Leningrad Oblast (Ленинградская область / Leningrad Region)
I. Overview
According to the Federal Constitution, state laws and regulations established by federal agencies - the governor of Leningrad State Duma and the exercise of state power in the state.
1. Location
Leningrad Oblast in the Russian Federation, Eastern Europe, northwest of the plain, near the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega. Territory from north to south distance of 325 km, the distance from west to east 446 kilometers. The south and Novgorod and Pskov State border, western Estonia, north-west Finland, the northern part of the Republic of Karelia, east Vologodskaya Florida.
Leningrad Oblast has an area of 85,900 square kilometers, 200 meters above sea level in most parts of the lowlands and plains below.
2. Territorial and administrative divisions
Leningrad Oblast was established in August 1, 1927, the territorial area of 85,900 square kilometers, accounting for the total area of the territory of the Russian Federation 0.5%.
The number of administrative units within the state has 20 districts and 16 states are cities, 10 belonged to the city, 41 towns, 204 administrative farm.
St. Petersburg the capital of the state, from Moscow to St. Petersburg from the city of 651 km.
There are cities in other states: 博克西托戈 Magnitogorsk City, built in 1950; Volkhov City, built in 1933; Fuxiewoluo at Minsk City, built in 1963; Fort Victoria, built in 1293 years; Stuttgart Chena City, built in 1795; Jinjixiepu City, built in 1703; Kirishi City, built in 1965; Kirovsk City, built in 1953; 洛杰伊诺耶 wave out city, built in 1785; Luga City, built in 1777; Pod Polo at Ye City, built in 1956; DiCaprio focus Magnitogorsk City, built in 1295, the Islamic economic city, built in 1949; Soss Novi Bor city, built in 1973; quarter He Vancouver, built in 1773; Tuo Sinuo City, built in 1963.
The main cities within the state Stuttgart Chena City, Fort Victoria, Ji Hyuk Vancouver.
3. Population
2003 total population of 1,637,700 people Leningrad Oblast.
Leningrad state's population over 1.68 million (not including residents of St. Petersburg), which accounted for 66% of urban population, agricultural population accounts for 34%, are able to work 45% of the total population. In addition to the Russian people, but there is also home to Finland - Ugric language family of the nation: Wei Pusi people, Jordan Iraqi people, Finland - Indian Eagle Manlan people. Indigenous people of this area there are Roma people.
Second, the economy and key economic sectors
Leningrad State are members of the Northwest Economic Zone.
January-November 2002, relying on a variety of investment channels for fixed as_set_s investment amounted to 16.5 billion rubles (an increase of 63%).
The first 11 months of 2002 budgets at all levels of tax and other fees paid 208 million rubles (an increase of 30.3%).
Investment in Leningrad in 2001 proved to work, the relatively stable economic and social fields, the trend of economic growth also has stability. This year, various financing channels for the state to rely on economic and social development of the fixed as_set_s investment of about 330 billion rubles (up 27%). In attracting foreign investment than the similar index in 2000 increased by 8%, about 3.8 billion U.S. dollars. In 2001, the Leningrad State Government has signed 62 contracts related to investment activities, the total amount of $ 789,700,000, including signed with foreign investors in the amount of $ 710,000,000 in 21 contracts.
In the Leningrad Oblast in the major investment projects worth mentioning are: 1, new oil deep-processing equipment (Kirishi Oil Co. hydrocracking organic synthesis systems, investment of 830 million U.S. dollars); 2, Soss Novo Intrinsic Bor smelter (800 million U.S. dollars investment); 3, Ust-Luga port (a total investment of more than 400 million U.S. dollars); 4, Swede Virtue - Season He temperature Furniture Factory (investment of $ 10,000,000 .)
Early Tuo Sinuo area spandex plant started production. Last July, at Intrinsic Fuxiewoluo car assembly plants Ford Motor Company put into production (investment of 150 million U.S. dollars).
Under current conditions, Leningrad state's most important tasks of socio-economic development is the production of projects for the regional economy to attract investment. Leningrad Oblast of Russia's most promising investment and development areas.
1997-1994, Leningrad 1999, states passed a series of laws to support and develop a national _set_ of measures to protect investors: "With regard to the Leningrad State enterprises and units to implement measures to tax incentives," "on Leningrad State's investment activities "and" On the tax incentives and investment tax incentives measures. " "Leasing activity on the Leningrad Oblast," the draft law under consideration. Leningrad State Government's investment projects include the development of the field of medium and large business projects about 100 large and 200 small projects. Aggregate demand in this area at present no less than 100 billion U.S. dollars.
1. Industry
Leningrad Oblast and St. Petersburg industrial industries are closely related. Leningrad Oblast is a _set_ of electrical, energy, heavy machinery manufacturing, shipbuilding, vehicle manufacturing and equipment manufacturing as one of the major industrial areas, production equipment, pulp and paper equipment, fishing equipment, electric tools. Developed industrial areas of non-ferrous metal smelting industry (Volkhov Aluminum Plant City, 博克西托戈 Magnitogorsk alumina plant), ferrous metal smelting industry (low-grade to high grade metal and then melt into the metal), the forest industry , pulp paper industry, chemical industry (production of fertilizers, sulfuric acid, man-made fibers) and oil re-processing industries.
In the Volkhov River, in the River Las, Wu Oksana River, Narva River hydroelectric power station built, there are state-owned local stations Kirishi, Leningrad nuclear power plant.
The state has a major industrial center in St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Volkhov, Stuttgart Chena, Kirishi, Louga, Ji He temperature. Large enterprises have Vyborg Shipbuilding Plant, "Kirishi oil organic synthesis" production of the Commonwealth, "Greenough Jim" production of the Commonwealth, "Si Weida fruit Magnitogorsk" stock company, "法斯法里特" stock company, "Atlas Mas" factory.
Leningrad Oblast are industrialized areas, based on the areas of fuel industry, electric power industry, machinery manufacturing, forestry, wood processing industry and pulp paper industry and food industry.
Leningrad Oblast, Russia industrialized areas with convenient transportation, industrial employment in total employment of 29%. Industry and agriculture in 2002 compared with last year continues to grow. Leningrad Oblast has a variety of industrial industries, mainly the fuel industry, oil processing, forestry, pulp and paper industry, chemical industry, machinery manufacturing. Production technology and equipment products account for more than 85% of industrial output.
About 300 enterprises are state enterprises, most of which are joint-stock enterprises. Basic characteristics of the region's economy is closely linked with St. Petersburg's economy, the state enterprises in many factories St. Petersburg branch. Area 10 Industrial output value in seven industry is growing, the decline in production of three industry is electric power, metallurgical industry and machine manufacturing.
Electricity production fell 1.6%, down 4.5% the Leningrad nuclear power plant, while coal-fired power generation increased by 18.6%. Ferrous metal production in 2002 continued to decline (down 16.1%), machinery manufacturing production rate of decline has slowed, but still down 13.9%. Fuel industrial growth of 1.5%; chemical and petrochemical growth continues unabated (up 5.6%); production growth was also synthetic resins and plastics (11.3%), calcined soda ash (2.4%), sulfuric acid (30.5%), mineral fertilizer (42.6%), bleach (35.5%), rubber (15.1%). Decline are sulfur, plastics, detergents, plastic film and so on. The first 10 months of 2002 profits of over 7.6 billion rubles industry, an increase of 7.6%.
Forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industry has considerable growth (25.2%). Timber, wood particle board, paper and cardboard production increase, yield increase was 24.2%, 560%, 5.6% and 14.8%. Out of wood increased by 21.7%. However, the finished product cut by 11.9%, cut 10% of the cellulose products, plywood, cut 10.4%.
Building materials industry, increase range of 29%. Increase of some types of building materials, including: reinforced concrete building elements and components, cement, ceramic tiles used for interior decoration and non-metallic building materials.
Compared to last year, a substantial increase of Forestry, a total increase of 17.8% of all enterprises, large and medium enterprises increase of 19.2%. Knitwear yield 21.4%, 38.4% yield various fabrics, footwear 2.1% increase.
Food industry production increased by 60%. Rapid growth is the meat and slaughter by-products by a 39% increase, 1.8% yield confectionery, tea, 100% yield, 60% increase on tobacco products, wine achieved 80% increase.
2. Agriculture
Leningrad State agriculture is in the suburbs, professional management of milk and meat animal husbandry, poultry farming and vegetable growing industry. The territory of the state's total agricultural land area of 10.9%. Most of agricultural land in pasture and rangeland, mainly located in the southwest of St. Petersburg, west and northwest parts. St. Petersburg concentrated two-thirds of agricultural land throughout the state.
Agricultural output (including 15 agricultural enterprises in the St. Petersburg region) of 195 billion rubles (1.8%). The first 11 months of 2002 the output is: meat and poultry meat 122,700 tons (118% increase), milk 570,700 tons (increase of 99.8%), eggs 2,014,600,000 (109% increase). Private farms and individual farm operations accounted for 14% of meat production, milk 18%, eggs by 2.5%. November 2002 January the number of cattle declined by 2%, pigs - an increase of 16%, poultry - an increase of 12%. Private farms and individual farm operations accounted for 13% of the number of cattle, pigs - 19%, sheep and goats - 99.3%.
The end of 2002, the statewide sales of agricultural products agricultural and industrial sectors as follows: 112,000 tons of livestock and poultry meat (up 122%), milk and dairy products 502,300 tons (up 100.8%), eggs 1,831,300,000 (109% increase) , potatoes 211,800 tons (103% increase), 115,200 tons of vegetables (97% yield).
3. Economic geography
Leningrad Oblast has an area of 85,900 square kilometers, 200 meters above sea level in most parts of the lowlands and plains below. The state's highest point is 291 meters above sea level in the Weippe Brasov Heights, located near the headwater Tuomioja quarter.
The region's most valuable natural resources are almost covering the entire State of the rivers and lakes of Leningrad, the Leningrad Oblast river roads in some areas at home and abroad connected. About 80 kinds of fish rivers and lakes. 1800 is the largest lake in Lake Ladoga, which is Europe's largest lake, an area of over 18,100 square kilometers. The total length of rivers in the state of 5 million km, the river is the Neva River a few, Las in river Volkhov River and the Wu Oksana River.
There is moderate humid continental climate. January's average temperature is 9-11 degrees below zero, zero, on July 16-17 degrees. Variety of flora and fauna, 60 species of mammals, 330 species of birds. Natural landscape vary widely, in the Vyborg Bay and the North Lake Ladoga has Rock Island, in the Ladoga Lake Shore has a large swamp in the Karelia Isthmus with granite boulders covered with glacial valleys, plains and south of the Neva hills. Leningrad Oblast is located in the Nam Tai Garin area, forest area accounted for 55.5% of the state area, accounting for 12% of the swamp.
Leningrad State's mineral resources are bauxite, clay, phosphorite, shale, granite, limestone and sand. Population of over 1.68 million (not including residents of St. Petersburg), which accounted for 66% of urban population, agricultural population accounts for 34%, are able to work 45% of the total population. In addition to the Russian people, but there is also home to Finland - Ugric language family of the nation: Wei Pusi people, Jordan Iraqi people, Finland - Indian Eagle Manlan people. Indigenous people of this area there are Roma people.
Leningrad Oblast is a subject of the Russian Federation, which includes 29 administrative divisions. The state has 29 cities, 38 towns, 3167 villages. Big cities quarter He temperature, Viborg, Stuttgart Chena, Volkhov, Jinjixiepu, Kirishi, Soss Novi Bor.
Leningrad Oblast, Russia industrialized areas with convenient transportation, industrial employment in total employment of 29%. Industry and agriculture in 2002 compared with last year continues to grow. Leningrad Oblast has a variety of industrial industries, mainly the fuel industry, oil processing, forestry, pulp and paper industry, chemical industry, machinery manufacturing. Production technology and equipment products account for more than 85% of industrial output.
Third, natural resources
The region's most valuable natural resources are almost covering the entire State of the rivers and lakes of Leningrad, the Leningrad Oblast river roads in some areas at home and abroad connected. About 80 kinds of fish rivers and lakes. 1800 is the largest lake in Lake Ladoga, which is Europe's largest lake, an area of over 18,100 square kilometers. The total length of rivers in the state of 5 million km, the river is the Neva River a few, Las in river Volkhov River and the Wu Oksana River.
There is moderate humid continental climate, variety of flora and fauna, 60 species of mammals, 330 species of birds. Natural landscape vastly different area of the forest area accounted for 55.5% of the state, marshes accounted for 12%.
Leningrad State's mineral resources are bauxite, clay, phosphorite, shale, granite, limestone and sand.
Fourth, history
In the early 17th century the "chaos" was expelled from the Russian Baltic Sea, the Swedes occupied the northwestern Russia, the Russian residents have left, Swedish farmers migrated to Finland. 1656 -1658, the Russian attempt to regain lost land by force, did not succeed. 1700, Peter the Great of Russia once again have access to the Baltic sea expedition, 1700 -1712 north of this land into a battlefield of war. October 1702, Russian troops occupied Fort McNair Neva Fort Connaught source. Spring of 1703, defeated the army of Marshal 谢列梅捷夫 Swedish invaders and liberated the Iraqi Aurora area.
In order to consolidate the northern frontier of Russia, May 16, 1703, Peter the Great in the Neva River to establish a new fort - St. Petersburg. This is known as 1710 St. Petersburg province. After the war ended in 1712, the Royal Palace, homes and foreign embassies and consulates in politics have moved to St. Petersburg. This port city and the Baltic Fleet's base into the Russian capital.
18th century to early 20th century, this region is one of the country's largest industrial centers, Port of St. Petersburg is the Russian empire and naval base. There also appeared major building materials manufacturers, the early 18th century, in Iraq if the pull-River, Tuo Sinuo River, Neva River, Peter Gulfton in 斯特列里纳 and a number of brick built in the Cape quarter of Love established a quarry near the village. In St. Petersburg Province, there are many timber processing plants.
18th century to the 19th century, and construction of the Baltic Fleet and the production of weapons-related enterprises in the industrial development in northwest Russia has played a special role. Prior to 1830, in the wave train has Criolo Kuznets 洛杰伊诺耶 shipyard. In 1732 the factory was established in Iraq if the pull, and later it became the largest heavy machinery manufacturers, the oldest plant still 谢斯特洛列茨基 weapons plant.
Established in the country's border to the capital, on the need for extensive transportation network in order to connect with the important areas of the country together. 18-19 century, Russia was established on the Volodymyr Chalk, Ji He temperature, the Mariinsky river system, half of the 19th century and repair through a New Ladoga Canal, the new Amoi canal, where the new Las Canal, and conversion the Mariinsky water. 19th century, St. Petersburg 60% of goods are transported by riverboat, half of the 19th century built in Finland in the region the railway, the Baltic Railway, Moscow - temperature Dawa - Rybinsk railway, Warsaw Railway, Northern Railway (St. Petersburg - Vologda - Via Teka) and several railway lines. Railway passenger traffic increased year by year.
After the October Revolution of 1917, the new Soviet state's capital moved from Petrograd to Moscow in 1924, the province was renamed Leningrad Province (city of Petrograd was renamed Leningrad City), 1927 and changed its name to Leningrad state.
20-30 years of the 20th century, this has become the necessary energy for the Leningrad strong base established during this period Volkhov Hydroelectric Power Station (1926), where the next station in Graham (1931) and many thermal power station. Began extensive development of peat deposits, the exploitation of shale, a large number of cut trees, build a new wood processing plants and paper mills. The Soviet Union in 1932 built the first aluminum plant - Volkhov aluminum plant. Leningrad Oblast Soviet paper paper production accounts for 23% of total production.
In 1941-1945 the Great Patriotic war, in the Leningrad Oblast in a fierce battle, the heroic resistance to Soviet troops, causing the German fascist attack on Leningrad pushed back three weeks. November 1941 opened a 308 km-long "lifeline", of which 30 kilometers is in the ice of Lake Ladoga, Leningrad residents have been able to be fascist army in the siege of 900 days stick with it, this " Lifeline "played a very big role. January 1943, the encirclement was broken in January 1945, the siege lifted completely.
During the war, 90% of Leningrad factories and more than 2,000 villages have been destroyed. After the war started the industrial infrastructure and agro-industrial complex of the active reconstruction, construction of new enterprises, including in the Las Station. In 1967, Vancouver quarter He's the "central board" special steel mills started, the plant installed the world's first molded lines. The rapid development of timber processing industry, pulp paper mill built Amoi started.
Put into operation in the early 70s there Leningrad nuclear power plant, БЕЛКОЗИН factories, oil mills and Kirishi Kirishi plant biochemistry, and many other enterprises. Industrial and agricultural production is growing, the Russian state and the further development of the entire Northwest region basis.
Leningrad Oblast, Russia industrialized areas with convenient transportation, industrial employment in total employment of 29%. Industry and agriculture in 2002 compared with last year continues to grow. Leningrad Oblast has a variety of industrial industries, mainly the fuel industry, oil processing, forestry, pulp and paper industry, chemical industry, machinery manufacturing. Production technology and equipment products account for more than 85% of industrial output.
V. Communication
Leningrad State traffic is developed. More than 3,000 km-long railway, of which 30% is electrified railway. Freight traffic each year more than 1 million tons. Roads over 13,000 km. St. Petersburg ring road is being built.
Water up to 1908 km. 1,500 million tons of cargo. Leningrad river ports in Hong Kong, Hong Kong and the Lord Pod Polo at Siweilicha Hong Kong. Leningrad State now has a configuration of processing and transportation of goods, technical equipment at Lord Pod Polo Hong Kong, Siweilicha Hong Kong, and two seaports - Weibao Hai Kong and Treviso Teske harbor. December 2001, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the Opry Morse Ridge Port Project a grand ceremony. Construction of oil terminals, this is the end of the Baltic pipeline system. The first phase of the project's annual capacity is 1200 tons, the second phase is expected to reach 18 million tons. Port development can further enhance the volume of cargo transportation to 4500 tons.
December 2001, began construction of Ust-Luga port coal loading and unloading station. In accordance with the general plan, the port's annual cargo of 3,500 tons. There will also build mineral fertilizer, ore, container and timber freight station. In the navigation of the Northwest River Shipping Company ship water through the Leningrad Oblast of all types of cargo transported 40 million tons.
VI, culture and education
Leningrad Oblast has a developed network of cultural institutions, including: clubs and palaces, free groups, a comprehensive library, children's libraries, 29 museums and many historical and cultural monuments, including the world-class monuments ("old Ladoga village "museum of protected areas; girls Novgorod Ivan Castle Hill buildings; Shilvseer Fort Aoliesheke fortress; Russia's most precious monuments of wooden architecture; Stuttgart Chena palace garden buildings, etc.) , there are more than 100 art school and culture school, six National Theatre, 3 City Hall. In short, the Leningrad Oblast rich historical and cultural sites, monuments preserved in the region has 3900 spots, of which about half of urban construction sites. |
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