The solar system's ninth planet. Human habitation of the planet. According to the order from the sun into account the third planet. And the average distance of 14,960 kilometers across the sun. 6378 km equatorial radius, polar radius 6357 km; quality 5 976 × 10 27 g; average density of 5 52 g / cm 3. Revolution cycle 365 25 days rotation cycle 23:56:04. Orbit plane and equatorial plane intersects the Earth into 23 ° 26 'point of view, it has summer and winter seasons and the length of the difference between day and night. Area 51100 square kilometers, which accounts for about oceans 70 8%, the land accounts for about 29 2%. Earth's interior by the Earth's core, to form rocky crust, the earth outside the hydrosphere, atmosphere and Earth's radiation belts pose. Have a satellite (moon).
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dì qiú
Human beings living on this planet, the solar system's ninth planet, with an average distance of the Sun 149.6 million kilometers, ranked third in the planet, its equatorial radius is 6378.2 km, the size of the planets in the fifth column
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No. 3
Refers to the whole world
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No. 4
Juvenile male on Earth, the national male on Earth. - Qing Liang "Collection Ice Bar Collection"
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No. 5
Also as "to cones." Close to the sun in the solar system's third planet, shaped like a ball and a little flat, surrounded by the atmosphere surrounding the surface is land and sea, of human, animal and plant life. Qing Wang Tao, "A strength of": "this makes me know how to cones of John, probably 12 000 years, but just ... ... Gu empty circles only one place cones also Africa." Qing Xue Fu-cheng, "Diary of ambassador to four countries Guangxu 10 six years on November 25 ":" On Earth the size of States who, to the first of Russia, the United Kingdom Second, third, fourth U.S., Brazil, the fifth. "Xuefeng" Fable birds and mountains fire ":" Bi Bi-colored ground is also the screws, as if the earth is also broken. "
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About the Earth
One of the solar system eight planets, from the sun by the order from near and far for the third satellite. It has a natural satellite - the moon, the two form a celestial system - the Earth-Moon system. Earth is about 46 billion years old. Have a long life of the earth.
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Rotation and revolution
In 1543, Copernicus in "Celestial Bodies On," a book made the first complete rotation of the earth and the concept of revolution. Since then, a large number of observations and experiments have proved that the earth rotates from west to east, while around the sun. In 1851, French physicist Foucault in Paris, successfully conducted a famous experiment (Foucault pendulum test) to prove that the Earth's rotation. Earth's rotation period is approximately 23:56:04 Ping Sun, the Earth to the orbit is elliptical. The orbits of the semi-major axis is 149,597,870 km, orbital eccentricity was 0.0167, orbital period is a sidereal year, the average orbital speed of 29.79 kilometers per second, the ecliptic and equatorial angle (obliquity of the ecliptic) is 23 ° 27 '. Earth's rotation and revolution movements combine to produce alternating day and night on Earth, seasonal changes and five belts (tropical, temperate and north-south boreal north-south) of the distinction. Earth's rotation speed is uneven, with long-term changes, seasonal variations and irregular changes. Meanwhile, day, month, and the gravity of planets atmosphere, oceans and the role of various substances in the Earth's interior, the Earth's rotation axis and the Earth in space have produced this change in the direction of the body, that precession and nutation, polar motion and obliquity of the ecliptic changes.
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The shape and size
The earth is spherical appearance of the concept can be traced back to five or six centuries. At that time, the Greek philosopher Pythagoras School is starting from the concept of spherical produce the most beautiful of the concept. Aristotle, according to the shadow on the moon during the eclipse is a circle, the first scientific proof that the earth is a sphere. As early as the Warring States period in China, the philosopher Hui Shih has made the views of the earth is spherical. The third century BC, the ancient Greek geographer Eratosthenes successfully measured by triangulation between Aswan and Alexandria radial length. China's Tang Dynasty, under the guidance of a line from the Palace said that the survey team, led the Yellow River in Henan Province were the plains north-south arc of the first measurement, calculate the altitude difference between the Arctic was equivalent to the ground from the north-south difference of about 351 in 80 steps (the length of the Tang Dynasty 5 feet = 1 unit step, step = 1 in 300), which can calculate the radius of the Earth. This work than similar work about the Arabs as early as 100 years. In modern times, except with the outside geodetic methods; gravity measurements can also be used to determine the equilibrium shape of the Earth. Days after artificial earth satellite, geodetic geodynamics obtained great development. Combination of various methods to make the determination of size and shape of the earth greatly improved accuracy. International Astronomical Union in 1976, the system of astronomical constants, α is the Earth's equatorial radius of 6,378,140 meters, the earth flat rate factor of 1 / f to 298.257. Earth is not being spherical, but flat sphere, or, more like a pear-shaped body of revolution. Artificial Earth satellite observations show that the earth's equator is elliptical, thus may be that the earth is a triaxial ellipsoid. Transferring the Earth from the Lord of the Earth inertial centrifugal force makes the ball gradually expanded from the poles to the equator, become slightly flat shape of the rotating ellipsoid, the equatorial radius is about more than a very short radius of 21 km. The uneven distribution of matter inside the earth, further causing the irregular shape of the earth's surface. In geodesy, the so-called shape of the earth is the shape of the geoid, the surface gravity in the same position throughout, is a equipotential surface. Day the Earth's gravitational pull on the earth's oceans, the atmosphere generated tidal phenomena, also Solid Earth (in a way is elastic) elastic deformation occurs, this is the so-called "earth tide."
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Quality and the acceleration of gravity
The mass of Earth 5.976 × l0 ^ 27 grams, which is determined according to the law of gravity. Determine the quality of the Earth provides the basis for determination of the quality of other celestial bodies. Mass of the Earth can be drawn from the Earth's average density of 5.52 g / cm 3. Any particles on the planet are subject to gravity and inertia centrifugal force, the two together is gravity. Gravity decreases with height increase, but also changes with latitude. Acceleration of gravity on the equator 978. Gal (cm / sec 2), two poles at the 983.2 gal. Some places the phenomenon of gravity anomalies will appear, reflecting the uneven distribution of matter inside the earth of. Gravity anomaly related with the geological structure and mineral deposits. A planet by the day, month, the role of tidal force, and its gravity has small cycle, the largest up to a few tenths of mgal. Earth's gravitational constant 9.8n/kg, as the moon 6 times.
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Earth Construction
Earth can be seen as a series of concentric layers. Earth's interior, a core, mantle and crust structure. Outside the earth, water cycle, atmosphere, and magnetosphere, forming a jacket around the solid earth. Magnetosphere and atmosphere blocks ultraviolet rays coming from space, x-ray, high-energy particles and many of the meteor bombardment directly on the ground. Surface of the earth for more than seven-tenths covered by the blue ocean, lakes, rivers, only a small part of the earth's surface waters. Liquid water layer of the Earth's surface, called the water cycle, from the formation of more than 30 billion years at least so far. Earth's surface from a variety of rock and soil composition, the ground is rugged and low-lying parts were flooded into oceans, lakes; the land above the water surface there are plains, mountains. Earth's solid surface total vertical relief of about 20 km, which is the summit of Mount Everest (measured according to the Chinese Mountaineering Team, Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters above sea level) and the deepest ocean depth (the depth of the Mariana Trench, about 11 km) between The height difference, it is more than half the average thickness of continental crust. Like the ocean floor as the land is not flat, not calm. Age of ocean floor rocks much younger than the land. Most of the land of rock hundreds of millions of years younger than twenty. Sedimentary rocks can be found everywhere on land, indicating where in ancient times may be the ocean. Although a small number of craters on the surface, but it is difficult to find like the moon, Mars and Mercury as many craters, it is because the Earth's surface by external forces (water and air) and internal forces (earthquakes and volcanoes), the role continued weathering, erosion and collapse results. Earth tens of kilometers thick around the top of the circle is a great strength of the lithosphere, under which hundreds of kilometers thick layer is the asthenosphere, strength less stress in the long term effect of the plasticity of the material in this layer . Lithosphere float on the asthenosphere. Internal energy in the earth (the original calorie and emission of heat) is released, to the uneven distribution of temperature and density, caused by mantle convection. Mantle convection and material along the ocean floor to the mid-ocean ridges on both sides of the fracture direction, continue to form new ocean floor. In addition, the continued outward expansion of the old ocean floor, as they near the continental margin, in the mantle convection under the action of drag down, _insert_ the continental crust below the lithosphere resulting in a series of tectonic movements. This convection can bring the whole ocean floor in three hundred million years or so update. The lithosphere is fragmented by the number of active tectonic zone, divided into discrete units, known as the continental plates. Caribbean male to be divided into six global lithospheric plates: the Eurasian Plate, the American plate, the African Plate, Pacific Plate, Australian Plate and the Antarctic plate. Expansion of continental plates causes the sea in motion. Squeezed between the plates caused a huge mountain, from the Alps, through Turkey and the Caucasus, and finally to the Himalayan mountains is this is the case; also in some places, two plates of rock at the same time sink, causing the abyss of the ocean floor In addition, the plate's movement also caused the volcanoes and earthquakes. On the theory of plate tectonics, the current is constantly evolving, but also there are many controversial issues.
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Origin and Evolution
The origin and evolution of the Earth system science research began in the mid-eighteenth century, several theories have been proposed so far. The popular view now is: Earth as a planet, far in 46 million years ago originated from the original solar nebula. As with the other planets, through the accretion and collision of the physical evolution of this common procedure. The formation of the Earth began to tire, the temperature lower, there is no hierarchy, just as the bombardment of meteorites substances, radioactive decay caused by thermal and gravitational contraction of the primitive Earth, before the Earth's temperature increases. As the temperature increases, the Earth will have more and more material plasticity, and there is the phenomenon of partial melting. At this time, the gravity of matter at the beginning differentiation of the Earth gradually sinking external heavier material, lighter material inside the earth gradually increased, a number of heavy elements (such as liquid iron) sink to the center of the earth to form a high density The core (seismic wave observations show that the Earth's outer core is liquid.) Material along with the large-scale convection chemical separation, and finally the formation of the Earth to gradually present crust, mantle and core and other levels. Early in the evolution of the Earth, the original air to escape away. With the reorganization and differentiation of material originally gases in the Earth's interior through volcanic eruptions and so on up to the surface as the second generation of the atmosphere, and later, due to the photosynthesis of green plants, and further developed into a modern atmosphere. On the other hand, the Earth's interior temperature, water vapor of the internal crystal. As the surface temperature gradually decreased through the condensation of water vapor, rain fell on the ground to form the hydrosphere. About three or four billion years ago, Earth began to single-cell life, and then gradually evolved into a wide variety of organisms, until such a senior human biology, constitutes a biosphere.
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Earth Data
Track long radius (in astronomical units of distance) 1.000 Track long radius (million km) 149.6 Sidereal period of revolution (Japan) 365.26 Synodic period of revolution (Japan) - Orbital eccentricity 0.0167 Orbital inclination (degrees) 0.0 Longitude of ascending node (degrees) 0.0 Perihelion longitude (degrees) 102.3 Average orbital speed (km) 29.79 Equatorial radius (km) 6371 (this data is the latest data, after data for 6,378) Polar radius (km) 6350 (this data is the latest data, after data for 6,357) Circumference of the earth (km) 40030 Flat rate of 0.0034 Mass (Earth's mass = 1) 1.000 Density (g / cc) 5.52 Equatorial gravity (Earth = 1) 1.00 Escape velocity (km / sec) 11.2 Rotation period (days) 0.9973 Obliquity of the ecliptic (degrees) 23.44 Albedo 0.30 Maximum brightness - Satellite (confirmed) 1
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Plate
The world's eight major sections: Eurasian Plate - eastern half of the North Atlantic, Europe and Asia (excluding India); the Eurasian Plate - eastern half of the North Atlantic, Europe and Asia (excluding India); African Plate - Africa, the eastern half of the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean west; African Plate - Africa, South Atlantic and the Indian Ocean west of the eastern half; Indian-Australian Plate - India, Australia, New Zealand and most of the Indian Ocean; the Indian-Australian Plate - India, Australia, New Zealand and most of the Indian Ocean; Pacific Plate - most of the Pacific (including coastal areas of Southern California); Pacific plate - most of the Pacific (including coastal areas of Southern California); Nazca Plate - eastern Pacific Ocean close to South America; Nazca Plate - eastern Pacific Ocean close to South America; North American Plate - North America, the western half of the North Atlantic and Greenland; the North American Plate - North America, the western half of the North Atlantic and Greenland; South American Plate - the western half of South America and South Atlantic; South American Plate - the western half of South America and South Atlantic; Antarctic Plate - Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Plate - Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. There are also at least twenty small plates, such as the Arab plate, Cox Plate and the Philippine Sea plate and so on. There are also at least twenty small plates, such as the Arab plate, Cox Plate and the Philippine Sea plate and so on. Plate boundary earthquakes occur in the extremely frequent, the epicenter of a point can be clearly seen that the plate boundary lies. 29% of the earth land, 71% is ocean. The world's land can be divided into seven continents: Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, South America, North America and Antarctica. Global ocean can be divided into four oceans; the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.
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Named
Earth is the only one not from Greek or Roman horse to get the name of God. earth from the Old English word, and Germanic. Here of course there are many names in other languages. In Roman mythology, the earth goddess called tellus-fertile land (Greek: gaia, mother earth) Earth is the third near the planet from the sun, orbital radius of 149,600,000 km (1.00 au); a diameter of 12,756.3 km, ranking the size of the nine planets in the fifth; quality is 5.9736x10 24 kg.
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The composition of the Earth
Until after the time of Copernicus, the sixteenth century, mankind learned the Earth is only just on another planet, the solar system. Until after the time of Copernicus, the sixteenth century, mankind learned the Earth is only just on another planet, the solar system. Earth Space Probes can of course do not need to know, but until the twentieth century we really outline picture of the entire planet. Of course, it can be obtained from space images is one very important factor, the Earth's space weather forecast image, especially in typhoon (hurricane) forecasting is of great help, but the Earth as seen from space is really very beautiful . By the chemical composition and characteristics of earthquake measurement, the earth can be divided into several layers ring body, the following to mark the name of their range (depth, in units of km): 0 - 40 40-2890 crust mantle core 5150-6378 2890-5150 Mainland nuclear field Possession of the Earth's mantle, the main quality, but ranked second core, as our living space is just a small part of them the entire planet (mass, power units of 10 24 kg: atmosphere = 0.0000051, oceans = 0.0014 crust = 0.026 mantle = 4.043, outer core = 1.835, = 0.09675 nuclear mainland, the atmosphere = 0.0000051, oceans = 0.0014 crust = 0.026 mantle = 4.043, = 1.835 the nuclear field, China Nuclear = 0.09675. The main components of the main core of iron (or iron nickel), but may also have some lighter material existence, center of the earth's temperature is about 7,500 k, more than the sun's surface temperature is also high; the main component of the lower mantle may are silicon, magnesium, oxygen, plus some iron, calcium, and aluminum; main component of the upper mantle is olivine and pyroxene (iron magnesium silicate rocks), but also calcium and aluminum. The main components of the main core of iron (or iron nickel), but may also have some lighter material existence, center of the earth's temperature is about 7500k, more than the sun's surface temperature is also high; the lower mantle may be the main component of silicon , magnesium, oxygen, plus some iron, calcium, and aluminum; main component of the upper mantle is olivine and pyroxene (iron magnesium silicate rocks), but also calcium and aluminum. Understand all of these seismic data from earthquakes, although sometimes the upper mantle because of volcanic material ejected lava to be brought to the surface, but we still can not reach the main part of the solid Earth, with the current offshore drilling operations have not yet dug through the crust. Understand all of these seismic data from earthquakes, although the upper mantle material and sometimes because of volcanic lava to be brought to the surface, but we still can not reach the main part of the solid Earth, the current offshore drilling operations not even have to dig through the crust. The composition of the crust are mainly quartz (silica) and silicates such as feldspar. The composition of the crust are mainly quartz (silicon dioxide) and silicate, such as feldspar. Overall estimates, the weight percentage of geochemical composition: Fe 34.6%, 29.5% oxygen, silicon 15.2%, 12.7% magnesium, nickel 2.4%, 1.9% sulfur, 0.05% Ti. The average density of Earth is the largest major stars. The average density of Earth is the largest major stars. Unlike other terrestrial planets, the outermost layer of the Earth (including the top of the crust and upper mantle) was cut into several pieces, "floating" above the mantle beneath the hot, this is the famous theory of plate tectonics. Unlike other terrestrial planets, the outermost layer of the Earth (including the crust and upper mantle at the top) was cut into several pieces, "floating" hot under the mantle of its top, this is the famous theory of plate tectonics . This theory describes two kinds of movement: extension and submergence of the former occurred in the two plates away from each other, the magma under the crust and generate new place; the latter occurred in two plates collide, one of them sneak into the other Under one, and finally to the elimination of the mantle in place. This theory describes two kinds of movement: extension and submergence of the former occurred in the two plates away from each other, the magma under the crust and generate new place; the latter occurred in two plates collide, one of them sneaked into the Under the other, and finally to the elimination of the mantle in place. In addition, some type of plate boundary is staggered relative horizontal movement or head-ground collision of two continental plates together. In addition, some type of plate boundary is staggered relative lateral movement or head-ground collision of two continental plates together. Earth's surface is young, only 5 billion years to astronomical point of view is very short indeed. Earth's surface is young, only 5 billion years to astronomical point of view is very short indeed. Erosion and tectonic movements continued to undermine the reconstruction of most of the surface and therefore the surface is almost completely eliminated early in the geologic record, such as impact craters, so most of the early Earth's history have been not a trace. Erosion and tectonic movements continued to undermine the reconstruction of most of the surface and therefore the surface is almost completely eliminated early in the geologic record, such as impact craters, so most of the early Earth's history have been not a trace. About 45-4600000000 earth age, but the oldest known rock is only about 40 million years ago, and 30 million years old rocks are very rare. About 45-4600000000 earth age, but the oldest known rock is only about 40 million years ago, and 30 million years old rocks are very rare. The oldest fossils are not old at 39 million years ago, a crucial period for the origins of life are nearly none of record. The oldest fossils are not old at 39 million years ago, a crucial period for the origins of life are nearly none of record. 71% of the earth's surface is covered by water, the surface of Earth is the only solar system planet could have liquid water (the surface of Titan has liquid methane or ethane, but hidden beneath the surface of Europa may have liquid water However, liquid water is still the earth's surface is unique.) 71% of the earth's surface is covered by water, the surface of Earth is the only solar system planet could have liquid water (the surface of Titan has liquid methane or ethane, but hidden beneath the surface of Europa may have liquid water However, liquid water is still the earth's surface is unique.) Liquid water is life as we know the essential elements of style; and with the majority due to the thermal properties of water, the ocean heat to keep Earth's temperature constant volume as a major contributor; liquid water or land erosion and weathering The main business force, which is the role of the solar system, the only place this (early Mars may have had these effects, but no longer.) Liquid water is life as we know the essential elements of style; and with the majority due to the thermal properties of water, the ocean heat to keep Earth's temperature constant volume as a major contributor; liquid water or land erosion and weathering The main business force, which is the role of the solar system, the only place this (early Mars may have had these effects, but no longer.) The composition of Earth's atmosphere, 77% and 21% nitrogen, oxygen, is again trace of argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Earth's atmospheric composition, Earth's early atmosphere was probably formed mostly carbon dioxide, but most of them have been to the combination of carbonate rocks, is integrated into the rest of the green sea and was exhausted; now plate tectonics and biological effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continue to rise and fall of the master who. The early formation of Earth's atmosphere is likely to mostly carbon dioxide, but most of them have been to the combination of carbonate rocks, is integrated into the rest of the green sea and was exhausted; now plate tectonics and biological role of the atmosphere master who sustained growth and decline of carbon dioxide. Presence of water vapor in the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide trace is to maintain a very important role in surface temperature, the greenhouse effect to surface temperature has increased by approximately 35 ℃, or the average surface temperature will be the depth of -21 ℃! Without water vapor and carbon dioxide, water will freeze and life as we know it will be impossible to carry out pattern. Without water vapor and carbon dioxide, water will freeze and life as we know it will be impossible to carry out pattern. In addition, the water vapor is Earth's water cycle and climate change an integral part of the main players. In addition, the water vapor is Earth's water cycle and climate change an integral part of the main players. The presence of free oxygen is a major characteristic of geochemical, because oxygen is highly reactive gases, fair to say, and the atmosphere should be very easy to phase in the other elements combined, the oxygen on earth produced entirely by biological processes and to maintain, if there will be no free oxygen there is no life. The presence of free oxygen is a major characteristic of geochemical, because oxygen is highly reactive gases, fair to say, and the atmosphere should be very easy to phase in the other elements combined, the oxygen on earth produced entirely by biological processes and to maintain, if there will be no free oxygen there is no life. Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind also caused the Van Allen radiation belt (van allen radiation belts), it is a ring around the Earth's paired with, look like a donut, of gas ions (plasma) composition, the outer ring from an altitude of 19,000 km to 41,000 km; inner ring is between 13,000 to 7,600 km above sea level between. Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind also caused a Fan Ailun radiation belt (van allen radiation belts), it is a ring around the Earth's paired with, look like a donut, of gas ions (plasma) , whose outer ring extends from an altitude of 19,000 km to 41,000 km; inner ring is between 13,000 to 7600 km above sea level between.
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Satellite and seismic wave
Earth has a satellite is the moon, 384,000 km from Earth, it is a radius of 1,738 kilometers, the quality is 7.35x10 22 kg. But also: thousands of small satellites orbit around the Earth is also running; asteroid 3753 (1986 to) the complexity associated with the Earth orbit, it can not be regarded as the Earth's satellites, is generally regarded as "companion" (companion), compared like Saturn and Janus Epimetheus status; 1846 it has been claimed to be the second moon lilith, later confirmed that it does not exist. 1914, Gutenberg seismologists also found in the ground where 2900 km, compressional wave velocity suddenly slow down, wave is gone, which shows where the smaller the density of matter, solid material is not, the Earth Here the heart, leaving only the liquid and gas. This depth, it is called "Gutenberg surface." The heart of the mystery of the earth finally clear: the Earth from outside to inside, and Gutenberg was Moho surface is divided into three layers are the crust, mantle and core. Crust is the rock, the mantle mainly contains magnesium, iron and silicon peridotite, Earth's core, which is the real heart of the Earth, mainly iron and nickel, where the temperature is over 2001 degrees Celsius.
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The composition of the Earth
Until after the time of Copernicus, the sixteenth century, mankind learned the Earth is only just on another planet, the solar system. Until after the time of Copernicus, the sixteenth century, mankind learned the Earth is only just on another planet, the solar system. Earth Space Probes can of course do not need to know, but until the twentieth century we really outline picture of the entire planet. Earth Space Probes can of course do not need to know, but until the twentieth century we really outline picture of the entire planet. Of course, it can be obtained from space images is one very important factor, the Earth's space weather forecast image, especially in typhoon (hurricane) forecasting is of great help, but the Earth as seen from space is really very beautiful . By the chemical composition and characteristics of earthquake measurement, the earth layer ontology can be divided into a number of laps, the following to mark the name of their range (depth, in units of km): the chemical composition and characteristics of earthquake measurement, the earth loop body can be divided into a number of layers, the following to mark the name of their range (depth, in units of km): 0 - 40 40-2890 crust mantle core 5150-6378 2890-5150 Mainland nuclear field Possession of the Earth's mantle, the main quality, but ranked second core, as our living space is just a small part of them the entire planet (mass, power units of 10 24 kg: atmosphere = 0.0000051, oceans = 0.0014 crust = 0.026 mantle = 4.043, outer core = 1.835, = 0.09675 nuclear mainland, the atmosphere = 0.0000051, oceans = 0.0014 crust = 0.026 mantle = 4.043, = 1.835 the nuclear field, China Nuclear = 0.09675. The main components of the main core of iron (or iron nickel), but may also have some lighter material existence, center of the earth's temperature is about 7,500 k, more than the sun's surface temperature is also high; the main component of the lower mantle may are silicon, magnesium, oxygen, plus some iron, calcium, and aluminum; main component of the upper mantle is olivine and pyroxene (iron magnesium silicate rocks), but also calcium and aluminum. The main components of the main core of iron (or iron nickel), but may also have some lighter material existence, center of the earth's temperature is about 7500k, more than the sun's surface temperature is also high; the lower mantle may be the main component of silicon , magnesium, oxygen, plus some iron, calcium, and aluminum; main component of the upper mantle is olivine and pyroxene (iron magnesium silicate rocks), but also calcium and aluminum. Understand all of these seismic data from earthquakes, although sometimes the upper mantle because of volcanic material ejected lava to be brought to the surface, but we still can not reach the main part of the solid Earth, with the current offshore drilling operations have not yet dug through the crust. Understand all of these seismic data from earthquakes, although the upper mantle material and sometimes because of volcanic lava to be brought to the surface, but we still can not reach the main part of the solid Earth, the current offshore drilling operations not even have to dig through the crust. The composition of the crust are mainly quartz (silica) and silicates such as feldspar. The composition of the crust are mainly quartz (silicon dioxide) and silicate, such as feldspar. Overall estimates, the weight percentage of geochemical composition: Fe 34.6%, 29.5% oxygen, silicon 15.2%, 12.7% magnesium, nickel 2.4%, 1.9% sulfur, 0.05% Ti. The average density of Earth is the largest major stars. The average density of Earth is the largest major stars. Unlike other terrestrial planets, the outermost layer of the Earth (including the top of the crust and upper mantle) was cut into several pieces, "floating" above the mantle beneath the hot, this is the famous theory of plate tectonics. Unlike other terrestrial planets, the outermost layer of the Earth (including the crust and upper mantle at the top) was cut into several pieces, "floating" hot under the mantle of its top, this is the famous theory of plate tectonics . This theory describes two kinds of movement: extension and submergence of the former occurred in the two plates away from each other, the magma under the crust and generate new place; the latter occurred in two plates collide, one of them sneak into the other Under one, and finally to the elimination of the mantle in place. This theory describes two kinds of movement: extension and submergence of the former occurred in the two plates away from each other, the magma under the crust and generate new place; the latter occurred in two plates collide, one of them sneaked into the Under the other, and finally to the elimination of the mantle in place. In addition, some type of plate boundary is staggered relative lateral movement or head-ground collision of two continental plates together. In addition, some type of plate boundary is staggered relative lateral movement or head-ground collision of two continental plates together. Earth's surface is young, only 5 billion years to astronomical point of view is very short indeed. Earth's surface is young, only 5 billion years to astronomical point of view is very short indeed. Erosion and tectonic movements continued to undermine the reconstruction of most of the surface and therefore the surface is almost completely eliminated early in the geologic record, such as impact craters, so most of the early Earth's history have been not a trace. Erosion and tectonic movements continued to undermine the reconstruction of most of the surface and therefore the surface is almost completely eliminated early in the geologic record, such as impact craters, so most of the early Earth's history have been not a trace. About 45-4600000000 earth age, but the oldest known rock is only about 40 million years ago, and 30 million years old rocks are very rare. About 45-4600000000 earth age, but the oldest known rock is only about 40 million years ago, and 30 million years old rocks are very rare. The oldest fossils are not old at 39 million years ago, a crucial period for the origins of life are nearly none of record. The oldest fossils are not old at 39 million years ago, a crucial period for the origins of life are nearly none of record. 71% of the earth's surface is covered by water, the surface of Earth is the only solar system planet could have liquid water (the surface of Titan has liquid methane or ethane, but hidden beneath the surface of Europa may have liquid water However, liquid water is still the earth's surface is unique.) 71% of the earth's surface is covered by water, the surface of Earth is the only solar system planet could have liquid water (the surface of Titan has liquid methane or ethane, but hidden beneath the surface of Europa may have liquid water However, liquid water is still the earth's surface is unique.) Liquid water is life as we know the essential elements of style; and with the majority due to the thermal properties of water, the ocean heat to keep Earth's temperature constant volume as a major contributor; liquid water or land erosion and weathering The main business force, which is the role of the solar system, the only place this (early Mars may have had these effects, but no longer.) Liquid water is life as we know the essential elements of style; and with the majority due to the thermal properties of water, the ocean heat to keep Earth's temperature constant volume as a major contributor; liquid water or land erosion and weathering The main business force, which is the role of the solar system, the only place this (early Mars may have had these effects, but no longer.) The composition of Earth's atmosphere, 77% and 21% nitrogen, oxygen, is again trace of argon, carbon dioxide and water vapor. Earth's atmospheric composition, Earth's early atmosphere was probably formed mostly carbon dioxide, but most of them have been to the combination of carbonate rocks, is integrated into the rest of the green sea and was exhausted; now plate tectonics and biological effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continue to rise and fall of the master who. The early formation of Earth's atmosphere is likely to mostly carbon dioxide, but most of them have been to the combination of carbonate rocks, is integrated into the rest of the green sea and was exhausted; now plate tectonics and biological role of the atmosphere master who sustained growth and decline of carbon dioxide. Presence of water vapor in the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide trace is to maintain a very important role in surface temperature, the greenhouse effect to surface temperature has increased by approximately 35 ℃, or the average surface temperature will be the depth of -21 ℃! Without water vapor and carbon dioxide, water will freeze and life as we know it will be impossible to carry out pattern. Without water vapor and carbon dioxide, water will freeze and life as we know it will be impossible to carry out pattern. In addition, the water vapor is Earth's water cycle and climate change an integral part of the main players. In addition, the water vapor is Earth's water cycle and climate change an integral part of the main players. The presence of free oxygen is a major characteristic of geochemical, because oxygen is highly reactive gases, fair to say, and the atmosphere should be very easy to phase in the other elements combined, the oxygen on earth produced entirely by biological processes and to maintain, if there will be no free oxygen there is no life. The presence of free oxygen is a major characteristic of geochemical, because oxygen is highly reactive gases, fair to say, and the atmosphere should be very easy to phase in the other elements combined, the oxygen on earth produced entirely by biological processes and to maintain, if there will be no free oxygen there is no life. Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind also caused the Van Allen radiation belt (van allen radiation belts), it is a ring around the Earth's paired with, look like a donut, of gas ions (plasma) composition, the outer ring from an altitude of 19,000 km to 41,000 km; inner ring is between 13,000 to 7,600 km above sea level between. Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind also caused a Fan Ailun radiation belt (van allen radiation belts), it is a ring around the Earth's paired with, look like a donut, of gas ions (plasma) , whose outer ring extends from an altitude of 19,000 km to 41,000 km; inner ring is between 13,000 to 7600 km above sea level between.
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Overview of the Earth
Earth is one of the solar system eight planets, from the date of birth, which has existed for 4.6 billion years. From the sun by the order from near and far is the third satellite, located after Mercury and Venus; ranked in the size of the eight major planets in the fifth. In English, the Earth is the only one not from the Greek and Roman mythology by name. English word planet Earth from Old English and Germanic. Here of course there are many names in other languages. In Roman mythology, the earth goddess called Tellus - the fertile land (Greek: Gaia, mother earth).
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Earth Data
Age: 44 ~ 46 billion years. Orbital period: approximately 365.256 days Tropical year length: 365.256 days. Orbit: oval. Early July to aphelion, perihelion early in January for the. Rotation period: sidereal day is 23 hours 56 minutes 06 seconds. Solar day is 24 hours. Rotation direction: from west to east. Satellite (natural) - 1 (Moon) Major components of the atmosphere - nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) and carbon dioxide (0.037%) water vapor (0.03%) noble gases (0.933%) Crust components - oxygen (47%), silicon (28%) and aluminum (8%). Surface atmospheric pressure - 1013.250 mPa, or 760 mm Hg higher. Equatorial radius = 6378.140 km Polar radius = 6356.755 km Average radius = 6371.004 km Equatorial circumference = 40,075.13 km Volume = 10,832 cubic kilometers of hundreds of millions. Mass = 5.9742 × 10 ^ 21 tons. Average density = 5.518 g / cm ^ 3 Earth's surface area = 511 million square kilometers. One hundred million square kilometers of marine area = 3.617453. (70.8% of the total surface area) Land area = 149 million square kilometers (29.2% of the total surface area) 1 ° latitude length = 111.133-0.559cos2φ km (latitude φ Office) Longitude 1 ° length = 111.413cosφ-0.094cos3φ km Speed of sound in air (0 degree) V = 331.36 m / s Speed of sound in the atmosphere (room temperature) V = 340 m / s Earth's surface magnetic field strength ~ 5 × 10-5 Tesla North Pole: 76 ° N, 101 ° W; South Pole: 66 ° S, 140 ° E Earth's surface gravity (φ = 45 °): g = 9.8061 m / s ² Earth's surface from the speed = 11.2 km / sec Aberration constant (J2000) k = 20.49552 " Obliquity of the ecliptic (J2000) ε = 23 ° 26'21 ".448 Wong Keng total precession (J2000) P = 5029 ".0966 (per century) Precession period = 25800 years Average orbital speed = 29.79 km / s
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Calculation of mass of the Earth
Cavendish that the mass of the Earth is about 6 × 10 ^ 24 千克 Earth's equatorial radius ra = 6378137m ≈ 6.378 × 10 ^ 6m, polar radius rb = 6356752m ≈ 6.357 × 10 ^ 6m, flat rate of e = 1/298.257, ignoring the earth non-spherical symmetry, the mean radius r = 6.371 × 10 ^ 6m. A sea level acceleration due to gravity at the equator the value ga = 9.780m / s ^ 2, in the Arctic, a value of acceleration due to gravity at sea level gb = 9.832m / s ^ 2, the value of the global common standard acceleration of gravity g = 9.807m / s ^ 2, the Earth's rotation period of 23 hours, 56 minutes 4 seconds (sidereal day), that is, T = 8.616 × 10 ^ 4s. If the world even as the quality and the impact of neglecting other celestial bodies can be calculated by the following means mass of the Earth. Method One, on the equator, the earth on the mass m of the object's gravity is equal to the object with the gravity and the centripetal force of the Earth's rotation and, for the 5.984 * 10 ^ 24 kg Method two, in the Arctic, does not consider the earth's rotation, then calculated as 5.954 * 10 ^ 24kg Method three, the quality of the Earth as a uniform sphere, ignoring the rotation of the radius averaged, the acceleration of gravity to take the standard value. Was 5.965 * 10 ^ 24kg January to March the distance r = 3.884 × 10 ^ 8m, the Moon orbital period of 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes 11 seconds (sidereal day), that T on ≈ 2.361 × 10 ^ 6s, moon and earth are regarded as particles, let the moon the quality of m months. Method IV is 6.220 * 10 ^ 24kg
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The main component of the Earth
Until the mid-sixteenth century, mankind learned the Earth is only planet solar system only. Space Probes to the Earth without understanding, but until the twentieth century, the earth we outline the whole picture really. Of course, it can be obtained from space images is one very important factor, affect the Earth's space weather forecast, especially in typhoon (hurricane) forecasting is of great help, but the Earth as seen from space is really very beautiful , lovely, spectacular. By the chemical composition and characteristics of earthquake measurement, the earth layer ontology can be divided into a number of laps, the following to mark the name of their range (depth, in units of km): 0 ~ 40 40 ~ 2890 crust mantle outer core 2890 ~ 5150 5150 ~ 6378 China Nuclear Considerable changes in the thickness of the solid crust, thin crust and marine areas, with an average of about 7 km thick; and much of continental crust to thick, with an average of about 40 km thick; mantle is solid, but in its very small portion of the upper layer of molten region, called the asthenosphere, the mantle on the top and the crust is called the lithosphere; The outer core is liquid and the Mainland is a solid nucleus. These rings are all different layers bounded by discontinuity, is the most famous between the crust and mantle discontinuities Mohs (Mohorovicic discontinuity). Possession of the Earth's mantle, the main quality, but ranked second core, as our living space is just a small part of them the entire planet (mass, power units of 10 24 kg: atmosphere = 0.0000051, oceans = 0.0014 crust = 0.026 mantle = 4.043, outer core = 1.835, = 0.09675 nuclear Mainland,) The average density of Earth is the largest major stars. Other terrestrial planets and the Earth also has a similar structure and composition, but there are some differences: the proportion of the lunar core minimum; the largest proportion of nuclear Mercury; and Mars and the moon are relatively thick letter; no chemical composition of the Moon and Mercury distinct functions and the shell to the other; the earth may be the only nuclear can be further divided into internal and external. However, please note that our understanding of planetary interiors is mainly derived from the theory, even the planet as well. Unlike other terrestrial planets, the outermost layer of the Earth (including the top of the crust and upper mantle) was cut into several pieces, "floating" above the mantle beneath the hot, this is the famous theory of plate tectonics. This theory describes two kinds of movement: extension and submergence of the former occurred in the two plates away from each other, the magma under the crust and generate new place; the latter occurred in two plates collide, one of them sneaked into the Under the other, and finally to the elimination of the mantle in place. In addition, some type of plate boundary is staggered relative lateral movement or head-ground collision of two continental plates together. 71% of the earth's surface is covered by water, the surface of Earth is the only solar system planet could have liquid water (the surface of Titan has liquid methane or ethane, but hidden beneath the surface of Europa may have liquid water However, liquid water is still the earth's surface is unique.) Liquid water is life as we know the essential elements of style; and with the majority due to the thermal properties of water, the ocean heat to keep Earth's temperature constant volume as a major contributor; liquid water or land erosion and weathering The main business force, which is the role of the solar system, the only place this (early Mars may have had these effects, but no longer.) The presence of free oxygen is a major characteristic of geochemical, because oxygen is highly reactive gases, fair to say, and the atmosphere should be very easy to phase in the other elements combined, the oxygen on earth produced entirely by biological processes and to maintain, if there will be no free oxygen there is no life. Earth has a moderate magnetic field, suggesting that the magnetic field is due to the current in the liquid outer core. As the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field and the interaction of the outer atmosphere, the aurora is acquired; and the factors causing the imbalance in the magnetic surface movement, the magnetic North Pole is currently located in the Northern Territory of Canada. As the solar wind with Earth's magnetic field and the interaction of the outer atmosphere, the aurora is acquired; Earth's magnetic field and its interaction with the solar wind also caused the Van Allen radiation belts (Van Allen radiation belts), it is a ring around the Earth's paired with, look like a donut, of gas ions (plasma) composition, the outer ring from an altitude of 19,000 km to 41,000 km; inner ring is between 13,000 to 7,600 km above sea level between.
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Earth's temperature
Core temperature is about 4700 ℃, the surface temperature of the ball than sunlight (6000 ℃) was lower. The highest temperature on earth in lightning. Lightning can release a 100 billion joules of energy, to 30000 ℃, the temperature is 5 times the surface temperature of the sun, but the core temperature than the sun (14 million degrees C) much lower. Coldest place on Earth where? The northern hemisphere "cold pole" in eastern Siberia Oymyakon, in January 1961 the minimum temperature is -71 ℃. The southern hemisphere, "cold pole" in the Antarctic continent, August 24, 1960 temperature of -88.3 ℃.
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The movement of the Earth
Schematic diagram of the Earth to the average angular velocity of rotation of the earth turn 15 degrees per hour. At the equator, the rotation speed is 465 meters per second. Various objects in the sky and down the West Dongsheng phenomena are a reflection of the earth's rotation. People first is the use of the Earth's rotation to measure time. Research suggests that, every one hundred years, the Earth's rotation slowed down nearly 2 ms, which is mainly caused by tidal friction, lunar tidal friction also makes an annual rate of 3 to 4 cm away from the Earth. In addition to long-term slow down Earth's rotation rate, but also there when the fast slow irregular changes, causing the real reason for this change is unclear.
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Earth's seismic waves
1914, Gutenberg seismologists also found in the ground where 2900 km, compressional wave velocity suddenly slow down, wave is gone, which shows where the smaller the density of matter, solid material is not, the Earth Here the heart, leaving only the liquid and gas. This depth, it is called "Gutenberg surface." The heart of the mystery of the earth finally clear: the Earth from outside to inside, and Gutenberg was Moho surface is divided into three layers are the crust, mantle and core. Crust is the rock, the mantle mainly contains magnesium, iron and silicon peridotite, Earth's core, which is the real heart of the Earth, mainly iron and nickel, where the temperature may be as high as 4982 degrees Celsius.
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The shape of the Earth
After long-term precision measurement scientists found that Earth is not a regular sphere, but a little flat poles, equator, the drums slightly irregular sphere. Earth's equatorial radius is about long 6378.137Km, this difference compared with the Earth's mean radius is very small, see the Earth from space can still see it as a rule sphere. If this ratio produced by a 1-meter radius of the globe, then the equatorial radius than the polar radius is only about 3 millimeters long, with the human eye is difficult to detect them, and therefore always in the production of a globe sphere to make it into the rules .
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The history of the division of the Earth
Million years time the major events of history Hadean Earth appears implicit Generation 4570 Proterozoic first appeared on Earth 4150 --- bacterial biological Archaea appear on behalf of the 3950 Bacchus As early as 3850 on behalf of the rain on Earth Sea marine and other water The beginning of 3800 Archean Archean Blue-green algae appear Paleoarchean 3600 3200 in the Archean 2800 for the first time a new ice age Archean Proterozoic iron discipline into 2500 Layer invasion Ji 2300 Ji 2050 orogenic 1800 Paleoproterozoic record of consolidation Ji 1600 cover Extend the record 1400 1200 with a record of Mesoproterozoic narrow 1000 record stretching the formation of Rodinia ancient land Snowball ice events occur century 850 Neoproterozoic Ediacaran 630 +5 / -30 multi-cellular organisms appeared Phanerozoic Paleozoic Cambrian 542.0 ± 1.0 Cambrian explosion Fish appear Ordovician 488.3 ± 1.7; marine algae thrive 443.7 ± 1.5 Silurian terrestrial fern plant appears nude 416.0 ± 2.8 Devonian amphibians, fish and prosperity of seed plants insects appear there appears Lycopodium and Equi_set_um Carboniferous Period 359.2 ± 2.5 insects appear prosperous coal forest reptiles reptiles appear there gymnosperms 299.0 ± 0.8 Permian Mesozoic-Permian extinction, the extinction of 95% of the earth to form Pangaea 251.0 ± 0.4 Triassic dinosaurs mammals there appears oviparous Jurassic 199.6 ± 0.6 marsupial mammals, birds, there appears there angiosperms gymnosperms prosperity 99.6 ± 0.9 Cretaceous dinosaurs and extinction of Cretaceous - Tertiary extinction event, 45% of the Earth placental mammal extinctions have occurred 65.5 ± 0.3 to the present generation
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Earth Day
Earth Day activities are designed to evoke human love the earth, protect your family's awareness, resource development and environmental protection to promote coordinated development. China, 90 from the 20th century, the annual April 22 Earth Day activities are held. Earth Day theme of recent years, China Only One Earth, 1974 Human _Set_tlements 1975 1976 Water: Vital Resource for Life 1977, concerned about the ozone layer destruction, soil erosion, soil degradation and deforestation Development Without Destruction 1978 1979 Future for Our Children - Development Without Destruction 1980 new 10 years, new challenges - Development Without Destruction 1981, protection of groundwater and human food chain; Toxic Chemicals 1982 commemorating the 10th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference on Human Environment - environmental awareness In 1983 the management and disposal of hazardous waste; Acid Rain and Energy Desertification 1984 1985 Youth Population and the Environment Environment and Peace 1986 Environment and housing in 1987 1988, environmental protection, sustainable development, public participation 1989 Global Warming! 1990 Children and the Environment Climate Change 1991 - Need for Global Partnership 1992 Only One Earth - Care and share 1993 Poverty and the Environment - Breaking the Vicious Circle 1994 One Earth One Family 1995 people of all countries join together to create a better world 1996 Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home For 1997, Life on Earth 1998 Life on Earth - Save Our Seas 1999 Save the Earth, is to save the future 2000, 2000 The Environment Millennium - Time to Act! In 2001 the World Wide Web of Life Give Earth a Chance 2002 Treat the Earth in 2003, protecting the environment Treat the Earth in 2004, scientific development Treat the Earth in 2005 - the scientific development and building a harmonious Treat the Earth in 2006 - value of resources, sustainable development Treat the Earth in 2007 - starting from the conservation of resources Treat the Earth in 2008 - from the side of the little things Understanding of the Earth in 2009 to protect the development - the deep understanding of our home Earth is disappearing bit by bit, please take good care of the earth.
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Earth's natural disasters
Drought, hail, earthquake landslide tsunami floods typhoon rain cold snow Wave of tornado dust storm debris desertification Loss of biological hazards volcanic eruptions
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Earth structure
Copernicus times until the 16th century came to realize that the earth is only one planet. Earth's structure Earth, of course, no aircraft can be observed, however, until the twentieth century we have a map of the entire planet. Photographed by the space should have a reasonable picture of the importance;, for example, they greatly helped the weather forecast and storm track forecast. They really unique pretty ah! Earth due to the different nature of the chemical composition and earthquakes are divided into different layers (depth: km): 0 to 40 crustal 40 ~ 400 Upper mantle and upper mantle 400 ~ 650 Transition region transition region 650 ~ 2700 Lower mantle lower mantle 2700 ~ 2890 D''layer D "layer 2890 ~ 5150 Outer core outer core 5150 ~ 6378 Inner core kernel Crustal thickness, ocean at the thin, thick under continents. Core and crust entity; the outer core and the mantle layer fluid. Different layers separated by a discontinuous cross-section, which obtained from the seismic data; one of the most famous of several between the crust and upper mantle beneath the Moho - not a continuous section. Most of the quality of the earth concentrated in the mantle, most of the remaining core; we live only a small part of the whole (the following values × 10e24 kg): Atmosphere = 0.0000051 Ocean = 0.0014 Crust = 0.026 Mantle = 4.043 Outer core = 1.835 China Nuclear = 0.09675 Most of the core may be constituted by the iron (or nickel / iron), although there may be some lighter material. Core center temperature may be as high as 7500K, than the surface of the sun is hot; the lower mantle may consist of silicon, magnesium, oxygen and some iron, calcium, aluminum composition; upper mantle mostly by olivene, pyroxene (iron / magnesium silicates), calcium aluminum composition. We know that these metals come from the earthquake; upper mantle samples reached the surface, like a volcano lava, but most of the earth is still difficult to close. Crust consists mainly of quartz (silicon oxide) and class composition of feldspar and other silicates. On the whole, the Earth's chemical composition is: 34.6% Fe 29.5% oxygen Silicon 15.2% 12.7% magnesium 2.4% Nickel 1.9% sulfur 0.05% Ti Earth is the densest planet in the solar system. The other terrestrial planets may also have a similar structure and composition, of course, there are some differences: the Moon at least a small kernel; Mercury has a large kernel (equivalent to its diameter); Mars and the Moon's mantle is much thicker; Moon Mercury may not have different chemical elements from the crust; Earth may be the only one with core and outer core of the terrestrial planets. It is worth noting that our theory about the internal structure of the planet is only applicable to Earth. Unlike the other terrestrial planets, Earth's crust plates constituted by the several entities, each floating in the hot mantle. Theory, called plate said. It was described as having two processes: to expand and contract. Expansion occurred in the two plates away from each other, the following took to the formation of new crust to when the magma. Reduce the collision occurred in the two plates, one _insert_ed into another part of the edge below the heat in the hot mantle have been destroyed. In many faults at plate boundaries (such as California's San Andreas fault), there are collisions between continental plates (such as the Indian plate and Eurasian plate.) There are eight sections: North American Plate - North America, the Northwest Atlantic and Greenland South American Plate - South America and South-West Atlantic Antarctica Plate - Antarctica and the coast Eurasian plate - the North East Atlantic, Europe and Asia, excluding India African Plate - Africa, Southeast Atlantic and Western Indian Ocean India and the Australian Plate - India, Australia, New Zealand and most of the Indian Ocean Nazca Plate - eastern Pacific Ocean and adjacent parts of South America Pacific Plate - most of the Pacific (and the California coast) There are more than twenty small plates, such as the Arab, the Philippine plate. Earthquakes often occur in these tectonic plates. Plotted map makes it easier to see the plate boundaries (above). Earth's surface is very young. 50 billion years in the short period (astronomy standards), repeating the process of erosion and construction, part of the earth surface is the formation and destruction again and again, so that to remove most traces of the original geographic (such as stars from the impact crater.) As a result, the early history of the earth have been removed. Earth has been in existence for 45-4600000000 years, but the oldest known stone only 40 billion years, with more than 30 billion years, the stones are numbered. The earliest fossils are less than 39 billion years. No records to determine that life really begins. 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by water. Planet Earth is the only one to the existence of liquid water on the surface (though Titan's surface in the presence of liquid ethane and methane, Europa has liquid water underground.) We know that liquid water is an important condition for the existence of life. Heat capacity of the oceans to maintain the earth's temperature is an important condition for relative stability. Surface liquid water also resulted in the diversification of erosion and continental climate, which is currently unique in the solar system processes (long time ago, Mars may also have this situation). Earth's atmosphere from 77% of nitrogen, 21% oxygen, trace amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water composition. When the Earth formed, there may be a large number of atmospheric carbon dioxide, but almost all were combined into carbonate rocks, a small number of integration into the sea or to the living plants consumed. Plate tectonics and biological activity is to maintain the atmospheric carbon dioxide to other places and back to the non-stop flow. A small amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide through the stable maintenance of the surface temperature of the greenhouse effect has far-reaching importance. The average surface temperature of the greenhouse effect increased 35 ℃ (-21 ℃ from the freezing of the appropriate person to rise to 14 ℃); without it the oceans will freeze, but life would not exist. The presence of oxygen-rich from the chemical point of view is worthy of note. Oxygen gas is a very lively, the general environment of easily and quickly with other substances. Earth's atmospheric oxygen generation and maintenance of the biological activity to complete. No life is not enough oxygen. Interaction between the Earth and the moon the earth's rotation slowed down to 2 ms per century. The current survey shows that about 900 million years ago, the year of 481 days and 18 hours. Earth has a core current moderate magnetic field formed. As the solar wind interaction, Earth's magnetic field and the Earth's upper atmosphere caused by the aurora (see the interplanetary medium.) These factors also caused an indefinite period at the pole relative to the surface to move; the north magnetic pole is now northern Canada.
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Earth satellite
A dark part of the surface of the moon and bright areas. Early astronomers observed the moon, dark areas that are covered by water, so refer to them as "sea." Notably sea of clouds, the wet sea, Jinghai and so on. The bright part is the mountains, where several overlapping peaks, mountain horizon, dotted with craters everywhere. Bailey is located near the South Pole crater 295 km in diameter, can be loaded into the Hainan Island. Newton Crater is the deepest mountain, 8788 meters deep. In addition to craters on the surface but also ordinary mountains. Fold mountains and valleys are, do not have some scenery. Always toward the front of the moon to Earth. The other side, in addition to the edge of the area around the lunar libration in the middle can be seen by other than the back of most of the moon can not see from Earth. In the absence of the detector's, the back of the moon has been an unknown world. One side of the moon is almost no feature of this dark sea on the lunar surface features. When the man running to the moon on the back of the detector, it can not communicate directly with Earth. A lunar month the moon about a week orbiting the earth, and half an hour moving relative to degree of background stars, ie similar to the lunar surface as the diameter. Different from the other satellite, the Moon's orbit is closer to the ecliptic plane, not in the vicinity of the Earth's equatorial plane. Relative to the background stars, the moon around the Earth is running (the moon revolution) a week time is called a sidereal month; and the next new moon and new moon (or between two of the same phase of the moon) the time required is called a lunar month. Lunar month longer than the sidereal month because the Earth is running on the moon during the day around the track itself is also moving forward for some distance. Because the moon's rotation period and its orbital period is exactly the same, only to see the moon on the earth with the same face of the earth forever. Since the early formation of the Moon, the Earth has been caused by a torque of the rotation slowed down, a process called tidal locking. Hence, some changes in the Earth's rotation angular momentum of the revolution around the Earth to the Moon's angular momentum, the result is the moon at an annual rate of about 38 mm away from the Earth. Earth's rotation is slowing at the same time, each day longer length of 15 microseconds. Lunar gravity exerted by the Earth is one of the causes of the tide. Orbit around the Earth to the Moon orbit, the so-called synchronous rotation is not strict. Because the lunar orbit is elliptical, when the moon is in perihelion, its rotation speed will catch up with the revolution speed, so we can see the moon's surface east of longitude 98 degrees area, on the contrary, the month in the aphelion, the rotation speed than revolution fast, so we can see the moon's surface by 98 degrees west region Darcy. This phenomenon is referred to as the scales move. Strictly speaking, the Earth and moon around the common center of mass operation, the common center of mass from the center of the Earth 4700 km (the Earth radius 2 / 3). Since the common center of mass below the surface of the Earth, the Earth's movement around the common center of mass is like the "shaking" in general. Watch over the Arctic from the Earth, the Earth and Moon are welcome clockwise rotation; but also to greet the moon around the clock to run; and even the earth around the sun is to greet the public and turn clockwise. Many people do not understand why the moon and the lunar rotation axis inclination angle values have such a big change. In fact, the orbital inclination relative to the central body (the Earth) for the purposes of, the rotation axis is inclined relative to the satellite. Yellow and white pavement surface and called on the intersection of the two intersections - one of the ascending node (North Point) means the moon, point to the adoption of the north of the ecliptic plane; descending node (South Point) refers to the Moon to the ecliptic through the south of that point. When the moon is just the intersection of the month when the solar eclipse occurs; and when the full moon is just the intersection of the month when the eclipse occurs. The structure and positive side of the moon quite different. Less area occupied on the sea, while the crater is more. Rugged terrain, the longest and the shortest gap fluctuation radius are located on the back of the moon, the moon in some places than the average radius of 4 kilometers long, and some places are a short 5 km (eg van der Graaf depression). Not found the back of "quality tumor." Than positive on the back of shell thickness, the thickness at 150 km, the thickness of lunar crust and positive only 60 km. Because the moon has no atmosphere, coupled with the lunar surface material and the thermal conductivity and heat capacity is very low, and thus a large difference in temperature between day and night the lunar surface. During the day, exposure to the sun where the vertical temperature up to +127 ℃; night, the temperature can drop to -183 ℃. These values, only that the temperature of the lunar surface. Radio observations can be determined by the lunar surface soil temperature, this measurement showed that the depth of lunar soil temperature less than the change, which is due to a low thermal conductivity caused by surface material. Understand that seismic waves from the lunar month has crust and mantle, nuclear and other hierarchical structure. Thickness of the outer shell 60 to the monthly 65 km. Shell month following the month to 1,000 kilometers deep mantle, accounting for most of the volume of the moon. The following is the nuclear month lunar mantle. The temperature around the nuclear month 1,000 ℃, is likely to be melting, presumably about the Fe-Ni-S and the material composition of eclogite.
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Earth's space environment
Earth belongs to the Milky Way solar system, Venus and Mars in between is the third near the solar system planets from the sun, with a satellite. Earth is found in a living individual planets. Cosmic environment in which the Earth is the center of the universe, the earth environment, from understanding the macro and micro levels. The macro level refers to the earth in the celestial system, the location of the Earth-Moon system - the Solar System - Milky Way - the total galaxy; the micro level refers to the Earth's position in the solar system. In the infinite space, the Earth is only drop in the sea, it is in restless movement.
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Earth's internal environment
Ground already extinct animals, do not really exist inside the earth a paradise it? Far in 1904, Custer California mountains called Brown's miners, found a man to live like a giant tunnel. Copper giant cave useful in the great houses locked, the walls cast between the shield and gold items never seen on the walls painted strange pictures and literature. During the Second World War, the U.S. Army on the soldiers and the invasion of Burma in Japanese Eber battle lost comrades are left with the forest, one day he stumbled on a rock hidden by the hole. Heber venture into the cave, even found it to be artificial light shone as bright as day, just like is a huge underground city. Heber is seen shocked fans when he suddenly caught, one is 4 years off, then look for an opportunity hard to escape. According to him, the underground kingdom of the tunnels leading to the ground 7, respectively, elsewhere in the world to open a secret entrance. January 1968 the U.S. oil exploration team in Turkey, TG western cavern 270 meters underground place, found the rock deep underground tunnels, inside height of about 4 - 5 meters, the wall smooth and bright roof, apparently to artificial ground percent. Inside the cave is full of spider web-like cross-hole, as if a very confusing maze. Coincidentally, a few years ago, a summer night, Anshun County, Guizhou Province in China, a mountain near the halfway underwater of the cave, shoot a bunch of light, light beam was barrel, straight 4 meters by foot, swept the field 500 meters, diameter direct to the opposite hillside, according to the field was brightly lit around the village, lasted for a few minutes ago. According to the local County records, Shunzhi years have occurred in this spectacle. However, local people are very familiar with the cave, the cave was empty, then the strong light come from? Some people might ask, if it is really the existence of this underground kingdom, then why do not they come back to life, the sunny ground? The answer seems to have only one: the underground kingdom of the residents living in the ground long, or have evolved into the silicon thermophilic being, has been impossible to adapt to the ground of life. One thing is certain, if there really underground kingdom, then they must hold higher than the surface of people's science and technology, such as a series of so-called UFO mystery is not hard to get answers. Not to mention there really an underground kingdom, are the Earth's interior is indeed empty? Many geophysical experts believe that the Earth's current weight is 6 trillion tons of millions of times, if the Earth's interior is not empty, it weight should be much more than this. Hollow earth theory of the lack of scientific evidence, in process of formation of the Earth, the Earth's interior cave spaces, there are two causes: first, the mantle magmatic activity resulted in the frequent orogeny, which formed a natural rock hole phenomenon. Second, in the human development of millions of years, in order to avoid harm to nature excavated underground caverns. Because of the frequent occurrence of earthquakes, for the humans living in caves, the damage will be greater than the surface layer. Human beings can not survive long in the ground, the hollow Earth theory is a fiction phenomenon, there is no theoretical basis.
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The relationship between Earth and the population
From the resources and the environment and human relations and human relations, the Earth has a limit on the number of population: population size = fit for human habitation of the area / individual needs of production and living space. Represented by the formula: X = S / s = aS. Where X is the number of the population, S is fit for human habitation in the area, s for each individual production and living space needed, a = 1 / s, is constant. The type X = aS may be called the population law. Production and living expenses from the perspective of human production and life of each individual space required is 1500 square meters. From the population and the law of the formula X = aS fit for human habitation on the planet with each individual area of production and living space needed for the 1,500 square meters, we can calculate the earth's population cap. Modern census in the national unity is within the specified time, according to project a unified, uniform fill out the form and a unified approach, on the population in general, the door to an investigation by people registered. It is a kind of well-organized leadership, well-planned, large-scale scientific method of social investigation. Started from the 1790 U.S. census, was the first national population census. United Nations, the contents of the census a total of 36 projects, including migration, family, fertility, mortality, education, economic, and housing characteristics. More census projects in some countries. For example, the United States, 1980, 65, 69, 1981 in Canada, India, 40 in 1981, 1980, Philippines 41. Census information has the force of law. Its role can be summarized as the following three aspects: (1) develop policies, allocate electoral quota, developing construction plans. Such as the U.S. Constitution to conduct a census every 10 years, in order to accurately allocate seats in the House of Representatives, the proportion of people identified by the number of members from each state and federal funding to the states. (2) used to study the regional distribution of population, fertility, mortality, growth, sex, age, urban and rural, professional, cultural and other characteristics. (3) obtained through the census population size, distribution, age, gender and other aspects of information, identify housing facilities, food, clothing, recreational facilities, medicine and other supplies, the layout of commercial outlets, distribution of goods and labor.
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Future of the planet
Future of the planet is closely associated with the sun, the ashes of the helium core of stability in the accumulation of the sun, solar luminosity will slowly increase to 11 billion years in the future, the sun's luminosity will increase by 10%, 35 billion years after the in turn increased by 40%. Climate models show that increasing the radiation reaches Earth, may have dire consequences, including the Earth's oceans could disappear. Increase in the Earth's surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, so that its concentration in 900 million years, restored to the level of plant death (for C4 photosynthesis is 10 ppm). The lack of plants will lead to the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, then the animals will become extinct in a few million years. Even if the sun is eternal and stable, continuous cooling the Earth's interior, oceans and the atmosphere will cause the loss (due to volcanic activity decreased.) After billions of years in the surface of the water will disappear, and the global mean temperature expected to reach 70 ° C.
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Documentary "Earth"
Title: Earth Directed by: Mark Linfield Starring: James Earl Jones Genre: Documentary Release Date: April 22, 2008 United States Duration: 01:35:05 Description: Disney's first nature documentary "Planet Earth" Comment: They said maybe this is the last time we can see the earth such beautiful like the film.I wish that's not real. But more and more bad things are happening every minute.Can no one stop them? PRESIDENT: They said, maybe this is the last time we see such a beautiful film like Earth. I hope this is not true. However, more and more bad things are happening every minute. There is no one can stop them? Video Introduction "Earth" is an unprecedented large-scale to attract fans documentary eye, which is the award-winning BBC television series "Planet Earth" _set_s of film, film length 90 minutes, about the polar bear, elephant and the whale story of three families, showing the animal between mothers and their newborn children a special family. The film cost £ 8,000,000, from 130 photographers and technical staff after five years of shooting from, is the most expensive documentary. Production staff was removed in 62 countries, deep into the remote uninhabited areas, many never before photographed by animals known to mankind struggle to survive the scene. .... TV series "Planet Earth" (2006) movie version, shot the family's migration routes of several animals. One by the British BBC and the German co-production on the earth, nature documentary, with nearly 3 years, the mystery of life on Earth through the Record, by showing the beautiful scenes of nature and wildlife of the stroke of pure reality of life and death record, coupled with the beauty of the Berlin Philharmonic music, the charm of the earth on the big screen perfectly without any reservations presented to appeal to people to protect the environment.
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Encyclopedia of Astronomy
Earth is the cradle of human existence, since the formation of at least 4.6 billion years. See the moon from space or Earth is a very large ball, people used to call her "Earth." This title is friendly and image. Earth around the sun in an ordinary planet. The distance from the sun is about 150,000,000 km. Earth orbiting the sun with 365.256 days a week, and the rotation of a circle with a 23.9345 hours. Earth's equator is about 40,000 kilometers week, 2,500 kilometers per hour, flying the supersonic aircraft, flying a circle around the Earth's equator, also have 16 hours of charge. Earth to generous mind, to accommodate the material of about 60 trillion one hundred million tons, therefore, is also a great attraction to her, of all things on earth can firmly attracted, so that the water to flow, ripe apples off to the ground, despite diving birds, which are escape the Earth's attraction, of course, human beings are no exception, only in the lives and breeds on the surface of the earth will not fall into the earth outside. The shape of the Earth's surface is very complex, Stretching the mountains, a vast basin and a variety of scales (scale) of the structure. The total area close to the Earth's continental surface area of 40, but exposed above sea level, only 29 (the sea is not the boundaries of marine and continental tectonics, a part of the mainland area submerged by the sea), lakes, rivers and only a very small part of the Earth's surface waters, Maria Daytona Goushen most of them about 11 kilometers, the maximum height of Mount Everest as 8,848.13 meters above sea level. It has been a dream to travel in space, can enjoy the wonders of the universe. In fact, we are all space travelers. Our spaceship is the Earth, the flight speed of 108,000 kilometers per hour.
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Encyclopedia of Astronomy
Earth as seen from space is indeed very beautiful, its surface Haoxiang wrapped in a layer of white tulle, which is the Earth's atmosphere, through this layer of gauze, you can see the vast blue ocean and a small floating in the sea island-like land. Therefore, the Earth seen from space the astronauts said that the Earth should be called "blue water polo" is more appropriate. Earth's surface area was 5.11 million square kilometers, land area of only 149 million square kilometers, accounting for 29.2% of the earth's surface, while the marine area of 362 million square kilometers, accounting for 70.8% of the earth's surface, the equivalent land area of 2.5 times.
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Encyclopedia
diqiu Earth Earth One of the nine planets in the solar system, according to the Sun from near and far away from the order for the third satellite. It has a natural satellite ─ ─ moon, the two form a celestial system ─ ─ Earth-Moon system. In astronomy, the Earth □ symbols used to represent. Earth is about 46 billion years old. Whether the whole Earth or its atmosphere, ocean, crust, or interior, since from the form is always in constant change and movement. In a series of evolutionary stages, it maintains a dynamic equilibrium state. Rotation and revolution in 1543, Copernicus in "Celestial Bodies On," a book made the first complete rotation of the earth and the concept of revolution. Since then, a large number of observations and experiments have proved that the earth rotates from west to east, while around the sun. In 1851, French physicist Foucault in Paris, successfully conducted a famous experiment (Foucault pendulum test) to prove that the Earth's rotation. Earth's rotation period is approximately 23:56:04 mean solar time. Earth to the orbit is elliptical. The orbits of the semi-major axis is 149,597,870 km, orbital eccentricity was 0.0167, orbital period is a sidereal year, the average orbital speed of 29.79 kilometers per second, the ecliptic and equatorial angle (obliquity of the ecliptic) is 23 ° 27 □. Earth's rotation and revolution movements combine to produce alternating day and night on Earth, seasonal changes and five belts (tropical, temperate and north-south boreal north-south) of the distinction. Earth's rotation speed is uneven, with long-term changes, seasonal variations and irregular changes. Meanwhile, day, month, and the gravity of planets atmosphere, oceans and the role of various substances in the Earth's interior, the Earth's rotation axis and the Earth in space have produced this change in the direction of the body, that precession and nutation, polar motion and obliquity of the ecliptic changes. Cough Lan She leech man condemned? 6,000 km of the Earth photo shoot The earth is spherical shape and size of the emergence of this concept can be traced back to five or six centuries. At that time, the Greek philosopher Pythagoras School is starting from the concept of spherical produce the most beautiful of the concept. Aristotle, according to the shadow on the moon during the eclipse is a circle, the first scientific proof that the earth is a sphere. As early as the Warring States period in China, the philosopher Hui Shih has made the views of the earth is spherical. The third century BC, the ancient Greek geographer Eratosthenes successfully measured by triangulation between Aswan and Alexandria radial length. China's Tang Dynasty, under the guidance of a line from the Palace said that the survey team, led the Yellow River in Henan Province were the plains north-south arc of the first measurement, calculate the altitude difference between the Arctic was equivalent to the ground from the north-south difference of about 351 in 80 steps (the length of the Tang Dynasty 5 feet = 1 unit step, step = 1 in 300), which can calculate the radius of the Earth. This work than similar work about the Arabs as early as 100 years. In modern times, except by geodetic methods, gravity measurements can also be used to determine the equilibrium shape of the Earth. Days after artificial earth satellite, geodetic geodynamics obtained great development. Combination of various methods to make the determination of size and shape of the earth greatly improved accuracy. International Astronomical Union in 1976, the system of astronomical constants, α is the Earth's equatorial radius of 6,378,140 meters, the earth flat rate factor 1 / f to 298.257. Earth is not being spherical, but flat sphere, or, more like a pear-shaped body of revolution. Artificial Earth satellite observations show that the earth's equator is elliptical, thus may be that the earth is a triaxial ellipsoid. Rotation of the Earth's centrifugal force makes the ball from the poles to the equator of the Earth gradually expanded, becoming slightly flat shape of the rotating ellipsoid, the equatorial radius is about more than a very short radius of 21 km. The uneven distribution of matter inside the earth, further causing the irregular shape of the earth's surface. In geodesy, the so-called shape of the earth is the shape of the geoid, the surface gravity in the same position throughout, is a equipotential surface. Day the Earth's gravitational pull on the earth's oceans, the atmosphere generated tidal phenomena, also Solid Earth (in a way is elastic) elastic deformation occurs, this is the so-called "earth tide." Quality and the quality of the Earth gravity 5.976 × 10 □ grams, which is determined according to the law of gravity. Determine the quality of the Earth provides the basis for determination of the quality of other celestial bodies. Mass of the Earth can be drawn from the Earth's average density of 5.52 g / cm □. Any particles on the planet are subject to gravity and inertia centrifugal force, the two together is gravity. Gravity decreases with height increase, but also changes with latitude. Add gravity on the equator
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English Expression
: globe
n.: the globe, planet, the Earth, the globe [sing] the earth, world, the Earth; the globe, the [this] terrestrial globe, this star, this earthly round, underworld, terrene, terra, orb, globosity, earth
globe