The Kingdom of Hungary (short form: Hungary) was a state in Central Europe that existed from 1001 to 1918, then from 1919 to 1946 interrupted several times by periods of anarchy or changes in form of government.
Names
In the late middle age, the Latin terms "Natio Hungarica" and "Hungarus" referred to all noblemen of the Kingdom. A Hungarus-consciousness (loyalty and patriotism above ethnic origins) existed among all inhabitants of this state. However, according to István Werbőczy's Tripartitum, the "Natio Hungarica" were only the privileged noblemen, subjects of the Holy Crown of Hungary regardless of ethnicity.
The Latin name Regnum Hungariae/Vngarie (Regnum meaning kingdom); Regnum Marianum (The Kingdom or Reign of St. Mary); or simply Hungaria was the form used in official documents from the beginning of the kingdom to the 1840s, the German name (Königreich Ungarn) from 1849 to the 1860s and the Hungarian name (Magyar Királyság) in the 1840s and from the 1860's to 1918. The names in other languages of the kingdom were: (Hungarian: Magyar Királyság, Polish: Królestwo Węgier, Romanian: Regatul Ungariei, Serbo-Croatian: Краљевина Угарска/Kraljevina Ugarska, Slovene: Kraljevina Ogrska, Czech: Uherské království, Slovak: Uhorské kráľovstvo.
History of the Kingdom of Hungary
Medieval Hungary controlled more territory than medieval France (with only the Holy Roman Empire being larger than Hungary), and the population was the third largest of any country in Europe. The Kingdom of Hungary arose in present-day western Hungary and present-day western Slovakia, and subsequently spread to remaining present-day Hungary, to Transylvania (in present-day Romania), present-day eastern Slovakia, Carpatho-Ruthenia, Vojvodina (in present-day Serbia) and other smaller nearby territories. It existed in personal union with the Kingdom of Croatia from 1102 until 1918 under the name Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen.
The Hungarian Holy Crown of Saint Stephen.The first kings of the Kingdom were from the Árpád dynasty. In the early 14th century, this dynasty was replaced by the Angevins, and later the Jagiellonians as well as several non-dynastic rulers, notably Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and Matthias Corvinus.
At the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Hungarian army was defeated by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, and Louis II of Hungary ran away and drowned in the Csele Creek. Under the Ottoman attacks the central authority collapsed and a struggle for power broke out. The majority of Hungary's ruling elite elected John Zápolya (10 November 1526). A small minority of aristocrats sided with Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor who was Archduke of Austria and was related to Louis's family by marriage, as King of Hungary; there had been previous agreements that the Habsburgs would take the Hungarian throne if Louis died without heirs, as he did. Ferdinand was elected king by a rump diet in December 1526. On 29 February 1528, King John I of Hungary received the support of the Ottoman Sultan.
A three-sided conflict ensued as Ferdinand moved to assert his rule over as much of the Hungarian kingdom as he could. By 1529 the kingdom had been split into two parts: Habsburg Hungary and "eastern-Kingdom of Hungary". At this time there were no Ottomans on Hungarian territories, except Srem's important castles. By 1541, the fall of Buda marked a further division of Hungary, in three parts and remained so until the end of the 17th century. Although the borders were changing very frequently during this period, the three parts can be identified more or less as follows:
Present-day Slovakia, north-western Transdanubia, Burgenland, western Croatia, and adjacent territories were under Habsburg rule. This area was referred to as Royal Hungary, and though it nominally remained a separate state, it was administered more or less as part of the Habsburgs' Austrian holdings, to which it was immediately adjacent. This was the continuation of the Kingdom of Hungary.
Map of the counties in the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen (the Kingdom of Hungary proper and Croatia-Slavonia) around 1880The Great Alföld (i.e. most of present-day Hungary, incl. south-eastern Transdanubia and the Banat), partly without north-eastern present-day Hungary, became part of the Ottoman Empire (see Ottoman Hungary).
The remaining territory became the newly independent principality of Transylvania, under Zápolya's family. Transylvania was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
After a failed Ottoman invasion of Austria in 1683, the Habsburgs went on the offensive against the Turks; by the end of the 17th century, they had managed to conquer the remainder of the historical Kingdom of Hungary and the principality of Transylvania. At this point, the Royal Hungary terminology was dropped, and the area was once again referred to as the Kingdom of Hungary, although it was still administered as a part of the Habsburg realm. In the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary had its own Diet (parliament) and constitution, but the members of the Governor's Council (Helytartótanács, the office of the palatine) were appointed by the Habsburg monarch, and the superior economic institution, the Hungarian Chamber, was directly subordinated to the Court Chamber in Vienna. The official language of the Kingdom of Hungary remained Latin until 1844; it was Hungarian between 1844 and 1849 then from 1867.
Austria-Hungary
The coat of arms of the Kingdom of HungaryFollowing the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Habsburg Empire became the "dual monarchy" of Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the existence of the Dual Monarchy. Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The capitalist way of production spread throughout the Empire during its fifty-year existence. The obsolete medieval institutions continued to disappear. By the early 20th century most of the Empire had started to experience rapid economic growth. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favorably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). The historic lands of the Hungarian Crown (the Kingdom of Hungary proper, to which Transylvania was soon incorporated, and Croatia-Slavonia, which maintained a distinct identity and a certain internal autonomy) was granted equal status with the rest of the Habsburg monarchy; the two states comprising Austria-Hungary each had considerable independence, with certain institutions and matters (notably the reigning house, defence, foreign affairs, and finances for common expenditures) remaining joint. This arrangement was to last until 1918, when 72% of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was divided between neighbouring states of Austria/Romania and newly formed states of Czechoslovakia/Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the Central Powers went down in defeat in World War I. The new borders were set in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon leaving more than 3,5 million ethnic Hungarians outside the new borders that were originally meant to accord ethnic borders.
Kingdom of Hungary between 1920-1944
After the pullout of occupation forces of Romania in 1920 from its war against the Communist regime of Béla Kun, the country went into civil conflict, with Hungarian anti-communists and monarchists purging the nation of communists, leftists and others they felt threatened by. Later in 1920, a coalition of right-wing political forces united and returned Hungary to being a constitutional monarchy. Selection of the new King was delayed due to civil infighting, and a regent was appointed to represent the monarchy. Former Austro-Hungarian navy admiral Miklós Horthy became that regent.
The Kingdom of Hungary existing from 1920 to 1944 was a de facto regency state under Regent Miklós Horthy officially representing the abdicated Hungarian monarchy. Attempts by Charles IV King of Hungary to return to the throne were prevented by threats of war from neighbouring countries, and by lack of support from Horthy (see Charles IV of Hungary's conflict with Miklós Horthy). The first ten years of the reinstated kingdom saw increased repression of Hungarian minorities. Limits on the number of Jews permitted to go to university were placed, corporal punishment was legalized. Under the leadership of Prime Minister István Bethlen, democracy dissipated as Bethlen manipulated elections in rural areas which allowed his political party, the Party of Unity to win repeated elections. Bethlen pushed for the revision of the Treaty of Trianon. After the collapse of the Hungarian economy from 1929 to 1931, national turmoil pushed Bethlen to resign. This state was conceived of as a "kingdom without a king," since there was no consensus on either who should take the throne of Hungary, or what form of government should replace the monarchy. The Kingdom of Hungary was one of the Axis powers during World War II until its defection in 1944, in which the state was occupied and dissolved by Nazi Germany and replaced by a briefly-existing puppet state.
Historical perceptions
In today's Hungary, the Kingdom of Hungary is regarded as one long stage in the development of the same state. This sense of continuity is reflected in the republic's national symbols, holidays, official language and the capital city of the country. The short form of the name is the same in Hungarian (Magyarország). The millennium of the Hungarian statehood was commemorated in 2000 and codified by the Millennium Act of 2000.
In contrast, scholars outside Hungary observe that the Kingdom of Hungary, being a multiethnic and later multinational state, "bore little resemblance, in territory or population, to today’s Hungary". This observation is reflected also by the fact that the Croatian, Serbian, Slovak and Slovenian languages (groups formerly within Hungary) have different names for the Kingdom of Hungary and modern Hungary.
Central landlocked country. The Danube River. Area 9 3 million square kilometers. Population 1024 5 million (1995). Budapest. Most of the plains. Temperate continental climate. Economically more developed. Mechanical manufacturing industry, the main agricultural products are wheat and corn.
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Best time to travel Hungary: Hungary is a temperate continental climate. Across three climatic zones, ocean climate, continental climate with Mediterranean-type climate. Carpathian (carpathian basin) blocked the water vapor from the Mediterranean, the climate becomes drier, although the benefit is to reduce the barrier and the impact of cold and storm, but also moist cloud air masses move, in general rainfall are small. The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 21.7 degrees Celsius, the coldest month is January, the average temperature is 1.2 degrees Celsius. The hottest summer months when up to 33-38 degrees Celsius in winter the temperature sometimes dropped to minus 20 degrees. As for rainfall, average annual rainfall is 500-550 mm, 600-800 mm wide latitude. Wettest autumn to early winter season, summer is usually the least rainfall period. In contrast, the year the number of days snow cover very little snowfall varies greatly. Overall, Hungary compared to other European countries have the same latitude are more sunny weather. Hungarian folk festivals: art festivals Budapest Spring Festival (budapest spring festival) / Budapest budapest Hungary's most famous and largest annual arts festival in Hungary show the diversity and richness of culture. Music, opera, dance, classical and modern music, film shows and other performing arts, not only showing a Hungarian artist's talent, but also all sorts of performing arts to invite foreign artists join the festivities. Around (budapest, debrecen, godollo, gyor, kaposvar, kecskemet, pecs, sopron, szentendre, szombathely) have performances. Mask Carnival (buso parade) / Moha its mohacs Hungary's largest carnival revelers wearing willow carved masks, masks painted with vibrant colors, hand-held rattles castanets and Moha in southern Hungary on the streets of its towns all the way to march to the square, with the sound off in winter . The whole town with ethnic performances, folk dance and folk art market celebrates the holiday, and burning the coffin symbolizing winter to celebrate the arrival of spring, and then dance until dawn revelry. Huo Luoke Easter celebration (holloko easter festival) / Huo Luoke holloko 100 km away from Budapest Palo times (paloc) of Huoluo Ke slope is the home of the legendary folk, rich folk traditions can be found, by the United Nations as a World Heritage Site, protected areas of traditional culture. The annual Easter festival, is listed as heritage village, young and old will be wearing colorful national costumes to reproduce ancient folk traditions, folk day programs, national art market, arts and crafts show and food exhibition to attract tourists stop. Balaton Festival (balaton festival) / keszthely Lake Balaton in May when the gradual return of angry, this early summer music festival in Balaton Balaton Hupang of Lancaster Black started a series of classical concerts, street theater, etc. will come to Balaton add festive summer atmosphere. Three Day National Day in Hungary March 15 (1848 ─ 1849 the first day of the revolution and anti-Austrian War Day) August 20 (Shengyisite where the founding of National Day on ─) October 23 (the anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian uprising and in 1989 declared the Republic Day) Hungarian food: an overview of Hungarian cuisine Hungarian cuisine is characterized using a simple modulation of delicious dishes to a variety of meat and fish-based, rich with abundant local fruits, vegetables and seasonings. Hungarian dishes are mainly onions, tomatoes and green pepper and red chilli powder and seasoning Sato color. Meat from cattle, pigs, sheep, deer, poultry and other rich meats. In addition, because thanks to the Hungarian Danube, Tisa River and Central Europe's largest inland lake Balaton, thanks to a wealth of fish, so very famous Hungarian fish soup. Hungarian food is not the time to eat like other European countries, from appetizers to soups, cold meats, main course, dessert considered a complete package. Usually the order of meals is soup, main course, dessert. Hungarian dishes are usually heavier because of the taste, taste some cold cuts or heavier soup, for example, taste the famous Hungarian fish soup is very rich, rich and delicious, the soup is also delicious steak without spines, often people will point a Hungarian fish soup coupled with restaurant serves fresh bread, served with a small dish next to the salad, dessert after points were, almost enough. Paprika in Hungary is the most important food seasoning, sour cream is the second most important role to play, usually by adding soup and meat dishes, or added to salads. Famous Hungarian dishes Hungarian beef soup (gulyas), cabbage Cornish volume (toltott kaposzta), red pepper chicken (csirke paprikas), soup (halaszle), golden chicken soup (ujhazy tyukhusleves), porkolt (stew), etc. . Hungary is very tasty snack, snacks and desserts are famous yogurt cheese surface (turoscsusza), Elliott must fruit volume (retes, hungarian strudel), Hugh Muluo rain cake (somloi galuska), Hungarian-style pudding (vargabeles), etc. . Before ordering in a restaurant, following the wine as an aperitif before a meal. Balin Ka (palinka) is a unique distillation of the Hungarian fruit brandy, the main producing areas in the Kai Kai Meite (kecskemet), to barack (kecskemet apricot apricot wine), cseresznye (cherry brandy cherry brandy), korte (pear pears wine), and szilva (kosher plum brandy plum brandy) four of the most famous. In addition, the sweet spirits are bon bon meggy (sweet cherry brandy) and kakao likor (chocolate, sweet brandy) two. Wu Nikun herbal wine (zwack unicum) has been 150 years old, slightly bitter taste of the wine contains 40 kinds of herbal ingredients, round body like a bomb bottles have gold cross symbol. Apart from Nan Kai Bulls Blood wine and wine, herbal wine Wu Nikun one of the most famous Hungarian wine products. Shopping in Hungary: Hungary Shopping Overview If you do not have enough time to stay in Budapest, Buda Palace area from the bridge to the city center over the refining side of the fifth district of Perth shopping street, with an array of consumer goods to meet the shopping needs of tourists, but because this region has attracted most of the tourist customer resides, where the price is expensive than the average point. If you do not have such a hurry, you can follow kossuth lajos utca, (abbreviation is krt. Ring road). Although a wide range of credit cards in Budapest by most of the shops accept, we recommend that you still have to prepare appropriate forint to meet demand. Food and shopping is open Monday to Friday 7:00 am to 7:00 pm, Saturday from 7:00 am to 2:00 pm. Sunday is the largest shopping center to open, with small private shops, like many of them are business as usual. Department store business hours, Monday through Friday 10:00 am to 6:00 pm, Saturday from 9:00 am to 1:00 pm. Shops in the main shopping street closing may be later. Because some of the stores on Sundays, a small number of items may go to the mall or to the market before buying. Horsehair leather crafts, wood carvings, painted furniture and house walls, rattan weaving, pottery, lace, embroidery, eggs and other traditional crafts are Hungarian. Lace is often used in women's clothing or home accessories Hungarian handicrafts, Sahara to be the world-famous lace, Su-Mei Ma Covey be subject to a known demand embroidery, plum glazed pottery and Na Dude Toure watt black pottery is very distinctive. Hungary Transportation: Overview of the Hungarian transport Budapest, Hungary Civil Aviation Pi to Warsaw, Berlin, Paris, Vienna and more important routes; foreign airline in Hungary, opened more than a dozen routes from Budapest to take off, fly to dozens of cities in the world. Domestic routes, respectively, flew nearly 10 major towns and tourist attractions. Total of seven airports, located in Szeged, Debrecen, Miskolc, Gyor, 松波特海伊 and Budapest. Hungary, the Danube is important waterways, it is not only the golden waterway transport in Hungary, is an international shipping line. Total length of 2850 km Danube in Hungary and 410 km. Most of the domestic import Danube rivers, including the second largest river Tisza River in Hungary. Tributary of the Tisza and the Danube river clouds, through the Hungarian plains, freight plays a role as a bridge between urban and rural areas. 10 to 12 months per year, the arrival of autumn ice, river started to decrease; the arrival of spring, the river began and busy. Budapest is an international free port, accessible by boat from here in Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, the CIS and other countries and regions. Hungary's road development soon, the trend seems to catch up with the railway. Most of the black pavement of the road to achieve. Both urban and rural bus arrived. Where most road traffic, leading to more concentrated in Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, the Austrian border. Hungary hotels generally do not prepare slippers, toothbrush, toothpaste, power conversion plug. Luxury hotels can be obtained from the desk electric kettle, tea bags with the hotel general; cold water directly for drinking water; breakfast needs to be heated milk can explain to the waiter. Tourism can bring swim clothes, because there are many well-known around the hot springs. Winter indoor temperature is higher, so long as the thick coat on the line, less with transitional clothing. Hungary Entertainment: Enjoy the art of Hungary Total of more than 400 important works of art and historical treasures. National museum treasures were divided into according to history, military history, natural sciences, agriculture, transportation, ethnology, literature, and art and other museums. Hungary's famous theater art in Europe, has a long tradition. Budapest 1996 Nianguang have 21 theaters, in addition to other major cities a total of 26 theaters. Film Arts was the beginning of this century cultural life in Hungary played an important role. Many Hungarian poets, writers, directors, musicians, composers, singers, dancers, painters, architects, scientists and inventors and other famous people, not only in Hungary, and fame spread throughout the world. Country name: Republic of Hungary (the republic of hungary) Independence Day: November 16 (1918) National Day: August 20 (1949) Flag: a rectangular, length and width ratio of 3:2. Top-down by the red, white, green, three equal horizontal rectangle parallel connected together. Red symbolizes the blood of patriots, but also a symbol of national independence and sovereignty; white symbolizes peace, freedom and light to represent the people's good wishes; green symbolizes the prosperity of Hungary, a symbol of people's confidence in the future and hope. Emblem: the coat of arms. Vertical face shield is divided into two parts: the left for the parallel, the width of the red and white; the right below is a green mountain peak on a crown, the crown is above the white double-cross pattern, which is the bishop signs. Coat of arms above is a Shengsitifen large crown, the crown on top of a tilted cross, legend of the cross is the crown stolen so the thief pressure oblique. Political figures: President 马德尔费伦茨 (madl ferenc), 2000 elected in June, was sworn in August 2000; elected president 绍约姆拉斯洛 (solyom laszlo), 2005 elected in June; Premier Gyor恰尼费伦茨 (ferenc gyurcsany), 2004 年 9 he was elected. Geography: an area of 93,030 square kilometers. Is a landlocked country in central Europe, the Danube and its tributaries, the Tisza River runs through the whole territory. East Romania, Ukraine, south Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro (Yugoslavia), adjacent to the west of Austria, bordering the north with Slovakia, in most parts of the plains and hills. Is continental temperate broad-leaved forest climate, annual average temperature around 11 ℃. Population: 10,175,000 (January 1, 2002). Main ethnic groups Magyar family (ie, Hungarian), accounting for about 98%. Minorities are Slovakia, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, Germany and the Roma and other nationalities. The official language is Hungarian. Residents mainly Catholic (66.2%) and Christian (17.9%). Hungarians are not descendants of the Huns Capital: Budapest (budapest), population 1,745,000 (January 1, 2002). Administrative divisions: national capital and is divided into 19 states, 23 state-level city, state, _set_ the following cities and townships. Hungary is a landlocked country in Europe, located in the Danube alluvial plain, central latitude and China's Heilongjiang Province, the same latitude. Hungary yard, west Alps, northeast of the Carpathian Mountains. Two famous mountains which surrounded the Hungarian, like a natural barrier for the Hungary block in three directions from the European invasion of the strong winds. Europe's second largest river in the famous Danube, south into Hungary from Slovakia, in the north southward shift of Visegrad, Hungary, just the two half-length, divided into eastern and western parts. River East is a vast expanse of the plains, is Hungary's granary. Hungary is a medium level of development, good industrial foundation, development and production of some of their own expertise and knowledge-intensive products, such as computers, communications equipment, instruments, chemicals and medicine. Relatively poor natural resources of Hungary, the main mineral resources are bauxite, its reserves ranking third in Europe. Good agricultural base, the main agricultural products are wheat, corn, sugar beet. Although natural resource-poor Hungary, but beautiful mountains and rivers, magnificent buildings, hot springs throughout the four seasons, attracted visitors from all countries. There are major tourist attractions in Budapest, Lake Balaton, Danube Bay, Mate Lao Shan. Located in Budapest, the Danube is Europe's leading city, the "pearl of the Danube" reputation. Europe's largest freshwater lake Lake Balaton is a bright spot to attract tourists. In addition, a long history of Hungarian wine, alcohol mellow.
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