Germany in the east, Spree River Note Ru Weier mouth of the city, one of the major international transport hub; area of 833 square kilometers, population 3,433,000 (1990) Germany's capital and largest city. Population 3.48 million (1993). With electrical, electronic and precision instruments industries. Strangulation East, Western Europe and South, the Nordic hub, an important international transport hub. City building grand, classical palace-style architecture and modern buildings pavilions. Suburban Duosen Lin, lakes. Tourism development.
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About Berlin
Berlin is the world's major places of cultural and academic exchanges, the Berlin Philharmonic, the Berlin Film Festival, and music plays, "Our Lady of Paris" and many internationally renowned exhibitions and museums. Northeast of Berlin in Germany, surrounded on all sides by Brandenburg. Havel, Spree River and the river through the city. Berlin hub of Eastern and Western Europe briefly, from the Baltic Sea in northern and southern no to 200 km from the Czech Republic. Berlin is located in the heart of Europe, is the meeting point of east and west. Urban area of 883 square kilometers, including parks, forests, lakes and rivers account for about one quarter of the total area of the city, the city surrounded by forest and grassland, just like a green island. Existing residents of about 340 million. Starting from the nineteenth century, the Kingdom of Prussia, Berlin has been a "Germanic Empire," the capital. Early in the 13th century, Berlin has become a trading town, the 17th century developed into a local political, economic and cultural center. Before World War II, it is Germany's capital and largest city. After the war, East and West Berlin parted ways, each development. German reunification in 1990, Berlin, concluded a city, two systems the situation, once again become the capital of Germany. Berlin, economy and culture are very well developed. Aerial view of Berlin, surrounded by forests, lakes, rivers surrounded by the city as if immersed in a sea of green. Spree River slowly flows through the city from the south. Alexanderplatz TV tower, is surrounded by modern hotels, shops, conference rooms, teachers, hall and other large buildings, the daring, magnificent, beautiful modeling. Kuerfeisi Teng Dam 3 km long shopping street, shops, clothing stores, galleries, forest than in rows. Linden Street, the famous, is Europe's most famous boulevard. In addition, built with white granite into the Brandenburg Gate, a 800-year history of the Virgin Church, City Hall, the old museum buildings on the island, "Crystal Palace" of the Republic of officials, Humboldt University, is also very famous. Charlottenburg Palace, the ancient distributed around the Egyptian Museum, antique museum, prehistoric museum of early application of the important museums and cultural buildings, many of its collections of precious cultural relics and works of art. Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, the old straight side of the new built octagonal church. Completed in 1957, silver, clamshell-shaped roof was the meeting hall is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. Berlin is the world's major places of cultural and academic exchanges, has a modern international conference center. Biennial Berlin International Film Festival has attracted world-class stars and movie lovers attention. Berlin as Germany's main industrial cities, major industrial sectors of electronics, machinery manufacturing, chemical, printing, textile and food processing. Berlin is an international transportation hub. 1838 Berlin - Postan Railway, opened a prelude to the European Railway Age, 1881, the world's first put into use a tram in Berlin. Berlin subway was built in 1897, before the war a total length of 75 km, with 92 stations in Europe one of the most comprehensive subway system. Now there are three major airports in Berlin, 3 international railway station, 5170 km long highway, 2,387 km of public transport network. April 5, 1994, Berlin and Beijing became sister cities.
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Natural climate
Northeast of Berlin in Germany on the lowland plains, with an average elevation of 70 meters below the higher latitudes, and thus lower the temperature throughout the year, but Berlin, even icy, frozen lake, when, could perhaps be considered very beautiful, but no question this is the city for summer travel. Because starting from May, as winter began to warm in Berlin, Berlin, and 9 months later they entered a "winter", so go to Berlin travel, best to avoid winter travel. Berlin climate is temperate maritime climate and temperate continental climate, transitional between the annual average temperature of 9.4 ℃. Cold winter, in January the average temperature -1 ℃; cool in summer, in July the average temperature of 18 ℃. 580 mm annual precipitation, annual distribution is uniform, but slightly more summer rain. Often in winter snowfall, the total precipitation of snow about 1 / 4 to 1 / 5. The average period of 50 days on snow.
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Geographical environment
The location of Berlin in Germany, located northeast of the original flat in Berlin, and is located in the beautiful tributary of the Elbe River Spree (Spree) Note Ruhafuer river (Havel) in the estuary. About 180 km south of the Baltic Sea, 190 km north of the Czech Republic, outlining what the European transport hub, not only is the transportation center as well as assault Island is one very important transport hub. The total area of 878 square kilometers in Berlin. Low and flat slightly undulating, with an average elevation of 35 meters. Natural highest point in kreuz Fort 66 meters above sea level. Spree River running through the urban area, West streamer Ruhafuer River. The latter winding, forming clusters of Havel lakes, the eastern end of the distribution of lakes, lakes, Miguel, large lakes to become the city's water, there are several large areas of forest during the distribution. Yinduosenlin, lakes, known as "the forests and lakes of all."
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History
Duchy of Brandenburg Berlin is a very old city. This was originally a marshy area northeast of the Elbe, a West Slavic tribe of the two _set_tlement points, names are in Berlin (Berlin) and Cohen (Cölln). Until the 12th century, Germans expelled Slavs _set_tled here only after the establishment of two villages in the Spree River, and followed their Slavic names. Built in 1237 in Berlin, the Spree River in the east coast, is the neighborhood merchants, Cohen Spree River in the West Bank, a fishing village. 1307, Berlin, and Cohen is a synthetic city names as Berlin, under the rule of the family in the Askar became an important commercial center. 14th century, Berlin joined the Baltic and Nordic important business allies - the Hanseatic League. But this time the Holy Roman Empire in Berlin is a wild frontier town. 1411, from the southwestern region of Germany Hohenzollern family, as the Border Governor Frederick (Markgraf), put down the war in the region, and became Elector of Brandenburg. From 1415 onwards, Berlin became the capital of Brandenburg Elector. 1640 to 1688, Frederick William I (emperor election Hou) opened in Berlin in the cultural and artistic prosperity, built palaces, armories, churches and palace in Potsdam, Berlin won the "Spree River Athens "in the world. Kingdom of Prussia 1701, Elector Frederick I was crowned King of Prussia, Berlin became the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia. From the 18th century, Frederick William I and Frederick the Great began the medieval old town of Berlin in the West built a large number of baroque and rococo architecture, form what is known as "Frederick Town" (Friedrichstadt ) the new city. The western boundary is the three squares and gates: Paris Square and the Brandenburg Gate (Pariser Platz und Brandenburger Tor); Leipzig, and Potsdam Square, the door (Leipzig Platz und Potsdam Tor); Union Square and the US-Halle door (Belle- Alliance Platz und Hallesches Tor). Berlin was in the Seven Years War Austrian and Russian troops occupied in 1806 by the French army. Although the city did not suffer serious damage, but Napoleon ordered the Brandenburg Gate, the goddess of victory on the back carriage removed to France, and in 1814 was returned. From the beginning of the 19th century, again in Berlin a large-scale expansion. Architect Langhans (Langhans) and Schenker (Schinkel) built a number of neo-classical monuments, such as the National Theatre, the ancient Museum, National Museum, Brandenburg Gate, Unter den Linden Avenue, and many of Museum Island museum building: the old museum, new museum, the National Gallery, Pa Jiameng Museum, Museum of the Emperor Frederick. Berlin has received a "Spree River in Athens" in the title. On the other hand, Linnaeus, director of the Prussian royal garden city of Berlin, Green made a great plan, the construction of the Berlin Zoo as the center of the large-scale urban green belt, built by the Linden Avenue and the Avenue consisting of Charlottenburg in Berlin "east-west axis," connects the eastern part of the government district of Berlin and the western commercial and garden area. 1810, University of Berlin was established. From 1837 onwards, Prussia began the process of industrialization, established a Siemens factory in Berlin. 1848 revolution, the uprising also took place in Berlin. German Empire In 1862, William I appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister. 1871, Berlin became the capital of the German Empire. In 1894, the construction of the Capitol architect Waluo Te. To the early 20th century, Berlin has been in the industrial, economic and urban construction to London, New York and Paris standards, as has a worldwide political, economic and cultural center. Berlin built during this period a large number of roads, bridges, subway and station building, the construction of luxury office buildings and commercial areas, residential areas, in 1900, Berlin has a population reaching 270 million. Weimar Republic First World War did not result in serious damage to Berlin, but in 1919 the Berlin workers uprising and civil war broke out. Carp riots occurred in 1920. In the same year on April 27, Berlin with its surrounding eight towns, 59 villages merged into the "big Berlin", Berlin's population doubled overnight, to 400 million. Weimar Republic, the economic crisis in 20 years by the pain at the same time, Berlin has entered a new thought, new art endless stream of time, this period is known as Berlin's "golden age of art." Third Reich January 30, 1933, Hitler became chancellor of Germany. February 27 the same year, Congress took place arson. Held in Berlin in 1936, the 16th Olympic Games in Nazi Germany as display their windows. 1938 Kristallnacht event, the Berlin Jewish property vandalism occurred in the incident. 1939 World War II, Hitler's fantasy building in Berlin for the war and the capital of the Third Reich, renamed "Germania" (Germania). To this end his royal architect Speer designed a huge sand table model. April 16, 1945, the Soviet Red Army mobilized 22,000 artillery pieces and 10 Belarusian Army Army began the offensive on Berlin. May 1 planted a flag of the Soviet Red Army, the Brandenburg Gate and Parliament House. May 8, Germany surrendered. During the Cold War With the Allied victory in World War II, not just Germany, but Berlin is also in accordance with the administrative boundaries of the pre-war Berlin was divided into two parts - from the Soviet-controlled East Berlin (23 areas covered in the pre-war 12 districts), and by the United States, Britain, and France controlled West Berlin. Berlin became a rallying point for US-Soviet Cold War. To oppose the allies in 1948 to implement the currency reform in western Germany, and forced the Allies out of Berlin, the Soviet Union launched half a year the Berlin blockade. Allies defeated the Soviet Union through the Berlin airlift attempt. June 17, 1953, the East Berlin workers launched a protest against the decline in living standards of the uprising, the uprising suppressed by Soviet troops shortly thereafter. November 10, 1958, Berlin, Khrushchev declared that the occupation of the four countries is outdated, requiring withdrawal of U.S. and British law from West Berlin and said 6 months Neixibailin should be free and out of the Soviet "free city" . Since a large number of residents in East Berlin through the undefended boundary into West Berlin and West Germany, August 13, 1961, East Germany built the Berlin Wall. October 25, the U.S. tanks to the south of Friedrichstrasse Checkpoint Charlie, trying to enter East Berlin, and 90 meters away the Soviet tanks standoff for 16 hours. After East and West Berlin became the forefront of the ideological confrontation. Because of various historical problems and institutional shortcomings, in 1989, people in Eastern European countries _set_ off on the total socialism and the communist regime protest. November 9, 1989 night, announced the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany was forced to. October 3, 1990, the reunification of Germany, Berlin held a grand celebration. The Berlin Wall was dismantled. In 1991, the German Parliament voted in 2000 to move back before the capital from Bonn to Berlin. Berlin since launched a massive reconstruction. North of the Capitol building a new parliament and prime minister. Previously mined at the foot of the Berlin Wall, Potsdamer Platz alert zone once again become the commercial center of Berlin. Germany has resumed its European cultural and economic center.
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Administrative Division
Originally divided into 23 districts of Berlin. January 2001, Berlin, administrative reform, the 23 districts into 12 districts (Bezirke). Each district is subdivided into partitions (Stadtteile), represents the traditional urbanized areas. After the administrative reform, local governments are constantly restructuring. At present, the whole of Berlin's 12 districts a total of 96 local governments, and then each local government has a number of streets (Kiez) composition. Berlin has its own Area 12 District Councils (Bezirksamt), there are five council members (Bezirksstadträte) and a mayor (Bezirksbürgermeister). District Council members from District Assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung) elected. However, the Berlin city district is not independent, because the District government's power is limited, and part of Berlin's senator. Co-head of the districts composed of District Councils, led by the mayor of Berlin, the Berlin Senate to provide advice. Partition and not their government.
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Population
Of the total population (2006/11) 3,405,000 Population density of 3,818 / km ² (9,889 / mi ²) Urban 3,700,000 Metropolitan area 4,262,480
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Economy
Berlin is Germany's main industrial area. To the motor industry, electronics, instruments, meters the most developed, followed by machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, clothing, food processing, printing and other departments. Industries are located in the urban fringe Spandau district Charlottenburg district, Kreuzberg, Tengpohuofu area and Keponike area Treptow and other industrial areas. In the area of agricultural land accounts for a significant proportion of Berlin, to provide vegetables, fruits, flowers, especially in the eastern region is near the heart of the production of wheat, oats and other agricultural products distribution center. Developed transport and a circular rail and highway traffic artery, and with a number of railway intersection, combined with air corridors across the country and other European countries and convenient for the major cities.
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Transport network
Berlin is the internationally renowned cities, population density, is also a tourist city. However, traffic jam is not due to ordinary private car is not out. It is not a subway, light rail, buses, is riding a bike. Berlin, 9 and 15 light rail subway and tram, a ring and a large number of through the external radiation, the organization has become a large network, extending in all directions, constitute one of Europe's largest transportation network. Very short interval of time the vehicle at any time with electronic prompts, which the car a few minutes to. Berlin people, most people go by train, take the train out, do not take a taxi directly to the subway, for light rail, it is convenient. Therefore, Berlin's environment, the sky is relatively clear. Berlin public transport system has developed: 9 Berlin subway lines, 170 stations; Berlin and 15 suburban railway lines, 166 stations; and Berlin also has the world's oldest tram systems in the world, with 398 stations. Berlin has three commercial airports - Tegel Airport (TXL), Tempe Hough International Airport (THF) and 舍奈费尔德 International Airport (SXF). In 2007, the three airports received a total of over 2,000 million passengers, the flight can reach 173 destinations in the world. In recent years, the airport handled only domestic 坦佩尔霍夫 short-haul flights, has been shut down in 2008. At the same time 舍奈费尔德 Airport has begun a massive expansion, to 2012, all commercial flights in Berlin will be transferred to the airport, and then Tegel airport will be permanently closed.
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Sightseeing
Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in Berlin economy, and culture are very well developed. Aerial view of Berlin, surrounded by forests, lakes, rivers surrounded by the city as if immersed in a sea of green, Spree River slowly flows through the city from the south. Alexanderplatz TV tower, is surrounded by modern hotels, shops, conference rooms, teachers, hall and other large buildings, the daring, magnificent, beautiful modeling. Kuerfeisi Teng Dam 3 km long shopping street, shops, clothing stores, galleries, row upon row. Linden Street, the famous, is Europe's most famous boulevard. In addition, built with white granite into the Brandenburg Gate, a 800-year history of the Virgin Church, City Hall, the old museum buildings on the island, "Crystal Palace" Palace of the Republic, Humboldt University, is also very famous. Charlottenburg Palace, the ancient distributed around the Egyptian Museum, antique museum, prehistoric museum of early application of the important museums and cultural buildings, many of its collections of precious cultural relics and works of art. Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, the old straight side of the new built octagonal church. Completed in 1957, silver, clamshell-shaped roof was the meeting hall is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture. Brandenburg Gate area on the southwestern edge of Sculpture City Nemeth erect Brandenburg Gate, was once a symbol of Berlin as the Arc de Triomphe, built in 1791, all with white granite was constructed, a gate stands a bronze casting on a victory statues. Extension of the east side of the Brandenburg Gate Unter den Linden, the 1.2 km long, 60 meters wide tree-lined boulevard, lined on both sides of palaces, pavilions and modern buildings. William Street from north to south through the Unter den Linden, once Hitler government activities center. East Alexander Square, a new office building, is the former East Berlin city government is located. Next to the magnificent Palace of the Republic, all with the appearance of a giant mosaic made of special glass, is a former East German people held a meeting of the House chamber. West of the Brandenburg Gate past the Empire State Building, has been partially restored. Stands to 西蒂尔加滕 area completed in 1957, Parliament House, is one of the masterpieces of modern architecture, in which hundreds of international meetings held. The area west to the Berlin Zoo, built in 1841, keeping many rare animals, one of the world's largest zoo. Tiergarten district southwest extension of the School First Dam Boulevard, on both sides of modern shops. Berlin Botanical Gardens and plants built in the 17th century the museum was originally a royal garden, after World War II reconstruction. West of downtown along the Havel River is dotted with large lakes and forests, the north is the Olympic Stadium, 1936 11th Olympic Games held in purpose-built, rafting, river Spree around the stadium area of 100 hectares of swimming pool, Ice Stadium, tennis courts and racecourse. There the city Humboldt University (founded in 1809), Free University, University of Technology, Arts and Sciences, museums, libraries and the Opera House and other cultural facilities, cultural and lasting prosperity. Because of the special historic and pleasant landscape, tourism developed. Famous scenic spots: Berlin Central Station, Museum Island, Germany, Prime Minister's Office, the German Technical Museum, the German National Museum, Parliament House, the Brandenburg Gate, June 17 Avenue, Unter den Linden, Checkpoint Charlie, Berlin TV Tower, Potsdamer Platz, Yulin Plaza, 圣赫德韦格 Cathedral, Berlin Cathedral, Nikolai district, Alexanderplatz, Berlin Zoo, Elector Avenue, Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin Jewish Museum, East Berlin, West Berlin Virgin teaching, City Hall, the Republican Palace, Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, benevolent hall, etc.
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Style of education
Berlin is located in Eastern and Western Europe traffic. Berlin city as if immersed in a sea of green, Spree River slowly flows through the city from the south, the Prussian style of ancient buildings and modern commercial skyscrapers each other. Berlin is rebuilding the "cultural capital", the existing three opera houses, orchestras and the dozens of large theaters, and numerous world-class museums. Berlin building colorful, spectacular. That is brilliant magnificent baroque Friedrich Square, there are neo-classical style, Schenkel Theatre, both magnificent palaces, but also world renowned works of modern architecture schools. Berlin is a cultural city blocks, almost all the cultural festivals throughout the year. Culture Berlin has a large opera house, theater and orchestra. At the same time a large number of cinemas, nightclubs and dance halls. Deutsche Oper (Deutsche Oper Berlin) State Opera (Deutsche Staatsoper) Light Opera (Komische Oper) Theater in Berlin (Berliner Ensemble) Berlin Theater (Schauspielhaus Berlin) Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (Berliner Philharmoniker) Sports Berlin, the list of sports teams: Hahuabolin (Bundesliga Football League) Berlin has been successfully held the Olympic Games in 1936. Education There are four more well-known Berlin University: Humboldt University Free University of Berlin Technical University of Berlin (Berlin Technical University of Berlin University of Technology or) Berlin University of the Arts
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Famous people
Karl Friedrich Schinkel Johann Gottfried sand and more (Johann Gottfried Schadow) Wilhelm von Humboldt Alexander von Humboldt 库尔特图霍夫 Sharansky Marlene 娜迪特里茜 Brecht Bertone Sam Eric Brahimi Walter Gropius Adolf Hitler
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Sister Cities
Los Angeles (1967) Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1978) Paris, France (1987) Madrid, Spain (1988) Istanbul, Turkey (1989) Moscow, Russia (1990) Warsaw, Poland (1991) Budapest, Hungary (1991) Brussels, Belgium (1992) Jakarta, Indonesia (1993) Tashkent, Uzbekistan (1993) Mexico City, Mexico (1993) Beijing, China (1994) Tokyo, Japan (1994) Buenos Aires, Argentina (1994) Japan Tsuwano Town (1995) Prague, Czech Republic (1995) Windhoek, Namibia (2000) London, UK (2000)
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Sports
Berlin, the list of sports teams: Football club Hertha Berlin (Bundesliga Football League) Berlin has successfully held the Olympic Games in 1936, and in 70 years after the hosting of the 2006 World Cup.
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English Expression
: cypress forest
n.: berlin
French Expression
n. Berlin (Allemagne)
Thesaurus
Bailin Village Berlin Neighborhood, berlin Community Bailin Town bailin Township
