shǒu fǔ : lā sī tú nà sī shěng : mì sū lǐ zhōu : nán měi zhōu [xiǎnshìquánbù] : měi guó >nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu > gē lún bǐ yà



xiǎnshìdìtú mùlù ·guódù ·nán měi zhōu xī běi bù guó jiā ·No. 3 ·yīngwénjièshì ·fǎwénjièshì ·jìnyící ·xiàngguāncí ·bāo hán cí ·gèngduōjiéguǒ... guódù 哥伦比亚 　　guó míng： gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó（ TheRepublicofColombia) 　　 　　 dú lì rì： 7 yuè 20 rì（ 1810 nián） 　　 　　 guó qìng rì： 7 yuè 20 rì（ 1810 nián） 　　 　　 guó huā： dōng kǎ tè lāi lán héng héng（ lán kē） 　　 　　 guó qí： chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ yuē wéi ３： ２。 zì shàng 'ér xià yóu huáng、 lán、 hóng sān gè píng xíng héng cháng fāng xíng xiāng lián 'ér chéng， huáng sè bù fēn zhàn qí miàn de yī bàn， lán sè、 hóng sè gè zhàn qí miàn de １ ／ ４， huáng sè xiàng zhēng jīn sè de yáng guāng、 gǔ wù hé fēng fù de zì rán zī yuán； lán sè dài biǎo lán tiān、 hǎi yáng hé hé liú； hóng sè xiàng zhēng 'ài guó zhě wéi zhēng qǔ guó jiā dú lì hé mín zú jiě fàng 'ér sǎ xià de xiān xuè。 　　 　　 guó huī： zhōng xīn tú 'àn wéi dùn huī。 dùn miàn zhōng jiān shì yī dǐng “ zì yóu zhī mào ”， xiàng zhēng zì yóu hé jiě fàng。 dùn miàn shàng bù wéi liǎng zhǐ xiàng zhēng fēng ráo de yáng jiǎo， zhōng jiān yī kē hóng shí liú。 gē lún bǐ yà céng chēng“ xīn gé lā nà dá gòng hé guó”，“ gé lā nà dá” zài xī bān yá yǔ zhòngyì wéi“ shí liú”。 dùn miàn xià bù de tú 'àn miáo huì gē lún bǐ yà xī bīn tài píng yáng， běi lín jiā lè bǐ hǎi de dì lǐ wèi zhì。 dùn huī shàng duān wéi yī zhǐ měi zhōu shén yīng diāo zhe yuè guì zhī yè huā huán， xiàng zhēng guó jiā de dú lì hé guāng róng； yīng zhǎo xià de shòu dài shàng yòng xī bān yá wén xiě zhe“ zì yóu、 zhì xù”， yì wéi zài zhì xù xià shí xíng zì yóu。 dùn huī liǎng cè gè xuán guà liǎng miàn guó qí。 　　 　　 guó jiā zhèng yào： zǒng tǒng 'ā 'ěr wǎ luó · wū lǐ wéi · bèi lāi sī (AlvaroUribe)，２ ００２ nián ８ yuè rèn zhí。 　　 　　 zì rán dì lǐ： 1141748 píng fāng gōng lǐ（ chú dǎo yǔ hé lǐng hǎi wài）。 wèi yú nán měi zhōu xī běi bù， dōng lín wěi nèi ruì lā、 bā xī， nán jiē 'è guā duō 'ěr、 bìlǔ， xī běi jiǎo yǔ bā ná mǎ jiē rǎng， běi lín jiā lè bǐ hǎi， xī bīn tài píng yáng。 　　 　　 rén kǒu： 4453 wàn（ 2003 nián）。 qí zhōng yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 60 ％， bái rén zhàn 20％， hēi bái hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 18％， qí yú wéi yìn dì 'ān rén hé hēi rén。 rén kǒu nián zēngchánglǜ 1.79％。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi xī bān yá yǔ。 duō shù jū mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào。 　　 　　 shǒu dū： shèng fěi bō gē dà（ Bogota）， rén kǒu 649 wàn（ 2001 nián）。 nián píng jūn qì wēn 14 ℃。 　　 　　 huò bì： bǐ suǒ 　　 　　 jiǎn shǐ： gǔ dài jìng nèi wéi qí bù chá zú děng yìn dì 'ān rén de fēn bù dì qū。１ ５３ ６ shì jì lún wéi xī bān yá zhí mín dì， chēng xīn gé lán nà dá。１８１０ nián ７ yuè２０ rì xuān bù tuō lí xī bān yá dú lì， hòu zāo zhèn yā。１８１ ９ nián nán měi jiě fàng zhě bō lì wǎ 'ěr lǐng dǎo de qǐ yì jūn zài bō yà kǎ zhàn yì huò shèng hòu， gē lún bǐ yà zuì zhōng huò dé dú lì。 　　 　　 xíng jūn lǐ de gē lún bǐ yà jūn rén 　　 　　1821 nián zhì 1822 nián tóng xiàn wěi nèi ruì lā、 bā ná mǎ hé 'è guā duō 'ěr gòng tóng zǔ chéng dà gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó， 1829 nián zhì 1830 nián wěi、 è liǎng guó xiān hòu tuì chū。 1831 nián gǎi chēng xīn gé lán nà dá gòng hé guó。 1861 nián chēng gē lún bǐ yà hé zhòng guó。 1886 nián dìng guó míng wéi gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó。 1903 nián， bā ná mǎ shěng zài měi guó cè dòng xià xuān bù tuō lí gē dú lì。 dú lì hòu， zì yóu dǎng hé bǎo shǒu dǎng lún liú zhí zhèng。 2002 nián 5 yuè， dú lì rén shì wū lǐ wéi zài dà xuǎn shǒu lún tóu piào zhōng yǐ chāo guò bàn shù de xuǎn piào dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng， dǎ pò liǎo gē liǎng dà chuán tǒng zhèng dǎng lún liú zhí zhèng de zhèng zhì gé jú。 　　 　　 zhèng zhì： gēn jù xiàn fǎ， gē lún bǐ yà wéi zhōng yāng jí quán guó jiā。 lì fǎ、 xíng zhèng hé sī fǎ sān quán fēn lí。 zǒng tǒng yóu zhí xuǎn chǎn shēng， wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu hé zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo。 yì huì shì guó jiā de lì fǎ jī gòu。 nèi gé shì zhèng fǔ xíng zhèng jī gòu， yóu zǒng tǒng zhí jiē lǐng dǎo。 shí xíng dài yì zhì mín zhù， lì fǎ、 sī fǎ hé xíng zhèng sān quán fēn lí； zǒng tǒng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu jiān zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo， yì shì wǔ zhuāng bù duì tǒng shuài， yóu zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， bù néng lián rèn； huī fù shè lì fù zǒng tǒng； shěng shì cháng gǎi wéi zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng； bǎo zhàng rén shēn 'ān quán、 xìn yǎng、 jié shè、 láo dòng、 sī xiǎng hé jiào yù zì yóu， yǐ jí guó jiā fù zé shǐ rén quán dé dào zūn zhòng。 　　 　　 jīng jì： zì rán zī yuán fēng fù， méi tàn、 shí yóu、 lǜ bǎo shí wéi zhù yào kuàng cáng。 yǐ tàn míng méi tàn chǔ liàng yuē 240 yì dūn， jū lā měi shǒu wèi。 shí yóu chǔ liàng 18 yì tǒng， tiān rán qì chǔ liàng 187 yì lì fāng mǐ， lǜ bǎo shí chǔ liàng jū shì jiè dì yī wèi， lǚ fán tǔ chǔ liàng wéi 1 yì dūn， yóu chǔ liàng 4 wàn dūn。 cǐ wài hái yòu jīn、 yín、 niè、 bó、 tiě děng kuàng cáng。 sēn lín miàn jī yuē 4923 wàn gōng qǐng。 gē lún bǐ yà lì shǐ shàng shì yǐ shēng chǎn kā fēi wéi zhù de nóng yè guó。 1999 nián， shòu yà zhōu jīn róng wēi jī děng yǐng xiǎng， jīng jì xiàn rù 60 nián lái zuì yán zhòng de shuāi tuì。 2000 nián jīng jì kāi shǐ fù sū， zhī hòu， yī zhí bǎo chí dī sù zēngzhǎng。 2003 nián zēng sù jiā kuài， jiàn zhù yè chí xù zēngzhǎng， diàn lì xū qiú jiā dà， jīn róng yè shì tóu liáng hǎo， dài kuǎn hé sī rén tóu zī zēng jiā， chuán tǒng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu kuò dà。 gē shì lā měi zhòng yào de lǚ yóu zhōng xīn zhī yī， lǚ yóu yè jiào fā dá。 2003 nián， wài guó yóu kè 62 wàn rén。 zhù yào lǚ yóu qū yòu： kǎ tǎ hè nà、 shèng mǎ 'ěr tǎ、 shèng fěi bō gē dà、 shèng 'ān dé liè sī hé pǔ luó wéi dēng xī yà qún dǎo、 mài dé lín、 guā xī lā bàn dǎo、 bó yà kǎ děng。 　　 　　 xīn wén chū bǎn： quán guó yuē yòu４００ zhǒng bào kān zá zhì。 zhù yào bào zhǐ yòu：《 shí dài bào》，《 bàng guān zhě bào》，《 xīn shì jì bào》，《 gòng hé guó bào》。 zhù yào zá zhì（ jūn wéi zhōu kān） yòu：《 xiàng dǎo》、《 xīn biān jiāng》、《 jīng jì zōng hé》、《 xīng qī》、《 kǒu hào》。 yǐ shàng bào kān jūn wéi xī bān yá wén。 gē lún bǐ yà xīn wén shè shì gē zuì dà de sī rén tōng xùn shè， chéng lì yú１９８１ 1 nián， xiàng quán guó jìn２０ jiā bào zhǐ hé diàn tái tí gōng xīn wén。 quán guó gòng yòu５８２ zuò guǎng bō diàn tái。“ guó jiā diàn tái” shì wéi yī guó yíng diàn tái， chuàng jiàn yú１９４０ nián。“ gē lún bǐ yà guǎng bō gōng sī”、“ quán guó guǎng bō gōng sī” hé“ tuō dé lā 'ěr” diàn tái wéi jiào dà de sān jiā sī rén guǎng bō gōng sī， zài gè dì shè yòu guǎng bō fā shè tái hé zhuǎn bō tái。 diàn shì yè shǐ yú１９５４ nián。 quán guó gòng yòu１５ jiā diàn shì tái， qí zhōng sān jiā wèiguó jiā diàn shì tái hé bō fàng tái， dàn yī、 èr tái tōng guò hé tóng xiàng sī rén diàn shì jié mù zhì zuò tái hé bō fàng tái chū zū， dì sān tái wèiguó jiā zhí jiē guǎn lǐ， bō fàng wén huà jiào yù děng jié mù。 　　 　　 wài jiāo： fèng xíng dú lì zì zhù、 bù jié méng hé duō yuán huà de wài jiāo zhèng cè。 wài jiāo zhòng diǎn shì jìn yī bù mìqiè yǔ měi guó de guān xì， jiā qiáng tóng lā měi dì qū tè bié shì zhōu biān guó jiā de hé zuò， gǒng gù tóng 'ōu méng de chuán tǒng lián xì， zēng jìn yǔ yà tài guó jiā de jiāo liú hé zuò。 　　 　　 yǔ zhōng guó guān xì：１９８０ nián２ yuè７ rì， gē lún bǐ yà tóng zhōng guó jiàn jiāo。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà ： guó míng。 zài nán měi zhōu xī běi bù， xī bīn tài píng yáng， běi lín jiā lè bǐ hǎi， dōng tóng wěi nèi ruì lā， dōng nán tóng bā xī， nán yǔ bìlǔ、 è guā duō 'ěr， xī běi yǔ bā ná mǎ wéi lín。 miàn jī 　　114.2 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ。 rén kǒu 3， 060 wàn（ 1987）， yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 57％， bái zhǒng rén zhàn 20％， hēi bái hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 14％， yú wéi hēi zhǒng rén hé yìn dì 'ān rén děng。 xī bān yá yǔ wèiguó yǔ， duō xìn tiān zhù jiào。 shǒu dū shèng fěi bō gē dà。 xī bù chú yán hǎi píng yuán wài， wéi xī、 zhōng、 dōng sān tiáo píng xíng de kē dí lè lā shān mài gòu chéng de gāo yuán， shān jiān yòu kuān kuò de gè dì， nán bù yòu yī xì liè huǒ shān zhuī， xī běi bù wéi mǎ gé dá lāi nà hé xià yóu chōng jī píng yuán， shuǐ dào fēn qí， hú zhǎo guǎng bù。 dōng bù wéi yà mǎ sūn hé yǔ 'ào lǐ nuò kē hé shàng yóu zhī liú chōng jī píng yuán， yuē zhàn quán guó zǒng miàn jī de sān fēn zhī 'èr。 chì dào héng guàn nán bù， píng yuán nán bù hé xī 'àn wéi rè dài yǔ lín qì hòu， xiàng běi zhú jiàn zhuǎn wéi rè dài cǎo yuán hé gān zào cǎo yuán qì hòu， hǎi bá 1， 000-2， 000 mǐ de shān qū shǔ yà rè dài， 2， 000-3， 000 mǐ shǔ wēn dài， 3， 000-4， 500 mǐ shǔ gāo hán cǎo dì， 4， 500 mǐ yǐ shàng de gāo shān dì dài zhōng nián jī xuě。 kuàng wù zī yuán fēng fù， zhù yào yòu shí yóu、 méi、 jīn、 bó、 tiě、 tóng、 lǜ bǎo shí děng， cǐ wài hái yòu yín、 xīn、 niè、 lǚ tǔ、 qiān、 yóu děng。 shuǐ lì yùn cáng liàng wéi 5， 000 wàn qiān wǎ。 sēn lín miàn jī yuē zhàn quán guó miàn jī de yī bàn yǐ shàng。 shí liù shì jì lún wéi xī bān yá zhí mín dì。 1810 nián 7 yuè 20 rì xuān bù tuō lí xī bān yá tǒng zhì， 1819 nián huò dé dú lì。 1822 nián tóng jīn 'è guā duō 'ěr hé wěi nèi ruì lā zǔ chéng dà gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó。 1829 nián、 1830 nián wěi、 è xiāng jì tuì chū hòu， 1831 nián chēng xīn gé lán nà dá gòng hé guó。 1861 nián gǎi chēng gē lún bǐ yà jiǔ shěng lián bāng。 1863 nián yòu gǎi chēng gē lún bǐ yà hé zhòng guó， 1886 nián gǎi míng gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó。 1903 nián jìng nèi bā ná mǎ shěng tuō lí gē lún bǐ yà ， jiàn lì bā ná mǎ gòng hé guó。 jīng jì yǐ nóng yè wéi zhù， cóng yè rén kǒu zhàn quán guó láo dòng lì de yī bàn。 kā fēi chǎn zhí zhàn nóng yè zǒng chǎn zhí de sān fēn zhī yī yǐ shàng， chǎn liàng hé chū kǒu liàng jǐn cì yú bā xī， jū shì jiè dì 'èr wèi。 qí tā zhù yào nóng zuò wù yòu shuǐ dào、 yù mǐ、 xiāng jiāo、 gān zhè、 mián huā hé yān cǎo。 xùmù yè jiào fā dá， mù chǎng zhàn zǒng miàn jī 28.9％。 kuàng yè yǐ kāi cǎi shí yóu hé méi wéi zhù， shì lā dīng měi zhōu zhù yào chǎn jīn guó， bó chǎn liàng jū shì jiè dì sì wèi， lǜ bǎo shí chǎn liàng jū shì jiè shǒu wèi。 gōng yè fā zhǎn jiào kuài， qí chǎn zhí yǐ zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de wǔ fēn zhī yī yǐ shàng。 yǐ zhì táng、 kā fēi jiā gōng、 fǎng zhì wéi zhù de qīng gōng yè zhàn gōng yè zǒng chǎn zhí de 70％ yǐ shàng， hái yòu yě jīn、 jī qì zhì zào、 qì chē zhuāng pèi、 shuǐ ní、 huà xué、 liàn yóu、 shí yóu huà gōng děng。 lǚ yóu yè yòu jiào kuài fā zhǎn。 shū chū yǐ kā fēi wéi dà zōng， zhàn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 50％ yǐ shàng； cì wéi méi、 huáng jīn、 shí yóu、 xiāng jiāo、 guì jīn shǔ yǐ jí fǎng zhì pǐn、 fú zhuāng、 shuǐ ní děng。 huā huì chū kǒu cì yú hé lán jū shì jiè dì 'èr wèi。 shū rù jī qì shè bèi、 chē liàng、 gōng yè yuán liào hé shí pǐn děng。 jiāo tōng yùn shū yǐ gōng lù wéi zhù， háng kōng yùn shū yì jiào fā dá。 　　 　　 ① gē lún bǐ yà tè qū wèi yú měi guó de dōng běi bù， kào jìn wéi jí ní yà zhōu hé mǎ lǐ lán zhōu。 tā wèi yú běi wěi 38.913611 dù， xī jīng -77.013222 dù， zǒng miàn jī 177 píng fāng gōng lǐ， qí zhōng yòu 10.16% de dì qū shì shuǐ。 cǐ dì yòu xiāng dāng duō bó wù guǎn， guó jì nǚ xìng yì shù bó wù guǎn jiù shì qí zhōng zhī yī。 　　 　　 ② měi guó nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì dà chéng shì、 shǒu fǔ。 wèi yú zhōng bù， kāng gé lì hé sù háng zhōng diǎn。 rén kǒu 9.9 wàn， dà shì qū 40.8 wàn（ 1980）。 1786 nián jiàn wéi zhōu shǒu fǔ， 1865 nián nán běi zhàn zhēng shí bèi huǐ， hòu zhòng jiàn。 xiàng wéi mián huā hé qí tā nóng chǎn pǐn jí sàn dì， xiàn réng wéi nán bù mián fǎng gōng yè zhōng xīn zhī yī， nóng lín chǎn pǐn jiā gōng、 diàn zǐ yí qì、 bō lí、 sù liào hé féi liào děng gōng yè fā dá。 wén jiào zhōng xīn。 yòu dà xué duō suǒ。 　　 　　 ③ měi guó mì sū lǐ zhōu zhōng bù chéng shì。 zài jié fěi xùn chéng yǐ běi 48 gōng lǐ。 rén kǒu 6.2 wàn（ 1980）。 jiàn yú 1821 nián。 1826 nián shè shì。 zhōu wéi dì qū nóng mù yè fā dá。 gōng yè yòu rǔ zhì pǐn、 zhuān wǎ、 yìn shuà děng。 zhù yào yī liáo hé xué shù zhōng xīn。 shè yòu zhōu lì 'ái kē yī yuàn、 zhōu lì jīng shén bìng yuàn、 mì sū lǐ dà xué、 jī dū jiào dà xué děng。 　　 　　 ④ měi guó mì xī xī bǐ zhōu nán bù chéng zhèn。 zài jié kè xùn yǐ nán 120 gōng lǐ chù。 rén kǒu 7， 700（ 1980）。 shì fù jìn shēng chǎn mián huā、 gǔ wù、 jiā qín、 niú de mào yì diǎn hé gōng yè zhōng xīn。 kāi cǎi yuán yóu、 tiān rán qì， hái yòu fú zhuāng、 jiā jù、 zhǐ jiāng、 jiāo hé bǎn děng gōng yè。 　　Colombia (IPA: /kəˈlʌmbɪə/) officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia, Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a country located in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; to the north-west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 　　 　　Colombia is the 26th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest in South America (after Brazil, Argentina, and Peru), with an area more than twice that of France. It also has the third-largest population in Latin America after Brazil and Mexico. 　　 　　The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous tribes which had migrated from North and Central America, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and Tairona. To the south lay the Inca Empire. The Spanish arrived in 1499, and initiated a period of conquest and colonisation which ultimately led to the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (comprising what is now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama) with its capital at Bogotá. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 "Gran Colombia" had collapsed with the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador. Modern day Colombia, with Panama, emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903. 　　 　　Colombia has a long tradition of constitutional government, and the Conservative and Liberal parties, founded in 1843 and 1848 respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas. However, tensions between the two have frequently erupted into violence, most notably in the Thousand Days War (1899-1902) and La Violencia, beginning in 1948. Since the 1960s, government forces have been engaged in conflict with left-wing insurgents and illegal right-wing paramilitaries. Fuelled by the cocaine trade, this escalated dramatically in the 1990s. However, the insurgents lack the military or popular support necessary to overthrow the government, and in recent years the violence has been decreasing. Insurgents continue attacks against civilians, and large swathes of the countryside remain under guerrilla influence, but the Colombian government has stepped up efforts to reassert government control throughout the country, and now has a presence in every one of its municipalities. 　　 　　Colombia is a standing middle power with the second largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico. It is also one of the largest manufacturers in South America. Colombia is very ethnically diverse, and the interaction between descendents of the original native inhabitants, Spanish colonisers, African slaves and twentieth-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle East has produced a rich cultural heritage. This has also been influenced by Colombia's incredibly varied geography. The majority of the urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains, but Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. Ecologically, Colombia is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world. 　　 　　The word "Colombia" comes from the name of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish, Cristoforo Colombo in Italian). It was conceived by the revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, especially to those territories and colonies under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was then adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819 formed out of the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador). 　　 　　In 1830, when Venezuela and Ecuador separated, the Cundinamarca region that remained became a new country: the Republic of New Granada. In 1858 New Granada officially changed its name to the Granadine Confederation, then in 1863 the United States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name — the Republic of Colombia — in 1886. 　　 　　Geography and climate 　　 　　Shaded relief map of Colombia.Colombia is the 26th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest country in South America. Located in the northwestern region of South America, it is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the North by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; to the north-west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Besides the countries in South America, the Republic of Colombia is recognized to share maritime borders with the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Colombia has more physical diversity packed into its borders than any other area of comparable size in Latin America. Colombia has the highest diversity of birds and amphibians of any country on earth, with 1,815 species and 583 species, respectively, known to date. The country is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. 　　 　　Los Llanos plains in Colombia.Geologically Colombia is formed by two great territorial zones, one submerged in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean sea covering a total area of 828,660 km² and the second is the emerged land which is formed by the Andes mountain range and the Llanos plains that are shared with Venezuela and cover an area of some 1'143,748 km². Colombian surface features form complicated land patterns. The western third of the country is the most complex, starting at the shore of the Pacific Ocean in the west and moving eastward at a latitude of 5 degrees north, a diverse sequence of features is encountered; In the extreme west are the very narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, which are backed by the Serranía de Baudó, one of the lowest and narrowest of Colombia's mountain ranges. Next is the broad region of the Río Atrato/Río San Juan lowland. 　　 　　the Magdalena River at Santa Cruz de Mompox.The western mountain range, the Cordillera Occidental, is a moderately high range with peaks reaching up to about 13,000 ft (4,000 m). The Cauca River Valley, an important agricultural region with several large cities on its borders, separates the Cordillera Occidental from the massive Cordillera Central. Several snow-clad volcanoes in the Cordillera Central have summits that rise above 18,000 ft (5,500 m). The valley of the Magdalena River, a major transportation artery, separates the Cordillera Central from the main eastern range, the Cordillera Oriental. The peaks of the Cordillera Oriental are moderately high. This range differs from Colombia's other mountain ranges in that it contains several large basins. To the east of the country, the sparsely populated, flat to gently rolling eastern lowlands called Llanos orientales part of the Orinoco river basin and the jungle covered Amazon region part of the Amazon river basin (both basins called eastern plains) cover almost 60 percent of the country's total land area. The northern plains are mostly part of the Caribbean natural region which includes the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the highest mountain by the sea and the Guajira Peninsula, mostly arid with another separate formation from the Andes mountain range, the Serranía de Macuira to form the Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub. 　　 　　Climate 　　 　　Glacier Snowy peaks of the Nevado del Tolima volcano. 5,200+ metres (17,060 ft)The climate of Colombia is determined by its proximity to the Earth's Equator predominating a tropical and isothermal climate, presenting variations within five natural regions and depending on the altitude; determined by mountain climate, temperature, humidity, and winds; influenced by the trade winds and precipitation which is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Colombia is also affected by the effects of the El Niño and La Niña. 　　 　　Temperatures generally decrease about 3.5 °F (2 °C) for every 1,000-foot (300-m) increase in altitude above sea level, presenting perpetual snowy peaks to lower hot lands. Rainfall varies by location and is present in two seasons (two dry and two rainy) in Colombia presenting one of the highest rainfalls in the world in the Pacific region. Rainfall in parts of the Guajira Peninsula seldom exceeds 30 in (75 cm) per year. Colombia's rainy southeast, however, is often drenched by more than 200 in (500 cm) of rain per year. Rainfall in most of the rest of the country runs between these two extremes. 　　 　　The hot and humid Colombian Pacific coast, one of the rainiest in the world.Altitude affects not only temperature, but also vegetation. In fact, altitude is one of the most important influences on vegetation patterns in Colombia. The mountainous parts of the country can be divided into several vegetation zones according to altitude, although the altitude limits of each zone may vary somewhat depending on the latitude. The "tierra caliente" (hot land), below 3,300 ft (1,000 m), is the zone of tropical crops. The tierra templada (temperate land), extending from an altitude of 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). Wheat and potatoes dominate in the "tierra fría" (cold land), at altitudes from 6,600 to 10,500 ft (2,000 to 3,200 m). In the "zona forestada" (forested zone), which is located between 10,500 and 12,800 ft (3,200 and 3,900 m). Treeless pastures table lands dominate the páramos, or alpine grasslands, at altitudes of 12,800 to 15,100 ft (3,900 to 4,600 m). Above 15,100 ft (4,600 m), where temperatures are below freezing, is the "tierra helada", a zone of permanent snow and ice. 　　 　　Colombian Flora and Fauna also interact with climate zone patterns. Scrub woodland of scattered trees and bushes dominates the semiarid northeastern steppe and tropical desert. To the south, savannah (tropical grassland) vegetation covers the eastern plains; Colombian portion of the llanos. The rainy areas in the southeast are blanketed by tropical rain forest. In the mountains, the spotty patterns of precipitation in alpine areas complicate vegetation patterns. The rainy side of a mountain may be lush and green, while the other side, in the rain shadow, may be parched. As a result Colombia is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world. 　　 　　Environmental issues 　　 　　Nevado del Ruiz volcano, erupted in 1985 causing the Armero tragedy.The environmental issues in Colombia are caused by both natural hazards and human effects on the environment. Natural hazards are determined by the global positioning of Colombia by the Pacific ring of fire causing geological instability. Colombia has 15 major volcanoes which have caused tragedies like Armero and geological faults that have caused numerous devastating earthquakes like the 1999 Armenia earthquake. Human induced deforestation have also added to the problems of geological instability and inundations during the rainy seasons which are susceptible to the El Nino and to La Nina effect, two regions are very susceptible to these mainly in the Caribbean region of Colombia; La Mojana Region and the Magdalena river basin as well as the Valley of the Cauca River in the Pacific Region of Colombia. The population increase and the burning of fossil fuels and industry, among other human produced waste has contaminated the environment of major cities and nearby water sources. 　　 　　Participants in the Colombian armed conflict have also contributed to the pollution of the environment in Colombia. The illegally armed groups have deforested large portions of land to plant illegal crops (mostly on government designated protected areas) while the government fumigated these crops using hazardous chemicals. The guerrillas also destroyed oil pipelines creating major ecological disasters. 　　 　　History 　　 　　Pre-Columbian era 　　 　　The Zipa used to cover his body in gold and, from his raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of El Dorado legend.Approximately 10,000 BC hunter-gatherer societies existed near present-day Bogotá (at "El Abra" and "Tequendama") which traded with one another and with cultures living in the Magdalena River Valley. Beginning in the first millennium BC, groups of Amerindians developed the political system of "cacicazgos" with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques. Within Colombia, the two cultures with the most complex cacicazgo systems were the Tayronas in the Caribbean Region, and the Muiscas in the highlands around Bogotá, both of which were of the Chibcha language family. The Muisca people are considered to have had one of the most developed political systems in South America, after the Incas. 　　 　　Spanish discovery, conquest and colonization 　　Spanish explorers made the first exploration of the Caribbean littoral in 1499 led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502. In 1508, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa started the conquest of the territory through the region of Urabá. In 1513, he was also the first European to discover the Pacific Ocean which he called Mar del Sur (or "Sea of the South") and which in fact would bring the Spaniards to Peru and Chile. The territory's main population was made up of hundreds of tribes of the Chibchan and Carib, currently known as the Caribbean people, whom the Spaniards conquered through warfare and alliances, while resulting disease such as smallpox and the conquest itself caused a demographic reduction among the indigenous. In the sixteenth century, Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa. 　　 　　Independence from Spain 　　 　　Francisco de Paula Santander, Simón Bolivar and other heroes of the Independence of Colombia in the Congress of Cúcuta.Since the beginning of the periods of Conquest and Colonization, there were several rebel movements under Spanish rule, most of them either being crushed or remaining too weak to change the overall situation. The last one, which sought outright independence from Spain, sprang up around 1810, following the independence of St. Domingue in 1804 (present day Haiti), who provided a non-negligible degree of support to the eventual leaders of this rebellion: Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander. Simón Bolívar had become the first president of Colombia and Francisco de Paula Santander was Vice President; when Simón Bolívar stepped down, Santander became the second president of Colombia. The rebellion finally succeeded in 1819 when the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Greater Colombia organized as a Confederation along Ecuador and Venezuela (Panama was part of Colombia). 　　 　　Post-Independence and republicanism 　　 　　The Gran Colombia.Internal political and territorial divisions led to the secession of Venezuela and Quito (today's Ecuador) in 1830. At this time, the so-called "Department of Cundinamarca" adopted then the name "Nueva Granada", which it kept until 1856 when it became the "Confederación Granadina" (Grenadine Confederation). After a two year civil war in 1863, the "United States of Colombia" was created, lasting until 1886, when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the Thousand Days civil war (1899 - 1902) which together with the United States of America's intentions to influence in the area (especially the Panama Canal construction and control) led to the separation of the Department of Panama in 1903 and the establishment of it as a nation. Colombia engulfed in a year long war with Peru over a territorial dispute involving the Amazonas Department and its capital Leticia. Soon after, Colombia achieved a relative degree of political stability, which was interrupted by a bloody conflict that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1950s, a period known as La Violencia ("The Violence"). Its cause was mainly because of mounting tensions between the two leading political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of the Liberal Presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on April 9, 1948. This assassination caused riots in Bogotá and became known as El Bogotazo, the violence from these riots spread through out the country and claimed the lives of at least 180,000 Colombians. From 1953 to 1964 the violence between the two political parties decreased first when Gustavo Rojas deposed the President of Colombia in a coup d'etat, and negotiated with the guerrillas, and then under the military junta of General Gabriel París Gordillo. 　　 　　After Rojas deposition the two political parties Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party agreed to the creation of a "National Front", whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices. The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political injustices continued and many guerrillas were formally created such as the FARC, ELN and M-19 to fight the government and political apparatus with influences from Cold War doctrines. 　　 　　Emerging in the late 1970s, powerful and violent drug cartels developed during the 1980s and 1990s. The Medellín Cartel under Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel, in particular, exerted political, economic and social influence in Colombia during this period. These cartels also financed and influenced different illegal armed groups throughout the political spectrum. Some enemies of these allied with the guerrillas and created or influenced paramilitary groups. 　　 　　The new Colombian Constitution of 1991 was ratified after being drafted by the Constituent Assembly of Colombia. The constitution included key provisions on political, ethnic, human and gender rights. The new constitution initially prohibited the extradition of Colombian nationals. There were accusations of lobbying by drug cartels in favor of this prohibition. The cartels had previously promoted a violent campaign against extradition, leading to many terrorist attack and mafia style executions. They also tried to influence the government and political structure of Colombia by means of corruption, as in the case of the 8000 Process scandal. 　　 　　Members of the Colombian National Army during a field training exercise.In recent years, the country has continued to be plagued by the effects of the drug trade, guerrilla insurgencies like FARC and paramilitary groups such as the AUC (later demobilized, though paramilitarism remains active), which along with other minor factions have engaged in a bloody internal armed conflict. President Andrés Pastrana and the FARC attempted to negotiate a solution to the conflict between 1998 and 2002 but failed to do so. President Andrés Pastrana also began to implement the Plan Colombia initiative, with the dual goal of ending the armed conflict and promoting a strong anti-narcotic strategy. 　　 　　During the presidency of Álvaro Uribe, who was elected on the promise of applying military pressure on the FARC and other criminal groups, some security indicators have improved, showing a decrease in reported kidnappings (from 3700 in the year 2000 to 800 in 2005) and a decrease of more than 48% in homicides between July 2002 and May 2005 and of the terrorist guerrila itself reduced from 16.900 insurgents to 8.900 insurgents. It is argued that these improvements have favored economic growth and tourism. The 2006–2007 Colombian parapolitics scandal emerged due to the revelations and judicial implications of past and present links between paramilitary groups, mainly the AUC, and some government officials and many politicians, most of them allied to the governing administration. 　　 　　Government, law and politics 　　 　　Casa de Nariño, the presidential palace in Bogotá houses the President of Colombia and maximum representative of the Executive Branch of Colombia.The Government of Colombia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic as established in the Colombian Constitution of 1991. The Colombian government is divided into three branches of power; the executive, legislative and judicial with special control institutions and electoral institutions. The President of Colombia is the highest representative of the executive branch of government in Colombia and is also the head of state and head of government with supreme administrative authority, followed by the Vice President and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia. 　　 　　At a provincial level the executive is managed by department governors, municipal mayors at municipal level and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions such as corregidor for corregimientos. The legislative branch of government in Colombia is represented by the National Congress of Colombia which is formed by an upper house the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. At a provincial level the legislative branch is represented by department assemblies and a municipal level with municipal councils. Both the legislative and executive branches share most of the government power while the judicial branch of Colombia functions as an independent body from the other two branches which are vested with a shared power. The judicial branch under a adversarial system is represented by the Supreme Court of Justice which is the highest entity in this branch but shared in responsibility with the Council of State, Constitutional Court and the Superior Council of the Judicature which also have jurisdictional and regional courts. 　　 　　Administrative divisions 　　 　　Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district which is treated as a department. There are in total 10 districts assigned to cities in Colombia including Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Tunja, Cúcuta, Popayán, Buenaventura, Tumaco and Turbo. Colombia is also subdivided into some municipalities which form departments, each with a municipal seat capital city assigned. Colombia is also subdivided into corregimientos which form municipalities. Each department has a local government which is headed by a department governor and its own department assembly elected for a period of four years in a regional election. Each municipality also headed by a municipal mayor and a municipal council. And for corregimientos there will be an elected corregidor or local leader. 　　 　　 Department Capital city 　　1 Amazonas Leticia 　　2 Antioquia Medellín 　　3 Arauca Arauca 　　4 Atlántico Barranquilla 　　5 Bolívar Cartagena 　　6 Boyacá Tunja 　　7 Caldas Manizales 　　8 Caquetá Florencia 　　9 Casanare Yopal 　　10 Cauca Popayán 　　11 Cesar Valledupar 　　12 Chocó Quibdó 　　13 Córdoba Montería 　　14 Cundinamarca Bogotá 　　15 Guainía Inírida 　　16 Guaviare San José del Guaviare 　　17 Huila Neiva 　　 Department Capital city 　　18 La Guajira Riohacha 　　19 Magdalena Santa Marta 　　20 Meta Villavicencio 　　21 Nariño Pasto 　　22 North Santander Cúcuta 　　23 Putumayo Mocoa 　　24 Quindío Armenia 　　25 Risaralda Pereira 　　26 San Andrés, Providencia 　　and Santa Catalina San Andrés 　　27 Santander Bucaramanga 　　28 Sucre Sincelejo 　　29 Tolima Ibagué 　　30 Valle del Cauca Cali 　　31 Vaupés Mitú 　　32 Vichada Puerto Carreño 　　33 Capital District Bogotá** 　　 　　Some department have also local administrative regional subdivisions such as the departments of Antioquia and Cundinamarca, where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are near each other. In the case of some department where the population is still scarce and there are security problems such as in eastern Colombian departments of Amazonas, Vaupés and Vichada there special administrative definitions for territories, some are considered Department corregimientos, which are a hybrid between a corregimiento and a municipality. The difference besides the population is also subject to a cut in the assigned budget. 　　 　　Defense 　　 　　Tall ship ARC Gloria, insignia of ColombiaThe executive branch of government is in charge of managing the defense affairs of Colombia with the President of Colombia being the supreme chief of the armed forces, followed by the Minister of Defense, which controls the Military of Colombia and the Colombian National Police among other institutions. The Colombian military is divided into three branches with their respective chains of command; the Colombian National Army, the Colombian Air Force and the Colombian National Armada. 　　 　　The national police functions as a gendarmerie independently from the Military as the law enforcement agency for the entire country. Each of these operates with their own intelligence apparatus and also separately from the national intelligence agency Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad. The National Police has a presence in all municipality seats of Colombia, while the National Army is formed by divisions, regiments and special units. The Colombian National Armada is formed by the Colombian Marine Corps, Naval Force of the Pacific, Naval Force of the Caribbean, Naval Force of the South, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia. The Colombian Air Force is formed by 13 air units: EMAVI, ESUFA, IMA, CACOM 1, CACOM 2, CACOM 3, CACOM 4, CACOM 5, CACOM 6, CATAM, CAMAN, GACAR and GAORI. 　　 　　Foreign affairs 　　 　　The Foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President of Colombia and managed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Colombia has diplomatic missions in all the continents, but not in all countries, and also multilateral relations with Brussels (Mission to the European Union) Geneva (Permanent Mission to the United Nations and other International Organizations) Montevideo (Permanent Missions to ALADI and MERCOSUR) Nairobi (Permanent Missions to the United Nations and other International Organizations) New York City (Permanent Mission to the United Nations) Paris (Permanent Mission to UNESCO) Rome (Permanent Mission to FAO) Washington DC (Permanent Mission to the Organization of American States). 　　 　　The foreign relations of Colombia are mostly concentrated on combating illegal drug trade, improving Colombian image in the international community, fight against terrorism, expanding the Colombian products in the global market and environmental issues. Colombia receives special military and commercial cooperation and support from the United States mainly through Plan Colombia to fight against the internal armed groups as well as special financial preferences from the European Union in certain products. 　　 　　Politics of Colombia 　　 　　Voters concentrate in a voting center during the legislative elections of 2006. As a rule, voters are not allowed to wear political propaganda in allusion to a candidate or party, or have electronic devices on their possession while voting.The Politics of Colombia take place in the framework of a presidential representative democratic republic as established in the Colombian Constitution of 1991. The constitution vested the National Electoral Council along with the National Registry of the Civil State with the function of organizing and controlling the electoral process in Colombia. Since the 2005 reform the electoral process abides by the Law 974 of 2005 which modified the way political parties organize and interact in the government. Colombia goes through three electoral processes to elect candidates for a period of four years; a Presidential election, for president and vice president candidates (authorized to serve one reelection, 8 years), a legislative election for congress; senate and chamber of representatives (authorized many terms through reelection) and a regional election to elect department governors, department assemblies, municipal mayors and municipal councils and Local administrative juntas (executive regional leaders are only authorized one term in office). 　　 　　The last presidential and legislative elections were on May 28, 2006, in which president Álvaro Uribe was reelected by a vote of 62%, with 22% going to Carlos Gaviria of the Democratic Pole, and 12% to Horacio Serpa of the Liberal Party. Colombia's bicameral parliament is the Congress of Colombia consists of a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives of Colombia and a 102-seat Senate of Colombia. Members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. With congressmen, Colombia also elects the president. Department deputies, city councils and mayors are elected one year and five months after the president's and congressmen's election. The latest regional election was on October 28, 2007 with some 27 million Colombians apt to vote to elect between some 86 thousand candidates to represent 1,098 Colombian municipalities and 32 governors of Colombian Departments. Colombian authorities mobilized 167,559 soldiers and policemen in order to vigil the 9,950 voting sites. 　　 　　The election process in the judicial system is headed by the Constitutional Court and members are appointed by the Congress of Colombia out of nominations made by the President and other high ranking tribunals, presidents of courts in the other hand are elected in internal elections. In Electoral Institutions and Control Institutions of Colombia officials are also appointed by the president and approved by congress like the Inspector General of Colombia. 　　 　　Economy 　　 　　GDP growth 2001-2007Colombia's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a highly literate population and relatively high-valued currency. After experiencing decades of steady growth (average GDP growth exceeded 4% in the 1970-1998 period), Colombia experienced a recession in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since 1929), and the recovery from that recession was long and painful. Colombia's economy suffers from weak domestic and foreign demand, austere government budgets, and serious internal armed conflicts. 　　 　　Plantation of Colombian coffee, Quindio. Coffee is the main agricultural export of Colombia.The IMF Economic Indicators published on September 2006, forecast the Colombian GDP to reach US$156.69 billion in 2008. Inflation has been below 6% for 2004, 2005, and 2006. Colombia's main exports include manufactured goods (41.32% of exports), petroleum (28.28%), coal (13.17%), and coffee (6.25%). Unofficially, illegal drugs are also a major export. Colombia is one of the largest producers of pop-up books in the world. 　　 　　Colombia is also the largest exporter of plantains to the United States. It also exports many types of sugar crops. Within Latin America, Colombia is known as a provider of fine lingerie, with the industry being centered in Medellín. All imports, exports, and the general trade balance are in record levels, and the inflow of export dollars has resulted in substantial reevaluation of the Colombian Peso. 　　 　　The problems facing the country range from pension system problems to drug dealing to moderately high unemployment (12%). Several international financial institutions have praised the economic reforms introduced by current President Álvaro Uribe, which include measures designed to bring the public-sector deficit below 2.5% of gross domestic product (GDP). The government's economic policy and its controversial democratic security strategy have engendered a growing sense of confidence in the economy, and GDP growth in 2003 was among the highest in Latin America. On May 28, 2007, the American magazine BusinessWeek published an article naming Colombia the most Extreme Emerging Market on Earth. 　　 　　Tourism 　　 　　Tourists in Cartagena.The Tourism industry in Colombia developed in the 1940s and has maintained a steady growth since then. The main tourist destinations are Bogotá, Cartagena, Eje cafetero, Santa Marta, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, San Andrés Island among others, each presenting different tourist attractions. There are different tourist season in Colombia, the two most busy are related to religious celebrations; the holy week and Christmas among other numerous public holidays, including the celebrations surrounding the Independence of Colombia. 　　 　　The most notable festivities are the Cali's Fair, the Barranquilla's Carnival, the Bogotá summer festival, the Iberoamerican Theater Festival, the Festival of the Flowers, the Vallenato Legend Festival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites and the Fiestas del Mar. Despite Travel advisories warning not to travel to Colombia due to Colombian armed conflict, the country continues to attract more tourists in recent years. The apparent cause appears to be the current hardline approach of President Álvaro Uribe called democratic security to push rebels groups farther away from the major cities, highways and tourist sites that may attract international visitors. Since President Uribe took office in 2002, he has notably increased Colombia's stability and security by significantly boosting its military strength and police presence throughout the country. 　　 　　Arrecifes beach at the Tayrona Park, one of main eco-tourist destinations.This apparently has achieved fruitful results for the country's economy, particularly international tourism. In 2006, Colombia received some 1.5 million international visitors, an astonishing increase of about 50% from the previous year. Lonely Planet, a world travel publisher, picked Colombia as one of their top 10 world destinations for 2006. The World Tourism Organization reported in 2004 that Colombia achieved the third highest percentage increase of tourist arrivals in South America between 2000 and 2004 (9.2%). Only Peru and Suriname had higher increases during the same period. Because of the improved security, Caribbean cruise ships tours stop in Cartagena and Santa Marta. To further point out the improved security in the country, in June 2007, the Travel Channel's show, 5 Takes Latin America, aired an episode on Colombia. Points of interest on the show were Bogotá, Cocora Valley in Salento, and the Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá. 　　 　　The varied and rich geography, flora and fauna of Colombia has also developed an eco-tourist industry, mostly developed in the National Natural Parks of Colombia which include the areas of Amacayacu Park in the Department of Amazonas, Colombian National Coffee Park in the town of Montenegro, Quindío, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Los Nevados National Park (near the city of Manizales), Cocora valley in Salento, Quindío, PANACA theme Park, PANACA Savanna Park, Tayrona Park in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range (near the city of Santa Marta), the Tatacoa Desert, the Chicamocha Canyon National Park, Gorgona and Malpelo islands, as well as Cabo de la Vela in the Guajira Peninsula. 　　 　　Transportation 　　 　　Occidente tunnel, Antioquia.Colombia has a network of national highways maintained by the Instituto Nacional de Vías or INVIAS (National Institute of Roadways) government agency under the Ministry of Transport. The Pan-American Highway travels through Colombia, connecting the country with Venezuela to the east and Ecuador to the south. 　　 　　Colombia's principal airport is El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá. Several national airlines (Avianca, AeroRepública, AIRES , SATENA and EasyFly, ), and international airlines (such as Iberia, American Airlines, Varig, Copa, Continental, Delta, Air Canada, Air France, Aerolineas Argentinas, Aerogal, TAME, TACA) operate from El Dorado. Bogotá's airport is one of the largest and most expensive in Latin America. Because of its central location in Colombia and America, it is preferred by national land transportation providers, as well as national and international air transportation providers. 　　 　　Biofuels 　　Colombia is discussing current trends and challenges as well as recent international developments in the biofuels sector with the intention of contributing to the development of a sustainable and competitive biofuels strategy for Colombia and the region. 　　 　　Arturo Infante Villarreal is the National Biofuels Coordinator, Department of National Planning 　　 　　Demographics 　　 　　Colombian people at the Cali's FairWith approximately 43.6 million people in 2006, Colombia is the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico. 　　 　　Movement from rural to urban areas was very heavy in the mid-twentieth century, but has since tapered off. The urban population increased from 31% of the total population in 1938, to 57% in 1951 and about 70% by 1990. Currently the figure is about 77%. Thirty cities have a population of 100,000 or more. The nine eastern lowlands departments, constituting about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 3% of the population and a density of less than one person per square kilometer (two persons per sq mi.). Colombia's total population in 2015 is projected to be more than 52 million. 　　 　　 　　Afro-Colombian childrenThe country has a diverse population that reflects its colourful history and the peoples that have populated here from ancient times to the present. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Colombia's current demographics: European immigrants, Indigenous Natives, Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners and other recent immigrants. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remaining 700,000 currently represent over eighty-five distinct cultures. The European immigrants were primarily Spanish colonists, but a number of other Europeans (Dutch, German, Italian, French, Swiss, Belgian, also many North Americans) migrated to the Caribbean region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in smaller numbers Polish, Lithuanian, English and Croatian communities immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. For example, former Bogotá mayor Antanas Mockus is the son of Lithuanian immigrants. Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the 19th century. Other immigrant populations include Asians and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese, Jordanians, Syrians, Chinese, Japanese and Koreans. 　　 　　Indigenous peoples 　　 　　The Wayuu represent the largest indigenous ethnic group in Colombia.Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Colombia, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples. Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban linguistic families. Historically there are established 567 reserves (resguardos) for indigenous peoples and they are inhabitated by more than 800,000 people; the 1991 constitution established their native languages as official in their territories, most of them have bilingual education (Native and Spanish). Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu, the Arhuacos, the Muisca, the Kuna people, the Witoto, the Páez, the Tucano and the Guahibo. The departamentos with the biggest Indian population are Cauca, Guajira and Guainia. 　　 　　Immigrant groups 　　 　　Because of its strategic location Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) and other Caribbean cities have the largest population of Arab Lebanese, Jewish, Italian, German, French, Portuguese and Gypsy descendants. There are also important communities of German and Chinese descendants in the Caribbean Coast. 　　 　　Ethnic groups 　　The census data in Colombia does not take into account ethnicity, so percentages are basically estimates from other sources and can vary from one another. Statistics reveal that Colombians are predominantly Roman Catholic and overwhelmingly speakers of Spanish, and that a majority of them are the result of the a mixture of Europeans, Africans, Amerindians. 　　 　　58% of the population is mestizo, or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, while 20% is of European ancestry. Another 14% is mulatto, or of mixed black African and European ancestry, while 4% is of black African ancestry and 3% are zambos, of mixed black African and Amerindian ancestry. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise 1 percent of the population. There are 101 languages listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. There are about 500,000 speakers of indigenous languages in Colombia today. 　　 　　More than two-thirds of all Colombians live in urban areas—a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (94 percent) in Colombia is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth is slightly higher than the world average. Also, a large proportion of Colombians are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 33 percent of the people are 14 years of age or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older. 　　 　　Education 　　 　　Che Square (or Santander Square), campus of the National University of Colombia in Bogotá. The National University is the largest state owned university in Colombia.Over 94% of the entire population over 15 years of age can read and write, and this number has continued to increase throughout the years. Sixty percent of students complete primary schooling (5 years) and move onto secondary schooling (6 years). Most primary schools are private. Approximately 80 percent of Colombian children enter school, but they usually join a preschool academy until age 6 and then go to school. The school year extends from February to November in the capital city while in many other cities it extends from August to June. Primary education is free and compulsory for nine years for children between 6 and 12 years of age. The net primary enrollment (percentage of relevant age-group) in 2001 was 86.7 percent. The completion rate (percentage of age-group) for children attending elementary school (primaria) in 2001 totaled 89.5 percent. In many rural areas, teachers are poorly qualified, and only five years of primary school are offered. Secondary education (educación media) begins at age 11 and lasts up to six years, without any opportunity for vocational training. Secondary-school graduates are awarded the diploma (high-school diploma). Net secondary enrollment in 2001 was 53.5 percent. School life expectancy in 2001 was 11.1 years. Total public spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2001 was 4.4 percent—one of the highest rates in Latin America—as compared with 2.5 percent at the end of the 1980s. Government expenditures on education in 1999 totaled 19.7 percent of total government spending. The ratio of pupils to teachers in 2001 in primary school was 26:1 and in secondary school, 19:2. Colombia has 24 public universities. A total of 92.5 percent of the population is literate (male: 92.4 percent; female: 92.6 percent), according to a 2003 estimate. Literacy is at 93 percent in urban areas, but only 67 percent in rural areas. People in Colombia are educated in Spanish (see also Colombian Spanish). The second most spoken language is English. 　　 　　Religion 　　 　　Salt Cathedral in the town of Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca.The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are hard to obtain. Based on various studies, more than 95% of the population adheres to Christianity, in which a huge segment of the population, between 81% and 90%, practices Roman Catholicism. About 1% of Colombians practice indigenous religions. 　　 　　Under 1% practice Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Despite strong numbers of adherents, around 60% of respondents to a poll by El Tiempo report that they do not practice their faith actively. 　　 　　The Colombian constitution guarantees religious freedom, but also states that the State "is not atheist or agnostic, nor indifferent to Colombians' religious sentiment." Religious groups are readily able to obtain recognition as organized associations, but some smaller ones face difficulty in obtaining recognition as religious entities, which is required to offer chaplaincy services in public facilities. 　　 　　 　　Culture 　　 　　Fiesta in Palenque. Afro-Colombian tradition from San Basilio de Palenque, one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity since 2005.Colombian culture lies at the crossroads of Latin America, and is distinguished by having a very multicultural society. European, African, Native American, American, Middle Eastern, and other Latin American cultural influences such as Mexico and the Caribbean are all felt in Colombia's modern culture. Due to Colombia's geography and years of social and political instability, Colombian culture has been heavily fragmented into five major cultural regions which also correspond to Colombian natural regions. Urban migration, industrialisation, Globalization, and political, social and economic issues have altered the Colombian way of living throughout the years. 　　 　　Inherited from colonial times, Colombia maintains its large base of Roman Catholic traditions which largely influence and unite its multicultural society. The mixing of various different ethnic traditions is reflected in Colombia's music and dance. The most well-known genres of music in Colombia are Cumbia and Vallenato, the latter being strongly influenced by global pop culture. 　　 　　US President Bill Clinton and daughter Chelsea during a visit to Cartagena, Colombia, where they were greeted with Vallenato music by The Children of Vallenato group. Vallenato is perhaps the most representative of all Colombian cultural expressions. 　　Festival of the Flowers in Medellín, Department of Antioquia.Colombia has multiple celebrations and festivals throughout the year, with a majority stemming from Roman Catholic religious traditions. Prominent examples of festivals include the Ibero-American Theater Festival, Barranquilla's Carnival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites, Independence day on, Holy Week and Christmas. A powerful cultural medium in Colombia is television; the telenovela Betty La Fea has gained international success via localized versions in the United States, Mexico, and Croatia. Television has also played a role in the development of the local film industry. 　　 　　As in many Latin American countries, Colombians have developed a passion for Football (soccer). The Colombia national football team is seen as a symbol of unity and national pride. Colombia has been an "exporter" of many famous players, such as Freddy Rincon, Carlos Valderrama, Ruben Dario Bustos and Faustino Asprilla. Other Colombian athletes have achieved success in other sports, such as NASCAR's Juan Pablo Montoya, Major League Baseball's Edgar Rentería and Orlando Cabrera, and the PGA Tour's Camilo Villegas. 　　 　　Other famous Colombians include the Nobel Prize winning author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the artist Fernando Botero, the musicians Shakira, Juanes and Carlos Vives, and the actors Rafael Novoa, Catalina Sandino Moreno, and Sofia Vergara. 　　 　　The Cuisine of Colombia developed mainly from the food traditions of European countries. Spanish, Italian and French culinary influences can be seen in Colombian cooking. American cuisine, the cuisine of neighboring Latin American countries, Mexico and the Caribbean, as well as the cooking traditions of the Native Americans have all influenced Colombian cuisine. 　　 　　National symbols have arisen from Colombia's multiculturalism and are objects or themes that are representative of Colombia, the Colombian people, and their shared culture. Cultural expressions in Colombia are promoted by the government through the Ministry of Culture. chákàn gē lún bǐ yà Colombia dexiángqíng!!! nán měi zhōu xī běi bù guó jiā 　　nán měi zhōu xī běi bù guó jiā。 lín tài píng yáng hé jiā lè bǐ hǎi。 miàn jī 114 17 wàn píng fāng qiān mǐ。 rén kǒu 3710 wàn (1995 nián )。 shǒu dū shèng fěi bō gē dà。 ān dì sī shān mài zòng guàn xī bù。 tài píng yáng yán 'àn hé dōng bù wéi píng yuán。 rè dài qì hòu。 nóng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhòng yào dì wèi。 kā fēi de chǎn liàng hé chū kǒu liàng jū shì jiè zuì qián liè。 xiān huā shēng chǎn xiǎng yù shì jiè。 lǜ bǎo shí chǎn liàng jū shì jiè qián liè。 No. 3 哥伦比亚 　　 gē lún bǐ yà （ Columbia） shì měi guó nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu de zhōu fǔ hé zuì dà de chéng shì。 gēn jù 2006 nián de gū jì shì nèi de jū mín shù wéi 122,819 rén。 cǐ wài gē lún bǐ yà hái shì lǐ qí lán xiàn de xiàn fǔ。 shì qū de yī xiǎo bù fēn wèi yú lè xīng dùn xiàn jìng nèi。 gē lún bǐ yà suǒ shǔ dedōu shì dì qū fā zhǎn xùn sù， qí zǒng rén kǒu yòu 70 duō wàn rén。 chéng shì de míng chēng lái zì yǔ cóng kè lǐ sī tuō fú · gē lún bù yǐn dǎo chū lái de měi zhōu de yǎ míng。 jù chuán zuì zǎo shǐ yòng zhè gè míng chēng de shì shī rén fěi lì sī · huì tè lěi。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà wèi yú nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu dì lǐ zhōng xīn de xī běi jǐn 13 yīng lǐ chù， shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zhōng bù dì qū zuì zhòng yào de chéng shì。 gē lún bǐ yà shì 1786 nián zuò wéi nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu de xīn zhōu fǔ chéng lì de， tā shì měi guó zuì zǎo de shè jì jiàn zào de chéng shì。 shì nèi de xǔ duō wén huà shè shī、 gōng yuán hé xiū yǎng shè shī shǐ dé tā jīng cháng bèi yòng zuò gāo shēng huó zhì liàng de fàn lì。 gē lún bǐ yà wèi yú liǎng tiáo zhòng yào hé liú de hé liú chù， yīn cǐ xǔ duō pí tǐng hé pí huá tǐng 'àihào zhě dào zhè lǐ lái。 gē lún bǐ yà hái yǐ xǔ duō dú lì jù tuán zhù chēng。 jìn nián lái tā bèi xuǎn rù“ měi guó shēng huó zhì liàng zuì gāo de 30 gè chéng zhèn” zhī yī。 　　 　　 lì shǐ 　　 zǎo qī lì shǐ 　　 　　 zǎo zài 1787 nián nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu yì huì jué dìng jiàn zào gē lún bǐ yà chéng 100 lái nián qián zhè gè dì fāng duì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu de zǒng tǐ fā zhǎn jiù yǐ jīng qǐ liǎo zhòng yào zuò yòng。 kǎn gé ruì hé xī 'àn de yī zuò míng wéi kǎn gé ruì sī de qián xiàn bǎo lěi shì sāng dì hé hé liú xì tǒng de tōng háng zhōng diǎn。 1754 nián zhí mín zhèng fǔ zài zhè lǐ shè zhì liǎo yī gè bǎi dù lái lián jiē bǎo lěi yǔ dōng 'àn gāo dì shàng bù duàn fā zhǎn de jū mín diǎn。 　　 　　 yǔ xǔ duō běi měi zhí mín dì zǎo qī zhòng yào de jū mín diǎn yī yàng gē lún bǐ yà wèi yú cóng 'ā bā lā qì yà shān mài fā yuán de hé liú nì liú de tōng háng zhōng diǎn， ér zhè gè diǎn wǎng wǎng yě shì shùn liú de shuǐ de shuǐ sù hái gāng gāng kě yǐ tuī dòng shuǐ mó de dì fāng。 　　 　　1786 nián 3 yuè 22 rì zhōu yì huì tóng yì liǎo cān yì yuán yuē hàn · liú yì sī · rè 'ěr wéi（ JohnLewisGervais） tí chū de jiàn lì yī gè xīn zhōu fǔ de fǎ lǜ。 guān yú xīn chéng shì de míng chēng yòu xǔ duō zhēng yì。 jù dāng shí fā biǎo de bào dào gé wēi sī céng shuō tā xī wàng“ zài zhè zuò chéng shì lǐ wǒ men néng gòu zài gē lún bǐ yà de yì xià zhǎo dào bǎo hù”， ér gē lún bǐ yà shì tā xī wàng de chéng shì de míng chēng。 lìng yī gè tí míng shì“ huá shèng dùn”。 zuì hòu zài zhōu cān yì yuàn tóu piào shì gē lún bǐ yà yǐ 11 duì 7 piào huò shèng。 　　 　　1786 nián zhè gè dì fāng yīn wèi yú zhōu de zhōng xīn bèi xuǎn wéi xīn zhōu fǔ。 1790 nián zhōu yì huì shǒu cì zài cǐ kāi huì。 yī kāi shǐ de 20 nián zhōng zhè lǐ zhí jiē shòu zhōu yì huì guǎn lǐ。 1805 nián gē lún bǐ yà bèi liè wéi cūn。 1854 nián bèi tí shēng wéi chéng shì。 　　 　　 sāng dì yùn hé jiàn chéng hòu gē lún bǐ yà yǔ chá 'ěr sī dùn yòu liǎo zhí jiē de shuǐ lù lián jiē， wéi chéng shì dài lái liǎo jù dà de fā zhǎn。 sāng dì yùn hé shì 1786 nián kāi shǐ jiàn zào de， 1800 nián wán gōng， shì měi guó zuì zǎo de yùn hé zhī yī。 1850 nián yóu yú tiě lù yùn shū bù duàn zēng duō tā tíng zhǐ shǐ yòng。 　　 　　 guī huá zhě shè jì liǎo yī zuò yán hé pàn liǎng yīng lǐ cháng de、 yóu 400 gè jiē qū zǔ chéng de chéng shì。 měi gè jiē qū fēn wéi yīng mǔ dà de dì jī chū shòu gěi tóu jī shāng hé yù qī de jū mín。 mǎi zhù bì xū zài sān nián nèi jiàn zào yī zuò zhì shǎo 30 yīng chǐ cháng、 18 yīng chǐ kuān de fáng zǐ， fǒu zé de huà tā bì xū měi nián jiāo 5% de fá jīn。 huán chéng jiē dào hé liǎng tiáo zhù jiē dào gè 150 yīng chǐ kuān， qí tā fēn gē jiē qū de jiē dào gè 100 yīng chǐ kuān。 zhè gè kuān dù shì yóu dāng shí de mí xìn dǎo zhì de， dāng shí rén men yǐ wéi wēi xiǎn de hé tǎo yàn de wén zǐ wú fǎ fēi yuè 60 yīng chǐ de jù lí， fǒu zé de huà tā men huì zài bàn lù shàng bèi 'é sǐ。 jīn tiān gē lún bǐ yà yǐ rán shòu yì yú zhè xiē kuān guǎng de dà jiē。 　　 　　 dào 1797 nián wéi zhǐ guī huá zhě qǐ dāng dì zhèng fǔ de zuò yòng， cǐ hòu yì huì shè lì liǎo yī gè jiē dào hé shì chǎng wěi yuán huì。 dāng shí de sān gè zhòng dà wèn tí shì xù jiǔ、 dǔ bó hé 'è liè de wèi shēng tiáo jiàn。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà fā zhǎn xùn sù， 1800 nián hòu bù jiǔ qí rén kǒu jiù yǐ jīng kuài dá dào 1000 rén liǎo。 　　19 shì jì 　　 　　1801 nián nán kǎ luó lái nà xué yuàn（ jīn tiān nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué） zài gē lún bǐ yà chéng lì。 xuǎn zé gē lún bǐ yà wéi gāi xué yuàn de yuán zhǐ de mùdì zhī yī shì xī wàng yǐ cǐ tǒng yī nán běi de jū mín。 cǐ wài nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu de lǐng dǎo rén xī wàng néng gòu zhí jiē jiān shì xué yuàn de fā zhǎn hé jìn bù。 xué yuàn jiàn lì hòu duō nián lǐ xué wèi shòu yú diǎn lǐ shì zài yì huì zhào kāi de 12 yuè jìn xíng de。 　　 　　1805 nián gē lún bǐ yà bèi tí shēng wéi zhèn， zhèn de zhèng fǔ shì yī míng zhèn cháng hé liù míng zhù shǒu。 dì yī wèi bèi xuǎn de zhèn cháng shì yuē hàn · tài lè（ JohnTaylor）， tài lè hòu lái jìn rù liǎo zhōu yì huì de cān yì yuàn hé zhòng yì yuàn yǐ jí měi guó yì huì de cān yì yuàn hé zhòng yì yuàn， zuì hòu hái chū rèn nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zhōu cháng。 1816 nián gē lún bǐ yà yòu 250 gè hù hé 1000 duō míng jū mín。 　　 　　1854 nián gē lún bǐ yà bèi tí shēng wéi shì， qí zhèng fǔ yóu yī míng xuǎn jǔ 'ér chū de shì cháng hé liù míng zhù shǒu zǔ chéng。 liǎng nián hòu shì nèi shè lì liǎo yī zhī jǐng chá duì， yóu yī míng quán zhí jǐng guān hé jiǔ míng xún jǐng zǔ chéng。 chéng shì yǐ rán bù duàn xùn sù zēngzhǎng。 1850 nián dài hé 1860 nián dài lǐ gē lún bǐ yà shì nán běi kǎ luó lái nà zuì dà de nèi lù chéng shì。 zhè duàn shí jiān lǐ tiě lù duì gē lún bǐ yà rén kǒu zēngzhǎng qǐ liǎo jù dà zuò yòng。 1840 nián dài lǐ zuì zǎo dào dá gē lún bǐ yà de tiě lù zuì zhòng yào de zuò yòng zài yú yùn shū mián huā， ér bù shì lǚ kè。 mián huā shì gē lún bǐ yà jí qí zhōu biān dì qū de shēng jī。 1850 nián shì nèi de shāng yè hé jīng jì quán bù zhí jiē huò jiànjiē dì yǔ mián huā yòu guān。 　　 　　1860 nián 12 yuè 17 rì nán kǎ luó lái nà fēn liè dà huì zài gē lún bǐ yà de dì yī jìn xìn huì jiào táng zhào kāi。 kāi huì dài biǎo yǐ 159 piào duì 0 piào de quán bù duō shù qiān shǔ liǎo tóng yì fēn liè de jué yì。 gē lún bǐ yà de dì lǐ wèi zhì shǐ dé tā chéng wéi měi lì jiān lián méng guó qí tā huì yì hé dà huì de lǐ xiǎng dì diǎn。 zài nán běi zhàn zhēng qī jiān shù gè zhōu de yínháng jiā、 tiě lù gōng sī zǒng cái、 jiào shī hé shén xué jiā bù shí zài gē lún bǐ yà kāi huì。 　　 　　1865 nián 2 yuè 17 rì zài wēi lián · tè kù sài · xiè 'ěr màn de lián bāng jūn jūn duì zhàn lǐng gē lún bǐ yà de guò chéng zhōng chéng shì bèi fù zhī yī jù。 chuán shuō dì yī jìn xìn huì jiào táng chā yī diǎn bèi xiè 'ěr màn díshì bīng fén huǐ。 chuán shuō shì bīng lái dào jiào táng mén kǒu wèn jiào táng de guǎn jiā fēn liè jué yì shì zài nǎ lǐ qiān shǔ de。 nà gè guǎn jiā jiàngshì bīng dài dào fù jìn de yī zuò wèi lǐ zōng jiào táng， yóu cǐ jiāng zhè zuò lì shǐ xìng jiàn zhù bǎo hù xià lái liǎo。 　　 　　 zhàn hòu bù jiǔ jiù dà huǒ de qǐ yīn jiù bào fā liǎo zhēng lùn。 xiè 'ěr màn zé bèi tóng méng jūn zài chè chū gē lún bǐ yà shí jiāng duī zài jiē shàng de mián huā kǔn diǎn rán liǎo， jiā shàngdàng shí dà fēng， dǎo zhì shī huǒ。 tā fǒu rèn xià lìng diǎn huǒ， dàn shì tā díquè xià lìng cuī huǐ zhòng yào de jūn shì shè shī， bǐ rú tóng méng yìn shuà chǎng děng。 dāng dì jū mín、 lián bāng jūn shì bīng yǐ jí yī míng bào shè jì zhě zé chēng lián bāng jūn shì bīng wèile bào fù nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu lǐng tóu cóng lián bāng fēn liè chū qù 'ér diǎn huǒ。 yě yòu rén chēng（ bǐ rú zhān mǔ sī · shuài wén zài tā de shū《 LiesAcrossAmerica:WhatOurHistoricSitesGetWrong》 zhōng） dà huǒ zhù yào shì tóng méng jūn dǎo zhì de。 jīn tiān yóu kè kě yǐ yán xiè 'ěr màn rù chéng de lù jìng kàn xìng cún dà huǒ de jiàn zhù hé jié gòu。 　　 　　 zài chóngjiàn shí qī lǐ gē lún bǐ yà chéng wéi dà jiā guān zhù de jiāo diǎn。 jì zhě、 yóu kè lái dào nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu de zhōu fǔ lái guān chá yī gè nán fāng zhōu de yì huì， yīn wéi zhè gè yì huì zhōng bāo kuò guò qù de nú lì。 1865 nián dà huǒ hòu gē lún bǐ yà yě huò dé liǎo huī fù。 chóngjiàn chū qī shì nèi de jiàn zhù gōng yè fā zhǎn liáng hǎo， wài wéi tiě lù de xiū fù yě wéi dāng dì jū mín zào chéng liǎo xǔ duō jiù yè jī huì。 　　20 shì jì 　　 　　20 shì jì chū gē lún bǐ yà chéng wéi yī gè dì qū xìng de fáng zhì gōng yè zhōng xīn。 1907 nián gē lún bǐ yà yòu liù gè zhì bù chǎng， gòng 3,400 duō míng gōng rén， nián gōng zī zǒng 'é 819,000 měi yuán， wéi zhěng gè dì qū dài lái liǎo 480 duō wàn měi yuán de jīng jì zhōu zhuǎn。 　　 　　 dào 1908 nián wéi zhǐ gē lún bǐ yà méi yòu pū shè de jiē dào。 bù guò zài 115 gè shí zì lù kǒu shàng yòu shòu wéi hù de xíng rén lù， zhè yàng xíng rén zài chuān guò jiē dào shí bù yòng tàng guò ní shuǐ。 yòu yī duàn shí jiān zuò wéi shí yàn huá shèng dùn jiē shàng pū shè liǎo mù bǎn。 dàn shì xià bào yǔ shí zhè xiē mù bǎn jiù shùn shuǐ piào zǒu liǎo， chéng wéi dāng dì de xiào huà。 1925 nián kāi shǐ pū shè bǎi yóu lù。 　　 　　1911 nián hé 1912 nián gē lún bǐ yà shì nèi dà xīng tǔ mù， jiàn zhù liǎo jià zhí 250 wàn měi yuán de xīn fáng wū， qí zhōng bāo kuò sān zuò yínháng dà shà、 yī zuò gòu wù zhōng xīn hé duō zuò dà lǚ diàn。 　　 　　1917 nián 9 yuè 1 rì měi guó lù jūn zài gē lún bǐ yà kāi shè liǎo yī zuò bīng yíng。 　　 　　1930 nián gē lún bǐ yà shì yī gè yòu 50 wàn gù kè de shāng yè zhōng xīn， shì nèi yòu 803 jiā líng shòu diàn， qí zhōng 280 jiā shì shí pǐn diàn， cǐ wài hái yòu 58 jiā yī zhuāng diàn、 57 jiā fàn diàn、 55 jiā jiā qì zhàn、 38 jiā yào diàn、 20 jiā jiā jù diàn、 19 jiā qì chē shāng、 11 jiā xié diàn、 9 jiā yān diàn、 5 jiā bǎi huò shāng diàn hé yī jiā shū diàn。 shì nèi yòu 119 jiā pī fā shāng， qí zhōng sān fēn zhī yī shì shí pǐn shāng。 　　 　　1934 nián gē lún bǐ yà shì jiāng yuán lái de lián bāng fǎ yuàn mǎi xià zuò wéi shì zhèng dà shà， zhè zuò jiàn zhù shǐ yòng de shì fù jìn wēn sī bó lè de huā gǎng yán jiàn chéng de， qí shè jì shī shì yóu lǐ xī sī · gé lán tè zǒng tǒng de lián bāng shè jì shī mǐ lè， 1876 nián jiàn chéng， jīn tiān bèi liè rù guó jiā shǐ jì míng lù。 mǐ lè hái jiàn zào liǎo xǔ duō huá shèng dùn gē lún bǐ yà tè qū de bàn gōng lóu。 běn lái mǐ lè de jìhuà zhōng hái dǎ suàn jiàn yī zuò zhōng lóu， dàn kě néng yīn wéi jiàn zào fèi yòng dà dà chāo guò liǎo yù suàn 'ér bèi fàng qì。 dà shà de qiáng bì shàng yòu mǐ lè de yuán shǐ shè jì de fù zhì yǐ jí gē lún bǐ yà kāi shǐ shí qī de lì shǐ zhào piàn。 　　 　　1940 nián guò qù de bīng yíng chóngxīn qǐ yòng， yīn wéi dāng shí shì zhèng fǔ xī wàng jūn duì néng gòu yǒng jiǔ zhù zhā zài gē lún bǐ yà 。 1968 nián zài wǔ jiǎo dà lóu de pī zhǔn xià gāi bīng yíng bèi bìng rù gē lún bǐ yà shì。 　　 　　1940 nián dài chū， zài rì běn xí jī zhēn zhū gǎng hòu hé měi guó jìn rù dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn hòu bù jiǔ jí mǐ · dù lì tè zài gē lún bǐ yà de jūn yòng jī chǎng wéi kōng xí dōng jīng zuò xùn liàn。 jīn tiān zhè zuò jī chǎng chéng wéi liǎo gē lún bǐ yà dū shì jī chǎng。 tā men xùn liàn shǐ yòng de fēi jī shì B-25 mǐ qiē 'ěr xíng hōng zhà jī， zài gē lún bǐ yà de lìng yī jī chǎng de fēi jī kù lǐ chén liè zhe tóng yī xíng hào de fēi jī。 　　 　　1940 nián dài lǐ gē lún bǐ yà yě kāi shǐ shì tú qǔ dì jié mǔ · kè láo fǎ hé zhǒng zú qí shì。 1945 nián yī zuò lián bāng fǎ yuàn pàn jué shì nèi de hēi rén jiào shī yīnggāi yǔ bái rén jiào shī huò dé tóng yàng de xīn shuǐ。 dàn shì zài cǐ hòu shù nián lǐ gē lún bǐ yà shì tú bō duó xǔ duō hēi rén jiào shī de jiāoshū quán lì。 qí tā shì nèi hēi rén qǐ tú huò dé de tóng yàng dài yù bāo kuò xuǎn jǔ quán hé qǔ xiāo zhǒng zú fēn lí（ yóu qí shì zài gōng gòng xué xiào lǐ）。 1962 nián 8 yuè 21 rì bā zuò shì zhōng xīn de lián xiāo diàn shǒu cì xiàng hēi rén chū shòu wǔ fàn。 1963 nián nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué shǒu cì jiē shōu hēi rén dà xué shēng。 yuē tóng shí duō zhǒng zhǒng zú fēn lí kāi shǐ zài shì nèi bèi qǔ xiāo。 hēi rénshēn jiā duō gè shè qún wěi yuán huì， shì zhèng fǔ cǎi nà liǎo fǎn qí shì de gù yòng zhèng cè。 zhè xiē hé qí tā jìn bù cuò shī shǐ dé gē lún bǐ yà yú 1964 nián dì 'èr cì huò dé quán měi chéng shì jiǎng（ dì yī cì shì zài 1951 nián）。 1965 nián《 xīn wén zhōu kān》 fā biǎo de yī piān wén zhāng zàn yáng gē lún bǐ yà “ jiāng zì jǐ cóng jiào tiáo zhǒng zú gé lí zhèng cè de bì bìng zhōng jiě fàng chū lái liǎo”。 　　 　　 zài 1950 nián dài lǐ gē lún bǐ yà dì qū de rén kǒu cóng 186,844 rén zēng cháng dào 260,828 rén， zēng jiā lè bǐ hǎi 40%， qí zhōng shì nèi de rén kǒu dá 97,433 rén。 　　 　　 cǐ hòu de chéng shì jiàn shè zhōng rén men fēi cháng zhòng shì lì shǐ bǎo hù。 1967 nián lì shǐ shàng de luó bó tè zhì bù chǎng bèi xiū fù， zhè dǎo zhì liǎo shì nèi xǔ duō lì shǐ jiàn zhù jì 'ér bèi xiū fù。 1970 nián dài chū nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué chóngxīn cā liàng liǎo qí“ mǎ tí tiě”。 yī xiē dāng dì de bó wù guǎn yě shì zài cǐ shí duì lì shǐ xīng qù de tí gāo de jī huì lǐ jiàn lì de， qí zhōng bāo kuò 1988 nián kāi fàng de nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu lì bó wù guǎn。 　　 　　1980 nián gē lún bǐ yà dū shì dì qū de rén kǒu dá 410,088 rén， 1990 nián yuē dá 47 wàn rén。 chéng shì jì xù shì tú gǎi shàn qí jū mín de shēng huó tiáo jiàn hé shǐ dé dāng dì de jīng jì duō yàng huà， lái bǎo chí chéng shì wèi lái de bù duàn fā zhǎn。 　　 jìn nián lì shǐ 　　 　　1990 nián dài hé 2000 nián dài chū gē lún bǐ yà de shì zhōng xīn bèi fù sū。 yuán lái de cāng kù qū chéng wéi yī gè gāo jí fàn diàn、 gòu wù hé jiǔ bā qū。 2002 nián zhí mín zhōng xīn kāi fàng， wéi gē lún bǐ yà dài lái liǎo shù gè míng xīng de yīnyuè huì。 2004 nián gē lún bǐ yà dū shì huì yì zhōng xīn kāi fàng， yī gè xīn de huì yì zhōng xīn lǚ guǎn hé yī xiē qí tā jū mín qū zhèng zài jiàn shè zhōng。 　　 　　 yòu xiē rén pī píng chéng shì fù sū shì zhōng xīn de nǔ lì bù hěn chéng gōng， huí qiān de rén bǐ yù jì de shǎo。 bù guò jìn nián lái xǔ duō sī rén zài shì zhōng xīn jìn xíng chóngjiàn hé jiàn shè gōng chéng， yuè lái yuè duō de rén qiān huí shì zhōng xīn。 yī xiē lì shǐ xìng de shì zhōng xīn jiàn zhù bèi gǎi zào chéng gōng yù， shì zhōng xīn yě yòu xīn de jiàn zhù zào qǐ lái。 hé biān de fù sū chāi huǐ liǎo jiù de gōng yuán， jiàn zào liǎo xīn de gōng yuán， xī yǐn liǎo xǔ duō rén dào shì zhōng xīn de gōng yuán yùn dòng。 　　 dì lǐ hé qì hòu 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de dì lǐ wèi zhì wéi běi wěi 34°1'1"， xī jīng 81°0'38"。 qiū jì、 dōng jì hé chūn jì wēn hé， dōng yè 'ǒu 'ěr huì dī yú shè shì líng dù， dàn hěn shǎo huì yì cháng lěng。 chūn jì dù juān huā shèng kāi shì zuì měi lì de jì jié。 xià jì kě yǐ fēi cháng rè， gē lún bǐ yà yǔ měi guó dōng nán bù qí tā chéng shì yī yàng jīng cháng huì fā shēng nì wēn。 gē lún bǐ yà dì lǐ fēi cháng yòu qù de yī diǎn shì tā wèi yú shān dì hé píng yuán de biān jiè shàng， gē lún bǐ yà shì kǎn gé ruì hé de tōng háng zhōng diǎn， bù luò dé hé（ BroadRiver） hé sà lú dá hé zài cǐ zhù rù kǎn gé ruì hé。 　　 　　 gēn jù měi guó rén kǒu diào chá jú de shù jù gē lún bǐ yà de zǒng miàn jī wéi 330.8 píng fāng gōng lǐ， qí zhōng 324.3 píng fāng gōng lǐ wéi lù dì miàn jī， 6.4 píng fāng gōng lǐ（ 1.95%） wéi shuǐ yù miàn jī。 　　 měi yuè de yī bān wēn dù、 zuì gāo hé zuì dī wēn dù jì lù 　　 yuè yī yuè èr yuè sān yuè sì yuè wǔ yuè liù yuè qī yuè bā yuè jiǔ yuè shí yuè shí yī yuè shí 'èr yuè 　　 zuì gāo jì lù °F 84 84 91 94 101 107 107 107 101 101 90 83 　　 yī bān gāo wēn °F 55.1 59.5 67.4 75.7 83.1 89.1 92.1 90 84.8 75.8 66.7 57.8 　　 yī bān dī wēn °F 34 36.3 43.5 50.7 60 67.9 71.8 70.6 64.6 51.5 42.6 36.1 　　 zuì dī jì lù °F -1 5 4 26 34 44 54 53 40 23 12 4 　　 jiàng shuǐ liàng（ yīng cùn） 4.66 3.84 4.59 2.98 3.17 4.99 5.54 5.41 3.94 2.89 2.88 3.38 　　 lái yuán： USTravelWeather.com 　　 dū shì dì qū 　　 　　 gēn jù 2006 nián měi guó rén kǒu diào chá jú de gū jì gē lún bǐ yà dū shì dì qū de zǒng rén kǒu wéi 703,771 rén。 　　 　　 gēn jù 2000 nián de rén kǒu pǔ chá lǐ qí lán xiàn hé liè kè xīng dùn xiàn liǎng xiàn de zǒng rén kǒu wéi 536,691 rén， qí zhōng yuē 78% zhù zài gē lún bǐ yà shì qū nèi（ 420,537ren1）。 2003 nián 6 yuè měi guó rén kǒu diào chá jú jiāng yǐ xià sì gè xiàn yě guī rù gē lún bǐ yà dū shì dì qū： fèi 'ěr fěi 'ěr dé xiàn（ FairfieldCounty）、 kǎ 'ěr huò 'ēn xiàn、 kè xiào xiàn（ KershawCounty） hé sà lú dá xiàn。 yóu cǐ gē lún bǐ yà dedōu shì dì qū chéng wéi nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì dà dedōu shì dì qū。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà dū shì dì qū bāo kuò yǐ xià xiàn： 　　 　　* lǐ qí lán xiàn 　　* liè kè xīng dùn xiàn 　　* fèi 'ěr fěi 'ěr dé xiàn 　　* kǎ 'ěr huò 'ēn xiàn 　　* kè xiào xiàn 　　* sà lú dá xiàn 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà zuì dà de zhèn hé shì qū bāo kuò： 　　 　　* shèng 'ān dé lǔ sī： lǐ qí lán xiàn， 21,814 rén 　　* qī xiàng shù： liè kè xīng dùn xiàn， 15,755 rén 　　*Dentsville： lǐ qí lán xiàn， 13,009 rén 　　* xī gē lún bǐ yà ： 13,064 rén 　　* kǎi xī： 12,150 rén 　　* yī mò： 11,039 rén 　　 　　 　　 　　*ForestAcres： 10,908 rén 　　* liè kè xīng dùn： 9,793 rén 　　*Woodfield： 9,238 rén 　　* xiàng shù lín： 8,183 rén 　　*Lugoff： 6,278 rén 　　 　　 jī chǔ shè shī 　　 shì zhèng fǔ 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de zhèng fǔ xíng shì shì yì huì zhèng fǔ。 shì cháng hé yì huì de qí tā liù míng chéng yuán shì xuǎn jǔ 'ér chū， rèn qī sì nián。 shì cháng yǔ liǎng míng yì yuán yóu quán shì shì mín xuǎn chū， qí tā sì míng yì yuán yóu shì qū xuǎn chū。 xuǎn jǔ zài dān shù nián de chūn tiān jǔ xíng。 　　 　　 shì cháng hé yì huì zhì dìng zhèng cè， fā bù fǎ lǜ、 guī zé hé guǎn lǐ tiáo lì lái bǎo zhàng shè qún hé jīng jì de fā zhǎn。 cǐ wài yì huì hái wéi chéng shì néng gòu yòu tiáo lǐ dì hé yòu xiào dì fú wù tí gōng bì yào de zhī chí。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de xiàn rèn shì cháng bó bù · kē bō 'ěr cóng 1990 nián kāi shǐ rèn zhí， yú 2006 nián 4 yuè 4 rì dì wǔ cì bèi xuǎn， shì zhì jīn wéi zhǐ gē lún bǐ yà rèn zhí shí jiān zuì cháng de shì cháng。 　　 jiào yù 　　 gāo děng xué xiào 　　 　　 nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué de zhù xiào yuán wèi yú gē lún bǐ yà 。 zhè zuò dà xué shì 1801 nián yǐ nán kǎ luó lái nà xué yuàn kāi bàn de， 1906 nián gēngmíng wéi nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué。 dà xué yòu 350 gè xué shì xué yè、 2.55 duō wàn xué shēng、 15 gè xué yuàn hé xué xiào。 tā zhí jiē wèi yú gē lún bǐ yà shì zhōng xīn。 　　 　　 kǎ nèi jī jiào xué cù jìn jī jīn huì píng jià nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué shì yī zuò yōng yòu“ jí gāo de yán jiū huó yuè xìng” de yán jiū jī gòu。 dà xué hái yōng yòu shì jiè zhī míng de guó jì shāng yè xué yè， 2006 nián《 měi guó xīn wén yǔ shì jiè bào dào》 jiāng qí xué shì guó jì shāng yè xué yè zài měi guó liè dì yī míng， qí shuò shì xué yè liè dì 'èr míng。 　　 　　 wèile jìn yī bù gǎi shàn nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué de jiào xué hé yán jiū zhì liàng dà xué zài lǎo xiào yuán hé kǎn gé ruì hé hé pàn jiàn lì yī zuò xīn de“ fā míng qū”。 zhè gè qū jiāng yào jié hé gōng gòng hé sī fèi yán jiū bù mén hé kē xué jiā， qū nèi yòu xiàn dài huà de shāng diàn、 fàn diàn、 gōng yù、 xiū xián shè shī děng。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà hái yòu yǐ xià gāo děng xué xiào： 　　 　　* ài lún dà xué héng héng 1870 nián yóu fēi zhōu rén měi yǐ měi huì jiàn lì， yōng yòu chāo yuè de lì shǐ， bèi pǔ biàn rèn wéi duì měi guó hēi rén de fā zhǎn qǐ liǎo zhòng yào de gòng xiàn。 　　* běn ní dí kè tè xué yuàn héng héng 1870 nián jiàn xiào， tā shì hēi rén dà xué lián hé jī jīn huì de 39 gè xué yuàn zhōng fā zhǎn zuì kuài de。 chú xué shēng shù mù wài qí chéng jì、 zī jīn、 yán jiū jiǎng jīn de zēngzhǎng sù dù yě fēi cháng gāo。 　　* gē lún bǐ yà xué yuàn héng héng 1854 nián jiàn xiào， shì yī zuò sī fèi de、 sì nián zhì de、 nǚ zǐ zì yóu yì shù xué yuàn， fù shǔ yòu jiào yù wǎn xiào hé xué shì xué xiào。 1994 nián《 měi guó xīn wén yǔ shì jiè bào dào》 jiāng tā liè rù měi guó nán bù shí gè zuì hǎodehěn dì qū xìng zì yóu yì shù xué yuàn zhī yī。 　　* gē lún bǐ yà guó jì dà xué héng héng shì yī zuò yǐ《 shèng jīng》 wéi jī chǔ de、 sī fèi jī dū jiào xué yuàn， qí mùdì zài yú yǐn dǎo xué shēng jiē shòu jī dū jiào。 dà xué yú 1923 nián jiàn xiào。 　　*MidlandsTechnicalCollege héng héng shǔ yú nán kǎ luó lái nà gōng chéng xué yuàn xì tǒng， tā shì yī gè liǎng nián zhì de、 míng liǎo de、 gōng gòng de、 shè qún xué yuàn， tí gōng duō zhǒng jiào yù， tí gōng sì nián zhì de、 xiàng xué yuàn guò dù de kě néng hé jì xù jiào yù。 xué yuàn de bān jí xiǎo、 jiào dǎo gè rén huà、 tí gōng xué shēng zhī chí fú wù。 dà duō shù xué yuàn de xì yě tí gōng shuò shì hé bó shì xué wèi。 　　* xìn yì zōng nán fāng shén xué yuàn héng héng 1830 nián jiàn xiào， shì měi guó fú yīn xìn yì zōng jiào huì de shén xué yuàn， shì běi měi zhōu zuì lǎo de xìn yì zōng shén xué yuàn zhī yī。 shén xué yuàn de xiào yuán wèi yú shì zhōng xīn fù jìn de yī zuò xiǎo qiū shàng， shì gē lún bǐ yà de zuì gāo diǎn， 17 yīng mǔ de xiào yuán lǐ shù mù hěn duō。 　　 　　 sī fèi xué xiào 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà yòu 17 zuò sī fèi xué xiào。 　　 gōng gòng xué xiào 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de gōng gòng xué xiào fēn wéi sān gè qū。 　　 jiāo tōng 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà jí qí zhōu biān dì qū shǐ yòng gē lún bǐ yà dū shì jī chǎng。 měi yīng háng kōng、 dà lù háng kōng、 dá měi háng kōng、 xī běi háng kōng、 lián hé háng kōng hé quán měi háng kōng yòu bān jī fēi wǎng gē lún bǐ yà dū shì jī chǎng。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de zhōu jì gōng lù lián jiē fēi cháng hǎo。 sān tiáo zhōu jì gōng lù zài gē lún bǐ yà xíng chéng yī tiáo huán chéng gōng lù： 26 hào、 77 hào hé 20 hào。 qí tā zhòng yào gāo sù gōng lù yòu 126 hào zhōu jì gōng lù、 měi guó guó dào 1、 21 hào、 176 hào、 321 hào、 378 hào yǐ jí nán kǎ luó lái nà 277 hào gāo sù gōng lù。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà yòu yī zuò měi guó guó jiā tiě lù gōng sī de huǒ chē zhàn， yín xīng guò shān chē jiāng gē lún bǐ yà yǔ niǔ yuē shì、 huá shèng dùn gē lún bǐ yà tè qū、 shā wǎ nà、 jié kè xùn wéi 'ěr、 ào lán duō、 tǎn pà hé mài 'ā mì lián jiē。 　　 　　2002 nián 10 yuè jiàn lì de dà gē lún bǐ yà dì qū de gōng gòng qì chē chú wéi gē lún bǐ yà wài hái wéi zhōu biān dì qū fú wù。 huī gǒu qì chē yùn shū gōng sī zài shì zhōng xīn de dōng bù yòu yī gè qì chē zhàn， tí gōng chéng shì jiān yùn shū fú wù。 cǐ wài， gē lún bǐ yà dū shì dì qū yòu xǔ duō dà xíng de tōng dào。 　　 fù sū shì zhōng xīn 　　 　　 jìn nián lái gē lún bǐ yà dū shì dì qū wán chéng liǎo yī xì liè zhòng fā zhǎn xiàng mù bìng jìhuà jìn xíng yī xiē xīn de xiàng mù。 cóng shì zhōng xīn zhì kǎn gé ruì hé hé pàn de 1200 yīng mǔ dà de dì qū zhōng de xǔ duō lì shǐ xìng jiàn zhù bèi xiū fù hé chóngxīn jū zhù， qí zhōng bāo kuò nán běi zhàn zhēng zhōng bèi yòng lái yìn shuà tóng méng guó fǎ lǜ de tóng méng guó yìn shuà chǎng， zhè zuò jiàn zhù bèi xiū fù。 gē lún bǐ yà yǔ chāo shì Publix xié shāng， jiāng guò qù de yìn shuà chǎng gǎi zào wéi yī zuò chāo shì。 jīn tiān gē lún bǐ yà shì měi guó dōng nán bù shǎo shù zài shì zhōng xīn yòu chāo shì de chéng shì。 guó jì dū shì xié huì yīn cǐ xiàng gē lún bǐ yà shòu yú róng yù。 zài zhè gè shì qū nèi hái jiàn zào liǎo yī zuò xīn huì yì zhōng xīn hé xī 'ěr dùn fàn diàn， gū jì 2007 nián xià qǐ yòng。 cǐ wài hái zài jìhuà zhōng de hái yòu gāo jí de gōng yù、 lǚ diàn hé gòu wù jiē。 　　 　　 jīn tiān zhè gè shì qū de zhù jiē dào zhé wéi sī dà jiē shàng de lǎo jiàn zhù lǐ yòu yì shù guǎn、 fàn diàn、 tè shū de shāng diàn hé bàn gōng shì。 qí zhōng diǎn fù jìn yòu nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu lì bó wù guǎn hé zhí mín zhōng xīn。 fù jìn zhèng zài jiàn zào xué shēng sù shè hé yī xiē gōng yù。 zài kǎn gé ruì hé hé pàn hái zài jiàn zào 750 zuò xīn de gōng yù。 　　 　　 xīn de dà xué qū yě shēn rù lì shǐ qū， bāo hán 200 duō yīng mǔ miàn jī， zhè gè qū jiāng zài jiāng lái shù nián nèi wán gōng。 wéi 20 céng lóu gāo de cǐ lǎo de dà xué fǎng wèn zhě bèi chāi chú， zhè gǎi biàn liǎo gē lún bǐ yà de tiān mù。 zhè gè qū lǐ bù jǐn huì yòu dà xué zì jǐ de yán jiū shè shī， ér qiě hái huì jiāng yī xiē jiàn zhù zū gěi sī rén jū mín、 yán jiū gōng sī hé shāng diàn。 　　 　　 zhù jiē（ MainStreet）、 nǚ shì jiē（ LadyStreet） hé wǔ diǎn shì qū（ FivePoints） jūn zài měi huà， zhù yào shì jiāng xiǎo píng fáng gǎi zào， pū shè zhuān pū de rén hángdào hé huā yuán。 yóu qí guò qù céng shì gē lún bǐ yà huó dòng zhōng xīn de zhù jiē huò dé tè bié de nǔ lì。 zài shāng diàn děng bān dào shì jiāo de gòu wù zhōng xīn hòu zhè lǐ huāng wú。 xīn de zhù jiē huī fù liǎo qí huó yuè de shāng yè hé jū mín qū de tè zhēng。 bù guò dāng dì yī xiē běn lái cún zài de shāng diàn yīn cǐ bèi pò lí kāi。 bù guò jiē shàng de dà duō shù shāng diàn xiāng xìn jiē de měi huà wéi tā men dài lái liǎo yōu diǎn。 xīn jiàn zhù bāo kuò xī là dōng zhèng jiào shèng sān jiào táng， bān lái de jù yuàn hé yī zuò xīn de、 gōng yù、 fàn diàn hé bàn gōng shì hùn hé shǐ yòng de gāo lóu。 　　 　　2004 nián jiàn zào de zǐ wǔ xiàn dà shà（ Meridianbuilding） gāo 17 céng， jiàn zhù fèi yòng 6200 wàn měi yuán， shì yī zuò bàn gōng dà shà。 nán kǎ luó lái nà dì 'èr dà yínháng dì yī guó mín yín xíng zài zhù jiē jiàn zào liǎo yī zuò jià zhí 4000 wàn měi yuán de xīn bàn gōng lóu。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà lì shǐ jī jīn kuàijì huá zài shì zhōng xīn de lì shǐ dì qū jiàn zào yī gè huā yuán qū。 àn zhào zhè gè jìhuà shì zhōng xīn de 18 gè jiē qū lǐ de lì shǐ xìng jiàn zhù jiāng zhǎn shì shì nèi cóng 1820 nián zhì 1920 nián 100 nián de huā yuán lì shǐ。 jìhuà bāo kuò lì bēi、 xiū zhěng shì róng yǐ jí kě yǐ xiàng yóu kè hé jū mín zhǎn shì huā yuán de rén hángdào。 　　 　　 cǐ wài gē lún bǐ yà shì zhèng fǔ dǎ suàn chū shòu 178 yīng mǔ de yuán zhōu lì jīng shén bìng yuàn de dì jī， mù qián de jìhuà shì zài zhè lǐ 'àn zhào xīn chéng shì zhù yì jiàn zào yī gè dài yòu lǜ dì、 bàn gōng shì hé shāng diàn de gāo mì dù jū mín qū。 jìhuà jiàn zào 1200 gè gōng yù yǐ jí 800,000 píng fāng yīng chǐ de shāng diàn hé bàn gōng shì miàn jī。 　　 jīng jì 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de jīng jì xiāng dāng duō yàng huà， zuì dà de gù zhù shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zhèng fǔ、 PalmettoHealth yī yuàn xì tǒng、 nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu lán shí zì dùn gōng sī hé nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué。 xiàng nán běi kǎ luó lái nà zhōu hé zuǒ zhì yà zhōu tí gōng néng liàng gōngjǐ de cái fù 500 qiáng gōng sī sī kān nà gōng sī de zǒng bù wèi yú gē lún bǐ yà 。 qí tā zhòng yào gù zhù yòu měi guó lù jūn、 xué xiào xì tǒng hé zài gē lún bǐ yà dū shì jī chǎng yōng yòu qí dōng nán dì qū fēn fā zhàn de lián hé bāo guǒ fú wù gōng sī。 zhòng yào de shēng chǎn qǐ yè bāo kuò shí kuài diàn lì、 SMISteel、 sī pài suō kè、 mǐ zhī lián、 guó jì zhǐ yè gōng sī、 bèi nài lì、 huò ní wéi 'ěr、 xī wū diàn qì gōng sī děng。 gē lún bǐ yà dì qū de jīng jì qì hòu fēi cháng wěn gù， zài zhè gè dì qū yòu 70 duō gè wài guó gōng sī de zǐ gōng sī hé 14 gè cái fù 500 qiáng gōng sī huó yuè。 　　 　　 měi guó dì 'èr dà bǔ chōng yī liáo bǎo xiǎn zhí mín bǔ chōng yī liáo bǎo xiǎn de zǒng bù zài gē lún bǐ yà 。 xī mén zǐ gōng sī zài běi měi zhōu de chái yóu yǐn qíng xì tǒng de zǒng bù yě zài gē lún bǐ yà 。 nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu dì 'èr dà yínháng dì yī guó mín yínháng zuì jìn zài shì zhōng xīn jiàn zào liǎo yī zuò bàn gōng dà shà。 gēn jù nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu shāng yè bù de shù jù gē lún bǐ yà dì qū zài 2005 nián shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu chǎn shēng jiù zhí jī huì dì 'èr duō de dì qū。 　　 　　 xǔ duō zhī míng de chū bǎn wù hé jī gòu rèn kě gē lún bǐ yà jīng jì de lì liàng hé qián lì。 2006 nián Entrepreneur.com jiāng gē lún bǐ yà liè wéi 63 gè měi guó zhōng děngdōu shì dì qū zhōng duì qǐ yè jiā lái shuō rè de chéng shì de dì bā míng。 zhuān mén wéi qǐ yè gǔ jià wèi lái dì diǎn de kuò zhǎn guǎn lǐ jiāng gē lún bǐ yà liè rù 2007 nián měi guó duì qǐ yè lái shuō zuì rè de 50 zuò chéng shì zhī yī、 měi guó 70 gèdōu shì dì qū lǐ shāng yè jī huì zuì gāo dedōu shì dì qū zhī yī hé“ wǔ xīng jí zhī shí gōng zuò zhě dì qū”。 zhuān mén yán jiū dì qū jīng jì dòng tài de bǎo lì tōng gōng sī 2006 nián jiāng gē lún bǐ yà liè rù měi guó 361 gèdōu shì dì qū zhōng jīng jì lì liàng zuì qiáng de 25 gè zhī yī。 2007 nián Inc.com shǐ yòng měi guó láo gōng tǒng jì jú de zhí yè zēngzhǎng shù jù jiāng gē lún bǐ yà liè wéi 99 gè zhōng děngdōu shì dì qū de dì 24 míng。 fú bù sī 2007 nián“ duì shì yè hé shēng yá zuì hǎo de dì fāng” pái bǎng zhōngjiàng gē lún bǐ yà pái zài 200 gèdōu shì dì qū de dì 35 míng。 　　 　　 tōng guò shè lì nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué de xīn yán jiū qū gē lún bǐ yà xī wàng néng gòu jìn yī bù gé mìng qí jīng jì jié gòu， chéng shì xī wàng néng gòu xī yǐn hé chǎn shēng shēng wù gōng chéng、 huán jìng gōng chéng、 nà mǐ jì shù hé wèi lái dòng lì děng gāo kē jì hé gāo chǎn zhí qǐ yè。 　　 jū mín hé wén huà 　　 rén kǒu 　　 gē lún bǐ yà rén kǒu biàn huà 　　1880 nián 10,036 rén 　　1890 nián 15,353 rén 　　1900 nián 21,108 rén 　　1910 nián 26,319 rén 　　1920 nián 37,524 rén 　　1930 nián 51,581 rén 　　1940 nián 62,396 rén 　　1950 nián 86,914 rén 　　1960 nián 97,433 rén 　　1970 nián 113,542 rén 　　1980 nián 101,208 rén 　　1990 nián 98,052 rén 　　2000 nián 116,278 rén 　　 　　2006 nián gē lún bǐ yà shì qū nèi yòu 122,819 míng jū mín， fēn 42,245 gè hù hé 22,136 gè jiā tíng， rén kǒu mì dù wéi měi píng fāng gōng lǐ 358.5 rén。 qí zhōng 49.22% shì bái rén、 45.98% shì měi guó hēi rén、 1.73% shì yà yì rén、 0.25% shì měi zhōu tǔ zhù rén、 0.09% shì tài píng yáng tǔ zhù rén、 1.36% shì qí tā rén zhōng、 1.36% shì hùn xuè 'ér。 xī bān yá yì hé qí tā lā dīng měi zhōu yì de rén zhàn 3.03%。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà yòu sān zuò yóu tài jiào huì táng hé yī zuò qīng zhēn sì。 shì nèi gòng yòu 661 gè kě yǐ jìn xíng chóng bài yí shì de zōng jiào shè shī。 　　 　　 shì nèi de 42,245 gè hù zhōng yòu 25.4% yòu 18 suì yǐ xià de wèi chéng nián rén、 31.5% shì jié hūn fū fù、 17.6% shì dài hái zǐ de dān shēn fù nǚ、 47.6% bù shì jiā tíng（ bāo kuò dān shēn hàn、 fēn xiǎng fáng jiān、 fēi chuán tǒng jiā tíng děng）、 37.0% shì dān shēn hàn、 9.8% yòu 65 suì yǐ shàng de lǎo nián rén。 píng jūn měi hù yòu 2.21 rén， jiā tíng de píng jūn dà xiǎo wéi 2.97 rén。 　　 　　 shì nèi de rén kǒu jié gòu wéi 20.1% zài 18 suì yǐ xià、 22.9% zài 18 zhì 24 suì zhī jiān、 30.1% zài 25 zhì 44 suì zhī jiān、 16.6% zài 45 zhì 64 suì zhī jiān、 10.3% zài 65 suì yǐ shàng。 píng jūn nián líng wéi 29 suì。 nǚ zǐ duì nán zǐ de xìng bié bǐ wéi 100： 96.2， chéng nián rén de xìng bié bǐ wéi 100： 93.4。 jù 2000 nián rén kǒu pǔ chá de shù jù shì mín zhōng 35.7% de rén yōng yòu xué shì huò yǐ shàng de jiào yù， nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu de píng jūn shù jù wéi 20.4%， měi guó de píng jūn shù jù wéi 24.4%。 　　 míng rén 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de míng rén yòu： 　　 　　* lǐ · tānɡ pǔ sēn · yáng， yǎn yuán 　　* ān jí 'ěr · kāng wēi 'ěr， yǎn yuán 　　* kè lì sī tīng · dài wéi sī， yǎn yuán 　　* chá 'ěr sī · bó 'ěr dēng， yǔ háng yuán 　　* chén yòng cǎi， bàng qiú yùn dòng yuán 　　* jié méi yīn · ào ní 'ěr， lán qiú yùn dòng yuán 　　* ā liè kè sī · yīng gé lì shí， lán qiú yùn dòng yuán 　　* dì lóng · kē 'ěr bīn， lán qiú yùn dòng yuán 　　* āi kè xī wēi 'ěr · mài kè dān ní 'ěr， lán qiú yùn dòng yuán 　　* dù sī · sī tǎ lì， gǎn lǎn qiú yùn dòng yuán 　　 　　 　　 　　* shǐ dì fū · sī pō ruì 'ěr， gǎn lǎn qiú yùn dòng yuán hé jiào liàn 　　* sī tǎn lì · duō nán， diàn yǐng dǎo yǎn 　　* kè lǐ sī · bō tè， yīnyuè jiā 　　* fó ruì dé · wēi sī lì， yīnyuè jiā 　　* zhān mǔ sī · dí jī， shī rén 　　* wǔ dé luó · wēi 'ěr xùn， zhèng zhì jiā 　　* ān qí · shǐ dōng， gē shǒu 　　 　　 shì qū 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà fēn 28 gè qū。 　　 gòu wù 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà yòu sì gè kè hù hěn duō de gòu wù zhōng xīn。 　　 　　 wǔ diǎn qū shì shì nèi zhù míng de gòu wù qū， qū nèi yòu bù tóng de gāo dàng tè shū shāng diàn， bǐ rú yì shù、 gǔ dǒng、 fú zhuāng、 jiā jù děng。 shì zhōng xīn de xīn qū lǐ yě yòu tè bié de shāng diàn， bāo kuò gǔ dǒng、 shǒu shì、 yì shù、 shǒu gōng zhì zào de jiā jù děng。 　　 méi tǐ 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà de rì bào shì《 zhōu bào》（ TheState）， cǐ wài hái yòu《 gē lún bǐ yà shì bào》、《 gē lún bǐ yà xīng bào》、《 zì yóu shí bào》 hé《 nán kǎ hēi xīn wén》 děng。《 gē lún bǐ yà dū shì zá zhì》 shì yī fèn bào dào dū shì dì qū de xīn wén hé qìng zhù de shuāng yuè kān。《 dà gē lún bǐ yà shāng yè yuè kān》 shì gē lún bǐ yà zuì lǎo de shāng yè yuè kān， zhù yào bào dào jīng jì fā zhǎn、 shāng yè、 jiào yù hé yì shù。 gē lún bǐ yà shì zhōu lì gōng gòng diàn shì hé guǎng bō diàn tái de zǒng bù suǒ zài dì。 shì nèi hái yòu jiǔ gè dì qū xìng diàn shì tái hé zhòng duō diàn tái。 　　 wén huà hé yì shù 　　 　　* shì jù yuàn shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì lǎo de、 yǐ rán zài shǐ yòng de shè qún jù yuàn。 jù yuàn lí nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué jǐn yī gè jiē qū， jiàn zhù wù bèi liè rù guó jiā shǐ jì míng lù。 　　*TrustusTheatre shì gē lún bǐ yà de zhuān yè jù yuàn gōng sī。 　　*TheNickelodeonTheatre shì yī zuò zhǐ yòu 77 gè xí wèi de xiǎo diàn yǐng yuàn。 cóng 1979 nián kāi shǐ yíng yè。 zhè gè diàn yǐng yuàn shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu wéi yī de yī zuò fēi yíng lì xìng diàn yǐng yuàn， měi nián yòu 2.5 wàn guān zhòng。 　　* gē lún bǐ yà mù 'ǒu jù yuàn shì měi guó wéi yī de yī jiā jǐn shàng yǎn mù 'ǒu xì de jù yuàn。 　　* nán kǎ luó lái nà suō shì bǐ yà gōng sī zài quán zhōu yǎn chū wēi lián · suō shì bǐ yà jí qí tā jīng diǎn zuò pǐn， jīhū zǒng shì mǎn chǎng。 　　* nán kǎ luó lái nà gōng zuò jù yuàn yú 1967 nián kāi shǐ yíng yè， zài zhè lǐ dāng dì de dǎo yǎn kě yǐ shàng yǎn tā men zì jǐ de zuò pǐn。 　　* bù wán měi jù yuàn gōng sī shì gē lún bǐ yà zuì xīn de yī zuò jù yuàn， yú 2006 nián 7 yuè kāi shǐ yíng yè。 zhè gè jù tuán de mùdì zài yú yǎn chū“ bù wán měi， dàn shì wán quán tiǎo xìn de jù běn”。 yǎn chū shí jiān bù gù dìng。 　　* nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu lì bó wù guǎn zhǎn chū nèi róng bāo kuò kē xué、 jì shù、 lì shǐ hé yì shù， tā shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì dà de bó wù guǎn hé měi guó dōng nán dì qū zuì dà de bó wù guǎn zhī yī。 　　* gē lún bǐ yà yì shù bó wù guǎn quán nián gēnggǎi zhǎn chū 　　*EdVenture shì nán bù zuì dà de 'ér tóng bó wù guǎn。 zhè zuò xiàn dài huà de bó wù guǎn jiù wèi yú zhōu lì bó wù guǎn biān， ér tóng kě yǐ zài zhè lǐ xīng zhì bó bó dì tàn suǒ hé xué xí。 　　* mài jī xī kè（ McKissick） bó wù guǎn wèi yú nán kǎ dà xué de xiào yuán nèi， bù gù dìng dì zhǎn chū yì shù、 kē xué、 dì fāng lì shǐ hé xí sú。 　　* lián méng yí jì shì hé jūn shì bó wù guǎn zhǎn chū cóng zhí mín shí qī zhì jīn tiān de zhǎn wù， yóu qí yǐ nán kǎ luó lái nà jiā rù lián méng guó shí de zhǎn pǐn。 　　* lǐ qí lán xiàn tú shū guǎn yú 2001 nián bèi tí shēng wèiguó jiā tú shū guǎn， yòu yī zuò zhù tú shū guǎn hé jiǔ zuò fēn guǎn， zhù tú shū guǎn yòu 24.2 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ miàn jī， cáng yòu jí duō tú shū， shǐ yòng xiān jìn jì shù， hái yōng yòu yī gè hěn hǎo de 'ér tóng tú shū shōu cáng yǐ jí zhǎn lǎn yì shù zuò pǐn。 　　* nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu lì tú shū guǎn tōng guò gè xiàn nèi de gōng gòng tú shū guǎn xiàng zhōu nèi suǒ yòu gōng mín tí gōng tú shū zū jiè fú wù。 　　* gē lún bǐ yà bā lěi wǔ tuán shì yī gè shì jiè wén míng de bā lěi wǔ tuán。 　　* nán kǎ luó lái nà jiāo xiǎng yuètuán 　　* gē lún bǐ yà shì jué shì wǔ tuán yú 1990 nián chéng lì， bèi liè rù měi guó zuì jiā 50 gè wǔ dǎo tuán zhī yī。 　　* gē lún bǐ yà hé chàng shè qún chéng lì yú 1930 nián。 　　 　　 gōng yuán hé hù wài xiū xián chǎng dì 　　 　　 nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì zhù míng de gōng yuán shì fēn lì gōng yuán（ FinlayPark）， cóng qìng zhù、 zhèng zhì jìng xuǎn dào sài páo、 fù huó jié shén shì zhè lǐ shénme huó dòng jūn yòu jǔ xíng。 　　 　　 zhè gè gōng yuán miàn jī 18 yīng mǔ。 zuì zǎo tā shì zài 1859 nián yǐ xī ní gōng yuán wéi míng kāi fàng de， dàn shì nán běi zhàn zhēng hòu gōng yuán jiù méi luò liǎo。 zhí dào 20 shì jì mò zhì lǐ shì yī gè shāng yè qū。 1990 nián gōng yuán chóngxīn kāi fàng， chéng wéi shì nèi gāng jīn shuǐ ní zhī jiān de yī gè lǜ dǎo。 zhè lǐ jǔ bàn 'ér tóng rì、 xià jì yīnyuè huì děng děng。 1992 nián gǎi wéi jīn tiān de míng zì。 　　 　　 jì niàn gōng yuán（ MemorialPark） shì shì zhōng xīn de yī kuài sì yīng mǔ dà de dì fāng， wèi yú fēn lì gōng yuán yǐ nán yī gè jiē qū de dì fāng。 zhè lǐ yòu yī kuài jì niàn gē lún bǐ yà hào qīng xún yáng jiàn jí suǒ yòu zài dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng zài shàng miàn fú yì、 zài dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn zhōng zài zhōng guó、 miǎn diàn、 yìn dù zhàn chǎng shàng fú yì、 zài 1941 nián 12 yuè 7 rì xí jī zhēn zhū gǎng guò chéng zhōng sǐ wáng de nán kǎ luó lái nà jūn rén hé zài yuè nán zhàn zhēng zhōng díshì bīng de jì niàn bēi。 1986 nián 11 yuè nán kǎ luó lái nà yuè nán jì niàn guǎn jiǎn cǎi shí zhè gè gōng yuán qǐ yòng。 2000 nián 6 yuè cháo xiān zhàn zhēng jì niàn guǎn yě bèi shè zhì zài jì niàn gōng yuán zhōng。 　　 　　 gé lán bǐ gōng yuán（ GranbyPark） shì kǎn gé ruì hé hé pàn yī gè 24 yīng mǔ miàn jī、 xiá cháng de gōng yuán， gōng yuán lǐ yòu pí tǐng tíng kào mǎ tóu、 diào yú tái、 qiáo hé yī tiáo 0.5 yīng lǐ cháng de zì rán dào lù。 tā shì 1998 nián 11 yuè kāi fàng de， shì gē lún bǐ yà hé pàn de sān hé lǜ lù de yī bù fēn。 　　 　　 mǎ dīng · lù dé · jīn gōng yuán shì jì niàn měi guó rén quán lǐng xiù de gōng yuán， wèi yú shì zhōng xīn de wǔ diǎn qū。 guò qù zhè lǐ jiào zuò shān gǔ gōng yuán， ér qiě zhǐ xǔ bái rén shǐ yòng。 1980 nián dài mò gǎi míng wéi mǎ dīng · lù dé · jīn gōng yuán。 gōng yuán lǐ yòu yī zuò měi lì de pēn quán hé yī gè shè qún zhōng xīn。 gōng yuán lǐ yī gè zhòng yào de jǐng diǎn shì 1996 nián 1 yuè kāi fàng de xī wàng zhī shí jì niàn bēi。 bēi shàng kè yòu mǎ dīng · lù dé · jīn 1964 nián jiē shòu nuò bèi 'ěr hé píng jiǎng shí zhì xiè yǎn jiǎng zhōng de yī jù huà：“ lì shǐ zhōng chōng mǎn liǎo guó jiā hé gè rén zài zhuī qiú nà tiáo zì wǒ fù miè de chóu hèn zhī lù suǒ dǎo zhì de xiāng hù zhī jiān de qīngyà。 ài shì jiě jué shì jiè wèn tí de guān jiàn。” 　　 　　 hé bīn dòng wù yuán（ RiverbanksZoo&Garden） yòu liǎng qiān duō tóu dòng wù jū zhù zài sà lú dá hé pàn de zì rán huán jìng zhōng， duì 'àn de zhí wù yuán miàn jī 70 yīng mǔ， yòu yuán yì、 shù lín、 zhí wù zhǎn lǎn hé lì shǐ yí jì。 gāi dòng wù yuán shì měi guó zuì hǎodehěn 10 gè dòng wù yuán zhī yī hé dōng nán yà dì qū de shǒu yào yóu kè lái fǎng dì。 　　 　　 kǎn gé ruì zì rán gōng yuán wèi yú nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zhōng bù yū huí de kǎn gé ruì hé pàn， zhè lǐ yòu yuán shǐ sēn lín hé xǔ duō dòng zhí wù。 zhè gè 2.22 yīng mǔ miàn jī de zì rán gōng yuán shì měi guó yuán shǐ yìng mù sēn lín zuì dà de bǎo hù qū， shì guó jì shēng wù juàn bǎo hù qū。 gōng yuán lǐ de gāo dà sōng shù hé yìng mù zǔ chéng shì jiè shàng zuì gāo de shù guān zhī yī。 yī xiē shù shì měi guó dōng bù zuì gāo de shù mù。 kǎn gé ruì zì rán gōng yuán wéi dòng zhí wù tí gōng liǎo bǎo hù qū、 shì yī gè kē yán dì qū、 yě shì yī gè 'ān jìng de xiū xián hé sàn bù dì。 　　 　　150 zhōu nián zhōu lì gōng yuán（ SesquicentennialStatePark） shì yī gè 1419 yīng mǔ miàn jī de gōng yuán， lǐ miàn yòu yī zuò 30 yīng mǔ miàn jī de yōu měi de hú， tā wèi yú gē lún bǐ yà shì zhōng xīn biān， lǐ miàn yòu xiǎo lù hé yě cān dì。 sān tiáo zhōu jì gāo sù gōng lù wéi tā tí gōng liǎo jí hǎo de jiāo tōng。 zhè lǐ cháng shì jiā tíng huò zhě jí tǐ chū yóu de dì fāng。 gōng yuán hái tí gōng zì rán dǎo yóu。 gōng yuán lǐ yòu yī zuò 1700 nián dài zhōng jiàn zào de、 1969 nián qiān dào zhè lǐ de liǎng céng lóu gāo de mù fáng， jù xìn tā shì lǐ qí lán xiàn zuì gǔ lǎo de、 yǐ rán cún zài de jiàn zhù wù。 zhè zuò gōng yuán zuì chū shì 1930 nián dài lǐ mín jiān bǎo hù tuán chuàng jiàn de， tā men de zuò pǐn jīn rì yǐ rán kě jiàn。 　　 　　1996 nián 11 yuè hé liú lián méng（ RiverAlliance jiàn yì yán gē lún bǐ yà de sān tiáo hé jiàn lì yī gè 12 yīng lǐ cháng de gōng yuán xì tǒng， zhè gè xì tǒng bèi chēng wéi sān hé lǜ dào， gū jì de fèi yòng wéi 1800 wàn měi yuán。 jiǎ rú hé liú lián méng néng gòu bǎo zhèng zú gòu zī jīn， bèi shè jí dào de xiàn shì zhèng fǔ pī zhǔn liǎo zhè gè jìhuà。 　　 　　 jiù zài hé liú lián méng hái zài chóu jīn shí gē lún bǐ yà shì jiàn yì lián méng wéi yǐ cún de kǎn gé ruì hé pàn dé yī gè yán hé gōng yuán tí gōng yī gè shè jì bìng ràng yī gè gōng sī lái wán chéng zhè gè shè jí。 zhè gè yuē bàn yīng lǐ cháng de duàn luò yú 1998 nián 11 yuè kāi fàng。 tā yóu yī tiáo bā yīng chǐ kuān de shuǐ ní rén hángdào zǔ chéng， bàng biān yòu bù néng bèi pò huài de lù dēng、 lā jī xiāng、 pēn quán、 yě cān cháng dèng、 guān jǐng tái、 diào yú tái、 pí tǐng mǎ tóu、 gōng gòng xiū xī shì hé tíng chē chǎng。 zhè gè duàn luò wéi jì xù jiāng jiàn chéng de duàn luò tí gōng liǎo yī gè biāo zhǔn。 　　 　　 hé pàn gōng yuán shì yán lì shǐ xìng de gē lún bǐ yà yùn hé de yī tiáo cháng 2.5 yīng lǐ de rén hángdào。 guò qù kuà yuè yùn hé de yī zuò tiě lù qiáo jīn tiān bèi gǎi zào wéi rén hángdào。 gōng yuán lǐ yòu xǔ duō rén sàn bù、 páo bù、 qí chē hé diào yú。 lù biān yòu yě cān zuò yǐ。 lù shàng de biāo zhì kě yǐ bāng zhù xíng rén gū jì xíng chéng。 zhè gè gōng yuán shì màn yán zhěng gè zhōu de bù xíng hé zì xíng chē lù shàng de yī duàn。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà shì nèi hái yòu qí tā yī xiē gōng yuán、 lín yuàn hé sēn lín。 　　 jié rì hé nián dù qìng zhù 　　 　　* nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu bó lǎn huì měi nián shí yuè zài gē lún bǐ yà jǔ xíng， zhǎn chū bāo kuò yì shù、 shǒu gōng yè、 huā huì hé shēng chù。 　　* shèng pà tè lǐ kè jié měi nián sān yuè zài wǔ diǎn qū jǔ xíng， bāo kuò lù tiān yīnyuè huì、 yì shù、 shǒu gōng yì hé xiǎo chī。 　　* hé jié měi nián chū chūn jǔ bàn， bāo kuò wǔ qiān mǐ cháng páo bǐ sài、 yīnyuè huì、 yì shù、 shǒu gōng yì hé xiǎo chī。 　　*FinlayPark dì qiú rì měi nián chūn tiān jǔ bàn， bāo kuò huán jìng bǎo hù xuān chuán hé yú lè hé chuán tǒng de qìng zhù huó dòng。 　　* nán kǎ luó lái nà tóng zhì hé nǚ tóng zhì jiāo 'ào měi nián wǔ yuè de dì sān gè zhōu liù jǔ xíng， qí mù de shì qìng zhù zhōu de tóng xìng liàn、 nǚ tóng xìng liàn、 shuāng xìng liàn、 kuà xìng bié shè qún yǐ jí jiào yù gōng gòng duì zhè xiē shè qún de kàn fǎ hé biǎo dá tā men de jī běn mín quán yào qiú。 zhè gè qìng zhù wéi qī yī zhōu， bāo kuò diàn yǐng jié、 yóu xíng、 qìng zhù hé yàn huì děng。 　　* yì shù jiā bó lǎn（ ArtistaVista） cóng 1990 nián dài chū de yī gè xiǎo yì shù guǎn zhǎn lǎn fā zhǎn dào liǎo yī gè dà xíng de、 xī yǐn yì shù jiā hé shōu cáng jiā de zhǎn lǎn。 dāng dì de yì shù jiā de zuò pǐn wéi zhù， bù guò yě yǐ jīng yòu lái zì rì běn、 luó mǎ ní yà hé bō lán de yì shù jiā de zuò pǐn zài cǐ zhǎn chū。 　　* xī là jié měi nián jiǔ yuè zài gē lún bǐ yà shì zhōng xīn de sān shèng hé yī xī là dōng zhèng jiào táng jǔ xíng。 wéi qī sì rì de jié rì， bāo kuò chuán tǒng xī là wǔ dǎo、 yí shì、 yīnyuè、 huà jù、 shí pǐn děng。 　　*IrmoOkraStrut shì yī gè měi nián jiǔ yuè zuì hòu yī gè zhōu mò jìn xíng de wéi qī liǎng rì de qìng zhù， nèi róng bāo kuò jiē dào wǔ chǎng、 10 qiān mǐ jiē dào cháng páo sài、 gāo 'ěr fū qiú bǐ sài、 yì shù hé shǒu gōng yì、 yóu lè chǎng、 shí pǐn hé nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì dà de qìng zhù yóu xíng。 　　* jiā tíng jié shì yī gè zài FinlayPark jǔ xíng de wéi qī yī rì de wǎn chūn（ yī bān wǔ yuè mò huò liù yuè chū） lù tiān yīnyuè huì， xī yǐn shàng wàn tīng zhòng。 dāng dì hé měi guó zhù míng de fú yīn yīnyuè jiā dēng tái。 zhù bàn shì dāng dì de fú yīn yīnyuè diàn tái。 　　* ào kè lāi 'ěr wén yì fù xīng bó lǎn huì shì 1998 nián kāi shǐ jìn xíng de， bāo kuò wén yì fù xīng yóu xíng hé lù tiān yīnyuè huì。 　　* zhù jiē jué shì lè měi nián chūn jiāng shì jiè zhù míng de jué shì yuèyīn lè jiā dài dào gē lún bǐ yà 。 　　*VistaLights měi nián shí yī yuè zhòngjǔ bàn。 　　* yí chǎn jié shì yī gè yī rì de、 zài yī gè guò qù de mián huā chǎng jǔ bàn de、 jì niàn měi guó hēi rén de yí chǎn de jié rì， bāo kuò yì shù hé shǒu gōng yì、 yīn lè hé wǔ dǎo biǎo yǎn。 　　 　　 tǐ yù 　　 jù lè bù xiàng mù chéng lì yú lián sài zhù sài chǎng biāo zhì 　　 gē lún bǐ yà dì yù duì qū gùn qiú 2000 nián dōng hǎi 'àn qū gùn qiú lián sài kǎ luó lái nà jìng jì chǎng 　　 gē lún bǐ yà hé tún duì bàng qiú 2005 nián hǎi 'àn píng yuán lián sài shǒu fǔ shì tǐ yù chǎng 　　 gē lún bǐ yà lǎo huī duì yīng shì gǎn lǎn qiú 1967 nián měi guó yīng shì gǎn lǎn qiú lián sài bā dùn tǐ yù chǎng 　　 gē lún bǐ yà cì duì gǎn lǎn qiú 2007 nián měi guó hù nèi gǎn lǎn qiú lián sài zhí mín zhōng xīn 　　 chǎng dì 　　 　　 zhí mín zhōng xīn 2002 nián kāi fàng， shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì zhù yào de tǐ yù chǎng hé biǎo yǎn shè shī。 xué yuàn lán qiú bǐ sài shí yòu 1.8 wàn xí， tā shì nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu zuì dà de tǐ yù chǎng， yě shì měi guó dà xué xiào yuán nèi dì shí dà de lán qiú bǐ sài chǎng， shì nán kǎ luó lái nà nán nǚ lán qiú duì de zhù sài chǎng。 zhè gè yī cì xìng de shè shī wèi yú nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué xiào yuán lǐ， yōng yòu 41 gè xiǎo jiān、 sì gè biǎo yǎn tīng、 yī gè jù lè bù、 yī gè kě róng nà 300 rén de lǚ guǎn。 gāi zhōng xīn yōng yòu shū shì de xí wèi、 gāo jì shù de shēng xiǎng xì tǒng hé sì miàn diàn shì píng mù。 　　 　　 gē lún bǐ yà dū shì huì yì zhōng xīn 2004 nián 9 yuè kāi fàng， miàn jī 14.25 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ， shì yī gè xiàn dài huà de shè shī， kě yǐ jǔ bàn gè zhǒng huì yì hé dà huì。 tā wèi yú lǎo chéng qū lǐ， fù jìn yòu fàn diàn、 gǔ dǒng diàn hé tè shū shāng diàn、 yì shù guǎn hé shēng dòng de yè shēng huó。 zhù zhǎn lǎn tīng yòu 2.5 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ de miàn jī， gē lún bǐ yà wǔ tīng de miàn jī wéi 1.8 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ， yòu sì gè huì yì tīng de miàn jī cóng 1500 zhì 4000 píng fāng yīng chǐ bù děng， qí tā de yòu 1.5 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ。 tā jiù wèi yú zhí mín zhōng xīn biān shàng。 　　 　　 wēi lián · bù lāi sī tǐ yù chǎng shì nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué gǎn lǎn qiú duì de zhù chǎng， shì měi guó zuì dà de xué yuàn gǎn lǎn qiú chǎng zhī yī， kě róng nà 8.025 wàn rén， wèi yú gē lún bǐ yà shì zhōng xīn yǐ nán。 qiú chǎng jiàn yú 1934 nián。 　　 　　Koger yì shù zhōng xīn wéi gē lún bǐ yà tí gōng lái zì shì jiè gè dì de jù yuàn、 yīn lè hé wǔ dǎo biǎo yǎn。 gāi shè shī kě róng nà 2500 rén。 　　 　　 kǎ luó lái nà jìng jì chǎng yú 1968 nián kāi fàng， shì yī zuò yōng yòu 12,400 gè xí wèi de shè shī， běn lái shì nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué lán qiú duì de qiú chǎng， xiàn zài gǎi jiàn wéi yīnyuè huì、 mǎ xì tuán、 liù bīng yǎn chū děng biǎo yǎn de chǎng dì。 chǎng dì de duō yàng xìng yǔn xǔ dà xué yě kě yǐ shǐ yòng tā lái jǔ bàn jīng diǎn yīnyuè huì、 bā lěi wǔ děng yǎn chū。 jìng jì chǎng yōng yòu liáng hǎo de shēng xiǎng hé xiàn dài huà de zhào míng xì tǒng。 　　 　　TheTownshipAuditorium yòng yòu 3200 gè xí wèi， wèi yú gē lún bǐ yà shì zhōng xīn， jiàn yú 1930 nián， zài zhè lǐ kě yǐ jǔ bàn cóng yīnyuè huì dào quán jī bǐ sài gè zhǒng huó dòng。 2005 nián 9 yuè 28 rì bèi liè rù guó jiā shǐ jì míng lù。 　　 　　 shì nèi hái yòu liǎng zuò xué yuàn de tǐ yù chǎng。 　　 jiě mèi chéng shì 　　 　　 mù qián gē lún bǐ yà yòu sì gè jiě mèi chéng shì： 　　 　　* dé guó kǎi sǎ sī láo téng 　　* luó mǎ ní yà kè lú rì - nà bō kǎ 　　* bǎo jiā lì yà pǔ luó fū dí fū 　　* é luó sī chē lǐ yǎ bīn sī kè yīngwénjièshì :  CO Colombia n.:  Colombia,  columbia,  Columbia (District of, or University, etc) fǎwénjièshì n.  Colombie jìnyící gē lún bǐ yà xiàn xiàngguāncí yùn dòng yuán zú qiú qián fēng rén wén lǐng yù guì zhōu xī bān yá jié rì kuáng huān jié rén wù zuò jiā nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng dé zhù kǔ jì zhuī yì lù diàn yǐng gōng sī diàn yǐng gōng sī dì lǐ chéng shì shěng ā sī pǔ lǐ lā shè shǒu měi guó huá shèng dùn shǒu dū qū yù bó wù guǎn huáng jīn míng shèng fēng jǐng bǎi kē dà quán lǚ yóu gèng duō jiēguǒ ... bāo hán cí gē lún bǐ yà xiàn gē lún bǐ yà rén gē lún bǐ yà de gē lún bǐ yà nà gē lún bǐ yà yáng dà gē lún bǐ yà gē lún bǐ yà hé gē lún bǐ yà hào gē lún bǐ yà chéng gē lún bǐ yà shì gē lún bǐ yà nián gē lún bǐ yà xiàn gē lún bǐ yà dà xué gē lún bǐ yà kā fēi gē lún bǐ yà xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà tè qū gē lún bǐ yà zhēn fú gē lún bǐ yà lín shǔ gē lún bǐ yà shān mài gē lún bǐ yà zǒng tǒng gē lún bǐ yà xiá gǔ gē lún bǐ yà wén xué gē lún bǐ yà jiǎo wā gē lún bǐ yà ní guī gē lún bǐ yà bīng yuán gē lún bǐ yà pì tī gē lún bǐ yà yāng jī gē lún bǐ yà jī chǎng gē lún bǐ yà měng mǎ gē lún bǐ yà bīng chuān gē lún bǐ yà hù wài gē lún bǐ yà shù wā tū xí gē lún bǐ yà gē lún bǐ yà hóng jiǎo gē lún bǐ yà bǐ suǒ gē lún bǐ yà gāo yuán gē lún bǐ yà mián yáng gē lún bǐ yà guó qí gē lún bǐ yà shuǐ mián gē lún bǐ yà guó huī gē lún bǐ yà huò bì gē lún bǐ yà máo nián gē lún bǐ yà guī lú gē lún bǐ yà wén huà gē lún bǐ yà nà xiàn gē lún bǐ yà xué pài gē lún bǐ yà bìng dú gē lún bǐ yà jiāo náng gē lún bǐ yà lián hé gē lún bǐ yà yùn dòng gē lún bǐ yà lián sài gē lún bǐ yà huáng jiān fú gē lún bǐ yà jiàn bí fú nán gē lún bǐ yà dà xué gē lún bǐ yà dà 'ěr fú gē lún bǐ yà lín shǔ shǔ gē lún bǐ yà zá jiāo yáng gē lún bǐ yà bái xiàn fú gē lún bǐ yà hào fān chuán gē lún bǐ yà shāng xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà chāo dà lù gē lún bǐ yà mù wén guī gē lún bǐ yà cǎi hóng mǎng gē lún bǐ yà měng mǎ xiàng gē lún bǐ yà bái wěi lù gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó gē lún bǐ yà zì yóu dǎng gē lún bǐ yà bǎo shǒu dǎng běi gē lún bǐ yà dà xué gē lún bǐ yà dú biāo wā gē lún bǐ yà de dàoyǐng yīng shǔ gē lún bǐ yà shěng gē lún bǐ yà gòng chǎn dǎng gē lún bǐ yà hòu hé téng gē lún bǐ yà jū sāi nián gē lún bǐ yà lì tǐ yú gē lún bǐ yà máo bí nián gē lún bǐ yà 'ān zǔ huā gē lún bǐ yà bǎo lì yú gē lún bǐ yà chǐ zhī lǐ gē lún bǐ yà cuò jiá nián gē lún bǐ yà guǎn wěn nián gē lún bǐ yà hóu pán yú gē lún bǐ yà nǐ huā jiāng gē lún bǐ yà wú xū nián gē lún bǐ yà xún jiá nián gē lún bǐ yà yì guài jiāng gē lún bǐ yà yǔ yóu nián gē lún bǐ yà zhǔn yòu nián gē lún bǐ yà dì zhèn yí gē lún bǐ yà wō jiá nián gē lún bǐ yà tù zhī lǐ gē lún bǐ yà shēng lì yú gē lún bǐ yà shì xīng nián gē lún bǐ yà shuāng jīng jiāng gē lún bǐ yà dà hú zǐ gē lún bǐ yà kā fēi guǎn bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng gē lún bǐ yà guǎng bō gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà tè qū dà xué gē lún bǐ yà xīn wén píng lùn měi guó gē lún bǐ yà tè qū gē lún bǐ yà guó jì jī chǎng shēn rù dí hòu 3: gē lún bǐ yà gē lún bǐ yà háng tiān fēi jī gē lún bǐ yà yǐng yè gōng sī dà gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé guó bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà láng gē lún bǐ yà chàngpiān gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà guó jì xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà hóng jiǎo zhī zhū gē lún bǐ yà shēn hǎi píng yuán yīng shǔ gē lún bǐ yà dà xué měi guó gē lún bǐ yà dà xué gē lún bǐ yà xī fāng qiū tóu gē lún bǐ yà xuè xiā hǔ yú gē lún bǐ yà fù xiàng qí nián gē lún bǐ yà sī tǎn dá zhī gē lún bǐ yà kā fēi měi shí gē lún bǐ yà qióng zhī gān fěn qián gē lún bǐ yà de mò xī gē huá shèng dùn gē lún bǐ yà tè qū bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà dà xué běi bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà dà xué gē lún bǐ yà tè qū huá shèng dùn mì sū lǐ dà xué gē lún bǐ yà xiào qū mì sū lǐ dà xué gē lún bǐ yà fēn xiào bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà kē jì xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà mài dé lín háng kōng gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà shù xué chū bǎn dǎo lùn gē lún bǐ yà guó jiā shí yóu gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà hé liú yù shuǐ néng zī yuán gē lún bǐ yà dà xué ColumbiaUniversity gē lún bǐ yà zhōng yāng háng kōng gōng sī bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà háng kōng gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà gòng hé háng kōng gōng sī měi guó gē lún bǐ yà guó jì xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà dà xué jiào yù xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà guó jì xué yuàn MBA gē lún bǐ yà guó jiā zú qiú duì gē lún bǐ yà hǎi jūn jūn guān xué xiào bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng zhōng wén xié huì gē lún bǐ yà hào háng tiān fēi jī gē lún bǐ yà gé mìng wǔ zhuāng lì liàng gē lún bǐ yà mín zú jiě fàng jūn gē lún bǐ yà lián hé zì wèi lì liàng bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng tái wān shāng huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng cháo zhōu huì guǎn mì sū lǐ gē lún bǐ yà dà xué bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng lǐ gōng xué yuàn měi guó gē lún bǐ yà diàn yǐng gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà liú shēng jī gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà dà xué tú shū guǎn jiā ná dà gē lún bǐ yà guó jì xué yuàn měi yīng yǐ sè liè gē lún bǐ yà dà bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng gē lún bǐ yà dà xué shè huì xué gē lún bǐ yà dà xué gōng shāng guǎn lǐ shuò shì gē lún bǐ yà dà xué guó jì guān xì shuò shì xīn lì gē lún bǐ yà chàngpiān gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà dà xué shāng xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà gé mìng wǔ zhuāng bù duì xīn gē lún bǐ yà bǎi kē quán shū gē lún bǐ yà ān zǔ huā gēn jié xiàn chóng bìng gē lún bǐ yà ān zǔ huā gēn fǔ xiàn chóng bìng gē lún bǐ yà ān zǔ huā chuān kǒng xiàn chóng bìng gē lún bǐ yà gōng jù gāng gōng sī gē lún bǐ yà bái jīn huáng guān bào huá shèng dùn gē lún bǐ yà tè qū jiào yù gē lún bǐ yà nǎo xīn jī yán bìng dú mǐ lüè nà lǐ 'ào sī gē lún bǐ yà mài dé lín dú lì gē lún bǐ yà gē lún bǐ yà děng bā gè míng pái dà xué de měi guó huá shèng dùn gē lún bǐ yà tè qū gài kuàng měi guó nán gē lún bǐ yà dà xué MBA yuǎn chéng jiào yù zhāo shēng jiǎn zhāng měi guó gē lún bǐ yà dà xué shēng liú xiàng huī dān qí zǒu cháng zhēng jiā ná dà bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà lǐ gōng xué yuàn (BCIT) quán rì zhì kè chéng shè zhì zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiào yù bù yǔ jiā ná dà bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng zhèng fǔ liàng jiě bèi wàng lù zhōng guó 2010 nián shàng hǎi shì bó huì gē lún bǐ yà guó jiā guǎn jiā ná dà bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà lǐ gōng xué yuàn gē lún bǐ yà pà dí yá hǎi jūn shàngjiàng jí hù wèi jiàn bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng tái wān xué shēng hù zhù huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng dà xué tái wān lián yì huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng féng shì zōng qīn huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng zhōng yī zhēn jiǔ shī lián huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng jīn shēng yīnyuè shè gē lún bǐ yà dà xué guó jì dòng tài yán jiū suǒ bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng hǎi qiáo yīnyuè jù shè bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng lǔ pò tè wáng zǐ gǎng huá qiáo lián yì huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng nà 'ěr xùn huá qiáo lián yì huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng tái wān shī dà xiào yǒu huì bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng dèng kěn zhōng huá gōng suǒ gē lún bǐ yà jí huá nà xiōng dì lián hé diàn shì wǎng gē lún bǐ yà kōng nán yǔ fēi jī cán hái cái liào de yě jīn fēn xī nán kǎ luó lái nà dà xué gē lún bǐ yà fēn xiào jiā ná dà bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà lǐ gōng xué yuàn ( quán rì zhì kè chéng shè zhì měi guó nán gē lún bǐ yà dà xué yuǎn chéng jiào yù zhāo shēng jiǎn zhāng bù liè diān gē lún bǐ yà shěng zhēn jiǔ yī shī xué huì gē lún bǐ yà lì píng kē tè shì jiè dì míng cí diǎn kǎi pí hā tè sù gē lún bǐ yà háng kōng gōng sī 'àn gèngduōjiéguǒ...