Genetic engineering, genetic engineering Also known as gene-splicing genetic engineering techniques and recombinant DNA technology, based on molecular genetics as the theoretical basis for molecular biology and microbiology as a means of modern methods, different sources of genes (DNA molecule), according to the pre-designed blueprint hybrid DNA molecules in vitro, and then into living cells to genetic changes in the original biological characteristics, access to new varieties, production of new products. Genetic engineering techniques to gene structure and function provides a powerful tool. What is genetic engineering? [Introduction] Genetic engineering in molecular biology and molecular genetics on the basis of comprehensive development in the 1970s, the birth of a new bio-technological sciences. In general, genetic engineering refers to the gene level of genetic engineering, it is the employer required to approach the donor of a biological genetic material - DNA molecules extracted from the in vitro conditions with the appropriate tools enzyme cutting, put it with the DNA molecule as a carrier link, and then together with the carrier into a more growth and reproduction of the receptor cells, so that the foreign genetic material in which the "_set_tled" for normal replication and expression to gain a new species new breeding techniques. This definition shows that genetic engineering has the following important features: first, exogenous nucleic acid molecules in different host organisms for breeding, to cross natural species barriers, the genes of an organism from any place to the new species, which biological organisms can no kinship with the original, this ability is the first genetic engineering is an important feature. The second characteristic is that a small fragment of DNA to determine the new host cells to amplify the small amount of DNA samples to achieve this "copy" a large amount of DNA, and a large number of other DNA sequences without any pollution, and absolutely pure groups of the DNA molecule. Scientists will change the human germ cell DNA technology called "gene-line therapy" (germlinetherapy), commonly referred to as "genetic engineering" is aimed at changing the germ cells of plants and animals. No matter how the title and change the DNA of individual germ cells are likely to make the same change in offspring. [Genetic engineering of the basic operating procedures] 1 to obtain the target gene is the first step in the implementation of genetic engineering. Such as plant disease resistance (anti-virus anti-bacterial) genes, seed storage protein genes and human insulin gene interferon gene, are the target gene. From the vast "genetic Ocean" to get a particular gene, it is very difficult to. Scientists have been hard to explore, come up with a lot of ways, which are mainly two ways: one is the DNA from the donor cells directly isolated gene; the other, a synthetic gene. Direct separation of genes most commonly used method is the "shotgun method", also known as "shotgun shooting method." Shotgun specific approach is: using a restriction enzyme to the DNA donor cells cut into many fragments, these fragments were loaded transporter, and then were transferred to a different carrier transport receptor cells, so that donor cells provided DNA (ie exogenous DNA) fragments were all in a large number of receptor cells in each replicate (in genetics called amplification), to find out the cells containing the gene, then some method to the DNA with the target gene fragment isolated. As many insect anti-viral genes can be obtained using the above method. Obtained with the shotgun method has the advantage of the target gene is simple, the disadvantage is the heavy workload, a certain blindness. Also, because eukaryotic cells do not express the gene containing the DNA fragment, the general use of synthetic methods. Synthetic genes present there are two main methods. One way is to target gene transcription into messenger RNA as a template, reverse transcription into complementary single-stranded DNA, and then under the action of the enzyme synthesis of double-stranded DNA, to obtain the required gene. Another way is based on the known amino acid sequence, suggesting that the corresponding messenger RNA sequence, and then follow the principle of base pairs, suggesting that it's nucleotide sequence, and through chemical methods, a single nucleotide acid for the synthesis of the target gene. Such as human insulin gene and other genes of hemoglobin can be synthesized by the gene obtained. 3 The target gene to cell is genetically engineered to implement the third step. Gene fragments with the transporter in vitro to form recombinant DNA molecules connected, the next step is the introduction of recombinant DNA molecules were amplified in the recipient cell. Commonly used in genetic engineering of the receptor cells of E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Agrobacterium soil, yeast and animal cells. Artificial means to make the transfer of in vitro recombinant DNA molecules to receptor cells, mainly bacteria or virus infected cells learn ways. For example, if the transporter is a plasmid, the receptor cells are bacteria, the bacteria use the calcium chloride is generally processed in order to increase the permeability of bacterial cell wall, so that the plasmid containing the gene into the recipient cell. Receptor gene into cells, can reproduce with the receptor cells to reproduce, as bacteria multiply very fast, in a very short period of time will be able to get a lot of the target gene. The prospect of genetic engineering, scientists predicted that the 21st century is a century of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering at the molecular level of genetic intervention for people to know it, we start talking about bio-engineering: biological engineering, also known as biotechnology, is an application of modern life sciences and chemical principles and information technology, the use of living cells or enzymes to produce cheap raw materials for different levels of processing, providing a wealth of useful products, integrated engineering. Biotechnology is based on the modern life sciences, technical sciences and information science. The main products of biological engineering is to provide the community with a large number of high-quality fermented products such as biological drugs, chemicals, energy, biological control agents, and food and beverages, can also provide management of the human environment, to extract metals, clinical diagnosis, gene therapy and improved crops variety of other social services. There are genetic engineering, biological engineering, cell engineering, enzyme engineering, protein engineering and micro-engineering of five parts. In which genetic engineering is to transform people's genomes, the use of biological production of special products that people want. With the internal structure of DNA and genetic mechanisms of secret show in people's eyes a little bit, biologists are no longer content to explore, suggesting that genetic secrets, but began to try it, it is envisaged intervention at the molecular level up the genetic characteristics of biological . Human Genome Project launched to decipher the entire DNA of human sight. Development of information technology has changed human life, and genetic engineering breakthroughs will help humans live longer. Currently, the average life expectancy of the population in some countries has exceeded 80 years, China has exceeded 70 years of age. Some scientists predict that, with cancer, cardiovascular disease and other chronic disease of the effective capture, in 2020 to 2030, average life expectancy of the population may exceed 10-year-old country. By 2050, the average human life expectancy will reach 90 to 95 years old. Human will challenge the limits of life sciences. One day in February 1953, British scientist Francis Crick announced: We have discovered the secret of life. He found that DNA is present in the nucleus of the double-helix molecule, determines the biological inheritance. Interestingly, the scientist is a bar in Cambridge, announced this important scientific discovery. Decipher the genetic code of humans and animals and plants, in order to overcome disease and improve crop yields has opened up broad prospects. In 1987, U.S. scientists proposed the "Human Genome Project", the goal is to identify all human genetic information to determine the human genes in 23 pairs of chromosomes on the specific location, identify the nucleotide sequence of each gene, the establishment of the human gene pool . In 1999, people 22 pairs of chromosomes in the genetic code is deciphered, "Human Genome Project" has taken a successful step. Can be expected in the next quarter of a century, scientists may reveal about 5,000 human genes that cause genetic diseases, so as cancer, diabetes, heart disease, hemophilia and other deadly diseases to find the gene therapy. Genetic Engineering Events 1860-1870 Austrian scholar Mendel pea hybridization experiments made under the concept of genetic factors, and summed up the Mendelian laws of inheritance. 1909 the Danish botanist and geneticist Johnson first proposed the "gene" was the term used to express the concept of Mendelian genetic factor. 1944 three American scientists isolated bacterial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and found that DNA is the molecule carrying the genetic material of life. Watson and the British in 1953 the Americans made through experiments Crick double helix model of DNA molecules. 1969 scientists successfully isolated the first gene. 1980 scientists first created the world's first transgenic animal transgenic mice. 1983 scientists first created the world's first transgenic tobacco transgenic plants. 1988 K. Mullis invented the PCR technique. In October 1990, known as life sciences, "Apollo," the international human genome project started. In 1998 a group of scientists in the United States Rockwell formed Celera Genetics, the international Human Genome Project to compete. December 1998, a small nematode genome sequence determination of a complete declaration of completion of work, this is the first time that scientists draw multicellular animal genome. In September 1999, China admitted to the Human Genome Project, responsible for the entire human genome sequence determination of 1%. China is the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, after the first of six international human genome project participating countries, is the only developing country participating in the program. December 1, 1999 the international Human Genome Project announced that the joint study group, complete deciphering of the human body's 22 pairs of chromosomes, the genetic code, which is the first human to successfully complete the full sequence of human chromosome determination. April 6, 2000 Celera announced that the United States out of an experimenter to decipher the complete genetic code, but many scientists have been questioned. End of April 2000 by Chinese scientists in accordance with international human genome project deployment, completed the 1% of the human genome working draft. May 8, 2000 Germany, Japan and other countries scientists announced that it has basically completed the human chromosome 21 sequencing work. June 26, 2000 Scientists working draft of human genome announced, marking the human interpretation of their own "book of life" has taken an important step on the road. December 14, 2000 U.S. and British scientists announced that other countries draw a complete map of the Arabidopsis genome, which is the first human to decipher the entire genetic sequence of a plant. 2001 February 12, Japan, the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain and the United States six countries Celera scientists jointly published the human genome and the preliminary results of the analysis. Scientists announced the first draft human genome "genetic information."
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Gene study the rush era of the global map of gene
Let's look at the new century, the world's genetic research situation. United Kingdom: Back in the mid-1980s, the British have a first biotechnology company, is the first European countries to develop. Today it has 560 biotech companies in Europe 70 listed biotech companies, half of the United Kingdom. Germany: The German government recognizes that biotechnology will be to maintain Germany's future economic competitiveness of the key, so in 1993 passed legislation to simplify approval procedures for biotech enterprises, and earmarked $ 150 million marks, _set_ up three biotechnology research center. In addition, the government also plans to spend the next five years, 1.2 billion marks for the Human Genome Project research. Researchers in Germany in 1999 biotechnological patent applications in Europe has accounted for 14%. France: French Government in the past 10 years, funding for biotechnology has increased 10 times, the most typical project is _set_ up near Paris in 1998, the known as "gene Valley" of science and technology park, gathered here in France with the greatest potential emerging biotech companies. Another 20 French cities are prepared along the lines of "Gene Valley" to build their own biotech park. Spain: Mar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is the country's biotechnology industry representatives, the company specializes in marine organisms for anti-cancer substances. One of the most developed is the value of ET-743, which is a Mediterranean sea from the Caribbean and Extraction of the red spray anti-cancer drugs. ET-743 plans registered in 2002 in Europe, the production will be used to treat bone cancer, skin cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and other common cancers. India: India's government-funded national research center to collect more than 50 human genome data. Due to the unique "caste system" and some of the remote tribes of the internal marriage customs, the population of India is the world's gene pool to save the most complete, which scientists search for genetic diseases, pathology and treatment is is a very valuable database. However, private biotechnology companies in India is still in its infancy. Japan: The Japanese government has plans to next year's funding for biotechnology research increased by 23%. A private company also _set_ up a "dragon gene Center", which is Asia's largest genome research. Singapore: Singapore announced a $ 60 million in gene technology research project on how the disease of Asians and whites differently. The program focus on analysis of genetic differences and what effective treatments for Asians, to ultimately determine the new knowledge and treatment of disease; and _set_ up high-tech companies to manufacture drugs derived from the Institute and medical products. China: in the human genome project, the sequence was determined by 1%, which is China's biotechnology industry in the 21st century has brought to light. This "1% of the project" to make China into the biotechnology industry in the international advanced level, but also a matter of course to share the Chinese Human Genome Project all the results, resources and technology.
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Genetic engineering and agriculture and animal husbandry, food industry
The use of genetic engineering technology, not only can develop high-quality, high yield, resistance to good crops and livestock, poultry new varieties to cultivate a special-purpose animals and plants. 1. Transgenic fish Fast-growing, resistant to adverse environments, transgenic fish, good meat (China). 2. Transgenic cattle Containing human growth hormone in milk of transgenic cows (Argentina). 3 gene transfer to bacterial wilt resistant sweet pepper, cucumber 4. Cold fish genes in tomatoes turn 5 gene transfer potato resistance to bacterial wilt of cucumber 6 does not cause allergies genetically modified soybeans 7 Super Animal Storage protein genes into sheep and super super mice 8 special animal With human genes into pigs and mice with special purpose 9. Cotton Bacillus thuringiensis toxic protein can be synthesized to kill bollworms, this part of the gene into cotton cells in vitro, and then you can get cotton tissue culture.
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Genetic Engineering and Environmental Protection
Genetic engineering, DNA probes can be made very sensitive detection of viruses in the environment, bacteria and other contamination. Cultivation of genetically engineered biological indicator can be very sensitive to reflect the environmental pollution, but it is not easy due to environmental pollution and mass mortality, and even absorption and transformation of pollutants. Genetic engineering and environmental pollution control Genetic engineering made of "super bacteria" can be swallowed and broken down many polluting substances. (Usually a type of bacteria can break down the oil in a hydrocarbon, with the successful cultivation of genetically engineered "super bacteria" was able to break down the oil in a variety of hydrocarbon compounds, some also swallowed into mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals, decomposition of DDT and other toxic substances.)
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Gene therapy may be coming medical revolution
Treatment with the gene is functional gene into the patient's body so that the expression and product of gene expression - proteins play a function of the disease to be treated. The results of gene therapy to the genes as do a surgery, treatment cure the root, so it was again described as a "molecular surgery." We can be divided into gene therapy and somatic cell gene are two types of gene therapy. Cell gene therapy in the patient's cells to operate in, so future generations will no longer get from this genetic disease. Somatic cell gene therapy is the current mainstream of research into gene therapy. But its shortcomings are obvious, it did not change before the patient has single or multiple gene defects in genetic background, resulting in the offspring of their offspring who would be bound to suffer the disease. No matter what kind of gene therapy, currently in early clinical trials, efficacy and stability are not completely safe, which is the current status of gene therapy research. It can be said, is not fully explain the operation mechanism of the human genome, understanding of gene regulation mechanisms and disease before the molecular mechanism of gene therapy is very dangerous. Enhance the safety of gene therapy to improve the rigor of clinical trials and reasonableness is particularly important. Although gene therapy is still many obstacles to be overcome, but the overall trend is encouraging. According to statistics, the end of 1998, worldwide there were 373 clinical implementation bill, a total of 3134 people had received gene transfer experiments, it shows its great potential for development and application prospects. As the founding fathers of gene therapy, as originally predicted, gene therapy will promote the emergence of the new century, revolutionary changes in medicine.
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Genetic engineering will make traditional Chinese medicine into a new era
May 13 on the 13th to participate in "traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine," International Symposium of Chinese experts believe that genetically modified plants or organs of medicinal research, the key to effective secondary metabolic enzyme gene cloning, DNA markers of traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine microarray research, has become a hot research of traditional Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine into a new era. According to natural medicine and bionics, Peking University State Key Laboratory of drugs, deputy director of fruit Dean introduced transgenic medicinal plants or organs and tissues of Chinese medicine in China in recent years the field of biotechnology is one of the more active. In transgenic medicinal plants research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medicinal Plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes, respectively, and the Agrobacterium-induced formation of hairy roots of Salvia and crown gall tumor which can then differentiate to form plant, which they cultivated with Salvia made a comparative study of morphology and chemical composition, and found that the regeneration of plant hairy roots wrinkled leaves, internode shortening, dwarf plants, fibrous root development and so on; and crown gall tissue regeneration plants tall plant morphology, root system, high yield tanshinone content higher than the control, which Salvia breeding to improve the quality of medicine is important. If Dean says research on Chinese chemical composition of the biosynthetic pathway, not only can help the chemical composition of these biomimetic synthesis, but also an artificial synthesis of the chemical composition of these biological control, will help direct synthesis of the required chemical composition . Relevant domestic research in this area has been started. It is understood that Chinese medicine research in the applications of biotechnology research has been gradually rising in some areas such as medicinal plant tissue and cell culture, has accumulated three decades of experience, theories and techniques are quite mature, and across the country has formed a certain scale. Among them, Chinese herbal medicine research is in cell engineering heyday. Dean said if the face of many endangered wild plants, some of the special circumstances of the plant introduction difficulties, the Chinese scientists began to explore through higher plant cells, organs and other train a large number of useful secondary metabolites production. The study includes high-yield tissue or cell lines by screening and optimization of culture conditions and secondary metabolites through the biosynthetic pathway of regulation, etc., to reduce costs and improve secondary metabolite production purposes. In addition, the recent use of plant cell suspension cultures or adventitious roots, hairy roots of exogenous chemical biotransformation studies also sprung up, and has made some progress. Not only that, scientists pay more attention to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites regulating research. These studies have made exciting achievements show that China's medicinal plant cell culture has entered a new era. If Dean believes that the main direction of future research should focus on high-value and endangered medicinal plant tissue culture; the production of secondary metabolites regulate; some of the important traditional Chinese medicine chemical composition of biological transformation. In addition, the drug should also be of animal biotechnology research.
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Genetic engineering and medical and health
1. The production of genetically engineered drugs: Many drug production is extracted from the tissue. Production is limited by the limited sources of material, its price is often very expensive. Rapid microbial growth, easy to control, suitable for large-scale industrial production. If we biosynthesis gene into the appropriate medicines within microbial cells, allowing them to produce drugs, not only to solve production problems, but also greatly reduce production costs. ⑴ genetic engineering of insulin Insulin is a cure for diabetes, a long time to rely on from pigs, cattle and other animals of the pancreas extract, 100Kg pancreas can only extract the 4-5g of insulin, the production of low and high prices can be imagined. The synthesis of insulin gene into E. coli, each able to produce 100g medium 2000L insulin! Not only to solve large-scale industrial production of such drugs more expensive than gold production problems, but also to reduce the price by 30% -50%! ⑵ genetic engineering interferon Interferon treatment of viral infections is simply a "panacea"! Extracted from human blood in the past, 300L blood was extracted 1mg! The "Prestige" level of self-Needless to say. Genetically engineered human interferon α-2b (An Dafen) is the first national production of genetically engineered human interferon α-2b, with anti-virus, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, regulate immune function, widely used in viral treatment and a variety of tumors, is the current internationally recognized drug of choice for the treatment of viral and tumor biological treatment of major drugs. ⑶ other genetically engineered drugs Artificial blood, IL, hepatitis B vaccine and other industrial production through genetic engineering, are to lift the human agony, to improve human health has played a major role. 2 gene diagnosis and gene therapy: The use of genetic engineering design and manufacture of the "DNA probe" detection of hepatitis virus infection and genetic defects, not only accurately and quickly. Through genetic engineering, genetic diseases to people with normal genes into the human body can be "one-off" to lift the patient's suffering. ◆ SCID gene therapy works Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patients lack the normal immune function, as long as little is bacterial or viral infection, will the incidence of death. The mechanism of this disease is an autosomal cells encode AMP deaminase (ADA) gene (ada) mutations. Can be treated by genetic engineering methods.
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Genetic engineering - the most efficient production of transgenic animals, drugs
Transgenic animals expressing an individual reaction system, which represents the current era of drug production, the latest achievements, the most complex, the most promising biological response system. On the adoption of transgenic animals to produce generic drugs in terms of livestock, the best place is to express breast. Because the breast is an organ outside the secretion, breast milk Bu into the body circulation, will not affect the transgenic animal's own physiological metabolic reactions. From the milk of transgenic animals to obtain the gene products, not only high yield, easy purification, and protein expression through the full process of modification, a stable biological activity, so-called "animal mammary gland bioreactor." 1994 Chinese Academy of Sciences has published transgenic birds Bangzhe oviduct bioreactor and use egg white protein gene expression vector flanking sequence structure ("Biotechnology Bulletin" 1997, No. 6), held in Beijing in 1996 the first international academic transgenic animals seminar, 2007 China plans included in the guide 863. Therefore, the use of transgenic cows, sheep and other livestock protein required for mammary gland expression of human genes is equivalent to building a large-scale pharmaceutical factory, the factory is clear that the drug has a low investment, high efficiency, pollution and so on. From a biological point of view, the use of living organisms and the transformation of energy efficiency is the world's unmatched by any mechanical device. Therefore, the transgenic animals to produce drugs that people can imagine is by far the most effective, most advanced systems. Mammary gland of transgenic animals can be a constant flow generation of the target gene (protein drugs), not only high yield, and the full expression of modification and the product has been processed, with a stable biological activity. As a bioreactor can be infinite movement of transgenic breeding, it has a low cost, short cycle and good economic benefits. Some of the milk of transgenic livestock by the separation of pharmaceutical proteins are being used in clinical trials. At present, research in the field of transgenic animals, transgenic mice have been obtained, transgenic rabbits, transgenic fish, transgenic pigs, transgenic sheep and transgenic cattle. 1990s, "863" High-Tech Program of transgenic sheep has been - mammary gland bioreactor as a major research project. Although transgenic animals (livestock) - mammary gland bioreactor production of valuable protein drugs or industry not yet formed, but according to foreign economists predict that about 10 years, the production of transgenic movement of drugs will rival powers in the world market. At that time, drug sales alone more than $ 25 billion (not including nutrition, protein and other products), so that the transgenic animals (livestock) - mammary gland bioreactor industry has become the most highly profitable new industry. December 25, 2000, Beijing three transgenic sheep come out and before a variety of genetically modified vegetables, rice, cotton, etc., so that people of transgenic technology equipment plus interest, then the GM technology in the end is what kind of mysterious technology it ? Beijing Shunyi District, three high-tech agricultural demonstration zone of Beijing Xing test chlorogenic Biotechnology Center, said Mr. Tian Xiongjie total animal husbandry, transgenic animals and transgenic sheep, meaning, not the sheep themselves, but their body milk output can extract α-antitrypsin, each of them can be called a natural gene only drugs factory, priceless. Chinese Academy of Engineering, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Medical Genetics Institute Mr. Zeng Yitao that transgenic animals is through experimental methods, to bring people want to study artificial animal or human genes, or economic value of the drug protein gene , often referred to as exogenous genes into animals, fertilized eggs (or early embryonic cells), to make their own genome and animals together, so that with the foreign gene and the proliferation of cell division, and can stably inherited to the next generation of a class of animals. Mr. Tian Xiongjie introduced transgenic sheep, that is, the human α-antitrypsin gene by micro-manipulation of male injection into the zygote nucleus of ewes, and sheep make up the integration of the gene itself, forming an integrated whole, this new genome can be stably inherited to the birth of the lamb body. Small goat has become artificially created with their new line of different mothers, their offspring will also be with this α-antitrypsin genes. The process of grafting surgery that some plants. Although there are some technical transgenic animals to be resolved, but the Institute of transgenic animals has made great progress, especially its wide application in various fields, has been on the biomedical, animal husbandry and drug industry had a profound impact.
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China's pharmaceutical industry development of genetic engineering
Since the mid-1980s, China's booming biotechnology, gratifying results. As the National High Technology Research Program (the "863" plans), research programs and the National Natural Science Foundation will give priority to the development of biotechnology as a key support area, a comprehensive study of biotechnology in China has improved rapidly, achieved a number of high level of research for China's emerging biotechnology industry, the establishment and development of the technology source. At present, genetic engineering, the pharmaceutical industry entered a rapid development period. First, the industry status quo According to the 1997 452 from a matter of national biotechnology research, development and production units of the communications survey, the end of 1996, China has eight kinds of commercialization of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines (including pre-production), genetic engineering in 1996 drugs and vaccines sales of about 220 million yuan, accounting for the same period the sales of pharmaceutical biotechnology products, 2.116 billion yuan for 10.4% of the people. The good news is, however, in recent years, China's rapid development of genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry, with annual sales from 220 million yuan in 1996 to 1998 growth to 7.2 billion yuan, an average annual growth rate of 80%. In 2000, genetic engineering is expected drug sales will reach 22.8 billion yuan. Second, domestic and contrast China's biotechnology industry, especially the size and bio-pharmaceutical industry lags far behind the United States. In 1996, China's biotechnology sales of 114 billion yuan, U.S. $ 10 billion, a difference of 7 times. In 1996, China's genetic engineering and vaccine sales of 2.3 billion yuan, over U.S. $ 7.5 billion. In 1998, sales of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines to 720 million yuan, less than $ 100 million, while 1996 U.S. Amgen's two main products Neupgen (G-CSF) and Epogen (erythropoietin) sales have reached $ 1 billion. From the listed varieties, 1998, China has 15 kinds of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines approved for marketing, the U.S. listed biotechnology drugs (mainly genetically engineered drugs) of 53 species. China-based National City time, engineering medicine than the United States market with the variety of late 5 years -10 years. Third, the main problems 1, much the same product manufacturers, resulting in vicious competition in the market, seriously affecting the healthy development of industry: China has approved the listing of the vast majority of genetically engineered drugs and vaccines is more than production. For example: interferon α2a manufacturers have five, with five of interferon α2b, interleukin-2 with 10, G-CSF has 7, GM-CSF has six. Clinical application of genetic engineering is generally very small dose (microgram level), usually two to three factories at full capacity the country will be able to meet market needs. Therefore, excessive production of the same kind of genetic engineering, manufacturers of drug bound to create excessive market competition, the producers of lower profits, but also lead to underemployment of existing production capacity, increased costs, so that enterprises can not obtain a reasonable profit, can not develop into healthy track, and even forcing some serious business losses and bankruptcies. 2, the financing channels for a single, industry development lack of funds: 3, disorderly competition in the pharmaceutical market, trades have prevailed: According to another survey, the vast majority of imports of genetically engineered drugs is much higher than the sales price of the same kinds of domestic drug sales price, and more unreasonable is that more than half of China's imports of genetically engineered drugs in the price higher than the country of origin Price. 4, is lagging behind business management, technical and business talent shortage: Genetic engineering, pharmaceutical companies are typically technology-intensive high-tech enterprises, enterprises in the fierce competition to survive and develop they must have a team of versatile talents. How to train and a large number of such personnel has become complex biopharmaceutical leap to hold urgent problem. Fourth, the strategies and policy recommendations According to inside and outside the project status and development trend of the pharmaceutical industry, to promote China's pharmaceutical industry, genetic engineering, rapid and healthy development, we propose the following: 1, to develop industry strategic planning, financial and tax incentives to strengthen At present, genetic engineering, pharmaceutical industry, there is blindness and severe duplication and lack of clear strategy and plan of industrial development are not unrelated. Therefore, China should be formulated as soon as possible the development of the biotechnology industry development strategy and planning guidance, in the introduction, digestion, absorption, innovation and transformation of traditional industries, to concentrate its limited financial and material resources, focusing on a group with independent intellectual property rights and international competitive advantage for economic development and people's lives has a significant impact on the industrialization of genetic engineering of key projects. Only in this way, the basic construction of China's pharmaceutical industry to prevent blindness and anarchy, which took the road of healthy development. Genetic engineering and the pharmaceutical industry, like other high-tech industries with high investment, high risk and high-yield and other characteristics, preferential initial stage must rely on state support in order to continuously grow and develop. Governments at all levels to support the development of high technology products for the development, although a number of preferential policies, but the benefits have not done enough, and in particular the implementation process will involve many departments, no real office down the situation have occurred. Therefore, it is recommended to further strengthen and standardize the national genetic engineering pharmaceutical industry, financial, tax incentives. 2, greatly enhanced the development of genetic engineering and production of innovative drugs As our sales and market research of genetic engineering in the vast majority of generic drugs abroad, which makes genetically engineered drugs is difficult to say China into the international market. In particular, China's accession to WTO, a number of genetic engineering, pharmaceutical companies will be in a very passive position, may face a patent dispute. In order to fundamentally change our genetic engineering and the pharmaceutical industry repetitive situation of lack of international competitiveness, China's drug research and development of strategic thinking to be done to adjust from the imitation of imitation to innovation, combined with the change. To this end, China must vigorously strengthen the innovative drug research, to further improve the IPR protection system and the new drug approval system, in particular, to intensify efforts to crack down on IPR infringement, effectively protect the rights of innovators. Meanwhile, the new drug research and development units and individuals should pay attention to learn how to use patents to protect their own interests. Recently, some foreign companies to "patent issued plus" strategy has some thought-provoking. In order to make their technology patents, and to prevent others to apply the same patent, U.S. patent applications in patent quickly after the content published. This approach not only to establish their own leadership, and effective one to prevent the others to apply the same patent. In strengthening the innovative drug research, while legally can choose to copy some of the patents about to expire, a clear effect, broad application prospects of genetic engineering drugs. Of the generic drug-related patents to conduct serious research, effective patent avoidance strategy to avoid the simple, blind imitation. To imitation on the basis of innovation. To create a patented production process and different ways to avoid patent disputes. 3, guide the cultivation of the venture capital market Genetic engineering - gene chips - a predictable "no illness" "Biotechnology in the 21st century," the forum, China's first chip-chip application-oriented young scientists, inventors --- Professor Wen-Li Ma and Wen-Ling Zheng two great concern by the experts. They invented the gene chip will lead the 21st century, disease diagnosis and treatment from the medical model to the "sub-healthy state" diagnosis and treatment of the transition. MA Wen and Wen-Ling Zheng young scientists in the forum yesterday introduced gene chip (also known as DNA chips, biochips) and research and development process and its application prospects. All creatures have their own unique DNA, which is present in the cells of genetic material to determine the characteristics of the species. Gene chip can detect any biological DNA, than it is now all the means of detection must be sensitive, accurate and fast, so it's very broad application prospects: You can speed up the Human Genome Project (also known as "the second Apollo") and post-genome project research; by the air microbial testing, monitoring of environmental pollution; can quickly and accurately on a variety of animal and plant quarantine; can filter the drugs, counterfeit identification, identify the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine to promote the realization of modernization; ... ... the current microarray in clinical diagnosis with the most market potential. Ma Wenli, Wen-Ling Zheng two scientists pointed out that Rome was not built in a day, the disease is not one place. For example, cancer patients, when he developed from health to disease status between a "sub-healthy state", this stage one can not have any physical discomfort, or there have been fatigue, inability to concentrate , constipation, unexplained insomnia, etc., but to the hospital with equipment and other testing methods can not find the exception. In the "sub-healthy" stage with the gene chip test can be found in the blood genes have been changed - for example, oncogene activation, the normal gene is lost, the number of mutations or neutral. Through sensitive and rapid detection of gene chip results, we can achieve an old saying in China "on the treatment of disease," the ideal, make forward-looking diagnosis of disease, which is the "genetic diagnosis." The invention of gene chips to change the existing medical model: instead of being in the event of illness to the hospital after treatment, regular use of gene chips usually undergo a medical examination, can be pre-diagnosed only years or even ten years after the occurrence of the disease (including cancer, AIDS, cardiovascular disease, etc.), early gene therapy, genetic prevention. According to reports, genetic diagnosis of technical problems have been resolved, in accordance with current market forecasts, in less than 5 years can enter the stage of clinical use. The famous "Fortune" magazine has commented on the historical significance of gene chips: "In the 20th century the history of science, there are two things worthy of close-up capital, one is the invention of the computer, it changed our economy and culture; second is the biological The invention of the chip, it will change the entire biomedical, greatly improve human health. " Changes in the development process of human life as a tool for microarray inestimable economic value. According to the authoritative survey of international institutions predict that after 2000 only the first five years, the world's gene chip sales are expected to exceed $ 5 billion, while in the second five years will be over $ 40 billion. MA Wen and Wen-Ling Zheng two scientists of the invention, making China the following the "industrial revolution" and "information technology revolution" of the "genomic revolution" with the world.
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Analysis of genetic engineering technique magical puzzle detection utility
Crack the biological genetic code, in many areas have far-reaching application. Use of biological DNA and genetic information can not only fight crime, maintain social justice, but also sort out the relationship between different organisms. Genetic information can also act as a "messenger of a bygone era," paleoanthropologist Xungenwenzu help to explore the human source. Paternity March 12, 1999, working in Beijing Zeng Fanbin been cheated out of the house, several criminals snatched a knife broke into the home of his son who was super. Surveillance by public security officers after, will eventually be sold over the field has returned to Beijing to rescue the child was rescued back, physical characteristics have changed a lot. Has to do with the police crackdown over to the center of Beijing Public Security Bureau forensic DNA laboratory technique for DNA testing of blood collected in the national DNA database of missing children's parents than the Internet, confirmed the couple had over the people Zengfan Bin DNA features fully fit, he Super finally returned to their parents. Royal Mystery French King Louis XVI's son Louis Charles actually died in Paris in 1795, a prison, or escaped the pursuit of the French Revolution has always been a mystery, it was suspected the grave of Louis Charles lying just a scapegoat. December 1999, scientists are not sure of the cemetery, the young monarch were identified, and the structure of DNA with the late royal family members alive and DNA samples were compared, the results prove that the deceased was Louis Charles, and analyze the cause of death tuberculosis. Genuine princess After the October Revolution, Soviet officials announced that a czar in July 19, 1918 were executed. However, some historians doubt the Tsar girl Anna Thea Princess Sita may escape death. Since then, repeated claims that he is Anna Thea Princess Sita, moved to the U.S. in particular is one of the women even made the Tsar family's trust. Scientists eventually resort to DNA analysis, they found the Tsar left my hair barber extracted DNA, also found that the women left the organization fragment, compared and found that the woman is a "fake." Smuggling investigation In May 2000, German police discovered a factory 5.6 million smuggled cigarettes, but apart from that scene and some empty bottles and cigarette butts, the smugglers no clue. But shortly after, police arrested at the plant near a three suspicious people, three people do not recognize the smugglers. However, police crime scene bottles and cigarette butts on the saliva DNA testing shows that those things that left three people, three people have admitted their crimes. Identification of cultural relics New Zealand art dealer Tony Martin to prove their access to the 19th century French impressionist painter Gauguin some of the works is the real thing everywhere, one of the discovery of Martin excited. He found that these works have a painting on the adhesive 4 hair, the hair is probably my Gauguin, which Martin decided the hair and Gauguin's great-granddaughter of Mary's hair for DNA tests to verify his point of view, the test results to prove his conjecture. Explore the origin of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, director, subject the host CHU Jia, who studied the use of a micro-satellite probe system throughout China's 28 ethnic groups and five continents, the genetic relationships between groups and found: a modern Asian genetic material of the original Human African ingredients and the same. Genetic analysis showed that: Africans to enter the Chinese mainland, may be due to natural moat blocking the Yangtze River, only a few people to the north, so the difference between the northerners than southerners much smaller. Have a different view of scientists that: genetic testing inference only look at the issue of human origins, a point of view, it can only provide indirect evidence, is still a guess.
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Specific examples of genetic engineering and its hazards
About the safety of genetically modified organisms is currently no scientific consensus. Nevertheless, genetic engineering of crops has been put in a large-scale, bio-medical applications is increasing. GMO is also put into industrial use and environmental restoration, and public this is poorly understood. In recent years, more and more evidence that the existence of ecological, health hazards and risks for the farmers also have an adverse effect. Genetically engineered bacteria affect soil organisms, leading to plant death 1999 examples of published research data released into the environment genetically engineered micro-organisms will be how to break the ring lead to widespread ecological. When the genetically engineered Klebsiella strains with sand and wheat crops by adding micro-body, the nematode feeding organisms significantly increased the number of bacteria and fungi, leading to plant death. To join the parent non-genetically engineered strains, the only nematodes feeding organisms increase in the number of bacteria, and plants will not die. Plant but will not introduce any kind of strain will not change the soil nematode community. Klebsiella is a way for the common soil bacteria ferment lactose. Genetically engineered bacteria are used in the manufacture of barrel fermentation of agricultural waste generated in the enhanced conversion to ethanol ethanol concentrate. Fermentation residues, including genetically engineered bacteria in soil can be improved. Studies have shown that some of the soil ecosystem in the genetic engineering of bacteria under certain conditions, long-term survival, length of time sufficient to stimulate change in soil organisms affect plant growth and nutrient cycling processes. Although still not clear the extent of such in-situ observations, but the genetically engineered bacteria that cause plant death also shows that if there is such a destruction of soil improvement crops possible. Deadly genetically engineered mousepox virus by accident Australian researchers in the development of a relatively harmless mousepox virus genetically engineered to create a system when an accident can actually wipe out rat killer virus. Researchers will interleukin-4 gene (produced naturally in the body) into a mouse pox virus to enhance antibody production, and create a rodent rodent control to avoid pregnancy vaccine. Very unexpectedly, into the mouse gene completely suppressed the immune system. Mousepox virus usually causes only mild symptoms, but after adding IL-4 gene, the virus so that all animals died within nine days. Worse, such genetically engineered virus vaccine has extraordinary resistance. Modified mousepox virus, although no effect on humans, but a very close relationship with the ceiling, worrying genetic engineering will be used for biological warfare. Turning a researcher decided to publish their research results because when he said: "We want to warn the general public, now have such potentially dangerous technology," "We also want to understand the scientific community must be careful to create high risk of deadly biological is not too difficult. " Most of the increase in pesticide use is due to HT crops, especially soybeans HT increased use of pesticides, which can be traced to a serious dependency on HT crops and weed management, a single herbicide (glyphosate) use. This has led to the transfer to the more difficult to control weeds, and weeds also appeared in some genetic resistance, forcing many farmers to genetically engineered crops to spray more herbicides on weed control properly. HT soybean glyphosate fir seagrass (marestail) in 2000 in the United States for the first time in the HT cotton has also been identified in this material. Other studies have shown that genetically engineered crops will be their own resistance to the use of herbicides, causing serious problems themselves and grow crops (the same piece of land previously planted crops in the seed germination of plants and later turned into weeds) and forcing further use of herbicides. Canadian scientists have confirmed the genetic engineering of herbicide resistant oilseed rape variety of the rapid evolution of such crops over long distances due to the spread of pollen from different companies integrate the development of herbicide-resistant properties of the unit. In addition, scientists are still in 2002 confirmed the transgenic Bt sunflowers from moving to the nearby wild sunflowers, so that more complex compounds, more resistant to the chemicals, as compared to non-genetic control of the hybrid material more than 50% seeds, and seed health, even in dry conditions also do so. North Carolina State University study, Bt rape and related weeds, birds grazing intersection between the material can produce insect resistance miscellaneous compounds, so weed control more difficult. All of these events so that prevention methods and strict bio-security management has become prominent. Precautionary principle in the "Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety," the key management of genetically modified micro-organisms in international law has been reaffirmed. In particular section 10 (6) claims that, in the absence of scientific certainty, the Parties to limit or prohibit the import of GMOs, in order to avoid or to human health, biodiversity and minimize the adverse effects.
jiyin gongcheng Side because of the works gene engineering To an organism's genes (DNA) extracted from the isolated, in vitro replication, and then transported out of the carrier will copy gene (DNA) into another living body, so that together with the original DNA to achieve genetic transfer and re-combination of traits, so that people can be directed to control, intervene and change the organism's heredity and variation. Genetic engineering of plant and animal breeding, control of cancer and the control and treatment of human genetic diseases, and environmental protection provides the possibility. Molecular genetics research is an effective means.
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