1 solar system's ninth planet Venus by the Sun from near and far from the order total for the second teeth, around the sun cycle of about 224.7 days, the rotation period of about 243 days, from east to west reversed. Venus is the planet closest to the Earth's last major one. (Figure see〗 〖solar system) Venus 2 [jīnxīng] ① golden five-pointed star: ~ Medal. ② feel dizzy when they have emerged as the star of the small point: I ran out of breath, eyes fly from the ~.
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Overview stars
Venus is one of the eight planets, according to the Sun from near and far away from the order is the second teeth. It is the nearest planet from Earth. Ancient Chinese called the Bai or Taibaijinxing. It is sometimes Morningstar, appears in the eastern sky before dawn, known as the "blind"; sometimes evening star, in the western sky after sun_set_, is called "Venus." Venus is in addition to the sun and the moon all day outside the brightest stars, the maximum brightness of -4.4 when other than the famous Sirius (other than the sun all day outside the brightest star) but also 14 times brighter, like a dazzling diamond So the Greeks called it Aphrodite (aphrodite) - the goddess of love and beauty, while the Romans called Venus (venus) - American spirit. Venus and Mercury, is the only two in the solar system has no natural satellites of the planet. Therefore, the night sky on Venus is not "moon", the brightest "star" is the Earth. As more recent from the sun, so watch the sun on Venus, the sun than Earth to see the size of a large 1.5-fold. Some have called Venus is Earth's twin sister, indeed, from a structural point of view, there are many similarities between Venus and Earth. Venus is about 6073 km radius, smaller radius than the Earth is only 300 km, the volume of the Earth 0.88 times the mass of the Earth 4 / 5; average density of slightly less than the Earth. But the huge difference between the two environments: a high surface temperature of Venus, there is no liquid water, coupled with high atmospheric pressure and severe hypoxia and other harsh natural conditions, there can be no life on Venus. Therefore, Venus and Earth is just a pair of "dubious" of the sisters. Venus is surrounded by a dense atmosphere and clouds. The surface of Venus clouds to cast a veil of mystery. Only by means of radio telescopes to get through this layer of the atmosphere, to see the true colors of the surface of Venus. Venus atmosphere, carbon dioxide, the most, accounting for more than 97%. As well as 20-30 km thick layer of heavy cloud formed by the concentrated sulfuric acid. Venus surface temperature up to 465-485 degrees, about the Earth 90 times atmospheric pressure. Venus's rotation is very special, the only reverse rotation of the solar system's planets, other planets in the opposite direction of rotation is from east to west. Therefore, in the Venus point of view, is the rise where the sun off. Venus's orbit around the sun is a very close to the perfect circle of the oval-shaped, and nearly coincides with the ecliptic, the orbital speed of about 35 kilometers per second, the revolution period of about 224.70 days. But its rotation period is 243 days, that is, Venus's "day" than "one year" is still long. Venus, the phenomenon of reverse rotation of Venus may be a long time ago caused by collisions with other asteroids, but now can not prove. In addition to this other than the unusual retrograde rotation, there is a little unusual Venus. Venus's rotation and orbital cycle and are synchronized, that way, when the two planets closest, Venus is always a face to face with the Earth (at each 5.001 Venus occur once). This may be tidally locked (tidal locking) the result - when the two planets are close enough, the tidal forces will affect the rotation of Venus. Of course, there may be just a coincidence.
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Data stars
Orbital period: 224.701 days Average orbital speed: 35.03 km / sec Orbital eccentricity: 0.007 Orbital inclination: 3.4 degrees Equatorial diameter: 12,103.6 km Mass (Earth's mass = 1): 0.8150 Density: 5.24 g / cc Rotation period: 243.01 days Number of satellites: 0 Orbital radius: 108,208,930 km (0.72 astronomical units) Surface area: 4.6 million square kilometers Surface gravity: 8.78 m/s2 Autobiography Time: -243.02 days Escape velocity: 10.4 km / s The lowest average maximum surface temperature 737k 750k 773k
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Topography
Also, according to the detector probe, found Venus magma contains water. Venus, like Earth may have had a lot of water, but have been evaporated, dissipated and exhausted, so now become very dry. If the Earth closer than the sun again, then will have the same luck. The basic conditions we will know why there are so different but so similar to the causes of the phenomenon. Most of the surface of Venus from the slightly undulating plains, there are several broad depressions: atalanta planitia, guinevere planitia, lavinia planitia; there are two large high: in the northern hemisphere and Australia as big of ishtar terra and along the equator and South America as big of aphrodite terra. ishtar the plateau formed mainly by lakshmi planum, from the highest mountains on Venus, surrounded by huge mountains including maxwell montes. Magellan aircraft from radar data images show that most of the Venus surface covered by the lava flows. There are several large shield volcanoes, such as sif mons (right), similar to Hawaii and Mars olympus mons (Olympus). Recently released data show that Venus is still very active volcanic activity, but concentrated in a few hot spots; most of the terrain has been formed, hundreds of millions of years than in the past much quieter. No small craters on Venus, asteroids look into the dense atmosphere of Venus not being burnt. Craters on Venus is a string, and appears to be due to a large asteroid before it reaches the surface of Venus, usually broken off in the atmosphere. The oldest areas on Venus seems formed 800 million years ago. Then scrub the widespread fires earlier surfaces, including the early history of Venus several large craters formed when the mouth. Venus has no magnetic field, perhaps because of the slower rotation speed caused. Venus's surface is young, about 300 to 5,000,000 years ago, they formed. Venus is relatively flat topography. 70% of Venus undulating plains, 20% low-lying land, and 10% of the highlands. Up to 10,590 meters, the highest peak, is higher than Mount Everest. One from south to north across the equator, 1200 km-long Grand Canyon is the largest canyon in the eight planets. No small craters on Venus, the surface of the dense atmosphere of Venus, a small meteorite entered the atmosphere of Venus was burned to the ground. Craters on Venus are usually in groups, probably due to the larger asteroids before reaching the surface of Venus, Suozhi fragmentation in the atmosphere. Volcanoes and volcanic activity amounting to a lot of the surface of Venus. At least 85% of the surface of Venus is covered with volcanic rocks. In addition to hundreds of large volcanoes, the surface of Venus is also scattered in the 100,000-plus small volcano. Ejected from the volcano's lava flow had a long ditch range from several hundred kilometers, the longest one among more than 7000 km. Volcanoes on Venus Venus can be described as volcanic clouds, the volcano in the solar system has the largest number of planets. Has been found in large volcanoes and volcanic features 1,600 multiple. In addition, there are countless small volcano, and no one calculated the number of their estimated total of more than 10 million, or 100 million. Venus volcanoes in different styles. In addition to the more common shield volcano, where there are many complex volcanic features, and special volcanic structures. So far, scientists have not been found in this active volcano, but because of limited data, therefore, although most had long been extinct volcanoes of Venus, not rule out the possibility of a small part of the still active. Venus and Earth have a lot in common. Their size, mass close. Venus is closer to earth in the solar system planets, has also been clouds and surrounded by a thick atmosphere. With the Earth, Venus surface age of very young, about 5 billion years. However, similar in these basic, there are many differences. Composition of the atmosphere of Venus, mostly carbon dioxide, so it has a strong greenhouse effect the surface, the surface temperature can be as high?? Pressure 90 times. This is almost equivalent to the Earth surface pressure in the next km. The surface of Venus is no water, no moisture in the air there, and its main component is the sulfuric acid clouds and high clouds over the earth is much higher. As atmospheric pressure, wind speed on Venus correspondingly slow. This means that neither the surface of Venus by the influence of wind and no rain erosion. Therefore, the volcanic features of Venus can be kept clear for a long time. Venus has no plate tectonics, there is no linear volcanic chain, no apparent demise of zone plate. Although the aspect of Venus on the canyon, but not one that looks similar to Earth's trench. Signs that the volcano eruption in the form of Venus is relatively simple. Layer of solidified lava, the majority of Venus volcanic eruption, the only outflow of lava flow. No severe outbreak of signs of jet ash, lava is not even like the lava planet is so muddy goo. This phenomenon is not difficult to understand. As atmospheric pressure, explosive volcanic eruptions, lava in the need to have a huge amount of gas composition. On earth, prompting violent eruption of lava the main gas is water vapor, and the lack of water on Venus. In addition, lava flows on Earth most of the clay and ash eruptions have occurred in the die plate area. Therefore, the lack of die plate with, but also greatly reduces the chance of Venus volcano erupted violently. Venus on a large shield volcano Venus has 150 multiple large shield volcano. The diameter of the shield-shaped more in the 100-600 km between the height of about 0.3 to 5 km. The largest one, 700 km in diameter, height 5.5 km. Compared to shield volcano on Earth, Venus volcanoes even more flat. In fact, Venus is the largest shield volcano, and its base diameter is close to olympus volcano on Mars, but due to lack of height, volume is much smaller than the olympus. Shield volcano on Mars and the Earth's shield volcano similar. Most of them have been long covered by lava flows radially, gentle slope. Most of the volcanic center injection hole. Therefore, scientists speculated that the shield-like composition from basalt, similar to Hawaiian volcano. Shield volcano on Venus, scattered distribution, not as volcanic chain. This shows that Venus has no plate tectonics active. Venus small shield volcano: Venus is about 100,000 less than 20 km of small diameter shield volcano. Distribution of these volcanoes are usually clusters, known as the shield-like area. Scientists have been marked on the map of the shield-shaped area, over 550, mostly in diameter, 100 to 200 kilometers. Shield-shaped areas are widely distributed, mainly in low-lying plains or low hills Department. Scientists have discovered that many of the shield-shaped area has been updated coverage of the lava plains, they speculated that the age of shield-shaped area is very old, may be formed in the early volcanic activity.
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Atmospheric Environment
Venus of the sky is orange. There lightning on Venus, the biggest ever recorded lightning lasted 15 minutes. 2004 transit of Venus in the cloud tops of Venus has a 350 km per hour winds, but the surface is calm, no more than a few kilometers per hour. However, given the intensity of the atmosphere, even if the wind is very slow and will have great power to overcome resistance. The main clouds of Venus are composed of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid completely cover the entire surface of Venus. This makes it difficult for the observer on earth to observe through the barrier layer of the surface of Venus. The cloud top temperature is about -45 ° c. United States Aeronautics and Space Administration presented data show that Venus surface temperature is 464 ° c. Venus cloud top temperature is the lowest, while the surface temperature was never lower than 400 ° c. Venus surface temperature up to 447 ℃, due to the strong greenhouse effect on Venus, the greenhouse effect refers to the transmission of sunlight outside a confined space due to the lack of heat exchange and the formation of thermal insulation effect. Strong greenhouse effect on Venus was stunning, because the atmospheric density of Venus is 100 times the Earth's atmosphere, and more than 97% of the atmosphere is the "insulation gases" - carbon dioxide; the same time, there is a layer of thick atmosphere of Venus 20 30 km from the composition of heavy cloud of concentrated sulfuric acid. Xu Taiyang only carbon dioxide and thick clouds of light through, but not to the heat emitted to space by clouds. Closed up by solar radiation to the surface of Venus is becoming increasingly hot. The greenhouse effect so that the surface temperature of Venus up to 465 至 485 ℃, and virtually no region, season, day and night difference. It also caused high pressure on Venus is about 90 times Earth. Thick layer of the Jinxing Yun hazy day on Venus, there is no familiar blue sky, white clouds, the sky is orange. Cloud top of the strong winds, about 350 km per hour, but the surface wind speed is very slow, less than several kilometers per hour. Very interesting is that over the planet Venus will be like over the same periods of lightning and thunderstorms. Venus's atmospheric pressure is 90 atm (equivalent to 1 km and the earth pressure of deep oceans), most of the carbon dioxide atmosphere, there are several layers by the number of kilometers thick composed of sulfuric acid clouds. These clouds block our observation of the surface of Venus, making it seem very vague. This dense atmosphere produces a greenhouse effect also, so that the surface temperature of Venus up to 400 degrees, more than 740 open (enough to melt lead). Mercury's surface than the natural surface of Venus heat, although Venus is far from the sun than Mercury twice. Cloud top of the strong winds, about 350 km per hour, but the surface wind speed is very slow, less than several kilometers per hour. Venus's atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide, accounting for about 96% and 3% nitrogen. At a height of 50-70 km in the sky, suspended in thick clouds of thick, divided into upper and lower levels of the atmosphere. Cloud droplets to form sulfuric acid, which also mixed with sulfur particles, so the yellow. In good weather on Earth, it should be hard to imagine even in our solar system have this crazy world. Venus, the atmosphere close to the surface speed is slow, only a few kilometers per hour, but the top speed is several hundred kilometers per second, the speed of rotation of Venus is so slow, 243 Earth days before a trip, but it is so fast Turn the upper atmosphere, is still a puzzling mystery. In the photo, we can observe the cloud surface of Venus is inverted v-shape, this cloud system, known as zonal wind systems. This band is the wind caused by the sun convection.
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Geological structure
On the internal structure of Venus, there is no direct information, derived from theoretical calculations, the internal structure of Venus and the Earth is similar to a radius of about 3,100 km of iron - nickel core, the middle layer is mainly composed of silicon-oxygen ﹑ ﹑ iron, magnesium and other compounds formed the "mantle" and the outside layer is mainly composed of silicon compound thin "shell." Scientists speculated that the internal structure of Venus and Earth may be similar to the structure suggested by the Earth, Venus, the main component in mantle olivine and pyroxene silicate-based, and a layer of silicate-based crust, the center is the composed of iron-nickel alloy core. The average density of Venus 5.24g/cc, inferior to the Earth and Mercury, as the nine planets in the third dense. A diameter of 3,000 km of iron core, filled with molten rock mantle most of the planet. Recently returned from the magellan spacecraft Venus gravity data indicate that the hard shell is much more than previously assumed, much thicker. Like Earth, convection in the mantle makes the pressure on the surface, but it is by the relatively small number of areas to reduce the load, so it does not like the Earth, crust is destroyed at the plate boundaries.
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Satellite star
People used to think that Venus has a satellite, called Nice, to the Egyptian goddess Access (no mortal saw her face under the veil) name. It was first discovered by the Italian-born French astronomer Giovanni Cassini a beautiful Nico completed in 1672. Nice sporadic astronomers observed until 1982, but after these observations was suspect (actually, just the other dim stars at the time just in the position.) Therefore, we now believe that Venus has no satellite.
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Stars observed
The orbit of Venus is larger than Mercury. When performing in the West (in the sun again) or east (the sun Zhizuo) when the maximum angle, it looks like it from the sun, the stars than the water away from the sun twice. Venus is the brightest objects in the sky, one of the best time to observe it may be located just below the horizon when too much time. Must be noted, do not look at the sun directly with your eyes. Venus then the sun _set_s down, at which point it at the sun Zhizuo; before the sun rises, Venus rises first, at which point it at the right hand of the sun. You can easily tell Venus that bright and slightly yellow. When Venus was big "crescent" shape when observing with binoculars it is the most appropriate. Venus in this case and the lower the maximum angle between the points together. Venus in the next joint point between the Earth and the Sun, we do not see it, pay attention to adjust the telescope's focal length, so that it can observe the distant objects.
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Planet detection
Detection History Venus before the detector in space, some astronomers believe that the chemical and physical conditions of Venus and Earth are similar in the possibility of finding life on Venus than Mars is also large. The late 1950s, astronomers using radio telescopes first observed the surface of Venus. From 1961 onwards, the former Soviet Union and the United States Venus probe launched more than 30, from close observation, to the landing probe. Venus is an inner planet with a telescope from the Earth, then it will find it has a phase change. Galileo observations of this phenomenon is in favor of the Copernican heliocentric solar system about the importance of evidence. The first one is to visit Venus spacecraft Mariner 2 in 1962. Subsequently, it gradually by other spacecraft: Pioneer Venus, Soviet Union, the dignity of 7 (the first one in the spaceship landing on other planets), dignity, No. 9 (the first return to the surface of Venus Photo [left]) visits (so far a total of at least 20 times.) Recently, the U.S. orbiter magellan successfully produced the surface of Venus with radar map (above) February 12, 1961, the Soviet Union launched the "Venus No. 1" spacecraft, spacecraft 643 kg, 9.6 trillion kilometers away from the Venus fly However, after entering orbit around the sun lost contact, found none. August 27, 1962, the U.S. launched the "Mariner 2" spacecraft, which at 14 December 1962 reached around Venus. Spaceborne microwave radiometer measurements of atmospheric temperature, deep, measuring the infrared radiation cloud top temperature. Magnetometer measurements show that the magnetic field of Venus is very weak, does not exist in its radiation belts around. June 12, 1967, the Soviet Union launched the "Venus" 4 spacecraft, the same year on Oct. 18 into the Venus atmosphere. "Venus" 4 1 m diameter landing capsule, weight 383 kg, appearance package with a thick layer of high temperature case, the design ultimate pressure of 25 atmospheres. After the lander launched parachute into the atmosphere, in the slow fall under the parachute, the probe sends data in a timely manner to the orbital module, and then return to Earth. When the lander down to the surface of Venus for the 24.96 km distance, the signal to stop firing, it is estimated to be Venus lander flattened high pressure. "Venus" time for the launch of 5 January 5, 1969, it is designed with the "Venus" No. 4 is very close to, but more solid number. The whereabouts of the cabin during the landing, access to 53 minutes of exploration data. When the lander drops to the surface of Venus from about 24 to 26 km is a bad atmosphere, when the pressure is 26.1 atmospheres. "Venus," No. 6 in January 10, 1969 launch, the same year on May 17 to reach Venus. Lander from the surface of Venus has dropped to 10 to 12 km. August 17, 1970, the Soviet Union launched the "Venus" 7, and in December 15, 1970 to reach Venus. The lander spacecraft can withstand 180 atm, so successfully reached the surface of Venus, becoming the first humans to reach Venus messenger field trips. Returns the data show that temperatures as high as 470 degrees Celsius. Composition of the atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide, with lesser amounts of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases. Thus, the human aside the mystery of Venus. Venus complex and changing environment, the sky is orange, often under the acid rain, lightning even once for 15 minutes! Reach the surface of Venus in 1972's "Venus 8" testing the soil of Venus, but also on the intensity of sunlight the surface of Venus and Jinxing Yun layer broadcast TV camera, over seems very bright Venus, the sky is orange, a violent thunder and lightning in the atmosphere phenomenon, there is intense turbulence. 1975-1984 was the height of Venus exploration. June 8, 1975, and has launched 14 "Venus 9" and "Venus No. 10", in the same year on October 22 and 25 respectively to the different orbits of Venus and become the first man-made around Venus Venus satellite. Both detection and characteristics of atmospheric structure of Venus, for the first time the TV cameras back to the surface of Venus panoramic image. September 9, 1978 and September 14, the former Soviet Union has launched the "Venus 11" and "Venus 12", both successful soft landing on Venus, were the work of 110 minutes. Especially the "Venus No. 12" on December 21 in the process decreased to Venus, Venus detected over the frequent lightning, thunder rumbling, only the surface of Venus at a distance of 5 km 11 km down to the period 1000 to record the lightning , in one lightning actually lasted 15 minutes! The history of human exploration of Venus, In addition to the sun, the moon in the sky than Venus is the brightest naked eye can see the stars, the brightest time of up to -4.4, etc., than the day the brightest star Sirius 14 times brighter. Venus adjacent to the earth, both of the last at 4100 million km, the diameter of about 4% smaller than the earth, light weight 20%, 10% lower density. Venus has a theory about 3100 km radius of the iron-nickel core, the middle mantle, outside the shell. Because of its size, density, quality, appearance, like all aspects of the Earth, so it has the Earth's "twin sister" reputation. In fact, Venus and the Earth is very different in many ways, such as its rotation is reverse, ie from east to west, the cycle of about 243 days, than its orbital period around the sun 225 days 18.3 days is longer! Venus from the sun than the Earth from the sun close to about 1 / 3, it gets the sun light the Earth get more than 1 times. Venus planetary albedo in all ranked the first, the albedo rate of 0.76, meaning that exposure to sunlight in the Venus 3 / 4 or more reflected by Venus, the Earth's albedo is only 0.39 and 0.07 before the moon This is because Venus has a very dense atmosphere. Human space exploration of the solar system planets from Venus first started, the former Soviet Union and the United States since the 60s from the 20th century, to reveal The Secrets of devoted great enthusiasm and detection of competition. To date, sent to Venus, or Venus passing the various detectors have been more than 40, received a great deal of scientific data about Venus. Venus probe _set_ a precedent the former Soviet Union Former Soviet Union in January 24, 1961 launch of the "giant" Venus probes, launched in the space launch vehicle failure due to the crash. February 12, 1961 test launch of the "Venus No. 1", this successful Venus probe flew 643 kg weight, 9.6 trillion kilometers away from the Venus fly into orbit around the sun lost contact, found none. 12 November 1965 and 5 February launch of the "Venus 2" and "Venus 3," have failed, "Venus 3" weighing 963 kg, when it is a hard landing on Venus, after all all communications telemetry signal interruption is estimated to be destroyed equipment fell. Nevertheless, the Soviet scientists think that it is harvested, because access can be directly "hit" Venus won the first battle. October 30, 1981 and Nov. 4 has God's "Venus No. 13" and "Venus 14", the landing capsule carrying an automatic drilling equipment deep into the surface of Venus, collecting rock samples. Research shows that Venus is still very active tectonic Venus magma contains water. Two photographs sent back from that, the sky is orange Venus, the surface of the object is orange. "Venus 13" landing zone temperature is 457 ℃, "Venus 14" of the landing site is flat, the plateau is a reddish brown, brown the ground covered with gravel, rock relatively hard, chiseled layers. "Venus No. 13" down the landing area of the air pressure is 89 atmospheres; "Venus 14" landing zone down to 94 atmospheres, so that pressure is equivalent to 900 meters deep Earth's oceans with the pressure of the premises. The ground at a distance of 30 km to 45 km where there is a layer of gas like fog, like sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid mist that the thickness of about 25 km, has a strong corrosive. Probe showed that Venus equator, from east to west with the jet, the maximum wind speed of 110 meters per second! Venus, 97% carbon dioxide atmosphere, there is a small amount of nitrogen, argon and carbon monoxide and water vapor. Composed mainly of carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus, like the protection of the greenhouse cover, as it only allows the heat of sunlight in, let the heat run out, so the formation of Venus surface temperature and pressure environment. June 2, 1983 and June 7, "Venus 15" and "Venus 16" have been successfully launched, the two were on October 10 and 14 to reach the vicinity of Venus, become its satellites, each of them 24 hours a week around Venus, the probe surface and the atmosphere of Venus situation. Radar altimeter on the detector in orbit around Venus to scan the surface of Venus observations, radar, surface resolution of 1 ~ 2 km, you can see the structure of the surface of Venus terrain, successfully mapped the north of latitude 30 degrees 25 % of Venus surface topography. December 1984 the former Soviet Union launched the "Venus - Harley" detector, 9 June 1985 and 13 meet at the Venus, the Venus probe the release of buoyant - filling the helium balloon and lander, which carried TV camera on the probe Jinxing Yun layer, top of the atmosphere of Venus have found the same direction with the rotation of the atmospheric circulation, speeds up to 320 km / h, and landing equipment, drilling and analysis is also Venus soil. "Venus - Harley-Davidson" to complete the task after the probe used in the orbit of Venus gravity, fly to Halley's Comet. Looking at the characteristics of the former Soviet Venus probe is put on the main landing gear is inspected in order to beat Venus on a special high temperature and pressure process, made valuable first-hand information on the surface of Venus. Surpass the United States Venus probe Former Soviet Union, the brilliant achievements of space technology, which greatly stimulated the Americans. 20th century, early 60s, NASA, etc. according to President Kennedy's May plan, to carry out exploration activities; but see the former Soviet Union Venus exploration activities, particularly anxious. U.S. authorities immediately decided to divide our forces for two in the implementation of other same month, a portion of the power to detect Venus. United States July 22, 1961 launch of the "Mariner 1" Venus probe, due to deviation from the course near launch, left to detonate. August 27, 1962 launch of the "Mariner 2" Venus probe, after flying 280 million kilometers, in the same year on December 14 3500 kilometers from Venus fly away, the first measurement of atmospheric temperature of Venus, photographed Venus panoramic photos, but because of design flaws, in the detection process, the optical tracking device, solar panels, batteries and remote control systems have malfunctioned and failed to complete the implementation plan. June 14, 1967 launch of the "Mariner 5," Venus probe, the same year on October 19 kilometers from the distance of Venus by 3970, made atmospheric measurements. November 3, 1973 launch of the "Mariner 10" Mercury probe, February 5, 1974 passed by Venus, from 5760 kilometers away from Venus through, the atmosphere of Venus made great television photography, photos sent back thousands of sheets of Venus. Since 1978, the United States to shift the focus of planetary exploration activities to Venus. May 20, 1978 and Aug. 8, respectively, launched the "pioneers - Venus 1 and 2" in which 1, 4 December in the same year, successfully reached orbit of Venus, and become its satellites, the atmosphere of Venus 244 days of observation, study of the Venus clouds, atmosphere and ionosphere, the magnetic field of the surface of Venus, the probe Venus atmosphere and the interaction between the solar wind; also use shipborne radar mapping of Venus surface topography. January 1988 two American geologists report that the surface of Venus Aphrodite highland ridge on Earth have very similar characteristics, they analyzed the American "Pioneer - Venus No. 1" spacecraft around Venus When the surface of Venus with radar signal measurement results, that Venus Aphrodite rock plateau fracture patterns and near mid-ocean ridges on Earth is very similar to the situation, the main ridge on both sides were mirror images of similar characteristics, which is important feature of mid-ocean ridges. Where the mountains and valleys, and various aspects of the distribution of faults that the crust of Venus in the expansion, the annual rate of expansion of a few centimeters of Earth's sea (ocean) end of the expansion is similar. "Pioneer - Venus 2" together with four lander entered the atmosphere of Venus, one of the landing capsule after landing for 67 consecutive minutes, and sent back some pictures and data. Venus's clouds at different levels has obvious physical and chemical characteristics of Venus on rainfall, drop the sulfuric acid instead of water, the probe also showed that Venus has an extremely frequent lightning; Venus topography and Earth are similar, there are mountains as topography and vast plains; there is a huge volcanoes and canyons, its depth about 6 km wide and 200 kilometers, up to 1,000 km; the surface of Venus has a huge crater 120 kilometers in diameter, The surrounding steep, up to 3 kilometers deep. In order to achieve greater detection of the achievements of Venus, NASA decided to use its advanced radar technology equipment, through the thick clouds of Venus, Venus is the picture of detailed investigation and geological structure. May 4, 1989, space shuttle Atlantis, "Magellan" to bring the space probe Venus, and Venus in the next day put it into the voyage. "Magellan" Venus probe weight of 3,365 kg, the cost of 413 million. Later, the facts show, "Magellan" is the most successful so far the most advanced Venus probe. "Magellan" was a TV camera equipped with an advanced radar system can be mapped through the thick clouds of Venus surface image objects as small as a football field, and its clarity is better than has so far received 10 times the image of Venus! It loads the high-resolution synthetic aperture radar, the transmitting and receiving antenna and the famous "Voyager" spacecraft similar to the directional antenna is 3.65 m diameter parabolic antenna, but its performance than the former improved a lot, it Venus altitude of 250 km near the equator, the resolution can be up to 270 meters. "Magellan" is the central task for Venus exploration geology and geophysics research, using advanced radar technology to study whether Venus and bed and marine structures, scientists have speculated that because of the former Soviet Union, about 40 billion years ago Venus there have been ocean. "Magellan" After 15 months of sailing, in August 10, 1990 reverse braking rocket fire, to 3.96 million km per hour speed reduced from the 2.79 million km, into orbit around Venus. "Magellan" Venus probe along the radial perimeter of the operation takes about 189 minutes, scanning width of 20 to 25 km; from the Arctic to the plan of latitude 60 degrees 37 minutes of observation, travel about 1.5 million km. August 16, "Magellan" returned the first batch of the photos. "Magellan" shot to Venus on a 40 km × 80 meter-high lava plains, radar mapping image is very clear, we can clearly identify the volcanic lava flows, craters, mountains, active volcanoes, crustal faults, canyons and rock pit. Thousands of Venus Volcano, volcanoes around the often formed by meteorite impact deposits, like white flowers. "Magellan" discovered dust on Venus subtle light, easier to be blowing, the probe showed that the surface of Venus is really windy, it may look like "Monsoon" as the time when you stop blowing, and sometimes a major storm. Venus surface temperature up to 280 ℃ ~ 540 ℃. It has no natural satellites, there is no drop of water, the magnetic field strength is small, mainly carbon dioxide atmosphere mainly short, it is not suitable for survival of life. 70% of its surface is extremely old basalt plains, 20% of the low-lying land, plateau roughly 10% of the surface of Venus, Venus's highest mountain is volcanic Maxwell, up to 12,000 meters. Near the equator in the Venus area of 2.5 million square kilometers of plain, 3 to 37 km diameter crater ~ 48 km. Very irregular around the mountain on Venus, a total of about 900, and traces are very young. "Magellan" shot most parts of the radar images of Venus, and many of its images and the former Soviet Union, "Venus 15" and "Venus 16" photo radar detector can often overlap stitching photos together, so that interpretation of experts to confirm each other , which makes people have a better understanding of Venus. "Magellan" was from August 10, 1990 to December 12, 1994 has been probing around Venus, and finally burned in the atmosphere of Venus. February 1990 to fly to Jupiter, "Galileo" spacecraft means Venus, Venus UV successful shooting. Infrared images, photos, displayed on top of the atmosphere of Venus sulfuric acid mist through the UV is very prominent. Although Venus space probe made great achievements, but there are still many unanswered mysteries. For example, Venus did have had the sea? Greenhouse effect on Venus is at what time, how did this happen? Surface of Venus is the result of the current large-scale volcanic activity re-formed? The exact chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus is what? And so on. It is reported that in 2001 the Japanese Ministry of Science and Technology Institute to develop a space exploration program of Venus, ready to rocket in 2007, with the m5 Venus probe launch is expected in 2009, it entered a large elliptical orbit around Venus, the perigee of about 300 thousand meters, about 60,000 km apogee; it carried 5 penetrate through the atmosphere of Venus a special infrared camera, UV detection camera and the geological structure of Venus atmosphere. Venus probe the future need for long-lived lander, specifically the decline in detection devices, remote control balloons and monitoring the orbit of Venus atmosphere, etc..
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Celestial visions
Transit of Venus Ling Date: refers to the inner planets round face to face after a day phenomenon. Mercury and Venus from the Sun than the Earth from the sun close to the process in operation around the Sun sometimes in between the Sun and the Earth. At this time, observers on Earth can see a small black dot moving slowly in the Japanese side, which is transit phenomenon. Venus transit phenomenon, it is a group of two transit, two transit interval of 8 years, but the interval between the two groups is over 100 years, so the transit of Venus is of epic proportions. Transit of Venus looks like a mole on the face the sun. British astronomer Halley (edmond halley) has made use of transit observations can be got out of the distance of the exact date. Lomonosov Russian astronomers observed the transit of Venus in 1761 discovered the Venus atmosphere. The 19th century, astronomers observing the transit of Venus through the day successfully and accurately draw distance. The 17th century, the famous English astronomer Halley proposed that the transit of Venus, in the two different locations on the planet Venus across the solar surface Determination of the time required to calculate the solar parallax which can be drawn to the exact date distance. Unfortunately, Harley I lived 86 years, had never met, "the transit of Venus." Harley made his observations in the method, there had been four times the transit of Venus, each time by the great attention of scientists. They travel long distances, went to the best observation locations, which made some important discoveries. May 26, 1761 transit of Venus, the Russian astronomer Lomonosov, had moved that the atmosphere of Venus. The 19th century, astronomers collected by the transit of Venus to the large amount of data successfully measured at the distance of 149,600,000 km (called an astronomical unit). Today's astronomers, to Bi Halei much luckier, you can use many advanced scientific means, to further study the Earth's nearest neighbor Venus! People with more than 10 times magnification of the telescope can clearly see the circular outline of Venus, 40-100 magnification telescopes around the best. While observing the "transit of Venus" is not very difficult, but astronomy experts advise, in the view, do not directly with the naked eye, binoculars or a camera observing the ordinary, and to wear the appropriate filters at the same time observing Time can not be too long, so be strong sun burns the eyes. Transit of Venus observations guidance The transit of Venus from Beijing at 13:13 on June 8 around, lasted 6 hours or so. Although the transit of Venus may also be able to see with the naked eye, but the effect will not be good. If you have a telescope - or whether it is a small viewing telescope telescope - can get better results. More than 10 times the magnification you can clearly see the circular outline of 40-Venus is about 100 times the best observation. Weather permitting, you can see Venus's thick atmospheric refraction into the aperture, still a spectacular sight. If the day of sunspots on the surface are more sunspots may appear the phenomenon of Venus cover to make the process more interesting transit. Regular transit observations to conduct drawings, and therefore to choose a telescope with a projection screen. With an equatorial mount and a power with a telescope equipped with a long time observations will make you more relaxed. In most parts of China, mostly from the 13-point transit around. Therefore, like friends should be observed before noon to be prepared to ensure the orderly conduct of activities. Now I will briefly equatorial telescope with the projection methods of observation. Ling before the entry, we should table was as accurate as possible, should be possible to adjust the polar axis and the line drawing something good (or adjust the observed paper), can be seen on the sun depicted on the observations of sunspots with the paper . Tracing, we should pay attention to hand do not press the screen, the first not to touch the screen, try to keep the screen steady, increasing accuracy. After tracing sunspots, I entered the final stages of preparation. At this time, your eyes looking intently at the eastern edge of the face, when you see the rounded edges like the beginning of the eclipse as a piece missing, the mean transit began. Should immediately note the time, this is outside the cut into the time when Ling (East edge of the surface of Venus at the West edge of the exterior of the moment), and delineate the location outside the cut. Similarly, should also be noted within the cut into the time when Ling (Japanese noodles in the East edge of the cutting edge with Jinxing Dong moment), delineate the location of the cut. At this time, the Venus, the sun has completely within a round face. From this moment on, every half an hour to the location of the Venus observations in the same piece of paper painted over with, at each position indicate the time until leaving the Ling. In this process, you can try to appreciate the wonders of hundred years to see if can see the halo. The whole transit process will continue for 6 hours, in order to ensure the safety of equipment, do not always make equipment work, but also to prevent heat stroke. At rest, covered with the lens cover, turn off the power with (if any), as much as possible so that the cooling apparatus. Observing the projector without filters or no darker, the temperature often reaches the lens head several hundred degrees! Beware of burns and the lens so to burst, do not hand close to the eyepiece. The sun sink slowly to the western horizon to go out on seeing the Venus will face, and observed and nervous again. Ling at the time, but also as the two cut into Ling position as marked. In China, there are a large part of that is very difficult to see the full Ling Ling's Days, but also with a good view; if you see the whole out of Ling, do not forget to record! If the sun's light is too much fog reduction, projection can not continue to be observed, you can use visual observation. Are interested, you can not telescope, see if I can see Venus. At this time, the sun is often reflected very large, angular diameter close to the corner points, the shadow of Venus is also extremely obvious that people with good eyesight can not see. As it was getting dark, observation activities are also close to the end. Admire the sun_set_, pack her things, but also to go home. How? Learned a lot now! If you observed carefully, it should be a full observation table. Home after finishing the data, the best observed write a diary, when you look after, there would be a different experience. If you do not seize the opportunity, it does not matter, in 2012 there will be a transit of Venus, we must pay attention Yeah, or we need to wait another hundred years! Ling Ling, and Venus in the time out of two interesting Venus into and out of Ling Ling, the careful observer may find that the so-called "black drop" phenomenon. In fact, when we facing the light, and the two fingers gradually close, very close to the time when, can be found even though no contact with the fingers to be able to see the shadow between the upper and lower fingers contacted them together, like fingers Like a drop of water, this is the so-called "black drop" phenomenon. In the beginning of the cut and Ling Ling in the final cut, that the sun edges and the edge of the inner planets are very close to each other about contact, you will find a very thin wire connecting the two edges, this is the transit time of the Black Drop . Cause of our seeing the atmosphere, the diffraction of light and telescopes, "limiting resolution" of the other role, as the result of the fuzzy round the edge. In addition, and the Ling Ling into the stage, and sometimes bordered edge of Venus, as the surface trace of very fine "halo" or "halo." This "halo" is the atmosphere of Venus at the top of the reflection, scattering the sun formed. Using the eyepiece projection can see it, but if the telescope plus filters, will be more clear. "Halo" size changes, ring brightness is uniform, whether in the context of the Sun circle round to see, these are very interesting.
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Related cultural
1. Venus calendar Venus Venus calendar is a cycle of events to the calendar as a standard rule. However, Venus is not the calendar works of science fiction, but surly the ancient Mayan civilization had appeared in the calendar system. We do not know based on a reason, the Maya also used two _set_s of calendar system, a calendar system which is based on the cycles of Venus made of operation. 2. Taibaijinxing Venus in ancient China known as the Bai, when the morning appeared in the East called the blind, Hyosung, star, when the evening in the West, also known as Venus, the evening star. Because it is very bright, can cause the most imaginative fantasy ancient Chinese, so will our legends about it particularly. Indigenous religion in China - Taoism, one of the core members can be called Taibaijinxing, the status of only three of the Qing Dynasty (Lao Zi, Yuanshi Tianzun, Tongtianjiaozhu) below. The first is a Taoist god Taibaijinxing wearing a yellow dress, wearing a comb, the goddess of pipa playing, the image changes after the Ming Dynasty as a youthful face Hefa the Lao Shenxian, often ordered by the Jade Emperor to monitor human Feng good and evil, known as the Western Tour . Classical novels in China, many Taibaijinxing legend appears, showing the popularity of his wang. In the popular "Journey to the West", the Taibaijinxing times and the Monkey King is a good deal with the old man. In many legends associated with Venus, the most legendary should be considered in the Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai of the story. Legend of Li Bai's unusual birth, but his mother dreamed Taibaijinxing fall into the arms of the students, hence the name Li Bai, Bai word. Li Bai is also really grow up a bit, "Xianqi", he wandered the world, learning Dao sword, wine injustice, windy nobility. His poetry, imagination "For the blue sky embrace the moon," momentum "of the Yellow River water to the sky," no one can. Li Bai in the dynasty to enjoy "Dixian" reputation, and later been revered as "the immortal poem." 3. Venus venus god of love, beauty of God, is also in charge of the goddess of fertility and navigation, which is her name in Roman mythology; in Greek mythology, her name is A Fuluo Dide. venus rose up from the sea. It is said that the beginning of the world, unified management of the earth goddess and the unified management of the sub-Uranus combination of Heaven gave birth to a number of giants. Later Fuqifanmu, fury of the sub-life son cut his father Cronus with a sickle. Uranus flesh falling into the sea, sparking the bubble, venus was born. Greek "Aphrodite", which means that bubble. Venus's life in the pursuit of love, but love the heat is always short, she is not specific for the love. In her numerous romances, the most poignant and moving when the number of her and Adonis (adonis) between the story. Adonis was a handsome, brave young hunter, one day, Venus met Adonis who is hunting, and soon fell in love. She worried about hunting too dangerous, we advise Adonis not to hunt large, ferocious beasts, but they do not agree with Adonis, Venus on a fit of anger left him, and toward the God of Di. Soon, unfortunately, happened, Adonis was a fierce hunting of wild boar killed Daihatsu. Venus loves to hear moaning in the air, and quickly fly back to the ground, only to see he was covered in bloody body. Venus grief-stricken, she was the god of wine spilled on the body of Adonis, blood and wine mingled with smoke blowing bubbles, and then fall like rain on the ground. Near the ground to grow a flower colors, such as blood, poignant and fascinating, but its life is very short, said the wind blew it open immediately after the petals blown it again. This is the anemone, also known as "Wind Flower", as the beauty of this touching love story of Hana Matsuri. Lucky star? Evil star? Although the observations of Venus and magnificent, but not always represents good luck. It is sometimes hung in the East, now shines in the West, is unpredictable, fear also was created. The Maya and Aztec people, both as metaphor of death, but also a symbol of resurrection. It is the Aztec God of Quebec Bazar Keya Patel, who can destroy the Kingdom through stolen from the dead, the skeleton of the resurrection, and the blood given by the regeneration of the gods. Ancient Phoenicians. Jews believe that it is the devil incarnate, is an evil star, Venus is afraid of the ancient Mexicans, at dawn always close doors and windows, blocking its light. They believe that Venus will bring the light of disease. Of course, these legends because the ancients did not understand the imagined movement of celestial bodies out of the idealistic concept, in fact, Venus is Venus, independent of human fortune. In short, Fuxing Ye Hao, bad stars worth mentioning, Venus will always be the brightest star in the night sky.
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People with the same name
Figure 1 the same name: Venus Born in 1967 in Shenyang, China. Shenyang Military Region in 1978, advancing into the ensembles. 1984 Graduated from the Dance Department of the PLA Institute of the Arts. 1985 was the first Chinese dance "Tao Li Cup" youth group first, original man, toe dance, first performed in France. 1986 by the Second National Dance Competition Special Award of Excellence, visit North Korea to participate in "April - Spring Art Festival" in the performance. Dance school in Guangzhou in 1987 into the experimental class to learn modern dance modern dance. 1988 by the American Asian Cultural Foundation and the American Dance Festival Scholarship, went to New York to study modern dance. Held in Seoul, Korea in 1989, solo show. 1989 International Dance Festival 1990, U.S. team director. American Dance Festival in 1991 hired as chief choreographer, the same year by the American Dance Festival Award for Best Choreography, was also awarded the title of choreographer; in Italy employed a presence in the Italian television choreographer. In Belgium in 1992, appointed professor of modern dance at the Royal Academy of Dance, created in the Belgian White style modern dance company, and held twice a solo show. 1993 employed in the Ministry of Culture, organized by the National Basic Training Course choreographer, the National Dance Acting Workshop, held the same year dance party. 1994, planning, directing into the radius of the solo concerts. 1995, the Beijing Modern Dance Company Artistic Director. 1998 Modern Dance "Red" issued by the Ministry of Culture Wenhua Award. In 2000 moved to Shanghai to _set_ up Venus dance, modern dance at the Shanghai Grand Theatre "offshore wind" and "卡尔米娜布 Lana." In Chengdu in 2001 performance of "The Red and Black" and other modern dance, in Shanghai and the European actors on the same stage "eternal present tense" large-scale modern dance, in the 14th Macao International Music Festival, the "Song of the temple Brown "with dance. Technical information in 2002 by the United Nations development system (tips) Shanghai Oriental Culture and Art Center appointed artistic consultant; invited to attend the World Cup in Seoul to celebrate the opening of the large-scale theatrical performances; in Shanghai, Guangzhou, staged multi-media drama "from the east West ", starred in the drama" Dog Charm sylvia "actress. 2003 in Shanghai and Shenzhen, dance performances, "Shanghai Tango." 2004, "Shanghai Tango" dance-based projects in the European tour, and from the "Shanghai Tango" in France organized by the Chinese Culture Year activities; the same year, and many other cities in China Hangzhou performances. 2005 "卡尔米娜布 Lana" in the European tour. A type of blood. Constellation Leo. Love horse riding, swimming. Maxim true to my own life. When the fate of the encounter need to make a choice, other than to listen to the voice, but his most sincere voice deep inside Variability before and a girl have a period of "ten years of marriage," denatured old man married a German, three adopted children in Beijing. Figure 2 the same name: Hulunbeir Standing Committee, the Secretary-General Venus, Male, Korean, born in February 1956, five ordinary people in Heilongjiang, university education, in December 1977 and joined the CPC in July 1972 to work. 1972.07-1979.08 Oroqen Forestry Automotive Team Flag Shay, Shay building materials factory educated youth to rural areas 1979.08-1982.12 town of Supply and Marketing Cooperative Dayangshu Oroqen flag, flag of supply and marketing cooperatives Secretary Oroqen Flag Secretary to the Government Office Oroqen 1982.12-1984.12 1984.12-1987.01 Inner Mongolia Normal University, Secretary of the professional learning 1987.01-1992.06 government offices Oroqen Flag Secretary, Deputy Director and Director 1992.06-1999.05 Oroqen flag Dayangshu Town party secretary, People's Congress (During :1994.08-1996.12 of the Central Party School of Economics and Management Correspondence School) 1999.05-2000.11 Oroqen flag flag committee Standing Committee, Publicity Department 2000.11-2001.11 Hulunbeier league League Committee Vice Minister of Publicity 2001.11-2002.03 Hulunbeier league League party secretary of Party Committee, Vice-President 2002.03-2004.12 Hulunbeier PARTY Party Secretary, Vice President 2004.12-2005.03 Hulunbeir Party Standing Committee member, General Director 2005.03-Secretary-General of the Standing Committee Hulunbeir Figure 3 the same name: Standing Committee, deputy director of Nanyang City: Venus Female, Han nationality, July 1949 Health, Fang County man; August 1965 to work in June 1995 joined the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee, the Chinese People's University graduate job. Now deputy director of Municipal People's Congress, chairman of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee of Nanyang City. August 1965 -1985 side in January tenement County Primary School, erlangmiao high school, nine counties, the county the new secondary school teachers; January 1985 -1992 Nanyang City in November (county) Federation of returned overseas officers Secretary; November 1992 -1996 Nanyang City in August (county) federation, Wolong District, Vice Chairman and Secretary-General of the federation; August 1996 -2002 Nanyang City in August, vice chairman of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee and Secretary General; 2002 In January -2004 August Henan Provincial Revolutionary Committee, deputy chairman of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee and Secretary of Nanyang City; January 2004 -2004 In April, the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee of Henan Provincial Committee and chairman of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee and Secretary of Nanyang City long; April 2004 has served as the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee of Henan Provincial Committee and chairman of the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee and Secretary of Nanyang City, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of Nanyang City, third. Of the Tenth NPC Standing Committee Nanyang second, city-second, three deputies. Responsibilities: Coordinating Nanyang Municipal People's Congress Finance Committee.
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Overview stars
Venus and Mercury, is the only two in the solar system has no natural satellites of the planet. Therefore, the night sky on Venus is not "moon", the brightest "star" is the Earth. As more recent from the sun, so watch the sun on Venus, the sun than Earth to see the size of a large 1.5-fold. Some have called Venus is Earth's twin sister, indeed, from a structural point of view, there are many similarities between Venus and Earth. Venus is about 6073 km radius, smaller radius than the Earth is only 300 km, the volume of the Earth 0.88 times the mass of the Earth 4 / 5; average density of slightly less than the Earth. But the huge difference between the two environments: a high surface temperature of Venus, there is no liquid water, coupled with high atmospheric pressure and severe hypoxia and other harsh natural conditions, there can be no life on Venus. Therefore, Venus and Earth is just a pair of "dubious" of the sisters. Venus is surrounded by a dense atmosphere and clouds. The surface of Venus clouds to cast a veil of mystery. Only by means of radio telescopes to get through this layer of the atmosphere, to see the true colors of the surface of Venus. Venus atmosphere, carbon dioxide, the most, accounting for more than 97%. As well as 20-30 km thick layer of heavy cloud formed by the concentrated sulfuric acid. Venus surface temperature up to 465-485 degrees, about the Earth 90 times atmospheric pressure (equivalent to 900 meters deep in the earth pressure). Venus, the phenomenon of reverse rotation of Venus may be a long time ago caused by collisions with other asteroids, but now can not prove. In addition to this other than the unusual retrograde rotation, there is a little unusual Venus. Venus's rotation period and the orbit is synchronized way, when the two planets closest, Venus is always a face to face with the Earth (at each 5.001 Venus occur once). This may be tidally locked (tidal locking) the result - when the two planets are close enough, the tidal forces will affect the rotation of Venus. Of course, there may be just a coincidence.
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Topography
Also, according to detector and found Venus magma contains water. Venus, like Earth may have had a lot of water, but have been evaporated, dissipated and exhausted, so now become very dry. If the Earth closer than the sun again, then will have the same luck. The basic conditions we will know why there are so similar but so different phenomenon. Image from Magellan spacecraft radar data show that most of the surface of Venus covered by the lava flows. There are several large shield volcanoes, such as Sif Mons (right), similar to Hawaii and Mars, Olympus Mons (Olympus). Recently released data show that Venus is still very active volcanic activity, but concentrated in a few hot spots; most of the terrain has been formed, hundreds of millions of years than in the past much quieter. No small craters on Venus, asteroids look into the dense atmosphere of Venus not being burnt. Craters on Venus is a string, and appears to be due to a large asteroid before it reaches the surface of Venus, usually broken off in the atmosphere. Volcanoes and volcanic activity amounting to a lot of the surface of Venus. At least 85% of the surface of Venus is covered with volcanic rocks. In addition to hundreds of large volcanoes, the surface of Venus is also scattered in the 100,000-plus small volcano. Ejected from the volcano's lava flow had a long ditch range from several hundred kilometers, the longest one among more than 7000 km. Volcanoes on Venus Venus can be described as volcanic clouds, the volcano in the solar system has the largest number of planets. Has been found of large volcanoes and volcanic features 1,600 multiple. In addition, there are countless small volcano, and no one calculated the number of their estimated total of more than 10 million, or 100 million. Venus volcanoes in different styles. In addition to the more common shield volcano, where there are many complex volcanic features, and special volcanic structures. So far, scientists have not been found in this active volcano, but because of limited data, therefore, although most had long been extinct volcanoes of Venus, not rule out the possibility of a small part of the still active. Venus and Earth have a lot in common. Their size, mass close. Venus is closer to earth in the solar system planets, has also been clouds and surrounded by a thick atmosphere. With the Earth, Venus surface age of very young, about 5 billion years. However, similar in these basic, there are many differences. Composition of the atmosphere of Venus, mostly carbon dioxide, so it has a strong greenhouse effect the surface. The atmospheric pressure is about 90 times the Earth, which is almost equal to Earth's sea level pressure in the next km. The surface of Venus is no water, no moisture in the air there, and its main component is the sulfuric acid clouds and high clouds over the earth is much higher. As atmospheric pressure, wind speed on Venus correspondingly slow. This means that neither the surface of Venus by the influence of wind and no rain erosion. Therefore, the volcanic features of Venus can be kept clear for a long time. Venus has no plate tectonics, there is no linear volcanic chain, no apparent demise of zone plate. Although the aspect of Venus on the canyon, but not which one looks similar to the Earth's oceanic trench. Signs that the volcano eruption in the form of Venus is relatively simple. Layer of solidified lava, the majority of Venus volcanic eruption, the only outflow of lava flow. No severe outbreak of signs of jet ash, lava is not even like the lava planet is so muddy goo. This phenomenon is not difficult to understand. As atmospheric pressure, explosive volcanic eruptions, lava in the need to have a huge amount of gas composition. On earth, prompting violent eruption of lava the main gas is water vapor, and the lack of water on Venus. In addition, lava flows on Earth most of the clay and ash eruptions have occurred in the die plate area. Therefore, the lack of die plate with, but also greatly reduces the chance of Venus volcano erupted violently. Venus on a large shield volcano Venus has 150 multiple large shield volcano. The diameter of the shield-shaped more in the 100-600 km between the height of about 0.3 to 5 km. The largest one, 700 km in diameter, height 5.5 km. Compared to shield volcano on Earth, Venus volcanoes even more flat. In fact, Venus is the largest shield volcano, and its diameter is close to the base of the Olympus volcano on Mars, but due to lack of height, volume is much smaller than the Olympus. Shield volcano on Mars and the Earth's shield volcano similar. Most of them have been long covered by lava flows radially, gentle slope. Most of the volcanic center injection hole. Therefore, scientists speculated that the shield-like composition from basalt, similar to Hawaiian volcano. Shield volcano on Venus, scattered distribution, not as volcanic chain. This shows that Venus has no plate tectonics active. Venus small shield volcano Venus is about 100,000 less than 20 km of small diameter shield volcano. Distribution of these volcanoes are usually clusters, known as the shield-like area. Scientists have been marked on the map of the shield-shaped area, over 550, mostly in diameter, 100 to 200 kilometers. Shield-shaped areas are widely distributed, mainly in low-lying plains or low hills Department. Scientists have discovered that many of the shield-shaped area has been updated coverage of the lava plains, they speculated that the age of shield-shaped area is very old, may be formed in the early volcanic activity.
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Venus in astrology
Venus in your chart, but also to "personal planets", which is the planet closest to the Earth, Earth in the ecliptic than running fast. Venus is never far from the Sun than 46 degrees. Venus was a star of women, negative stars, on behalf of our market and the value of love is love and functional rather than sex. Its essence is negative, the warm, humid. The nature of gender, both dry and wet. Table is a social drive and values. On behalf of women in the character side, the negative. Venus Venus is the goddess symbols of dressing table mirror and glory, and Venus together. Tightly around the sun, Venus, Taurus and Libra it is guarding.旺势 in Pisces is in Scorpio and Aries are losing ground, in Virgo makes off depression. Venus tactic is the "love." Its influence, such as: impact of individual success, fame, health, money, social; and the operation of the universe, order, ups and downs, the cyclical nature of celestial bodies, gravitation, and repulsion. It is also fall and sexual potency, the symbol of awareness of the referee. Harmonious Venus, dominated the arts, culture, aesthetics, property, partners, the United States, charm, good taste, sentimental, candy and sugar, color, harmony, poetry, painting, jewelry, singing, drama and music. Venus in your chart, the chart, the chart table is the main area in the best manner in which the table. Venus also has a relatively sensitive body parts, such as the throat, jaw, temples, taste, kidney, internal genitalia, venous blood circulation, skin feel. Represented by diseases such as pancreatitis and all flat pick throat infection, diphtheria, thyroid cancer, lymph diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, kidney disease, muscle loss pregnant. The positive features of Venus are: dignified, democratic, multi-talented, energetic, ambitious, constructive, educational enthusiasts. And negative characteristics, such as: swagger, the insatiable, the lack of ambition, arrogant, imperious, and resort to emotional stubborn, conservative, materialistic, arbitrary, stubborn, possessive, pornography, and greed.
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Celestial visions
Transit of Venus The 17th century, the famous English astronomer Halley proposed that the transit of Venus, in the two different locations on the planet Venus across the solar surface Determination of the time required to calculate the solar parallax which can be drawn to the exact date distance. Unfortunately, Harley I lived 86 years, had never met, "the transit of Venus." Harley made his observations in the method, there had been four times the transit of Venus, each time by the great attention of scientists. They travel long distances, went to the best observation locations, which made some important discoveries. May 26, 1761 transit of Venus, the Russian astronomer Lomonosov, had moved that the atmosphere of Venus. The 19th century, astronomers collected by the transit of Venus to the large amount of data successfully measured at the distance of 149,600,000 km (called an astronomical unit). Today's astronomers, to Bi Halei much luckier, you can use many advanced scientific means, to further study the Earth's nearest neighbor Venus! People with more than 10 times magnification of the telescope can clearly see the circular outline of Venus, 40-100 magnification telescopes around the best. While observing the "transit of Venus" is not very difficult, but astronomy experts advise, in the view, do not directly with the naked eye, binoculars or a camera observing the ordinary, and to wear the appropriate filters at the same time observing Time can not be too long, so be strong sun burns the eyes. Transit of Venus observations guidance Although the transit of Venus may also be able to see with the naked eye, but the effect will not be good. If you have a telescope - or whether it is a small viewing telescope telescope - can get better results. More than 10 times the magnification you can clearly see the circular outline of 40-Venus is about 100 times the best observation. Weather permitting, you can see Venus's thick atmospheric refraction into the aperture, still a spectacular sight. If the day of sunspots on the surface are more sunspots may appear the phenomenon of Venus cover to make the process more interesting transit. Regular transit observations to conduct drawings, and therefore to choose a telescope with a projection screen. With an equatorial mount and a power with a telescope equipped with a long time observations will make you more relaxed. In most parts of China, mostly from the 13-point transit around. Therefore, like friends should be observed before noon to be prepared to ensure the orderly conduct of activities. The following briefly equatorial telescope with the projection methods of observation. Ling before the entry, we should table was as accurate as possible, should be possible to adjust the polar axis and the line drawing something good (or adjust the observed paper), can be seen on the sun depicted on the observations of sunspots with the paper . Tracing, we should pay attention to hand do not press the screen, the first not to touch the screen, try to keep the screen steady, increasing accuracy. After tracing sunspots, I entered the final stages of preparation. At this time, your eyes looking intently at the eastern edge of the face, when you see the rounded edges like the beginning of the eclipse as a piece missing, the mean transit began. Should immediately note the time, this is outside the cut into the time when Ling (East edge of the surface of Venus at the West edge of the exterior of the moment), and delineate the location outside the cut. Similarly, should also be noted within the cut into the time when Ling (Japanese noodles in the East edge of the cutting edge with Jinxing Dong moment), delineate the location of the cut. At this time, the Venus, the sun has completely within a round face. From this moment on, every half an hour to the location of the Venus observations in the same piece of paper painted over with, at each position indicate the time until leaving the Ling. In this process, you can try to appreciate the wonders of hundred years to see if can see the halo. The whole transit process will continue for 6 hours, in order to ensure the safety of equipment, do not always make equipment work, but also to prevent heat stroke. At rest, covered with the lens cover, turn off the power with (if any), as much as possible so that the cooling apparatus. Observing the projector without filters or no darker, the temperature often reaches the lens head several hundred degrees! Beware of burns and the lens so to burst, do not hand close to the eyepiece. The sun sink slowly to the western horizon to go out on seeing the Venus will face, and observed and nervous again. Ling at the time, but also as the two cut into Ling position as marked. In China, there are a large part of that is very difficult to see the full Ling Ling's Days, but also with a good view; if you see the whole out of Ling, do not forget to record! If the sun's light is too much fog reduction, projection can not continue to be observed, you can use visual observation. Are interested, you can not telescope, see if I can see Venus. At this time, the sun is often reflected very large, angular diameter close to the corner points, the shadow of Venus is also extremely obvious that people with good eyesight can not see. As it was getting dark, observation activities are also close to the end. Admire the sun_set_, pack her things, but also to go home. How? Learned a lot now! If you observed carefully, it should be a full observation table. Home after finishing the data, the best observed write a diary, when you look after, there would be a different experience. If you do not seize the opportunity, it does not matter, in 2012 there will be a transit of Venus, we must pay attention Yeah, or we need to wait another hundred years! Ling Ling, and Venus in the time out of two interesting Venus into and out of Ling Ling, the careful observer may find that the so-called "black drop" phenomenon. In fact, when we facing the light, and the two fingers gradually close, very close to the time when, can be found even though no contact with the fingers to be able to see the shadow between the upper and lower fingers contacted them together, like fingers Like a drop of water, this is the so-called "black drop" phenomenon. In the beginning of the cut and Ling Ling in the final cut, that the sun edges and the edge of the inner planets are very close to each other about contact, you will find a very thin wire connecting the two edges, this is the transit time of the Black Drop . Cause of our seeing the atmosphere, the diffraction of light and telescopes, "limiting resolution" of the other role, as the result of the fuzzy round the edge. In addition, and the Ling Ling into the stage, and sometimes bordered edge of Venus, as the surface trace of very fine "halo" or "halo." This "halo" is the atmosphere of Venus at the top of the reflection, scattering the sun formed. Using the eyepiece projection can see it, but if the telescope plus filters, will be more clear. "Halo" size changes, ring brightness is uniform, whether in the context of the Sun circle round to see, these are very interesting.
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Reversal of Venus
Venus a day and night 243 days orbital period of 225 days. The slow rotation of Venus is retrograde, meaning that it is a rotation from east to west, rather than from west to east as most of the planet's rotation (the rotation of Uranus is also retrograde and Uranus's rotation axis is tilted 97.86 degrees, almost horizontal surface in orbit.) This phenomenon may be a long time ago Venus caused by collisions with other asteroids, but now can not prove. In addition to this other than the unusual retrograde rotation, there is a little unusual Venus. Venus's rotation and revolution period and are synchronized, that way, when the two planets closest, Venus is always a face to face with the Earth (at each 5.001 Venus occur once). This may be tidally locked (tidal locking) the result - when the two planets are close enough, the tidal forces will affect the rotation of Venus. Of course, there may be just a coincidence.
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South Korean actress
Personal Information Name: Venus / 김별 / Kim Byul (Kim Byeol) Original name: Jin Meishan / 김미선 Gender: Female Birthday: December 2, 1986 Height: 1.60m Weight: 40kg Constellation: Sagittarius Blood type: O type Family: The eldest daughter of a man and a woman Economics: star-made Debut: in 2003 appeared in KBS2 "Sang to school" Films 2005 "Dancer of the innocent" 2005 "House of Love" 2006 "Multi-Cell Girl" 2008 "funeral members" 2008 "Baby and Me" (also known as "children and I") (co-Cast: Jang Geun Suk) 2009 "Fly" (also known as "sad") (co-actor: Kim Bum) TV Works 2003 KBS2 "Sang to school" 2005 MBC "Tailing athletes village" 2008 KBS2 "the strongest qi yu" (as Ying Du) Related presentations 2009 Venus and co-payments range, shooting "flying" (sad).
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Venus legendary dancer
Blood type: A type Constellation: Leo Hobbies: horse riding, swimming Motto: true to your own life. When the fate of the encounter need to make a choice, other than to listen to the voice, but his most sincere voice deep inside Born in 1967 in Shenyang, China Shenyang Military Region in 1978, advancing into the Song and Dance Ensemble In 1984 graduated from the PLA Institute of the Arts Department of Dance 1985 was the first Chinese dance "Tao Li Cup" youth group first, original man, toe dance, first performed in France 1986 by the Second National Dance Competition Special Award of Excellence, visit North Korea to participate in "April - Spring Art Festival" celebration performance Dance school in Guangzhou in 1987 into the experimental class to learn modern dance modern dance 1988 by the American Asian Cultural Foundation and the American Dance Festival Scholarship, went to New York to study modern dance Held in Seoul, Korea in 1989, solo show 1989 International Dance Festival 1990, U.S. team director . . . . . Venus is a female ballet dancer's Republic of China, but also the "Shanghai Venus Modern Dance Company" heads. Venus, the name is concerned, is that once a sex change operation in 1995. But as she dances around the world tour's success, her modern dance creation and performance achievements of more human attention. May 14 and 15, she will dance with the "Shanghai Tango" came to Poly in front of reporters, she was not just talk about the dance, there are many women interested in the topic. View sharp, witty remarks, she seems to express their thoughts and feelings of tools not only dancing, there is a language full of personality, as her name, "Venus" - other planets in the universe and reverse rotation of the planet, before dawn the most unique bright stars.
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Other meanings
Venus Fengshui language Peak _set_ five basic points one star means the top of the Yuan Jing rounded in Yamagata uplift, known as the "Venus." Liu Ji, "geomancy Man Hing," says: "Venus net and round shape, half moon arch muddy." Born according to the topography of Venus, can be divided into three categories. Mountains of Venus, such as the cover of the kettle bell-shaped cover, the first round without interjection oblique, fat glory run; hill ridge of Venus, such as Li, such as horses, round to Smart, such as beads go into a jade plate; plains of Venus, round flat such as the Tang Bing, optical net CF. Venus to be honest and just out for Kyrgyzstan. Air stone for the elderly "star clock is changed out plans to catch," says: "Gold of the body round and not sharp, rather than static and dynamic nature of gold, potential, surface, top and legs to be quiet, light circle, fatness, flat Regular Kyrgyzstan. "Ji Jin Xing, the shape of beautiful fresh, the raw loyalty Opinion, the shape of mighty and Kaohsiung, the main military power respected. Venus avoid sticks foot Bencuan, interjection mountain slope, face bloated, broken hill, all these are bad form, buried many students make the mistake of the generation against the Enemy, a Yizu, Daughter of the disaster. Founder mansion to house, Church Council Yangming, four Zhan flush next to the house-shaped hatchback for the gold. Both sides that the treasury, the main consist in wealth, if the edges have no edge, called the Venus, half orange, a large negative public spaces, fratricidal. Before both sides, after both sides who said the four gold Chao-tang, wealth down, only four car must find the length of the size of almost homogeneous, can not be higher than the regular house or former long after the short, after the former No, this club is Ominous Like, big fierce. "Venus recorded geographical heart wake up," says: "Zi Jin Xingsheng water for a pulse, with the legs inclined to side, two of Venus taken Zhi Zi Wo, biased under the hole, see if the opening hole of Venus, the amount of gold required to use the bucket, solitary gold Students from the main plane, vertical hair a little while, both sides of a soil with a gold, is the sweet point, if open water point, still before the rich students, Daikin more points under the high payment, the military must see Tu thief, first every Luo Dependent door, the eldest son see the sad, metal and wood and kill the wife-swapping long Jinshui Wang for women, gold soil to open bank short fat people, so blind and Mars. " Sailor Venus Naoko Takeuchi Japan famous work, "Sailor Moon" in one of the protagonists Aino Minako / Sailor Venus / Sailor Venus Sailor Venus Noun When people are confused or beaten (the head), we would say: "Man see stars." Development team Mobile application development team, the project, including iPhone, Android, Blackberry, etc., for the European and American customers with products and services.
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Encyclopedia of Astronomy
In addition to the sun and the moon, the brightest objects in the sky is Venus. When Venus is the brightest of -4.4 and so on, than the day the brightest star Sirius 14 times brighter than the planet Jupiter, the second brightest light 6 times. The sun during the day and it will not be completely submerged. With the other planets from Earth than Venus is relatively close, the last at 4100 km. Venus from the sun than the Earth from the sun close to about 1 / 3, it gets the sun light the Earth get more than 1 times. In addition, its albedo, particularly large, ranked first among all the planets. Albedo of Venus is 0.76, meaning that exposure to sunlight in the Venus 2 / 3 of Venus, once again, reflected. Earth's albedo is only 0.39, while the moon was 0.07. This is because Venus has a dense atmosphere. Romon Luosuo Fu atmosphere of Venus was first discovered, mainly carbon dioxide component, accounting for about 97, close to the surface of the lower atmosphere of Venus, the proportion is as high as 99, resulting in a strong greenhouse effect. Over 30-40 km in the atmosphere of Venus, also covered with a thick dense cloud of 25 km, they are not formed by the mist, but by the highly corrosive sulfuric acid mist formed. The surface of the earth 100 times atmospheric pressure, surface temperature 480. So, and no regional, seasonal, diurnal variation. Lower atmosphere quieter, the top layer are in phase with the rotation of large circulation, speeds up to 320 km / hour. There are frequent discharge of atmospheric phenomena. Surface of Venus is flat, both mountains are also plain. There is an equatorial region from south to north across the equator of the Great Rift Valley, over 1,200 km. Venus has a theory about 3,100 km radius of iron-nickel core, the middle mantle, outside the shell. In size, density, quality, appearance, much like Earth in all aspects of Venus. Venus's orbit is circular. After the revolution speed of Mercury, 224.7 days / week. Venus is the only reverse rotation of the solar system planets, Venus on the sun rise where it rises, the rotation 224.3 days / week. Venus of folk called the "Futoshi." Large distance, the angular distance from the sun in the 45-48. Between. Venus as the Morning Star, known as the "Rising Star" for the evening star, known as the "Venus Star." Observed with a telescope is easy to change the phase of Venus. Galileo first discovered the phenomenon in 1610.
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Encyclopedia
jinxing Venus Venus One of the nine planets in the solar system, according to the Sun from near and far away from the order for the second stars, Chinese folk known as "Futoshi" or "Taibaijinxing" in astronomy, said the symbol ♀. In addition to the sun, the moon, but it is the brightest star in the sky, when the maximum brightness of -4.4 and so on, brighter than the famous Sirius 14 times. Venus is to the planet, it is sometimes to Morningstar, and sometimes as evening star. Ancient times people have mistaken it two stars. History books in China, respectively, said Morningstar as "blind" evening star for "Venus." Venus ("Mariner" planetary probes 10 photo) The telescope, it is easy to see Venus as a phase change such as the moon. This phenomenon was first discovered in 1610 as Galileo, and become the support of the Copernican heliocentric system, a strong evidence. Venus is very similar with the Earth, the atmosphere is a solid ball, its size, mass, density is very close with the earth, its radius is about 95% of Earth's equatorial radius is about 6,050 km; the quality of the Earth's 81.5% equivalent to 4.87 × 10 □ g; average density of about 95% of the Earth. Venus and Mercury, is the only two in the solar system has no natural satellites of the planet. Since ancient times, it has been one of the most interesting planet, but in the radar technology used in astronomy before, many people speculated about Venus is wrong. Since 1961, the Soviet Union and the United States has launched 14 interplanetary probes to Venus. The Soviet Union was first launched in February 1961, "Venus," 1. The United States in August 27, 1962 launch of the "Mariner" 2 in the same year reached Venus on Dec. 24 near the distance of Venus 34,833 km recently. In June 1967 the Soviet Union launched the "Venus" 4 issue of the flight deck in the same year the first time on October 18 Venus atmosphere, hit the surface of Venus. June 1975 the Soviet Union launched the "Venus" 9 and "Venus," 10, respectively, in the same year on October 22 and 25 to reach Venus, and to achieve a soft landing on the surface of Venus, Venus won the first panoramic view of telemetry photo. In 1978, the United States launched the "pioneers - Venus," 1 and 2, the Soviet Union launched the "Venus" 11 and 12. The four interplanetary probe in December 1978 reached around Venus issued a total of 7 lander landed on the surface of comprehensive scientific investigation of Venus, Venus greatly increased people's knowledge. "Venus" 9 surface photo taken by Venus Venus changes depending on the size and phase Venus's rotation on the last great controversy, and now know that it is the only reverse rotation of the solar system's planets. Therefore, to see Venus rise where the sun is falling. Venus's rotation period is 243 ± 1 days. Venus's day and night about 59 days each, that is, the equivalent of one day and night on Venus 117 Earth days.
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English Expression
: Jin Xing
n.: lucifer, phosphor, phosphorus, Venus, vesper, star, the planet secondin order from the sun, next to the Earth
French Expression
n. Vénus
Thesaurus
venus, Jinxing Village lucifer Community Lucifer Neighborhood Jinxing Town Jinxing Subdistrict jinxingmanzu Township, jinxing Township, lucifer Manchu nationality