primary task of the agency is to train and deploy peace support forces abroad, while maintaining the long-term ability to refocus on the defence of Sweden in the event of war. The armed forces are divided into Army, Air Force and Navy. The head of the armed forces is the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces (Överbefälhavaren, ÖB), and after the sovereign is the most senior officer in the country.
Until the end of the Cold War, nearly all males reaching the age of military service were conscripted. In recent years, the number of conscripted males has reduced dramatically, while the number of female volunteers has increased slightly. Recruitment has generally shifted towards finding the most motivated recruits, rather than solely those otherwise most fit for service. All soldiers serving abroad must by law be volunteers. In 1975 the total number of conscripts was 45,000. By 2003 it was down to 15,000. After the Defence Proposition 2004, the number of troops in training will decrease even more to between 5,000 and 10,000 each year, while emphasizing the need to recruit only the soldiers later prepared to volunteer for international service. The total forces gathered would consist of about 60,000 men. This could be compared with the 80s before the fall of the Soviet Union, when Sweden could gather up to 1,000,000 men.
Swedish units have taken part in peacekeeping operations, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan.
Currently, one of the most important tasks for the Swedish Armed Forces is to form a Swedish-led EU Battle Group to which Norway, Finland, Ireland and Estonia will also contribute. The Nordic Battle Group (NBG) is to have a 10-day deployment readiness during the first half of 2008 and, although Swedish led, will have its Operational Headquarters (OHQ) in Northwood, outside London.
Economy
Gross Regional Product (GRP) per capita in thousands of kronor (2004).
Real GDP growth in Sweden, 1996-2006.Sweden is an export-oriented market economy featuring a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labour force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Sweden's engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Telecommunications, the automotive industry and the pharmaceutical industries are also of great importance. Agriculture accounts for 2 percent of GDP and employment.
The 20 largest Sweden-registed companies by turnover in 2007 were Volvo, Ericsson, Vattenfall, Skanska, Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB, Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget, Electrolux, Volvo Personvagnar, TeliaSonera, Sandvik, Scania, ICA, Hennes & Mauritz, Nordea, Preem, Atlas Copco, Securitas, Nordstjernan, and SKF.
Sweden has always provided solid support for free trade (except agriculture), free immigration, and strong property rights. Sweden was richer than almost all countries until, after World War II, governments increased tax burden and government consumption to very heavy levels. The model eventually led to slow growth, Sweden fell some 10 places in GDP per capita rankings, and Swedish households became relatively poor compared to households in less-taxed similar countries. Sweden started to move away from the model in the 1980s, and according to OECD and McKinsey, Sweden has recently been relatively fast in liberalization compared to countries such as France. Deregulation-induced competition helped Sweden to halt the economic decline and restore strong growth rates in the 2000s. Sweden's industry is overwhelmingly in private control; unlike some other industrialized Western countries, such as Austria and Italy, publicly owned enterprises were always of minor importance. The current Swedish government, selected in 2006, is continuing the trend to pursue moderate reforms. Growth was over 3% in 2006, which is around double the growth in France or Germany.
Swedes have rejected euro in a popular vote and Sweden maintains its own currency, the Swedish krona (SEK). The Swedish Riksbank—founded in 1668 and thus making it the oldest central bank in the world — is currently focusing on price stability with its inflation target of 2%. According to Economic Survey of Sweden 2007 by OECD, the average inflation in Sweden has been one of the lowest among European countries since the mid-1990s, largely because of deregulation and quick utilization of globalization.
Some 4.5 million residents are working, out of which around a third with tertiary education. According to OECD, deregulation, globalization, and technology sector growth have been key productivity drivers. GDP per hour worked is growing 2½ per cent a year for the economy as a whole and trade-terms-balanced productivity growth 2%. GDP per hour worked remains behind United States and GDP per capita gap is around 22%. Sweden is a world leader in privatized pensions and pension funding problems are relatively small compared to many other Western European countries. Although the labor market has become more flexible, Swedish labor market is still characterized by insiders and relatively excluded outsiders, and distorted prices, a contrast to the laissez-faire non-regulated labor market in Denmark. Also, taxes for all income groups are high: median income worker suffers from over 60% tax wedge. Inverted tax wedge - the amount going to the service worker's wallet - is approximately 15% compared to 10% in Belgium, 30% in Ireland and 50% in United States, often making services too expensive, or forcing people to the do-it-yourself economy or black market. The slowly declining overall taxation, 51.1% of GDP in 2007, is still nearly double of that in the United States or Ireland. Bureaucracy amounts to a third of Swedish workforce.
The Index of Economic Freedom 2008 ranks Sweden the 27th most free out of 162 countries, or 14th out of 41 European countries. Sweden ranked 9th in the IMD Competitiveness Yearbook 2008, scoring high in private sector efficiency. According to the book, The Flight of the Creative Class, by the U.S. economist, Professor Richard Florida of George Mason University, Sweden is ranked as having the best creativity in Europe for business and is predicted to become a talent magnet for the world’s most purposeful workers. The book compiled an index to measure the kind of creativity it claims is most useful to business — talent, technology and tolerance.
The largest trade flows are with Germany, United States, Norway, United Kingdom, Denmark, and Finland.
Education
Swedish students with their student caps on.All young children from 1-5 years old are guaranteed a place in public day-care facility (förskola or dagis). Between ages 6-16, children attend compulsory comprehensive school, divided in three stages. Swedish 15-years-old pupils have the 22nd highest average score in the PISA assessments, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average.
After completing the ninth grade, 90% continue with a three-year upper secondary school (gymnasium) leading sometimes to a vocational diploma and (depending on which program you've chosen) to qualifications for further studies at a university or university college (högskola). Both upper secondary school and university studies are financed by taxes. Some Swedes go straight to work after secondary school.
There are universities and university colleges in Sweden. Only few countries except Canada, United States and Japan have higher levels of tertiary degree holders. Along with several other European countries, the government also subsidizes tuition of international students pursuing a degree at Swedish institutions, although there has been talk of this being changed.
Uniquely, Sweden is known for being a leader in free-market revolution. While most pre-tertiary students are still enrolled in municipality-managed schools, Sweden introduced education vouchers in 1992, one of the first in the world after Netherlands. Anyone can establish a for-profit school and the municipality must pay new schools the same amount as municipal schools get. For instance, the biggest school chain, Kunskapsskolan, offers 30 schools and a web-based environment, teaches nearly 10,000 pupils, and makes decent profit. Over 10% of pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008 and numbers are growing fast. The system is popular among voters and the consumer choice has helped to improve education.
Energy
Sweden's energy market is largely privatized. Nordic energy market is one of the first liberalized energy markets in Europe and it's traded in Nord Pool.
The 1973 oil crisis strengthened Sweden's commitment to decrease dependence on imported fossil fuels. Since then, electricity has been generated mostly from hydropower and nuclear power. The use of nuclear power has been limited, however. Among other things, the accident of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (USA) prompted the Swedish parliament to hold a referendum on nuclear power. The referendum led to a decision that no further nuclear power plants should be built and that a nuclear power phase-out should be completed by 2010.[citation needed]
In 2006, out of a total electricity production of 139 TWh, electricity from hydropower accounted for 61 TWh (44%), and nuclear power delivered 65 TWh (47%). At the same time, the use of biofuels, peat etc. produced 13 TWh (9%) of electricity, while wind power produced 1 TWh (1%). Sweden was a net importer of electricity by a margin of 6 TWh. Biomass is mainly used to produce heat for district heating and central heating and industry processes.
In March 2005, an opinion poll showed that 83% supported maintaining or increasing nuclear power. Since then however, reports about radioactive leakages at a nuclear waste store in Forsmark, Sweden, have been published, although this does not seem to have changed the public support of continued use of nuclear power. Sweden decided to phase out nuclear fission before 2020, although it is very unlikely that this will happen as the Government has decided to cancel the phase-out.[citation needed]
In an effort to phase out the dependency on nuclear power and fossil fuels, the Swedish government has launched a multi-billion dollar program to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency. The country has for many years pursued a strategy of indirect taxation as an instrument of environmental policy, including energy taxes in general and carbon dioxide taxes in particular. Also in 2005, Sweden garnered international attention by announcing its intention to break its dependence on foreign oil within 15 years, with the goal of becoming the world's first oil-free economy.
Transport
Sweden has 162,707 km paved road and 1,428 km of expressways. Motorways run through Sweden, Denmark and over the Öresund Bridge to Stockholm, Gothenburg, Uppsala and Uddevalla. The system of motorways is still under construction and a new motorway from Uppsala to Gävle is under construction. Rail transport is privatized and companies include SJ, Green Cargo, Tågkompaniet and a number of regional companies. The largest airport include Stockholm-Arlanda Airport (17.91 million passengers in 2007), Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport (4.3 million passengers in 2006), and Stockholm-Skavsta Airport (2.0 million passengers).
Public policy
See also: Nordic model and Swedish welfare
Since the late 1960s, Sweden had the highest tax quota (as percentage of GDP) in the industrialized world, although today the gap has narrowed and Denmark has surpassed as the heaviest taxed country among developed countries. Sweden has a two step progressive tax scale with a municipal income tax of about 30% and an additional high-income state tax of 20–25% when a salary exceeds roughly 300,000 SEK per year. The employing company pays an additional 32% of an "employer's fee". In addition, a national VAT of 25% or 18% is added to many things bought by private citizens, with the exception of food (12% VAT), transportation, and books (6% VAT). Certain items are subject to additional taxes, e.g. electricity, petrol/diesel and alcoholic beverages. As of 2007, total tax revenue was 47.8% of GDP, the second highest tax burden among developed countries, down from 49.1% 2006. After increasing the tax burden after World War II, Sweden's GDP per capita ranking fell from the 4th to 14th place in a few decades. No new net jobs have been produced in the Swedish private sector since 1950. None of top 50 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been started since 1970.
Public sector spending amounts to 53% of the GDP. State and municipal employees total around a third of the workforce, much more than in most Western countries. Only Denmark has larger bureaucracy (38% of Danish workforce). Spending on transfers is also high. In the 1990s, Sweden started to make reforms, such as education vouchers in 1992 and decentralization of some types of healthcare services to municipal control.
Eighty percent of the workforce is organized through the trade-unions which have the right to elect two representatives to the board in all Swedish companies with more than 25 employees.
Swedish unemployment figures are highly contested in politics. The official number, defended by SDP before it lost elections, was around 4.5% in 2006. The official number does not include people in government unemployment programmes (about 2% of the workforce), people on extended sick-leave, those in early retirement or those outside the unemployment system. Unemployment is higher amongst younger people. Because of the contradiction—unemployment despite a growing commercial enterprise economy—politicians and analysts often speak of the "jobless growth". According to Eurostat the unemployment rate in February 2007 was at 6.7% down from 7.4% from February 2006.
Sweden also still bears scars from an economic crisis in the 1990s, which resulted in thousands of people becoming unemployed and a great national debt. Two remnants are an increase in socioeconomic segregation and a national debt of approximately 1 167 billion Swedish Kronor (approx. €124 billion, December 2007), 39% of the GDP.
OECD notes, that while several sectors in the economy have been deregulated, the Swedish housing market remains distorted, hindering an optimal matching of supply and demand. Also, because of taxes and regulation, Swedish construction productivity is low. The rampant tax evasion has helped to keep prices a bit lower, but at the same time caused overly fragmented industry.
Demographics
As of April 2007, the total population of Sweden was estimated to be 9,131,425. The population exceeded 9,000,000 for the first time as of approximately 12 August 2004 according to the Statistics Sweden. Of the 2004 population, 1.1 million, or 12%, were foreign-born and approximately 16.7% (1.53 million) had at least one parent born abroad or were themselves born abroad. This reflects the inter-Nordic migrations, earlier periods of labour immigration, and later decades of refugee and family immigration. Sweden has been transformed from a nation of emigration ending after World War I to a nation of immigration from World War II onwards. In 2006, immigration to Sweden reached its highest level since records began.
The largest immigrant group living in Sweden as of 2005 consists of people born in Finland, followed by people born in Turkey, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Russia, Iran, Iraq and Former Yugoslavia.
Immigration from the other Nordic countries reached a peak of more than 40,000 per year in 1969-70 when the new immigration rules introduced in 1967 had made it more difficult for immigrants from outside the Nordic region to settle in Sweden for labour market policy reasons. Immigration by refugees and immigrating relatives of refugees from outside the Nordic region increased drastically during the late 1980s, with many of the immigrants arriving from Asia and Latin America, especially from Iran and Chile. During the 1990s and onwards another large immigrant group came from former Yugoslavia and the Middle East.
Language
The primary language of Sweden is Swedish, a North Germanic language, related and very similar to Danish and Norwegian, but differing in pronunciation and orthography. Norwegians have little difficulty understanding Swedish, and Danes can also understand it, with slightly more difficulty than the Norwegians. The dominant language is Swedish, though it is not an official language. However, with the recognition of five minority languages of Sweden (Finnish, Meänkieli, Sami, Romani and Yiddish) the issue of whether Swedish should be declared the official language was raised. The parliament voted in 2005 but the proposal narrowly failed.
In varying degrees, depending largely on frequency of interaction with English, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English thanks to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films. English became a compulsory subject for secondary school students studying natural sciences as early as 1849, and has been a compulsory subject for all Swedish students since the late 1940s. Depending on the local school authorities, English is currently a compulsory subject between first grade and ninth grade, with all students continuing in secondary school studying English for at least another year. Most students also study one and sometimes two additional languages. These include (but are not limited to) German, French and Spanish. Some Danish and Norwegian is at times also taught as part of the Swedish course for native speakers.
Sweden Finns are Sweden's largest linguistic minority. They make around 3 percent of Sweden's population. On the other hand, in neighboring Finland, Swedish is first language for about 5.5 percent (2007) of the population, the so called Swedish-speaking Finns. Swedish-speakers are found in rural and coastal municipalities. Swedish is an official language in these municipalities and holds the status of an official language of the state. There are mandatory Swedish courses in the secondary school.
Religion
Before the eleventh century, Swedes adhered to Norse paganism, worshiping Æsir gods, with its centre at the Temple in Uppsala. With Christianization in the 11th century, the laws of the country were changed, forbidding worship of other deities into the late nineteenth century.
After the Protestant Reformation in the 1530s, a change significantly affected by Martin Luther's Swedish associate Olaus Petri, the Church and state were separated and the authority of Roman Catholic bishops abolished, allowing Lutheranism to prevail. This process was completed by the Uppsala Synod of 1593. During the era following the Reformation, usually known as the period of Lutheran Orthodoxy, small groups of non-Lutherans, especially Calvinist Dutchmen, the Moravian Church and Walloons or French Huguenots from Belgium, played a significant role in trade and industry, and were quietly tolerated as long as they kept a low religious profile. The Sami originally had their own shamanistic religion, but they were converted to Lutheranism by Swedish missionaries in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Not until liberalization in the late 18th century, however, were believers of other faiths, including Judaism and Roman Catholicism, allowed to openly live and work in Sweden, and it remained illegal until 1860 for Lutheran Swedes to convert to another religion. The 19th century saw the arrival of various evangelical free churches, and, towards the end of the century secularism, leading many to distance themselves from Church rituals. Leaving the Church of Sweden became legal with the so-called dissenter law of 1860, but only under the provision of entering another denomination. The right to stand outside any religious denomination was established in the Law on Freedom of Religion in 1951.
Today about 75% of Swedes belong to the Church of Sweden (Lutheran), but the number is decreasing by about 1% every year, and Church of Sweden services are sparsely attended (hovering in the single digit percentages of the population). The reason for the large number of inactive members is partly that until 1996, children became members automatically at birth if at least one of the parents was a member. Since 1996, all children that are christened become members. Some 275,000 Swedes are today members of various free churches (where congregation attendance is much higher), and, in addition, immigration has meant that there are now some 92,000 Roman Catholics and 100,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians living in Sweden. Because of immigration, Sweden also has a significant Muslim population. Almost 500,000 are Muslims by tradition, but approximately 5% (25,000) of these are practising Islam (in the sense of attending Friday prayer and praying five times a day). (See Islam in Sweden.)
According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2005, 23% of Swedish citizens responded that "they believe there is a god", whereas 53% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 23% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
Sweden ranks aside with France and Russia on having a large minority of its citizens who have no religion. Independent of these statistics, it is generally known that Swedish society, collectively, considers religiousness as a private affair separate from daily life.
Health
Healthcare in Sweden is developed. Sweden ranks in the top five countries with respect to low infant mortality. It also ranks high in life expectancy and in safe drinking water. World-class hospitals in Sweden include Lund University, Karolinska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Linköping University Hospital and Uppsala University Hospital.
A person seeking care first contacts a clinic for a doctor's appointment, and may then be referred to a specialist by the clinic physician, who may in turn recommend either in-patient or out-patient treatment, or an elective care option. The health care is governed by the 21 Landsting (County councils) of Sweden, which act on general recommendations of the parliament, and delegate local government to the municipalities. Regulations, waiting times and patient fees vary in the different Landsting. The main criticism leveled at Swedish health care is that the waiting times are too long. Another criticism is that waiting times, quality of care and patient fees may vary in different counties, effectively meaning that patients may be treated better depending on where they live.
Culture
Sweden has many authors of worldwide recognition including August Strindberg, Astrid Lindgren, and Nobel Prize winners Selma Lagerlöf and Harry Martinson. In total seven Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded to Swedes. The nation's most well-known artists are painters such as Carl Larsson and Anders Zorn, and the sculptors Tobias Sergel and Carl Milles.
Swedish twentieth-century culture is noted by pioneering works in the early days of cinema, with Mauritz Stiller and Victor Sjöström. In the 1920s–1980s, the filmmaker Ingmar Bergman and actors Greta Garbo and Ingrid Bergman became internationally noted people within cinema. More recently, the films of Lukas Moodysson and Lasse Hallström have received international recognition.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Sweden was seen as an international leader in what is now referred to as the "sexual revolution", with gender equality having particularly been promoted. At the present time, the number of single people is one of the highest in the world. The early Swedish film I Am Curious (Yellow) (1967) reflected a liberal view of sexuality, including scenes of love making that caught international attention, and introduced the concept of the "Swedish sin". Sweden has also become, in recent decades, fairly liberal regarding homosexuality, as is reflected in the popular acceptance of films such as Show Me Love, which is about two young lesbians in the small Swedish town of Åmål. In the absence of legislation on same-sex marriages, Sweden offers both registered partnerships and domestic partnerships for same-sex couples. Cohabitation (sammanboende) by heterosexual couples of all ages, including teenagers as well as elderly couples, is widespread although in recent years it has become administratively problematical with regard to proof in claims of "spousal" social security. About half the children in the country are born out of wedlock. Presence of already obtained common-law offspring in newspaper photographs of marrying couples is commonplace.
Music
Sweden has a rich musical tradition, ranging from medieval folk ballads to hip hop music. The music of the pre-Christian Norse has been lost to history, although historical re-creations have been attempted based on instruments found in Viking sites. Instruments used were the lur (a sort of trumpet), simple string instruments, wooden flutes and drums. It is possible that the Viking musical legacy lives on in some of the old Swedish folk music.
Sweden has a significant folk-music scene, both in the traditional style as well as more modern interpretations which often mix in elements of rock and jazz. Väsen is more of a traditionalist group, using a unique traditional Swedish instrument called the nyckelharpa while Garmarna, Nordman, and Hedningarna have more modern elements. There is also Saami music, called the joik, which is actually a type of chant which is part of the traditional Saami animistic spirituality but has gained recognition in the international world of folk music as well. Sweden has a major market for new age and ecologically or environmentally aware music, as well a large portion of pop and rock music have liberal and left-wing political messages.
Sweden also has a prominent choral music tradition, deriving in part from the cultural importance of Swedish folk songs. In fact, out of a population of 9.1 million, it is estimated that five to six hundred thousand people sing in choirs.
ABBA was one of the first internationally well-known popular music bands from Sweden, and still ranks among the most prominent bands in the world, with about 370 million records sold. With ABBA, Sweden entered into a new era, in which Swedish pop music gained international prominence. There have been many other internationally successful bands since, such as Roxette, Ace of Base, and the Cardigans to name some of the biggest, and recently there has been a surge of Swedish Indie pop bands such as Peter, Bjorn & John, The Hives and Mando Diao. Sweden has also become known for a large number of heavy metal (mostly death metal and melodic death metal which genre in fact was created with the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames) as well as progressive- and power metal bands.
Sweden is the 3rd largest music exporter in the world, with over 800 million dollars in revenue last year, surpassed only by the US and the UK.
Sweden has a rather lively jazz scene. During the last sixty years or so it has attained a remarkably high artistic standard, stimulated by domestic as well as external influences and experiences. The Centre for Swedish Folk Music and Jazz Research has published an overview of jazz in Sweden by Lars Westin.
Media
Swedes are among the greatest consumers of newspapers in the world, and nearly every town is served by a local paper. The country's main quality morning papers are Dagens Nyheter (liberal), Göteborgs-Posten (liberal), Svenska Dagbladet (liberal conservative) and Sydsvenska Dagbladet (liberal). The two largest evening tabloids are Aftonbladet (social democratic) and Expressen (liberal). The ad-financed, free international morning paper, Metro International, was originally founded in Stockholm, Sweden. The country's news is reported in English by, among others, The Local (liberal).
The public broadcasting companies held a monopoly on radio and television for a long time in Sweden. Licence funded radio broadcasts started in 1925. A second radio network was started in 1954 and a third opened 1962 in response to pirate radio stations. Non-profit community radio was allowed in 1979 and in 1993 commercial local radio started.
The licence funded television service was officially launched in 1956. A second channel, TV2, was launched in 1969. These two channels (operated by Sveriges Television since the late '70s) held a monopoly until the 1980s when cable and satellite television became available. The first Swedish language satellite service was TV3 which started broadcasting from London in 1987. It was followed by Kanal 5 in 1989 (then known as Nordic Channel) and TV4 in 1990.
In 1991 the government announced it would begin taking applications from private television companies wishing to broadcast on the terrestrial network. TV4, which had previously been broadcasting via satellite, was granted a permit and began its terrestrial broadcasts in 1992, becoming the first private channel to broadcast television content from within the country.
Around half the population are connected to cable television. Digital terrestrial television in Sweden started in 1999 and the last analogue terrestrial broadcasts were terminated in 2007.
Literature
The first literary text from Sweden is the Rök Runestone, carved during the Viking Age circa 800 AD. With the conversion of the land to Christianity around 1100 AD, Sweden entered the Middle Ages, during which monastic writers preferred to use Latin. Therefore there are only a few texts in the Old Swedish from that period. Swedish literature only flourished when the Swedish language was standardized in the 16th century, a standardization largely due to the full translation of the Bible into Swedish in 1541. This translation is the so-called Gustav Vasa Bible.
With improved education and the freedom brought by secularisation, the 17th century saw several notable authors develop the Swedish language further. Some key figures include Georg Stiernhielm (17th century), who was the first to write classical poetry in Swedish; Johan Henric Kellgren (18th century), the first to write fluent Swedish prose; Carl Michael Bellman (late 18th century), the first writer of burlesque ballads; and August Strindberg (late 19th century), a socio-realistic writer and playwright who won worldwide fame. The early 20th century continued to produce notable authors, such as Selma Lagerlöf, (Nobel laureate 1909), Verner von Heidenstam (Nobel laureate 1916) and Pär Lagerkvist (Nobel laureate 1951).
In recent decades, a handful of Swedish writers have established themselves internationally, including the detective novelist Henning Mankell and the writer of spy fiction Jan Guillou. But the only Swedish writer to have made a significant mark on world literature is the children's book writer Astrid Lindgren, and her books about Pippi Longstocking, Emil of Maple Hills, and others.
Inventions
In the 18th century Sweden's scientific revolution took off. Previously, technical progress had mainly come from professionals who had immigrated from mainland Europe. In 1739, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was founded, with people such as Carolus Linnaeus and Anders Celsius as early members. From the 1870s, engineering companies were created at an unmatched rate and engineers became heroes of the age. Many of the companies founded by early pioneers are still internationally familiar. Gustaf Dalén founded AGA, and received the Nobel Prize for his sun valve. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes. Lars Magnus Ericsson started the company bearing his name, Ericsson, still one of the largest telecom companies in the world. Jonas Wenström was an early pioneer in alternating current and is along with Serbian inventor Tesla credited as one of the inventors of the three-phase electrical system.
The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of Swedish inventions, but pharmaceuticals, electronics and other high-tech industries are gaining ground. Tetra Pak is an invention for storing liquid foods, invented by Erik Wallenberg. Håkan Lans invented the Automatic Identification System, a worldwide standard for shipping and civil aviation navigation. Losec, an ulcer medicine, was the world's best-selling drug in the 1990s and was developed by AstraZeneca. A large portion of the Swedish economy is to this day based on the export of technical inventions, and many large multinational corporations from Sweden have their origins in the ingenuity of Swedish inventors.
Holidays
Apart from traditional Protestant Christian holidays, Sweden also celebrates some unique holidays, some of a pre-Christian tradition. They include Midsummer celebrating the summer solstice; Walpurgis Night (Valborgsmässoafton) on 30 April lighting bonfires; and Labour Day or Mayday on 1 May is dedicated to socialist demonstrations. The day of giver-of-light Saint Lucia, 13 December, is widely acknowledged in elaborate celebrations which betoken its Italian origin and commence the month-long Christmas season. 6 June is the National Day of Sweden and, as of 2005, a public holiday. Furthermore, there are official flag day observances and a Namesdays in Sweden calendar. In August many Swedes have kräftskivor (crayfish dinner parties). Martin of Tours Eve is celebrated in Scania in November with Mårten Gås parties, where roast goose and svartsoppa ('black soup', made of goose stock, fruit, spices, spirits and goose blood) are served. The Sami, one of Sweden's indigenous minorities, have their holiday on February 6 and Scania celebrate their Scanian Flag day on the third Sunday in July.
Cuisine
Swedish cuisine, like that of the other Scandinavian countries (Denmark and Norway), was traditionally simple. Fish (particularly herring), meat and potatoes played prominent roles. Spices were sparse. Famous dishes include Swedish meatballs, traditionally served with gravy, boiled potatoes and lingonberry jam; pancakes, lutfisk, and Smörgåsbord, or lavish buffet. Akvavit is a popular alcoholic distilled beverage, and the drinking of snaps is of cultural importance. The traditional flat and dry crisp bread has developed into several contemporary variants. Regionally important foods are the surströmming (a fermented fish) in Northern Sweden and eel in Scania in Southern Sweden. However, Swedes have traditionally also been very open to foreign influences, ranging from the French cuisine during the eighteenth century, to the sushi and cafe latte of today.
Film
Swedes have been fairly prominent in the film area through the years, to several successful Swedish Hollywood actors can be mentioned: Ingrid Bergman, Greta Garbo, Max von Sydow, Dolph Lundgren, Lena Olin, Stellan Skarsgård, Peter Stormare, Izabella Scorupco, Pernilla August, Ann Margaret, Anita Ekberg, Alexander Skarsgård, Harriet Andersson, Bibi Andersson, Ingrid Thulin and Gunnar Björnstrand. Amongst several directors who have made internationally successful films can be mentioned: Ingmar Bergman and Lasse Hallström.
Comics
There are only a few well known comics in Sweden. One is Herman Hedning and back in the 40s a comic called Biffen och Bananen("The Beef and the Banana") was very popular. It's currently very rare. The comic strip Hälge, a story about a moose being hunted every year, is also well known. Also, American comic strip Beetle Bailey is very popular here.
Fashion
Sweden has in late years taken an interest in the fashion industry, through headquartering famous brands like Hennes & Mauritz (operating as H&M), J. Lindeberg (operating as JL), Gina Tricot, Tiger of Sweden and Filippa K within its borders. These companies, however, are comprised largely of buyers who import fashionable goods from throughout Europe and the Americas, continuing the trend of Swedish business toward multinational economic dependency like many of its neighbours.
Sports
Sport activities are a national movement with half of the population actively participating, much thanks to the heavy government subsidies of sport associations (föreningsstöd). The two main spectator sports are association football and ice hockey. Second to football, horse sports have the highest number of practitioners, mostly women. Thereafter follow golf, athletics, and the team sports of handball, floorball, basketball and bandy.
The Swedish ice hockey team Tre Kronor is regarded as one of the best in the world and has won the World Championships seven times, and Olympic gold medals in 1994 and 2006. In 2006, as the first nation in history, they won both the Olympic and world championships in the same year. The Swedish national football team has seen some success at the World Cup in the past, finishing second when they hosted the tournament in 1958, and third twice, in 1950 and 1994. Athletics has enjoyed a surge in popularity due to several successful athletes in recent years.
In schools, on meadows and in parks, the game brännboll, a sport similar to baseball, is commonly played for fun. Other leisure sports are the historical game of kubb, and boules among the older generation.
Sweden hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the FIFA World Cup in 1958. Other big sports events held here include 1992 UEFA European Football Championship, FIFA Women's World Cup 1995, and several championships of ice hockey, athletics, skiing, bandy, figure skating and swimming.
International rankings
Rankings Name Year Place Out of # Reference
CIA World Factbook – GDP per capita (PPP) 2008 26th 229
CIA World Factbook – Life expectancy at birth 2008 9th 223
World Economic Forum – Enabling Trade Index ranking 2008 3rd 118
Yale University / Columbia University - Environmental Performance Index 2008 3rd 149
The Economist Intelligence Unit - E-readiness 2008 3rd 70
The Economist Intelligence Unit - Global Peace Index 2008 13th 140
Save the Children - Mother's Index Rank 2007 1st 141
Save the Children - Women's Index Rank 2007 1st 141
Save the Children - Children's Index Rank 2007 4th 141
Wall Street Journal / The Heritage Foundation - Index of Economic Freedom 2007 27th 157
United Nations - Human Development Index 2007 6th 177
World Economic Forum - Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008 2007 4th 131
World Economic Forum - The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 2007 1st 128
World Bank - Ease of Doing Business Index 2007 14th 178
Reporters Without Borders - Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007 5th 169
Transparency International - Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 4th 179
The Economist Intelligence Unit - Index of Democracy 2007 1st 167
NationMaster's index of civil and political liberties 13th 140
NationMaster's index of asylum seekers (per capita) 4th 28
NationMaster's index of economic aid (donor, per capita) 5th 24
NationMaster's index of total tax wedge (single worker) 4th 29
NationMaster's index of technological achievement 3rd 68
NationMaster's index of marriage rate 27th 27
NationMaster's index of drug offences 7th 46
World Health Organization - suicide rates by country 31th 100
Privacy International - Privacy index (EU and 11 other selected countries) 2006 28th 36
New Economics Foundation - Happy Planet Index 2006 119th 178
The Economist Intelligence Unit - Quality-of-life index 2005 5th 111
Save the Children - % seats in the national government held by women 2004 1st (47%) 141 |
