To plant trees as the main body. Are clusters of trees and the interaction with plants, animals, microorganisms and soil, the overall climate. Forests not only provide timber and other forest products, by-products, also has to maintain soil and water, regulating climate, sand-fixing, protecting farmland, health care and beneficial role in national defense.
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通常指大片生长的树木
Usually refers to the growth of large trees. Forestry means a considerable growth of the vast land of many trees, together with the piece of land animals and other plants constitute the whole. Tang Cai Xi Death "with kings and other industry Weinan Jiaxiong title" Poem: "Su Hui jet Seto, Cuise cotton forest." Yang Shuo, "Ye boundless": "That evening, we have entered the forest area, wild places in the slope of a Deserted Officials in years. "
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The definition of forest
Forest trees is a high-density areas. These plant communities cover large areas of the world's carbon dioxide and decrease, fauna, hydrological regulation and turbulence play an important role in consolidating the soil, which constitute the Earth's biosphere one of the most important aspect. Morozov Russian foresters gf made forests are forests in 1903, associated plants, animals and environment in complex. Community Forest, to botany, vegetation science called the forest community, called the forest ecosystem ecology. The construction of forests in forest protection, development, and renewable natural resources. With economic, ecological and social benefits.
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The type of forest
China now has little original forest, which are mainly concentrated in the northeast and southwest of natural forest areas. Appearance divided by forest, coniferous forest and broadleaf forest area of about half and half, the former is 49.8%, which accounted for 47.2%, and the remaining 3% of mixed forest, is divided as follows: (1) coniferous forest Coniferous forests in China are widely distributed, but as a zone of coniferous forests are found only in northeast and northwest corner and the southwest, southeast of the sub-alpine coniferous forest, while the rest is second nature often coniferous forests, such as various secondary forest, more is made of artificial construction, such as fir and so on. The composition of coniferous forest is not only rich in plants, but also the habitat of a large number of animal species, as many unique types of habitat and shelter. a. Boreal forest and subalpine coniferous forest They are level as high-latitude vegetation is alpine and low-latitude vegetation types. In the distribution area and the geographical environment, very different, but all belong to sub-arctic type, appearance, composition and structure are very similar. a. China larch larch forest, 10 species and 2 varieties, the main constructive species are larch (larix gmelini), Siberian larch (l. sibirica), larch (l. principis-rupprechtii), Bai Sequoia (l. chinensis), Sichuan, Sequoia (l. mastersiana), large fruit red cedar (l. potaninii) and Tibetan larch (l. griffithii) and so on. c. Constructive species are pine Pinus sylvestris (pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica), Yan Song (p. pumila) and Siberian pine (p. sibirica). d. Mainly distributed in southwest Berlin circle and western mountain subalpine forest belt Department of sunny slope, altitude 2800-4500m, and were mainly well-established species of juniper branches (sabina saltuaria), Sabina (s. przewalskii) , weeping cedar (s. pingii), large fruit juniper (s. tibetica), tower branch juniper (s. komarovii) and the song sticks Sabina (s. recurva) and so on. b. Temperate coniferous forest Mainly in the north and the Liaodong Peninsula, the main constructive species are pine (pinus tabulaeformis), Akamatsu (p. densiflora), oriental arborvitae (platycladus orientalis) and the lacebark pine (pinus bungeana). c. subtropical coniferous forests Many types, such as pine (pinus massoniana), Yunnan pine (p. yunnanensis), Egeria yunnanensis (p. yunnanensis var. Tenuiformis), Casey Antony (p. kesiya), pine (p. armandii), alpine pine (p. densata), fir (cunninghamia lanceolata), Japanese cedar (cryptomeria fortunei), cedar (cupressus funebris), soaring cypress (dry cedar) (c. duclouxiana), Keteleeria (keteleeria fortunei), iron Jian Shan ( k. davidiana), silver fir (cathaya argyrophylla) and so on. d. Tropical coniferous forest Few species, and many scattered, not a forest, such as Pinus latteri (pinus latteri), Hainan pine (p. fenzeri-ana) and Himalayan longleaf pine (p. roxburghii). (2) mixed coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved a. Pine broad-leaved mixed forest Pine broad-leaved mixed forest is the zonal type of temperate regions, mainly in the northeast area of Changbai Mountains and the small mountain, has been extended to the east coast and the Russian Amur North Korea, the main constructive species is pine (p. koraiensis ) and some broadleaf trees, such as: Walnut (juglans mandshurica), Ash (fraxinus mand-shurica), Amur linden (tilia amurensis), stained wood (acer mono), Chun Yu (ulmus davidiana var. japonica) and so on. b. Hemlock, broadleaf mixed forest Mainly distributed in the subtropical mountains. Is an evergreen broad-leaved forest to subalpine coniferous forest transition zone of a vertical forest types, mainly Tsuga chinensis (tsuga longibracteata) and hemlock (t. chinensis) and Fagaceae mixed forests. Subtropical western mountains at higher elevations, between 2500-3000m above sea level to form a special mixed coniferous belt, Himalayan hemlock (t. dumosa) and broad-leaved mixed forest used to occupy the main position. (3) broad-leaved forest a. Deciduous broad-leaved forest Widely distributed in temperate, warm temperate and subtropical broad range. The main forest types in North China, Northwest China's deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, oak forest, alder (alnus japonica) forest, drilling days Liu (chosenia arbutifolia) Lin, pointed Elaeagnus angustifolia (elaeagnus oxycarpa) forest; by the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest was formed after the destruction of chestnut trees, the proposed alder (alniphyllum fortunei) forest, sweet gum (liquidambar formosana) forest; northern coniferous forest and subalpine coniferous forest and secondary forest types of Populus and the development of birch forest mountain beech forest in the subtropical and tropical limestone mountains of Hong Lin (platycarya strobilacea), Pteroceltis (pteroceltis tatarinowii), Lang Yu (ulmus parvifolius) forest and Pistacia (pistacia chinensis) forests. b. Evergreen broad-leaved forest Evergreen broad-leaved forest is humid subtropical zone of the type of forest areas, contained in the species richness to higher plants, the species accounting for about 1 / 2 or more. The dominant species of evergreen broad-leaved forest is not obvious, often build from a variety of species composition. With green Okabayashi, copy class forest, stone forest, Machilus forest, thick shell Guilin, Schima superba, Eding Feng Lin, magnolia forest. c. Sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest In Sichuan, Yunnan worked along the north and southeast areas of the ancient Mediterranean, similar to the Mediterranean sclerophyllous evergreen broadleaf forest remnant of the community, primarily found in the mountains 2000-3000m above sea level sunny, the general common types of mountains of Yunnan mountain oak (quercus aquifolioides) forest, Quercus pannosa (q. pannosa), long spike Quercus (q. longispica) forest, oak bucket hat (q. guayvaefolia) forest, western oak (q. gilliana) forest, Quercus Tibet (q. semicarpifolia) forest. The Valley common oak iron oak (q. cocciferoides) forest, with oak cone (q. franchetii) forest, mountain oak leaf light (q. rehderian) oak forest and gray background (q. senescens) forest distribution. d. Deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved mixed Forest species composition of these very complex. It can be divided into several different types, such as found in the northern subtropical evergreen broad-leaved deciduous forest, mainly seen in the eastern subtropical mountains above the altitude of 1000 ~ 1200m to 2200m around the mountain evergreen and deciduous forest, and distributed in limestone limestone mountain subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and so on. e. Monsoon forest Tropical monsoon zone of China on behalf of vegetation types, most of the distribution platform in the more arid hills, basin and valley areas. Most of them are long-term nature of derivative community. If Ma Melia (chukrasia tabularis) forest, wool and linen oak (c. tabularis var. Velutina) forest, Zhongping tree (macaranga denticulata) Lin, Trema (trema orientalis) forest, Jin straight Erythrina (erythrina stricta) forest, kapok (bombax malabarium) Lin, Ying tree (albizzia chinensis) HAINAN Terminalia tree (terminalia hainanensis) forest, thick tree (lannea coromandelica) forest, sweet gum, mahogany Netherlands (schima wallichii) forest and so the most common. f. Rain forest, seasonal rain forest More common in tropical areas of more than 500 ~ 700m above sea level mountain, mountainous area of Hainan Island to Dacrydium (dacrydium pectinata), Ke Class (lithocarpus), etc, the feathers are much more southern Yunnan pine (dacrycarpus imbricatus), Mao litchi (nephelium chryseum) and so on, mainly seen in limestone seasonal rain forest in southern Guangxi, composed of many species.
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Evolutionary history of forests
The formation and development of modern forest has experienced a long evolutionary process, generally divided into three stages: ① ancient gymnosperms, ferns stage. In the late Paleozoic Carboniferous and Permian, the fern trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants form large areas of coastal and inland swamp forests. Wood and seal the wood of which scales up to 20 ~ 40 meters high, diameter of 1 to 3 meters, it is important to make the Carboniferous coal plants. There are tropical relict tree fern. ② gymnosperms stage. Late Mesozoic Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous as the heyday of gymnosperms. Cycads, the internal cycads, Ginkgo and conifers form the Earth's land on the large area of gymnosperm forest and coniferous forest. ③ angiosperms stage. Late Cretaceous in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Tertiary angiosperm trees, shrubs, herbs have appeared in large numbers, throughout the Earth's land, the formation of various types of forest, until now still the most dominant and most stable communities.
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The value of forests
Covered in lush forests on earth is a vast and nature have the most precious "green wealth" Human ancestors originally lived in the forest. They rely on collecting wild fruit, catch birds for food, with leaves, animal hide clothing, do nest in the tree house shelves. Forest is home to human beings, human origins and development from up here. Even today, the forest still provides us with the production and various data necessary for life. Estimated 3 million people in the world, is home to forests, by forest to make a living. Forests including fruits, seeds, nuts, roots, tubers, fungi and other foods, some forest areas in Thailand, 60% of the food from the forest. The animals returned to the forest bush people with meat and animal protein. Is widely used wood, house built in the mines, railways, aircraft bridges, paper, furniture ... ... forests provide employment opportunities for millions of people. Other forest products are colorful, resin, baked glue, insect wax, spices, etc., are raw materials for light industry. Use of medicinal plants in China and India has 5,000 years of history, most of the world today still rely on medicinal plants and forest access. In developed countries, 1 / 4 of the active pharmaceutical ingredients from medicinal plants. Some developing countries, fuelwood is the main fuel. About 20 million people in the world rely on firewood and charcoal for cooking. Such as Burundi, Bhutan and some other countries, more than 90% of energy provided by the forest. May say, the forest like nature of the "scheduling division", which regulates the natural circulation of air and water, affecting climate change, protecting soil from wind and rain of the violations, reduce environmental pollution, the harm to people. Forest is indeed the "lungs of the earth," every tree is an oxygen generator and carbon dioxide absorber. A linden tree can absorb 16 kg of carbon dioxide a day, 150 hectares of poplar, willow, locust and other broad-leaved forest one day can produce 100 tons of oxygen. If the average per capita of urban residents occupy 25 square meters 10 square meters of trees or grass, they have a place for the carbon dioxide exhaled, the need has also been the source of oxygen. Forest to conserve water sources, natural circulation of water play an important role. "Green mountains are always in, Bristol Flows", the tree is always linked with the water. Precipitation of rain, a portion of canopy interception, most of sticks and dry leaves under the tree fell and porous soil left in the build up to be, and some uptake by plant roots are in the forest, and some returned to the atmosphere through evaporation. 1 hectare of forest a year to 8,000 tons of water evaporate so that the air moist forest, precipitation increases, cool, so it played a role in regulating climate. Sand-fixing forest to stop soil erosion. Wind blowing, it uses the tree blocking the path crown body, lower wind speed, long and thick roots, seize the soil, let the wind blow away. Heavy rain fall to the forest, deep into the soil and rock crevice, in the form of groundwater began to flow, do not go red soil. According to the records in Kenya of Africa, when the rainfall is 500 mm, the Farm to the sediment loss was 100 times the forest, grazing land is forest sediment loss of 3000 times. We do not want to stop desertification and soil erosion it? The most effective helper is the forest. The benefits of forests 1, to improve air quality 2, ease the "heat island" 3, to reduce sediment loss 4, water conservation 5, to reduce wind damage 6, the rich biodiversity 7, increase scenic spots 8, driven seed, the flower industry 9, reduce noise pollution 10, optimize the investment environment
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Forests and human health
With the development of society, it is increasingly recognized that forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, drugs, dust, sterilization, water purification, noise abatement, prevention of sand, regulating climate, and the instructions on the toxic substances monitoring role. So many people are starting to nature to experience the fun of the forest, the forest to enjoy the various benefits on the human body. When you step into the lush green woodlands, the will suddenly feel comfortable and fatigue disappeared. Forest green, the earth brings not only beautiful and varied scenery, and it can through human senses, the role of the human central nervous system, adjust and improve the function of the body, gives a quiet, comfortable, vibrant , the feeling of spirits and improve health. According to the survey, a green environment can reduce the body to some extent, the secretion of adrenaline and reduce the excitability of human sympathetic. Not only does it make people calm, comfortable, but also to reduce the body's skin temperature 1 ℃ -2 ℃, a decrease of 4 times per minute, pulse -8 times, hearing and thinking activity can enhance the sensitivity. Scientists have been proved, the green light reflection rate of 30% -40%, the stimulation of human retina just right, it can absorb the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays of the human eye, the eye fatigue quickly disappear, the spirit of hearty. The research, forest plants, such as fir, pine, eucalyptus, Yang, juniper, oak, etc. can secrete a scented with aromatic monoterpenes, sesquiterpene and diterpene gases "Spinosad" in the air can kill diphtheria, typhoid, tuberculosis, dysentery, cholera bacteria. According to the survey, in a dry non-forest at each cubic meter of air, containing 4 million bacteria, while at the mall with only 600,000, in the forest only a few dozen. In addition the forest, but also regulate the role of micro-climate, according to the determination, at high temperature in summer, the temperature inside the forest is lower than non-forest land 3 ℃ -5 ℃. In the cold windy winter, leaving the forest can reduce the temperature of wind speed increased, and thus play a cool role. Leaves of plants in the forest also has the role of transpiration of water, which can increase the ambient humidity. In short, the forest is the main terrestrial environment, is the nature of the regulator. Protection of forests is to protect the environment for human survival, it is to protect humanity. Let us contribute for the protection of the forest, so the forest for the benefit of mankind!
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If there is no forest
Camphor trees, oleander, cloves, maple, black locust, Ailanthus altissima, cypress, privet, oak, tamarisk, hibiscus, elm, pine, plane trees and others have strong absorption of sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride and other toxic and harmful gases ability. These gases through the green belt, usually 1 / 4 can be purified. Down through the leaves above, the secretion of mucus and oil and so on dust particles has a strong effect of adsorption and filtration. Per year per hectare of forest can absorb 50 to 80 tons of dust, urban green areas of the dust content of air generally less than half of non-Green Belt. Many trees can secrete spinosad, spinosad, such as pine secretion can kill diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis, pathogenic microorganisms. The bacterial content of the air downtown, more than 85% of green areas. Tree can absorb noise. A 40-meter-wide belt, can reduce noise 10 to 15 dB. You see, the forest can not only provide food, medicine, fuel, raw materials, but also wind and sand, soil and water conservation, and promote rehabilitation of degraded land, improve agricultural productivity, sustainable development of human and natural guarantee. You see, the trees not only beautify the environment, and improve micro-climate, there are dust, noise, decontamination, quarantine, manufacture of fresh air, city residents can live in a tree-lined, flower-decked in green environment, it is a big luck. Forests are so important that FAO the "forest" and Life "as the 1991 World Food Day theme: the goal is not to plant trees themselves, but to show how forests can help mankind to achieve sustainable development objectives; to stress productivity of the forest have a lasting effect, that is, save the resource base for the Houdai the same time, to meet the evolving needs of current production; to remind people realize forests not only provide food, fuel, and protect the environment with the most fundamental value. If there is no forest, the majority of the land creatures become extinct, most of the water will flow into the sea; atmospheric oxygen is reduced, carbon dioxide will increase; temperature significantly increased flood and drought disasters often happen ... ...
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Status of forest
However, many people seem to not understand this, they not only know how to care for forests, contrary to make the ruthless destruction of them. Take a look: "Hundreds of tractors, bulldozers rumble, countless trees fell to the ground, scared away animals, the land bulldozed. Then flames everywhere, smoke filled the air, birds whine, howling monkeys ... ..." This is the Amazon tropical forests in South America is a scene of destruction. It is said that day, here are a million trees were destroyed. Since today is not the beginning of forest were destroyed, and not only in South America, the Amazon basin. In the historical process of human development, forest like a mother feeding a human to human provided food, clothing, housing conditions, but since humans mastered fire, and use the technology after the fire, began to look back to their "home" attack. From 1 million years ago in the Neolithic Age, human development and the extensive grazing animals from the time the slash and burn, the forest has suffered enormous damage. Future is getting worse, becoming increasingly serious. Four thousand years ago, the European forest area has accounted for 90% of land area, and now only 50% of the. Northwest China 4000 years ago, large areas covered with dense forests, and now Lin annihilation, destruction of vegetation, many places have become gullies, Tongshanzhuozhuo the rainfed. Damage is particularly serious in the last hundred years to happen. With the development of social production, deforestation, the provision of forest grazing, construction of town, cut timber, coupled with war damage, fire pest, the world's forest area is reduced greatly accelerate the process. Now, there are around 20 million hectares of forest disappear from the earth! Over the years, African forests have been cut by more than half. In which each new plant a tree in West Africa, while almost 30 trees to be cut down. The Ivory Coast is one of Africa's multi-forest, in order to obtain the required foreign exchange, each year almost 300,000 hectares of forest to be felled. 1963 It also has 12 million hectares of forest, now only less than one million hectares of the. In the population explosion and agriculture under the pressure of over-exploitation, the forests of Asia are also facing danger of disappearing. From 1980 to 2000, Nepal's forest area will be reduced by 63%, 59% will be reduced in Sri Lanka, Thailand will be reduced by 55%. Vietnam has in the past 40 years, half of the forests have been destroyed. Thailand's forest cover in 1970, has more than 50% in just ten years later had dropped to less than 25%. Plantation forests are in Europe now, the original forest has virtually disappeared. Europe and the United States often fire, such as only in 1990, the Italian was burned forest to up to 17 million hectares. European countries devastated by environmental pollution is also a lot of forest. The most worrying is the tropical rain forest, is now at an alarming rate from the earth. 80 years, the tropical rain forest growth of the 3 major countries - Brazil, Indonesia and Zaire, cut each year over 2 million hectares of forest. A new report has said that in 1980 there are 11.3 million hectares of tropical rain forest were destroyed in 1991 to 16.9 million hectares, that is, over the last 10 years felling increased by half. The world's tropical rainforests have been destroyed 70%! In the early days of human history on earth 1 / 2 or more of the land dressed in green containers, the total forest area of 76 million hectares. 10,000 years ago, the forest area decreased to 62 million hectares, also accounted for 42% of land area. The 19th century reduced to 55 million hectares, whether in Europe, America or Asia, Africa, is still everywhere to see the forest. But the 20th century, deforestation has become increasingly serious, so far only keep the world more than 40 million hectares of forest and 38 hectares per minute is the rate of disappear! In the history of our country's forests are also many, not only the south, dense forests, is in the north, five or six million years ago, Beijing Lantian ape-man living the coast of the Weihe River, the activities of Peking Man in Beijing, have a green luxuriant woodlands. But now, running out of the forest, forest area in 1988 was 124.65 million hectares, accounting for only 3% of the world's forest area; forest coverage rate is 13% lower than the world average coverage more than half. Deforestation has brought us serious consequences. Soil erosion, wind wreak havoc, climate changes, drought and flood disaster, are related with the large-scale deforestation. It is aimed at clearing the forest was more arable land, prolific food, but in the end counterproductive, but cut crops, more and more people go hungry. It is intended to deforestation was more than wood, for fuel, can be the result is counterproductive, more cutting less wood, some have been very rich in forest resources is now a timber importer countries, 22 countries have 100 million people They do not have enough wood supply minimum fuel requirements. Forest and human is closely related to intimate partner is a human, is the world an important part of the ecosystem. Deforestation is the destruction of the natural environment of human life, destruction of the global ecological balance, so that the food we eat to the air we breathe have been affected. No wonder a famous biologist, says: "Any of the earth caused by the calamities of deforestation than the destruction of the forest now!" Love the forest, right, random deforestation Lankan human folly, do not do things that harming future generations. We will not only protect the existing forest resources, the use of natural resources and environmental protection together, but also large-scale afforestation and greening the earth, changing the natural appearance and improve the ecological environment.
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Forest Travel Guide
In general, the compass, machete, hunting, fishing tool, placed in waterproof container of matches, raincoats, long trousers, rope, red syrup, and Yi Yao, are indispensable for forest tourism essential items. Furthermore, it should have some small knowledge of forest tourism. Labyrinth Do not panic in case of lost his way, you can first try to estimate the position from where able to determine how far out, and then some bark scraped off trees next to be marked. The skin around the trunk should scrape some more, so can be seen from any side. Thus, the final total to find their own goals. When lost is found streams, rivers, then they go along, it can take you out of the forest. Disease prevention Long-distance travel can not carry more water and food, so the way in tourism will inevitably look for water. Although the forest looks crystal clear streams, but often can people with lethal bacteria, it must be boiled for drinking. Fortunately, the forest can provide a lot of water plants. Prior to travel, you should have some knowledge to identify edible plants. If you do not have enough time on this lesson, then carefully observe the birds and the monkeys choose which wild fruits for food, the food is harmless to humans, safe to eat. To avoid the lightning If the storm encountered in the forest, near the dense bush to go to bring, do not hide in the tall tree. Floor are often attracted by the tall trees, thunder, people struck by lightning. Rain machetes and other metal objects should be put into a easy to find a temporary place, not with you. In addition, the forest mosquitoes, flat lice, leeches and other pests are therefore not just for the sake of tourism during the cool Chuanduan underwear, but to the truss legs and cuffs. When night falls, the best tent or sleeping mosquito nets to prevent mosquito bites and cold humid forest climate-induced arthritis and other diseases.
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World Forest Day
March 21 each year is the World Forest Day (world forest day). Green plants "photosynthesis" to beautify our environment, so that our living environment better. Forests can withstand wind and protect mankind. In recent years, consumer consumption of large quantities of timber and forest products, resulting in significantly reduced global forest area per year worldwide nearly million hectares of forests disappear, this is not just a country's internal problems, it has become an international problem. Seventh World Forestry Congress in 1971 decided March 21 each year as the World Forest Day, to attract the country's green protector of the human - the importance of forest resources, by coordinating the relationship between humans and forests, forest resources to achieve sustainable use.
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Forest Fire
Forest is home to human life, to protect the forest resources are the most important thing is to do a good job of forest fire prevention. To this end, we talk about solutions to all the knowledge related to forest fire, forest fire prevention knowledge of universal harmony and improve people's awareness of ecology and safety. 1, What is the forest? What is the role of forests important? Is a tree as the main forest biomes, is to focus on trees and other plants, animals, microorganisms and soil constraints and interdependence between and interact with the environment, creating a whole ecosystem. Forest is the cradle of human civilization, the foundation of sustainable development. Forest as a renewable resource, is indispensable to human existence the material basis for human provide wood, bamboo, forest products, medicinal herbs and other forest ecosystems as the main land, not the basic protection of human development. Forests water conservation, sand-fixing, erosion control, noise abatement, clean air. Protect and develop forest resources not only for the interest of contemporary people, but also to the interests of future generations. Afforestation, development of forestry, in the coordination of population, resources, environment, coordinating the interests of present and future generations, has an irreplaceable role in the strategy of sustainable development occupies an important position. 2, What is the forest fire? Forest fires, is the loss of human control, the spread freely in the forest and expansion of forests, forest ecosystems and human losses caused some damage and fire behavior. Forest fires is a sudden strong, devastating, disposal, natural disaster relief more difficult. 3, the classification of forest fires? After the fire, according to whether the cause of forest loss and the size of burned area can be divided into forest fires to forest fires (less than 1 hectare of forest area affected or other forest fire), general forest fires (in 1 hectare of forest area affected more than 100 hectares or less), a major forest fire (affected forest area of 100 hectares, 1,000 hectares or less) and large forest fires (more than 1000 hectares of forest area affected). 4, forest fires come from? ⑴ burning; ⑵ forest burning; ⑶ burning ash manure; ⑷ burnt ridge; ⑸ burning straw; ⑹ forest areas of smoking, littering of cigarette butts; ⑺ forest picnic area, barbecue; ⑻ Shangfen burning paper forest areas, burn incense and light candles , _set_ off firecrackers; ⑼ the use of firearms hunting forest areas; ⑽ car leaking into the forest fire, flame; ⑾ passengers and throw cigarette butts and passengers fire; ⑿ machine running fire; ⒀ lightning fire. More human and natural disasters, fire behavior will lead to forest fires. 5, forest fire risks and consequences of what? ⑴ forest fire burned many trees not only the lower stand density, forest structure damage; also cause species succession, to the low value of the trees, shrubs, weeds turnover, reduce the value of forest use. ⑵ the forest burn, resulting in forest bare, loss of forests in the role of water and soil and water conservation, will lead to waterlogging, drought, flash floods, mudslides, landslides, sand and other natural disasters. ⑶ burned by the fire trees, growth recession, a large number of derivatives of forest pests and diseases provides a conducive environment to accelerate the tree's death. After forest fires, prompting dramatic changes in forest environment, the weather, water and soil disruption of forest ecosystems, loss of balance, often take decades or a century to be restored. Forest fires can be burned forest ⑷ various production facilities and buildings, threatening towns and villages near the forest, endangering people's lives and property of the forest, while forest fires can be burned to death and drive away the precious animal. When the forest fire will be a lot of smoke, polluting the air environment. In addition, forest fire fighting to spend a lot of manpower, material and financial resources of industrial and agricultural production. Sometimes result in personal injury and affect social stability. 6 What is the policy of forest fire prevention? What is the principle of fighting fire suppression? Implementation of forest fire prevention, "prevention first, actively destroy" approach, preventive work is a prerequisite for preventing forest fires, fighting principles are: to fight back, playing small, he did. 7, which mainly consists of fighting forest fires in several stages? According to forest fire occurrence and fire suppression characteristics of forest fire fighting must follow the "first control, after the elimination, and then consolidate the" process, in stages. (A) to control the fire stage. The early stages of the fire, fire suppression is the most urgent stage. Its main task is blocked rotor, to control the fire, limiting fire burning within a certain range. (B) the stability of the fire stage. In the block attempting to control the fire, must take more effective measures to beat the fire wing (to both sides of the fire department), to prevent the spread of fire to both sides of the extension is the most critical stage of fire suppression. After the fire was extinguished, must be burned to patrol the ground and found that I immediately put out the fire. (C) to guard the fire stage. Left guard the main task is to fire. Generally barren and young forest fire guard 12 hours a forest fire in the old guard more than 24 hours before considering evacuation, to prevent the resurgence over the fire. 8, the basic method of fighting forest fires there? Fighting fire with artificial beat, with the earth fire, water, fire, gas fire, to fire fighting, the creation of fire lines to prevent fire spread, rainfall, wind fire extinguisher, chemical fire, explosion and other basic fire fighting and aviation fire fighting methods.
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"Forest Law" knowledge
1, the forest is divided into what type? Forest into protection forest, timber forest, economic forest, fuel, special use forests. The trees here are mostly long-timber products, protection, economic forest. 2, refers to those forest resources? Forest resources, including forests, trees and woodlands, and relying on forests, trees and woodland survival of wild animals, plants and microorganisms. 3, What is the tree cutting license? Tree cutting permit to cut trees is based on units and individuals permitted by law to cut trees to receive documents. It includes logging the location, area, stock (number of trees), tree species, reforestation methods and completion time. 4, the state of the main measures to protect forest resources is what? "Forest Law" Article VIII of the fourth, six provides that the State protect the forest resources of the main measures collect forest fund be used exclusively for Lin Yulin, and the establishment of forestry fund system. 5, how to handle the tree cutting license? Application for the tree cutting licenses, certificates from the forest by forest owners to the county forestry department in charge of the tree cutting permit. No warrants forest by forest owners cutting the actual situation according to truthfully fill out the "tree cutting application report" confirmed by the forest where the seal of the village committee, town forestry workers Type of Application signed and stamped the town government departments, the county forestry station staff to the field inspection, report and approval of the competent forestry authorities shall pay the silviculture fund (by 12% of the value of trees), forest plant quarantine fee (based on the value of transporting 0.2%), after receiving "the tree cutting license in Jiangsu Province . " 6, cutting the trees do not need to go through the tree cutting license? Cutting farm plots and rural residents of the isolated individual trees around their houses do not need to apply for tree cutting permits. In addition, any units or individuals are cutting trees for the forestry sector to the tree cutting permit. 7, good for the tree cutting permit, to cut trees, there are rules and requirements? (1) cutting permit shall not exceed the scope of approved harvesting. (2) approval of the actual harvest time, harvesting time, more than have to continue cutting procedures for the forestry sector, no multi-year do not need to pay fees. 8, deforestation (for logging without permits) 2 cubic meter (based on timber volume calculation below) the penalties to be imposed? Tree cutting permits are not for cutting deforestation, deforestation 2 cubic meters the following at the "Forest Law" Article 39, replant trees at 5 times the number of trees of trees, and impose a value of 2 times the deforestation to 3 times the fine. 9, deforestation more than 2 cubic meters 10 cubic meters or less (not including 10 cubic meters) of how the penalties? Deforestation more than 2 cubic meters 10 cubic meters or less (not including 10 cubic meters) by the "Forest Law" Article 39, replant trees at 5 times the number of trees of trees, and impose a deforestation value of 3 times to 5 times fine. 10, more than 10 cubic meters of deforestation (including 10 cubic meters) penalties to be imposed? Deforestation more than 10 cubic meters (including 10 cubic meters) to the State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Public Security's criminal case standards, the county forestry department transferred to public security organs in the criminal investigation. 11, timber acquired in the acquisition of timber units and individuals should pay attention to those? Wood acquisition units and individuals shall not acquired in the acquisition of timber is not tree cutting licenses or other proof of legal sources of timber. 12, felled tree saplings less than 0.5 cubic meters or 20 strains of the following shall be subject to penalty? 0.5 cubic meter or felled tree saplings less than 20 strains of the following, according to the "Forest Law" third eighteen by the competent forestry authorities above the county level replant illegal felling of trees 10 times the number of trees, confiscation of illegal logging of trees or income from selling, 3 times the value of the trees and impose illegal logging to 5 times the fine. 13, illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters 0.5 cubic meters or less (not including 2 cubic meters) shall be subject to penalty? Illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters 0.5 cubic meters or less (not including 2 cubic meters) is based on "Forest Law" provisions of the thirty-eighth second paragraph of Article illegal logging by the forestry sector, number of trees ordered to replant trees 10 times, the confiscation of illegal logging or income from selling timber, illegal logging and impose a 5 times the value of the trees to 10 times the fine. 14, illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters (including 2 cubic meters) shall be subject to penalty? Illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters (including 2 cubic meters) has reached the State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Public Security criminal limit, transferred from the forestry sector, the public security organ for investigation. 15, the destruction of forests shall be subject to penalty? Under the "Implementation Regulations of Forest Law of PRC" 第四十一条, deforestation seed or dig bamboo shoots, dig roots, stripping and excessive pruning, resulting in the forest, trees are damaged, compensation according to law, by the people's governments above the county level forestry shall order to stop illegal acts, replant destroyed 1 to 3 times the number of plant the trees, the trees destroyed the value of 1 to 5 times the fine times. 16, no timber transport permit the transport of timber shippers and carriers on how the timber should be punished? Under the "Implementation Regulations of Forest Law of the People's Republic," the forty-fourth provides that: (1) The owner of the people's governments above the county level forestry authorities shall confiscate the illegal transport of timber, illegal transportation of timber may impose 30% of the price of a fine. (2) wood carriage, by the people's governments above the county level forestry authorities confiscated shipping, impose shipping 1 to 3 times the fine.
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Related Songs
Song: Forest Artist: Samuel Tai Album: prisoners Lyrics: Samuel Tai Make life simple Even flies flat Fanfan But will not the same Look forward to every day simple Let alone the occasional life Sway to feel casual yo Will live not the same Do not care about other people's eyes I fell in love with a brighter future Any time I fly Call of the wings of the dream forest Near me Life do not have to rush Make love not tumble Have turned out differently Let me continue to dream of hot A kiss breathing forest I wake up Look Blue sky warm smile Listen The voice of the Sea Baoyi Bao This world has become closer ohohoh closer ohohoh more transparent Song: Escape reinforced Forest Singer: Sandy Album: Escape reinforced Forest Authors: Richard Lam Composer: d.white b.trzetrzelewska p.ross Arranged by: Du self-sustaining As the _set_ of legal contract that both physically and mentally busy re- Note thousand within a number of emotional impulse, but the lack of People desperate to compete, such as students are to compete Lost win lost souls Qi Hui bar open forest to escape the dust Some wild dream dream Recovered from the freezing point boiling point of the person who Let the thought and then hot and red Use your heated face the audience I do journeying Do not send each other the night only with the contract so that the mind flip Numbness in the regeneration from the naked truth revealed emotional re- Review by the loss of balance Cracks were busy I were I run through the heart of the Rainbow Enjoy the night with me with the vertical drift Call chaos like that all my roots, such as the sea breeze (Music) When the heart is full of dust when the city empty colorful neon I will be the one you have a confinement Song: Moon Forest Artist: Xiong Tianping Album: Xue Houniao Words: Xuchang De Song: Xiongtian Ping Forest is the first time I saw you Miss the forest planted seeds grow It is sad to see that the eyes of love Dream of climbing a tree branch dark thick leaves Lost moon in the sky, but my heart Hope you have forgotten my own Remember that if the surplus of happiness if you forget to leave Hope you have forgotten me cry Put the matter right broken world as tears (Music) Forest is the first time I saw you Miss the forest planted seeds grow It is sad to see that the eyes of love Dream of climbing a tree branch dark thick leaves Lost moon in the sky, but my heart Hope you have forgotten my own Remember that if the surplus of happiness if you forget to leave Hope you have forgotten me cry Put the matter right broken world as tears Hope you have forgotten my own Remember that if the surplus of happiness if you forget to leave Hope you have forgotten me cry Forest blue moon you yellow Red black eyes rain tears Forest is the first time I saw you Miss the forest planted seeds grow It is sad to see that the eyes of love Song: Love Song of forest Artist: Dawn Album: Love is hard to find Where there lived a mysterious love Her long hair in the evening will be Stubbs The trap distribution dragnet She does best captured the hearts of men Collection of his voice, to listen to when lonely She heard loud singing late at night yeah yi yeah yi yo yi yo Do not go near the forest patch of love songs Where there lived a mysterious love Her smile her deeply, The trap are dragnet If you want to palm off her Close your eyes and hear her voice She loves to sing out loud before you a yi a yi yo ayi yo Do not fall into the kind of confused voices Close your eyes and stay awake Do not fall into the kind of confused voices Care fall into the trap of love songs Do not go near the forest patch of love songs Where there lived a mysterious love Do not go near the forest patch of love songs Where the relevant section of my love Every time you want to palm off her Her voice is not heard the heart In particular, she was sad to hear me sing Come, come, stay I have caught the voice of the kind of confusion Clearly do not want to sing love songs now I have caught the voice of the kind of confusion Always difficult to heal wounds Song: confused Forest Artist: Wan Fang Album: this day Authors: Lindsay Music: Kay Huang You watch the fireworks For what To fly to the sky began to flicker Do you think we For what Love to so many The last remaining silent Forest The beautiful flowers grow Love The fragile bubble flow Why be lonely lover Why should the results of bloom You are the forest I'm kind of confused, like a bird You see birds For what Every night in the same corner park Do you think we For what Only too happy Can not live together Song: Moonlight Forest Artist: Zhao Album: voices Subwoofer I'm back in the moonlight in the forest The blue sky rain If you gently weep In the rain Sad songs to wear to the distance Moonlight Quiet Earth I remember waking up again You I walked into this with the forest moon You I'm lost in the woods in the moonlight Gently We meet again in the rain As the mystery of your eyes Breaking my heart Not their own mm ~ ~ Song: care of the forest Artist: sweety Album: Flower language words Joe Lyrics: Mary Rose Arranged by: Zhang San Concert: sweety sweety-care forest You can do whatever they want Quietly sleeping around I will not care about being caught I know people like you Advised also advised not valid To plan altogether Fangniuchicao You do not love taking a bath brush infrequently Including sleep Easily find a man better than you One day you suddenly regret I could not find Hello, I have to live longer than You love the forest To give up my blades of grass I've had enough of your nonsense You are a greedy Woodpecker Song: Norwegian Forest Artist: Wu Bai Album: Time and Tide Lyrics: Wu Junlin Let me take off your heart child Try to melt it slowly I see it in your heart is still perfect Is still the slightest care for me Still I can not get Mind if I've never been ah Always there to clarify the lake Where the air is full of quiet White moon shines on the earth You do not want to bring memories of hiding You can always say scratch really Love always long Why do you still look lonely lonely If I'm just kind of sustenance Fill gaps in your feelings When that piece of mind let me stay in the forest Always there to clarify the lake Where the air is full of quiet White moon shines on the earth Hidden in your deepest secrets Perhaps I Should not ask Let your peace of mind renewed ripples Just love your heart beyond the boundaries I want to have everything you Should be I should not ask Not let you past and then repeat Just mind the shackles How can we escape Let me take off your heart child Try to melt it slowly I see it in your heart is still perfect Is still the slightest care for me Still I can not get Mind if I've never been ah Always there to clarify the lake Where the air is full of quiet White moon shines on the earth Hidden in your deepest secrets Perhaps I Should not ask Let your peace of mind renewed ripples Just love your heart beyond the boundaries I want to have everything you Should be I should not ask Not let you past and then repeat Just mind the shackles How can we escape Perhaps I Should not ask Let your peace of mind renewed ripples Just love your heart beyond the boundaries I want to have everything you Should be I should not ask Not let you past and then repeat Just mind the shackles How can we escape
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The definition of forest
Forest trees is a high-density areas. These plant communities cover large areas of the world's carbon dioxide and decrease, fauna, hydrological regulation and turbulence play an important role in consolidating the soil, which constitute the Earth's biosphere, one of the most important aspect. Forest and bamboo forest, including trees. GF Morozov Russian foresters forests are 1903 trees made of associated plants, animals and environment in complex. Community Forest, to botany, vegetation science called the forest community, called the forest ecosystem ecology. The construction of forests in forest protection, development, and renewable natural resources. With economic, ecological and social benefits. Trees in the forest is composed of the surface as the main biomes. It is rich in species, complex structure, diverse functions. Forest and non-living environment where the space organically combined together to form a complete ecosystem. Forests are the Earth's largest terrestrial ecosystems, the global biosphere is an important part. It is the Earth's gene pool, carbon storage library, reservoirs and energy library, maintain the ecological balance of the earth plays a vital role in the survival and development of human resources and the environment.
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Reputation of the forest
Forests: the cradle of human culture, decorative landscaping division of nature, life, resources, wildlife habitat colonization field, golden treasure, natural oxygen factory, green banks, the natural regulator, the originator of coal, natural tank, wind of the Great Wall, a natural vacuum cleaner, the city's lungs, monitor natural, nature, prevention workers, the natural noise wall.
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If there is no forest
Many trees can absorb harmful gases, such as: camphor trees, oleander, lilac, maple, black locust, Ailanthus altissima, cypress, privet, oak, tamarisk, hibiscus, elm, pine, plane trees, etc. ..... .. has a strong absorption of sulfur dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride and other toxic and harmful gas capacity. These gases through the green belt, usually 1 / 4 can be purified, or become oxygen. Down through the leaves above, the secretion of mucus and oil and so on dust particles has a strong effect of adsorption and filtration. Per year per hectare of forest can absorb 50 to 80 tons of dust, urban green areas of the dust content of air generally less than half of non-Green Belt. Many trees can secrete spinosad, spinosad, such as pine secretion can kill diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis, pathogenic microorganisms. The bacterial content of the air downtown, more than 85% of green areas. Tree can absorb noise. A 40-meter-wide belt, can reduce noise 10 to 15 dB. Forests are so important that FAO the "forest" and Life "as the 1991 World Food Day theme: the goal is not to plant trees themselves, but to show how forests can help mankind to achieve sustainable development objectives; to stress productivity of the forest have a lasting effect, that is, save the resource base for the Houdai the same time, to meet the evolving needs of current production; to remind people realize forests not only provide food, fuel, and protect the environment with the most fundamental value. If there is no forest, the majority of the land creatures become extinct, most of the water will flow into the sea; atmospheric oxygen is reduced, carbon dioxide will increase; temperature significantly increased floods and droughts often occur. Covered in lush forests on earth is a vast and nature have the most precious "green wealth" Precious forests: Human ancestors originally lived in the forest. They rely on collecting wild fruit, catch birds for food, with leaves, animal hide clothing, do nest in the tree house shelves. Forest is home to human beings, human origins and development from up here. Even today, the forest still provides us with the production and various data necessary for life. Estimated 3 million people in the world, is home to forests, by forest to make a living. Forests including fruits, seeds, nuts, roots, tubers, fungi and other foods, some forest areas in Thailand, 60% of the food from the forest. The animals returned to the forest bush people with meat and animal protein. Is widely used wood, house built in the mines, railways, aircraft bridges, paper, furniture ... ... forests provide employment opportunities for millions of people. Other forest products are colorful, resin, baked glue, insect wax, spices, etc., are raw materials for light industry. Use of medicinal plants in China and India has 5,000 years of history, most of the world today still rely on medicinal plants and forest access. In developed countries, 1 / 4 of the active pharmaceutical ingredients from medicinal plants. Some developing countries, fuelwood is the main fuel. About 20 million people in the world rely on firewood and charcoal for cooking. Such as Burundi, Bhutan and some other countries, more than 90% of energy provided by the forest. May say, the forest like nature of the "scheduling division", which regulates the natural circulation of air and water, affecting climate change, protecting soil from wind and rain of the violations, reduce environmental pollution, the harm to people. Forest is indeed the "lungs of the earth," every tree is an oxygen generator and carbon dioxide absorber. A linden tree can absorb 16 kg of carbon dioxide a day, 150 hectares of poplar, willow, locust and other broad-leaved forest one day can produce 100 tons of oxygen. If the average per capita of urban residents occupy 25 square meters 10 square meters of trees or grass, they have a place for the carbon dioxide exhaled, the need has also been the source of oxygen. Forest to conserve water sources, natural circulation of water play an important role. "Green mountains are always in, Bristol Flows", the tree is always linked with the water. Precipitation of rain, a portion of canopy interception, most of sticks and dry leaves under the tree fell and porous soil left in the build up to be, and some uptake by plant roots are in the forest, and some returned to the atmosphere through evaporation. 1 hectare of forest a year to 8,000 tons of water evaporate so that the air moist forest, precipitation increases, cool, so it played a role in regulating climate. Sand-fixing forest to stop soil erosion. Wind blowing, it uses the tree blocking the path crown body, lower wind speed, long and thick roots, seize the soil, let the wind blow away. Heavy rain fall to the forest, deep into the soil and rock crevice, in the form of groundwater began to flow, do not go red soil. According to the records in Kenya of Africa, when the rainfall is 500 mm, the Farm to the sediment loss was 100 times the forest, grazing land is forest sediment loss of 3000 times. We do not want to stop desertification and soil erosion it? The most effective helper is the forest. Green plants "photosynthesis" to beautify our environment, so that our living environment better. Forests can withstand wind and protect mankind. In recent years, consumer consumption of large quantities of timber and forest products, resulting in significantly reduced global forest area per year worldwide nearly million hectares of forests disappear, this is not just a country's internal problems, it has become an international problem. Seventh World Forestry Congress in 1971 decided March 21 each year as the World Forest Day, to attract the country's green protector of the human - the importance of forest resources, by coordinating the relationship between humans and forests, forest resources to achieve sustainable use.
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"Forest Law" knowledge
1, the forest is divided into what type? Forest into protection forest, timber forest, economic forest, fuel, special use forests. The trees here are mostly long-timber products, protection, economic forest. (A) of the Forest: The primary purpose of protective forests, trees and bushes, including water conservation forest, soil and water conservation, windbreak and sand fixation, farmland and grassland protection, bank protection forests, protection forests; (B) of the timber: the primary purpose of timber production forests and trees, including the production of bamboo as the main purpose of the bamboo; (C) Economic forests: the production of fruits, edible oils, beverages, spices, industrial raw materials and medicines as the main aim; (D) Firewood forests: the production of fuel as the main aim; (E) Special purpose forests: national defense, environmental protection and scientific experiments, the main purpose of the forests and trees, including defense forests, experimental forests, environmental protection forests, scenic forests, historical sites and revolutionary memorial places and forests, Reserve forests. 2, refers to those forest resources? Forest resources, including forests, trees and woodlands, and relying on forests, trees and woodland survival of wild animals, plants and microorganisms. 3, What is the tree cutting license? Tree cutting permit to cut trees is based on units and individuals permitted by law to cut trees to receive documents. It includes logging the location, area, stock (number of trees), tree species, reforestation methods and completion time. 4, the state of the main measures to protect forest resources is what? "Forest Law" Article VIII of the fourth, six provides that the State protect the forest resources of the main measures collect forest fund be used exclusively for Lin Yulin, and the establishment of forestry fund system. 5, how to handle the tree cutting license? Application for the tree cutting licenses, certificates from the forest by forest owners to the county forestry department in charge of the tree cutting permit. No warrants forest by forest owners cutting the actual situation according to truthfully fill out the "tree cutting application report" confirmed by the forest where the seal of the village committee, town forestry workers Type of Application signed and stamped the town government departments, the county forestry station staff to the field inspection, report and approval of the competent forestry authorities shall pay the silviculture fund (by 12% of the value of trees), forest plant quarantine fee (based on the value of transporting 0.2%), after receiving "the tree cutting license in Jiangsu Province . " 6, cutting the trees do not need to go through the tree cutting license? Cutting farm plots and rural residents of the isolated individual trees around their houses do not need to apply for tree cutting permits. In addition, any units or individuals are cutting trees for the forestry sector to the tree cutting permit. 7, good for the tree cutting permit, to cut trees, there are rules and requirements? (1) cutting permit shall not exceed the scope of approved harvesting. (2) approval of the actual harvest time, harvesting time, more than have to continue cutting procedures for the forestry sector, no multi-year do not need to pay fees. 8, deforestation (for logging without permits) 2 cubic meter (based on timber volume calculation below) the penalties to be imposed? Tree cutting permits are not for cutting deforestation, deforestation 2 cubic meters the following at the "Forest Law" Article 39, replant trees at 5 times the number of trees of trees, and impose a value of 2 times the deforestation to 3 times the fine. 9, deforestation more than 2 cubic meters 10 cubic meters or less (not including 10 cubic meters) of how the penalties? Deforestation more than 2 cubic meters 10 cubic meters or less (not including 10 cubic meters) by the "Forest Law" Article 39, replant trees at 5 times the number of trees of trees, and impose a deforestation value of 3 times to 5 times fine. 10, more than 10 cubic meters of deforestation (including 10 cubic meters) penalties to be imposed? Deforestation more than 10 cubic meters (including 10 cubic meters) to the State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Public Security's criminal case standards, the county forestry department transferred to public security organs in the criminal investigation. 11, timber acquired in the acquisition of timber units and individuals should pay attention to those? Wood acquisition units and individuals shall not acquired in the acquisition of timber is not tree cutting licenses or other proof of legal sources of timber. 12, felled tree saplings less than 0.5 cubic meters or 20 strains of the following shall be subject to penalty? 0.5 cubic meter or felled tree saplings less than 20 strains of the following, according to the "Forest Law" third eighteen by the competent forestry authorities above the county level replant illegal felling of trees 10 times the number of trees, confiscation of illegal logging of trees or income from selling, 3 times the value of the trees and impose illegal logging to 5 times the fine. 13, illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters 0.5 cubic meters or less (not including 2 cubic meters) shall be subject to penalty? Illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters 0.5 cubic meters or less (not including 2 cubic meters) is based on "Forest Law" provisions of the thirty-eighth second paragraph of Article illegal logging by the forestry sector, number of trees ordered to replant trees 10 times, the confiscation of illegal logging or income from selling timber, illegal logging and impose a 5 times the value of the trees to 10 times the fine. 14, illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters (including 2 cubic meters) shall be subject to penalty? Illegal felling of trees more than 2 cubic meters (including 2 cubic meters) has reached the State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Public Security criminal limit, transferred from the forestry sector, the public security organ for investigation. 15, the destruction of forests shall be subject to penalty? Under the "Implementation Regulations of Forest Law of PRC" 第四十一条, deforestation seed or dig bamboo shoots, dig roots, stripping and excessive pruning, resulting in the forest, trees are damaged, compensation according to law, by the people's governments above the county level forestry shall order to stop illegal acts, replant destroyed 1 to 3 times the number of plant the trees, the trees destroyed the value of 1 to 5 times the fine times. 16, no timber transport permit the transport of timber shippers and carriers on how the timber should be punished? Under the "Implementation Regulations of Forest Law of the People's Republic," the forty-fourth provides that: (1) The owner of the people's governments above the county level forestry authorities shall confiscate the illegal transport of timber, illegal transportation of timber may impose 30% of the price of a fine. (2) wood carriage, by the people's governments above the county level forestry authorities confiscated shipping, impose shipping 1 to 3 times the fine.
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Related Songs
Song: Forest Singer: Samuel Tai Album: captive lyrics: Samuel Tai Make life simple flat Fanfan even flies the same every day but will not simply hope for life to feel alone sometimes casually sway would yo do not have to care about other people live a different perspective I'm in love any brighter I dream of freedom of flying wings of the call of the forest near me, do not rush to make life so that feelings are staggered so that the dream to have turned out differently for me a kiss hot breath of the forest to see me awake a warm smile to see the blue sky to hear the voice of the Sea has become closer to the world Baoyi Bao closer ohohoh ohohoh more transparent Song: Escape reinforced Forest Singer: Sandy Album: Escape reinforced Forest Lyrics: Richard Lam composer "d.white b.trzetrzelewska p.ross Arranged by: Du self-sustaining Contract as the contract _set_s both physically and mentally busy so heavy there Remarks thousand people, but lacks some emotional impulse desperate to compete, such as competition and students are to win lost souls together have lost command bar to open the forest to escape the dust some wild dream dreams of people from the freezing point who recovered to thought in boiling hot and red can be heated in your face Do not make me do the audience to send each contract is solely for that night only with the mind numbing in the regeneration of re-turning from the naked truth revealed by the loss of emotional equilibrium total review I walked through downtown toward the inner crack Rainbow were with me I enjoy the night with this mess I call floating vertical like that all the roots, such as the sea breeze (music) when the heart is full of dust when the city will be a colorful neon you empty a I have put under house arrest Song: Moon Forest Singer: Xiong Tianping Album: Xue Houniao words: Xuchang De Song: Xiongtian Ping Song: Love Song Forest Artist: Dawn Album: Love is hard to find Song: confused Forest Singer: Wanfang album: This Day Lyrics: Lin Xi Music: Kay Huang For what you watch the fireworks begin to fly to the sky flashes you see us for what so many love to silence the last remaining forests to grow a beautiful flower of love flowing love the fragile bubble Why be lonely Why is the bloom to the results of your I like little birdie, the forest of confusion for what you see every night birds stop in the same corner for what you see we have not only happy to live with Song: Moonlight Forest Artist: Zhao Album: voices Subwoofer I'm back in the moonlight in the forest with blue sky in a light rain like you crying in the rain wearing away to a quiet moonlit melancholy songs of the earth again, my memory is that you wake me into this moonlight You make me lose the forest is the forest in the moonlight gently we meet again in the rain as the mystery of your eyes can not break me, own mm ~ ~ Song: care of the forest Singer: sweety Album: Flower language words Joe lyrics: Mary Rose Arrangement: Zhang San Concert: sweety sweety-care for the forest you can do whatever they want quietly sleeping around will not care about being caught me I know you persuade these people are advised to plan altogether invalid Fangniuchicao you do not love lightly brush your teeth day and night reversed rarely find a man taking a bath Hello, you suddenly regret than the day I find I can not find you have to outlive Hello I love this piece of forest to give up this blade of grass I've had enough of your nonsense you are a greedy Woodpecker Song: Norwegian Forest Artist: Wu Bai Album: Time and Tide Lyrics, Music: Wu Junlin Let me try your heart child off to see it melt slowly in your mind whether I'm still perfect for me is still the slightest worried about whether I can not get heart is still there I have not been to the place where the lake is always ah clarify where the air is full of quiet in the land of snow-white moon shines on you do not want to bring memories hidden in your heart always say true love always from scratch, why you look there is a long lonely lonely time if I'm just kind of sustenance to fill feelings of the hearts of your patch of forest gap will allow me to stay there when the lake is always clear where the air is full of quiet in the land of snow-white moon shines on the hidden secrets of your deepest Perhaps I should not ask for your peace of mind ripples just love renewed beyond the boundaries of your heart I want to have everything you should not let you then I should not ask the hearts of the shackles of the past repeat just how it will make my child off to your heart try to watch it slowly melt I'm still in your heart is still perfect for me the slightest worried about whether I can not get heart is still there ah I've never been there, to clarify the lake where the air is always full of quiet in the land of snow-white moon shines on the hidden depths of your Perhaps I should not ask the secret of your mind calm ripples just love renewed beyond the boundaries of your heart I want to have everything you should not let you then I should not ask the hearts of the shackles of the past repeat just how free Perhaps I should not ask for your peace of mind just love renewed ripples beyond the boundaries of your heart I want to have everything you should not let you then I should not ask the hearts of the shackles of the past repeat just how free
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Discrete Mathematics
Forest: is m (m> = 0) trees in a collection of disjoint trees. For each node in the tree, its sub-_set_ of trees is the forest. Strict definition of forest _set_ = {G = (V, E): there is the division of V (V1, V2 ,..., Vn), so for any i! = j, u and v are belong to Vi Vj, a (u, v) does not belong to E and G1 = (V1, E1), G2 = (V2, E2 ),... Gn = (Vn, En) belong to the tree _set_ (Ei = {(u, v): u, v belong to Vi and (u, v) belongs to E})}. Leaf: degree 0 is called the leaf nodes or terminal nodes (node has a number of sub-tree called the degree). Root: in the first layer is the root node, each tree has one and only one root.. Right: the graph related to the number of edges or arcs is called the power. Usually marked on the path above. Rights can be expressed from one vertex to another vertex distance or cost. With the right figure is often referred to as network. Tree: is a special map, this map is connected, and the number of edges is just one less than the number of vertices. The tree _set_ = {G = (V, E): | V | = 0 or G connected and | E | = | V | -1}
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Encyclopedia
senlin Forest forest Base evolution in recorded history, the formation and development of modern forestry, has undergone a long evolutionary process can be divided into three stages: ① ancient gymnosperms, ferns stages: in the late Paleozoic Carboniferous (350 million ~ 285 million years ago ) and Permian (285 million ~ 230 million years ago), the fern trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants form large areas of coastal and inland swamp forests. Wood and seal the wood of which scales up to 20 ~ 40 meters high, diameter of 1 to 3 meters, it is important to make the Carboniferous coal plants. There are tropical relict tree fern. ② gymnosperms stage: the late Mesozoic, Triassic (230 million ~ 195 million years ago), Jurassic (195 million ~ 137 million years ago) and Cretaceous (137 million to 0.7 million years ago) was the heyday of gymnosperms period. Cycads, the internal cycads, Ginkgo and conifers form the Earth's land on the large area of gymnosperm forest and coniferous forest. Now the world's nearly 800 remaining gymnosperms, China has 230, is widely distributed in boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical hills and mountains. Many of which are before and after the Tertiary relict species, such as ginkgo, silver fir, fir, Keteleeria, fir, red cedar, yew, larch and so on. ③ angiosperms phases: Late Cretaceous in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Tertiary period (about 30 million ~ 20 million years ago), angiosperms trees, shrubs, herbs have appeared in large numbers, throughout the Earth's land, the formation of various types of forest, up to now is still the most dominant and most stable communities. China has more than 8,000 species of woody plants, 2,000 kinds of trees, is the world's most abundant tree species in the world. Unlike other types of forest vegetation characteristics, has the following characteristics: ① wide distribution. Forest land area accounts for about 32.3% (see the forest geography). By a deciduous or evergreen and has a cold, drought, salinity or water wetland species such as the formation of the different characteristics of various types of forests (natural forests and plantations), distributed in boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical mountains, hills, plains, and even marsh, tidal flat beach and other places. Flora of forest trees is the largest plants. Posed by the dominant tree canopy above the ground surface generally dozen meters, tens, or even meters. Its powerful roots deep into the ground a few meters to ten the number of meters. A forest cover, from a few hectares to a million hectares. ② species richness, the level of complex structure. Forest species, in addition to construction, there are a large number of plants including trees, Yaqiao wood, vines, shrubs