shǒu : shěng : zhōu : nán luó lái zhōu [xiǎnshìquánbù] : měi zhōu >nán měi zhōu > lún 
xiǎnshìdìtú
mùlù
guódù
哥伦比亚
  guó míng lún gòng guó( TheRepublicofColombia)
  
   : 7 yuè 20 ( 1810 nián
  
   guó qìng : 7 yuè 20 ( 1810 nián
  
   guó huādōng lāi lán héng hénglán
  
   guó chéng cháng fāng xíngcháng kuān zhī yuē wéi shàng 'ér xià yóu huánglánhóng sān píng xíng héng cháng fāng xíng xiāng lián 'ér chénghuáng fēn zhàn miàn de bànlán hóng zhàn miàn de huáng xiàng zhēng jīn de yáng guāng fēng de rán yuánlán dài biǎo lán tiānhǎi yáng liúhóng xiàng zhēng 'ài guó zhě wéi zhēng guó jiā mín jiě fàng 'ér xià de xiān xuè
  
   guó huīzhōng xīn 'àn wéi dùn huīdùn miàn zhōng jiān shì dǐng yóu zhī mào xiàng zhēng yóu jiě fàngdùn miàn shàng wéi liǎng zhǐ xiàng zhēng fēng ráo de yáng jiǎozhōng jiān hóng shí liú lún céng chēngxīn gòng guó”,“ zài bān zhòngyì wéishí liú”。 dùn miàn xià de 'àn miáo huì lún bīn tài píng yángběi lín jiā hǎi de wèi zhìdùn huī shàng duān wéi zhǐ měi zhōu shén yīng diāo zhe yuè guì zhī huā huánxiàng zhēng guó jiā de guāng róngyīng zhǎo xià de shòu dài shàng yòng bān wén xiě zhe yóuzhì ”, wéi zài zhì xià shí xíng yóudùn huī liǎng xuán guà liǎng miàn guó
  
   guó jiā zhèng yàozǒng tǒng 'ā 'ěr luó · wéi · bèi lāi (AlvaroUribe),2 02 nián yuè rèn zhí
  
   rán : 1141748 píng fāng gōng chú dǎo lǐng hǎi wài)。 wèi nán měi zhōu běi dōng lín wěi nèi ruì nán jiē 'è guā duō 'ěrbìlǔ běi jiǎo jiē rǎngběi lín jiā hǎi bīn tài píng yáng
  
   rén kǒu: 4453 wàn( 2003 nián)。 zhōng yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 60 bái rén zhàn 20%, hēi bái hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 18%, wéi yìn 'ān rén hēi rénrén kǒu nián zēngchánglǜ 1.79%。 guān fāng yán wéi bān duō shù mín xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào
  
   shǒu shèng fěi ( Bogota), rén kǒu 649 wàn( 2001 nián)。 nián píng jūn wēn 14
  
   huò suǒ
  
   jiǎn shǐ dài jìng nèi wéi chá děng yìn 'ān rén de fēn 。1 shì lún wéi bān zhí mín chēng xīn lán 。1810 nián yuè20 xuān tuō bān hòu zāo zhèn 。181 nián nán měi jiě fàng zhě 'ěr lǐng dǎo de jūn zài zhàn huò shèng hòu lún zuì zhōng huò
  
   xíng jūn de lún jūn rén
  
  1821 nián zhì 1822 nián tóng xiàn wěi nèi ruì 'è guā duō 'ěr gòng tóng chéng lún gòng guó, 1829 nián zhì 1830 nián wěiè liǎng guó xiān hòu tuì chū。 1831 nián gǎi chēng xīn lán gòng guó。 1861 nián chēng lún zhòng guó。 1886 nián dìng guó míng wéi lún gòng guó。 1903 nián shěng zài měi guó dòng xià xuān tuō hòu yóu dǎng bǎo shǒu dǎng lún liú zhí zhèng。 2002 nián 5 yuè rén shì wéi zài xuǎn shǒu lún tóu piào zhōng chāo guò bàn shù de xuǎn piào dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng liǎo liǎng chuán tǒng zhèng dǎng lún liú zhí zhèng de zhèng zhì
  
   zhèng zhìgēn xiàn lún wéi zhōng yāng quán guó jiā xíng zhèng sān quán fēn zǒng tǒng yóu zhí xuǎn chǎn shēngwèiguó jiā yuán shǒu zhèng shǒu nǎo huì shì guó jiā de gòunèi shì zhèng xíng zhèng gòuyóu zǒng tǒng zhí jiē lǐng dǎoshí xíng dài zhì mín zhù xíng zhèng sān quán fēn zǒng tǒng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu jiān zhèng shǒu nǎo shì zhuāng duì tǒng shuàiyóu zhí jiē xuǎn chǎn shēng néng lián rènhuī shè zǒng tǒngshěng shì cháng gǎi wéi zhí jiē xuǎn chǎn shēngbǎo zhàng rén shēn 'ān quánxìn yǎngjié shèláo dòng xiǎng jiào yóu guó jiā shǐ rén quán dào zūn zhòng
  
   jīng rán yuán fēng méi tànshí yóu bǎo shí wéi zhù yào kuàng cáng tàn míng méi tàn chǔ liàng yuē 240 dūn měi shǒu wèishí yóu chǔ liàng 18 tǒngtiān rán chǔ liàng 187 fāng bǎo shí chǔ liàng shì jiè wèi fán chǔ liàng wéi 1 dūnyóu chǔ liàng 4 wàn dūn wài hái yòu jīnyínniètiě děng kuàng cángsēn lín miàn yuē 4923 wàn gōng qǐng lún shǐ shàng shì shēng chǎn fēi wéi zhù de nóng guó。 1999 niánshòu zhōu jīn róng wēi děng yǐng xiǎngjīng xiàn 60 nián lái zuì yán zhòng de shuāi tuì。 2000 nián jīng kāi shǐ zhī hòu zhí bǎo chí zēngzhǎng。 2003 nián zēng jiā kuàijiàn zhù chí zēngzhǎngdiàn qiú jiā jīn róng shì tóu liáng hǎodài kuǎn rén tóu zēng jiāchuán tǒng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu kuò shì měi zhòng yào de yóu zhōng xīn zhī yóu jiào 。 2003 niánwài guó yóu 62 wàn rénzhù yào yóu yòu shèng 'ěr shèng fěi shèng 'ān liè luó wéi dēng qún dǎomài línguā bàn dǎo děng
  
   xīn wén chū bǎnquán guó yuē yòu400 zhǒng bào kān zhìzhù yào bào zhǐ yòu:《 shí dài bào》,《 bàng guān zhě bào》,《 xīn shì bào》,《 gòng guó bào》。 zhù yào zhìjūn wéi zhōu kānyòu:《 xiàng dǎo》、《 xīn biān jiāng》、《 jīng zōng 》、《 xīng 》、《 kǒu hào》。 shàng bào kān jūn wéi bān wén lún xīn wén shè shì zuì de rén tōng xùn shèchéng 1981 1 niánxiàng quán guó jìn20 jiā bào zhǐ diàn tái gōng xīn wénquán guó gòng yòu582 zuò guǎng diàn tái。“ guó jiā diàn táishì wéi guó yíng diàn táichuàng jiàn 1940 nián。“ lún guǎng gōng ”、“ quán guó guǎng gōng tuō 'ěrdiàn tái wéi jiào de sān jiā rén guǎng gōng zài shè yòu guǎng shè tái zhuǎn táidiàn shì shǐ 1954 niánquán guó gòng yòu15 jiā diàn shì tái zhōng sān jiā wèiguó jiā diàn shì tái fàng táidàn èr tái tōng guò tóng xiàng rén diàn shì jié zhì zuò tái fàng tái chū sān tái wèiguó jiā zhí jiē guǎn fàng wén huà jiào děng jié
  
   wài jiāofèng xíng zhù jié méng duō yuán huà de wài jiāo zhèng wài jiāo zhòng diǎn shì jìn mìqiè měi guó de guān jiā qiáng tóng měi bié shì zhōu biān guó jiā de zuògǒng tóng 'ōu méng de chuán tǒng lián zēng jìn tài guó jiā de jiāo liú zuò
  
   zhōng guó guān :1980 niányuè lún tóng zhōng guó jiàn jiāo
  
   lún guó míngzài nán měi zhōu běi bīn tài píng yángběi lín jiā hǎidōng tóng wěi nèi ruì dōng nán tóng nán bìlǔè guā duō 'ěr běi wéi línmiàn
  114.2 wàn píng fāng gōng rén kǒu 3, 060 wàn( 1987), yìn 'ōu hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 57%, bái zhǒng rén zhàn 20%, hēi bái hùn xuè zhǒng rén zhàn 14%, wéi hēi zhǒng rén yìn 'ān rén děng bān wèiguó duō xìn tiān zhù jiàoshǒu shèng fěi chú yán hǎi píng yuán wàiwéi zhōngdōng sān tiáo píng xíng de shān mài gòu chéng de gāo yuánshān jiān yòu kuān kuò de nán yòu liè huǒ shān zhuī běi wéi lāi xià yóu chōng píng yuánshuǐ dào fēn zhǎo guǎng dōng wéi sūn 'ào nuò shàng yóu zhī liú chōng píng yuányuē zhàn quán guó zǒng miàn de sān fēn zhī 'èrchì dào héng guàn nán píng yuán nán 'àn wéi dài lín hòuxiàng běi zhú jiàn zhuǎn wéi dài cǎo yuán gān zào cǎo yuán hòuhǎi 1, 000-2, 000 de shān shǔ dài, 2, 000-3, 000 shǔ wēn dài, 3, 000-4, 500 shǔ gāo hán cǎo , 4, 500 shàng de gāo shān dài zhōng nián xuěkuàng yuán fēng zhù yào yòu shí yóuméijīntiětóng bǎo shí děng wài hái yòu yínxīnniè qiānyóu děngshuǐ yùn cáng liàng wéi 5, 000 wàn qiān sēn lín miàn yuē zhàn quán guó miàn de bàn shàngshí liù shì lún wéi bān zhí mín 。 1810 nián 7 yuè 20 xuān tuō bān tǒng zhì, 1819 nián huò 。 1822 nián tóng jīn 'è guā duō 'ěr wěi nèi ruì chéng lún gòng guó。 1829 nián、 1830 nián wěiè xiāng tuì chū hòu, 1831 nián chēng xīn lán gòng guó。 1861 nián gǎi chēng lún jiǔ shěng lián bāng。 1863 nián yòu gǎi chēng lún zhòng guó, 1886 nián gǎi míng lún gòng guó。 1903 nián jìng nèi shěng tuō lún jiàn gòng guójīng nóng wéi zhùcóng rén kǒu zhàn quán guó láo dòng de bàn fēi chǎn zhí zhàn nóng zǒng chǎn zhí de sān fēn zhī shàngchǎn liàng chū kǒu liàng jǐn shì jiè 'èr wèi zhù yào nóng zuò yòu shuǐ dào xiāng jiāogān zhèmián huā yān cǎoxùmù jiào chǎng zhàn zǒng miàn 28.9%。 kuàng kāi cǎi shí yóu méi wéi zhùshì dīng měi zhōu zhù yào chǎn jīn guó chǎn liàng shì jiè wèi bǎo shí chǎn liàng shì jiè shǒu wèigōng zhǎn jiào kuài chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de fēn zhī shàng zhì táng fēi jiā gōngfǎng zhì wéi zhù de qīng gōng zhàn gōng zǒng chǎn zhí de 70% shànghái yòu jīn zhì zào chē zhuāng pèishuǐ huà xuéliàn yóushí yóu huà gōng děng yóu yòu jiào kuài zhǎnshū chū fēi wéi zōngzhàn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 50% shàng wéi méihuáng jīnshí yóuxiāng jiāoguì jīn shǔ fǎng zhì pǐn zhuāngshuǐ děnghuā huì chū kǒu lán shì jiè 'èr wèishū shè bèichē liànggōng yuán liào shí pǐn děngjiāo tōng yùn shū gōng wéi zhùháng kōng yùn shū jiào
  
   lún wèi měi guó de dōng běi kào jìn wéi zhōu lán zhōu wèi běi wěi 38.913611 jīng -77.013222 zǒng miàn 177 píng fāng gōng zhōng yòu 10.16% de shì shuǐ yòu xiāng dāng duō guǎnguó xìng shù guǎn jiù shì zhōng zhī
  
   měi guó nán luó lái zhōu zuì chéng shìshǒu wèi zhōng kāng háng zhōng diǎnrén kǒu 9.9 wàn shì 40.8 wàn( 1980)。 1786 nián jiàn wéi zhōu shǒu , 1865 nián nán běi zhàn zhēng shí bèi huǐhòu zhòng jiànxiàng wéi mián huā nóng chǎn pǐn sàn xiàn réng wéi nán mián fǎng gōng zhōng xīn zhī nóng lín chǎn pǐn jiā gōngdiàn liào féi liào děng gōng wén jiào zhōng xīnyòu xué duō suǒ
  
   měi guó zhōu zhōng chéng shìzài jié fěi xùn chéng běi 48 gōng rén kǒu 6.2 wàn( 1980)。 jiàn 1821 nián。 1826 nián shè shìzhōu wéi nóng gōng yòu zhì pǐnzhuān yìn shuà děngzhù yào liáo xué shù zhōng xīnshè yòu zhōu 'ái yuànzhōu jīng shén bìng yuàn xué jiào xué děng
  
   měi guó zhōu nán chéng zhènzài jié xùn nán 120 gōng chùrén kǒu 7, 700( 1980)。 shì jìn shēng chǎn mián huā jiā qínniú de mào diǎn gōng zhōng xīnkāi cǎi yuán yóutiān rán hái yòu zhuāngjiā zhǐ jiāngjiāo bǎn děng gōng


  Colombia (IPA: /kəˈlʌmbɪə/) officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia, Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a country located in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; to the north-west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
  
  Colombia is the 26th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest in South America (after Brazil, Argentina, and Peru), with an area more than twice that of France. It also has the third-largest population in Latin America after Brazil and Mexico.
  
  The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous tribes which had migrated from North and Central America, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and Tairona. To the south lay the Inca Empire. The Spanish arrived in 1499, and initiated a period of conquest and colonisation which ultimately led to the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (comprising what is now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama) with its capital at Bogotá. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 "Gran Colombia" had collapsed with the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador. Modern day Colombia, with Panama, emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. Panama seceded in 1903.
  
  Colombia has a long tradition of constitutional government, and the Conservative and Liberal parties, founded in 1843 and 1848 respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas. However, tensions between the two have frequently erupted into violence, most notably in the Thousand Days War (1899-1902) and La Violencia, beginning in 1948. Since the 1960s, government forces have been engaged in conflict with left-wing insurgents and illegal right-wing paramilitaries. Fuelled by the cocaine trade, this escalated dramatically in the 1990s. However, the insurgents lack the military or popular support necessary to overthrow the government, and in recent years the violence has been decreasing. Insurgents continue attacks against civilians, and large swathes of the countryside remain under guerrilla influence, but the Colombian government has stepped up efforts to reassert government control throughout the country, and now has a presence in every one of its municipalities.
  
  Colombia is a standing middle power with the second largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico. It is also one of the largest manufacturers in South America. Colombia is very ethnically diverse, and the interaction between descendents of the original native inhabitants, Spanish colonisers, African slaves and twentieth-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle East has produced a rich cultural heritage. This has also been influenced by Colombia's incredibly varied geography. The majority of the urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains, but Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. Ecologically, Colombia is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world.
  
  The word "Colombia" comes from the name of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish, Cristoforo Colombo in Italian). It was conceived by the revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, especially to those territories and colonies under Spanish and Portuguese rule. The name was then adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819 formed out of the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador).
  
  In 1830, when Venezuela and Ecuador separated, the Cundinamarca region that remained became a new country: the Republic of New Granada. In 1858 New Granada officially changed its name to the Granadine Confederation, then in 1863 the United States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name — the Republic of Colombia — in 1886.
  
  Geography and climate
  
  Shaded relief map of Colombia.Colombia is the 26th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest country in South America. Located in the northwestern region of South America, it is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the North by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; to the north-west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Besides the countries in South America, the Republic of Colombia is recognized to share maritime borders with the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Colombia has more physical diversity packed into its borders than any other area of comparable size in Latin America. Colombia has the highest diversity of birds and amphibians of any country on earth, with 1,815 species and 583 species, respectively, known to date. The country is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
  
  Los Llanos plains in Colombia.Geologically Colombia is formed by two great territorial zones, one submerged in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean sea covering a total area of 828,660 km² and the second is the emerged land which is formed by the Andes mountain range and the Llanos plains that are shared with Venezuela and cover an area of some 1'143,748 km². Colombian surface features form complicated land patterns. The western third of the country is the most complex, starting at the shore of the Pacific Ocean in the west and moving eastward at a latitude of 5 degrees north, a diverse sequence of features is encountered; In the extreme west are the very narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, which are backed by the Serranía de Baudó, one of the lowest and narrowest of Colombia's mountain ranges. Next is the broad region of the Río Atrato/Río San Juan lowland.
  
  the Magdalena River at Santa Cruz de Mompox.The western mountain range, the Cordillera Occidental, is a moderately high range with peaks reaching up to about 13,000 ft (4,000 m). The Cauca River Valley, an important agricultural region with several large cities on its borders, separates the Cordillera Occidental from the massive Cordillera Central. Several snow-clad volcanoes in the Cordillera Central have summits that rise above 18,000 ft (5,500 m). The valley of the Magdalena River, a major transportation artery, separates the Cordillera Central from the main eastern range, the Cordillera Oriental. The peaks of the Cordillera Oriental are moderately high. This range differs from Colombia's other mountain ranges in that it contains several large basins. To the east of the country, the sparsely populated, flat to gently rolling eastern lowlands called Llanos orientales part of the Orinoco river basin and the jungle covered Amazon region part of the Amazon river basin (both basins called eastern plains) cover almost 60 percent of the country's total land area. The northern plains are mostly part of the Caribbean natural region which includes the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the highest mountain by the sea and the Guajira Peninsula, mostly arid with another separate formation from the Andes mountain range, the Serranía de Macuira to form the Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub.
  
  Climate
  
  Glacier Snowy peaks of the Nevado del Tolima volcano. 5,200+ metres (17,060 ft)The climate of Colombia is determined by its proximity to the Earth's Equator predominating a tropical and isothermal climate, presenting variations within five natural regions and depending on the altitude; determined by mountain climate, temperature, humidity, and winds; influenced by the trade winds and precipitation which is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Colombia is also affected by the effects of the El Niño and La Niña.
  
  Temperatures generally decrease about 3.5 °F (2 °C) for every 1,000-foot (300-m) increase in altitude above sea level, presenting perpetual snowy peaks to lower hot lands. Rainfall varies by location and is present in two seasons (two dry and two rainy) in Colombia presenting one of the highest rainfalls in the world in the Pacific region. Rainfall in parts of the Guajira Peninsula seldom exceeds 30 in (75 cm) per year. Colombia's rainy southeast, however, is often drenched by more than 200 in (500 cm) of rain per year. Rainfall in most of the rest of the country runs between these two extremes.
  
  The hot and humid Colombian Pacific coast, one of the rainiest in the world.Altitude affects not only temperature, but also vegetation. In fact, altitude is one of the most important influences on vegetation patterns in Colombia. The mountainous parts of the country can be divided into several vegetation zones according to altitude, although the altitude limits of each zone may vary somewhat depending on the latitude. The "tierra caliente" (hot land), below 3,300 ft (1,000 m), is the zone of tropical crops. The tierra templada (temperate land), extending from an altitude of 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). Wheat and potatoes dominate in the "tierra fría" (cold land), at altitudes from 6,600 to 10,500 ft (2,000 to 3,200 m). In the "zona forestada" (forested zone), which is located between 10,500 and 12,800 ft (3,200 and 3,900 m). Treeless pastures table lands dominate the páramos, or alpine grasslands, at altitudes of 12,800 to 15,100 ft (3,900 to 4,600 m). Above 15,100 ft (4,600 m), where temperatures are below freezing, is the "tierra helada", a zone of permanent snow and ice.
  
  Colombian Flora and Fauna also interact with climate zone patterns. Scrub woodland of scattered trees and bushes dominates the semiarid northeastern steppe and tropical desert. To the south, savannah (tropical grassland) vegetation covers the eastern plains; Colombian portion of the llanos. The rainy areas in the southeast are blanketed by tropical rain forest. In the mountains, the spotty patterns of precipitation in alpine areas complicate vegetation patterns. The rainy side of a mountain may be lush and green, while the other side, in the rain shadow, may be parched. As a result Colombia is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world.
  
  Environmental issues
  
  Nevado del Ruiz volcano, erupted in 1985 causing the Armero tragedy.The environmental issues in Colombia are caused by both natural hazards and human effects on the environment. Natural hazards are determined by the global positioning of Colombia by the Pacific ring of fire causing geological instability. Colombia has 15 major volcanoes which have caused tragedies like Armero and geological faults that have caused numerous devastating earthquakes like the 1999 Armenia earthquake. Human induced deforestation have also added to the problems of geological instability and inundations during the rainy seasons which are susceptible to the El Nino and to La Nina effect, two regions are very susceptible to these mainly in the Caribbean region of Colombia; La Mojana Region and the Magdalena river basin as well as the Valley of the Cauca River in the Pacific Region of Colombia. The population increase and the burning of fossil fuels and industry, among other human produced waste has contaminated the environment of major cities and nearby water sources.
  
  Participants in the Colombian armed conflict have also contributed to the pollution of the environment in Colombia. The illegally armed groups have deforested large portions of land to plant illegal crops (mostly on government designated protected areas) while the government fumigated these crops using hazardous chemicals. The guerrillas also destroyed oil pipelines creating major ecological disasters.
  
  History
  
  Pre-Columbian era
  
  The Zipa used to cover his body in gold and, from his raft, he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake. This old Muisca tradition became the origin of El Dorado legend.Approximately 10,000 BC hunter-gatherer societies existed near present-day Bogotá (at "El Abra" and "Tequendama") which traded with one another and with cultures living in the Magdalena River Valley. Beginning in the first millennium BC, groups of Amerindians developed the political system of "cacicazgos" with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques. Within Colombia, the two cultures with the most complex cacicazgo systems were the Tayronas in the Caribbean Region, and the Muiscas in the highlands around Bogotá, both of which were of the Chibcha language family. The Muisca people are considered to have had one of the most developed political systems in South America, after the Incas.
  
  Spanish discovery, conquest and colonization
  Spanish explorers made the first exploration of the Caribbean littoral in 1499 led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502. In 1508, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa started the conquest of the territory through the region of Urabá. In 1513, he was also the first European to discover the Pacific Ocean which he called Mar del Sur (or "Sea of the South") and which in fact would bring the Spaniards to Peru and Chile. The territory's main population was made up of hundreds of tribes of the Chibchan and Carib, currently known as the Caribbean people, whom the Spaniards conquered through warfare and alliances, while resulting disease such as smallpox and the conquest itself caused a demographic reduction among the indigenous. In the sixteenth century, Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa.
  
  Independence from Spain
  
  Francisco de Paula Santander, Simón Bolivar and other heroes of the Independence of Colombia in the Congress of Cúcuta.Since the beginning of the periods of Conquest and Colonization, there were several rebel movements under Spanish rule, most of them either being crushed or remaining too weak to change the overall situation. The last one, which sought outright independence from Spain, sprang up around 1810, following the independence of St. Domingue in 1804 (present day Haiti), who provided a non-negligible degree of support to the eventual leaders of this rebellion: Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander. Simón Bolívar had become the first president of Colombia and Francisco de Paula Santander was Vice President; when Simón Bolívar stepped down, Santander became the second president of Colombia. The rebellion finally succeeded in 1819 when the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Greater Colombia organized as a Confederation along Ecuador and Venezuela (Panama was part of Colombia).
  
  Post-Independence and republicanism
  
  The Gran Colombia.Internal political and territorial divisions led to the secession of Venezuela and Quito (today's Ecuador) in 1830. At this time, the so-called "Department of Cundinamarca" adopted then the name "Nueva Granada", which it kept until 1856 when it became the "Confederación Granadina" (Grenadine Confederation). After a two year civil war in 1863, the "United States of Colombia" was created, lasting until 1886, when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the Thousand Days civil war (1899 - 1902) which together with the United States of America's intentions to influence in the area (especially the Panama Canal construction and control) led to the separation of the Department of Panama in 1903 and the establishment of it as a nation. Colombia engulfed in a year long war with Peru over a territorial dispute involving the Amazonas Department and its capital Leticia. Soon after, Colombia achieved a relative degree of political stability, which was interrupted by a bloody conflict that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1950s, a period known as La Violencia ("The Violence"). Its cause was mainly because of mounting tensions between the two leading political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of the Liberal Presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on April 9, 1948. This assassination caused riots in Bogotá and became known as El Bogotazo, the violence from these riots spread through out the country and claimed the lives of at least 180,000 Colombians. From 1953 to 1964 the violence between the two political parties decreased first when Gustavo Rojas deposed the President of Colombia in a coup d'etat, and negotiated with the guerrillas, and then under the military junta of General Gabriel París Gordillo.
  
  After Rojas deposition the two political parties Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party agreed to the creation of a "National Front", whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices. The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political injustices continued and many guerrillas were formally created such as the FARC, ELN and M-19 to fight the government and political apparatus with influences from Cold War doctrines.
  
  Emerging in the late 1970s, powerful and violent drug cartels developed during the 1980s and 1990s. The Medellín Cartel under Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel, in particular, exerted political, economic and social influence in Colombia during this period. These cartels also financed and influenced different illegal armed groups throughout the political spectrum. Some enemies of these allied with the guerrillas and created or influenced paramilitary groups.
  
  The new Colombian Constitution of 1991 was ratified after being drafted by the Constituent Assembly of Colombia. The constitution included key provisions on political, ethnic, human and gender rights. The new constitution initially prohibited the extradition of Colombian nationals. There were accusations of lobbying by drug cartels in favor of this prohibition. The cartels had previously promoted a violent campaign against extradition, leading to many terrorist attack and mafia style executions. They also tried to influence the government and political structure of Colombia by means of corruption, as in the case of the 8000 Process scandal.
  
  Members of the Colombian National Army during a field training exercise.In recent years, the country has continued to be plagued by the effects of the drug trade, guerrilla insurgencies like FARC and paramilitary groups such as the AUC (later demobilized, though paramilitarism remains active), which along with other minor factions have engaged in a bloody internal armed conflict. President Andrés Pastrana and the FARC attempted to negotiate a solution to the conflict between 1998 and 2002 but failed to do so. President Andrés Pastrana also began to implement the Plan Colombia initiative, with the dual goal of ending the armed conflict and promoting a strong anti-narcotic strategy.
  
  During the presidency of Álvaro Uribe, who was elected on the promise of applying military pressure on the FARC and other criminal groups, some security indicators have improved, showing a decrease in reported kidnappings (from 3700 in the year 2000 to 800 in 2005) and a decrease of more than 48% in homicides between July 2002 and May 2005 and of the terrorist guerrila itself reduced from 16.900 insurgents to 8.900 insurgents. It is argued that these improvements have favored economic growth and tourism. The 2006–2007 Colombian parapolitics scandal emerged due to the revelations and judicial implications of past and present links between paramilitary groups, mainly the AUC, and some government officials and many politicians, most of them allied to the governing administration.
  
  Government, law and politics
  
  Casa de Nariño, the presidential palace in Bogotá houses the President of Colombia and maximum representative of the Executive Branch of Colombia.The Government of Colombia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic as established in the Colombian Constitution of 1991. The Colombian government is divided into three branches of power; the executive, legislative and judicial with special control institutions and electoral institutions. The President of Colombia is the highest representative of the executive branch of government in Colombia and is also the head of state and head of government with supreme administrative authority, followed by the Vice President and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia.
  
  At a provincial level the executive is managed by department governors, municipal mayors at municipal level and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions such as corregidor for corregimientos. The legislative branch of government in Colombia is represented by the National Congress of Colombia which is formed by an upper house the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. At a provincial level the legislative branch is represented by department assemblies and a municipal level with municipal councils. Both the legislative and executive branches share most of the government power while the judicial branch of Colombia functions as an independent body from the other two branches which are vested with a shared power. The judicial branch under a adversarial system is represented by the Supreme Court of Justice which is the highest entity in this branch but shared in responsibility with the Council of State, Constitutional Court and the Superior Council of the Judicature which also have jurisdictional and regional courts.
  
  Administrative divisions
  
  Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district which is treated as a department. There are in total 10 districts assigned to cities in Colombia including Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Tunja, Cúcuta, Popayán, Buenaventura, Tumaco and Turbo. Colombia is also subdivided into some municipalities which form departments, each with a municipal seat capital city assigned. Colombia is also subdivided into corregimientos which form municipalities. Each department has a local government which is headed by a department governor and its own department assembly elected for a period of four years in a regional election. Each municipality also headed by a municipal mayor and a municipal council. And for corregimientos there will be an elected corregidor or local leader.
  
   Department Capital city
  1 Amazonas Leticia
  2 Antioquia Medellín
  3 Arauca Arauca
  4 Atlántico Barranquilla
  5 Bolívar Cartagena
  6 Boyacá Tunja
  7 Caldas Manizales
  8 Caquetá Florencia
  9 Casanare Yopal
  10 Cauca Popayán
  11 Cesar Valledupar
  12 Chocó Quibdó
  13 Córdoba Montería
  14 Cundinamarca Bogotá
  15 Guainía Inírida
  16 Guaviare San José del Guaviare
  17 Huila Neiva
   Department Capital city
  18 La Guajira Riohacha
  19 Magdalena Santa Marta
  20 Meta Villavicencio
  21 Nariño Pasto
  22 North Santander Cúcuta
  23 Putumayo Mocoa
  24 Quindío Armenia
  25 Risaralda Pereira
  26 San Andrés, Providencia
  and Santa Catalina San Andrés
  27 Santander Bucaramanga
  28 Sucre Sincelejo
  29 Tolima Ibagué
  30 Valle del Cauca Cali
  31 Vaupés Mitú
  32 Vichada Puerto Carreño
  33 Capital District Bogotá**
  
  Some department have also local administrative regional subdivisions such as the departments of Antioquia and Cundinamarca, where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are near each other. In the case of some department where the population is still scarce and there are security problems such as in eastern Colombian departments of Amazonas, Vaupés and Vichada there special administrative definitions for territories, some are considered Department corregimientos, which are a hybrid between a corregimiento and a municipality. The difference besides the population is also subject to a cut in the assigned budget.
  
  Defense
  
  Tall ship ARC Gloria, insignia of ColombiaThe executive branch of government is in charge of managing the defense affairs of Colombia with the President of Colombia being the supreme chief of the armed forces, followed by the Minister of Defense, which controls the Military of Colombia and the Colombian National Police among other institutions. The Colombian military is divided into three branches with their respective chains of command; the Colombian National Army, the Colombian Air Force and the Colombian National Armada.
  
  The national police functions as a gendarmerie independently from the Military as the law enforcement agency for the entire country. Each of these operates with their own intelligence apparatus and also separately from the national intelligence agency Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad. The National Police has a presence in all municipality seats of Colombia, while the National Army is formed by divisions, regiments and special units. The Colombian National Armada is formed by the Colombian Marine Corps, Naval Force of the Pacific, Naval Force of the Caribbean, Naval Force of the South, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia. The Colombian Air Force is formed by 13 air units: EMAVI, ESUFA, IMA, CACOM 1, CACOM 2, CACOM 3, CACOM 4, CACOM 5, CACOM 6, CATAM, CAMAN, GACAR and GAORI.
  
  Foreign affairs
  
  The Foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President of Colombia and managed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Colombia has diplomatic missions in all the continents, but not in all countries, and also multilateral relations with Brussels (Mission to the European Union) Geneva (Permanent Mission to the United Nations and other International Organizations) Montevideo (Permanent Missions to ALADI and MERCOSUR) Nairobi (Permanent Missions to the United Nations and other International Organizations) New York City (Permanent Mission to the United Nations) Paris (Permanent Mission to UNESCO) Rome (Permanent Mission to FAO) Washington DC (Permanent Mission to the Organization of American States).
  
  The foreign relations of Colombia are mostly concentrated on combating illegal drug trade, improving Colombian image in the international community, fight against terrorism, expanding the Colombian products in the global market and environmental issues. Colombia receives special military and commercial cooperation and support from the United States mainly through Plan Colombia to fight against the internal armed groups as well as special financial preferences from the European Union in certain products.
  
  Politics of Colombia
  
  Voters concentrate in a voting center during the legislative elections of 2006. As a rule, voters are not allowed to wear political propaganda in allusion to a candidate or party, or have electronic devices on their possession while voting.The Politics of Colombia take place in the framework of a presidential representative democratic republic as established in the Colombian Constitution of 1991. The constitution vested the National Electoral Council along with the National Registry of the Civil State with the function of organizing and controlling the electoral process in Colombia. Since the 2005 reform the electoral process abides by the Law 974 of 2005 which modified the way political parties organize and interact in the government. Colombia goes through three electoral processes to elect candidates for a period of four years; a Presidential election, for president and vice president candidates (authorized to serve one reelection, 8 years), a legislative election for congress; senate and chamber of representatives (authorized many terms through reelection) and a regional election to elect department governors, department assemblies, municipal mayors and municipal councils and Local administrative juntas (executive regional leaders are only authorized one term in office).
  
  The last presidential and legislative elections were on May 28, 2006, in which president Álvaro Uribe was reelected by a vote of 62%, with 22% going to Carlos Gaviria of the Democratic Pole, and 12% to Horacio Serpa of the Liberal Party. Colombia's bicameral parliament is the Congress of Colombia consists of a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives of Colombia and a 102-seat Senate of Colombia. Members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. With congressmen, Colombia also elects the president. Department deputies, city councils and mayors are elected one year and five months after the president's and congressmen's election. The latest regional election was on October 28, 2007 with some 27 million Colombians apt to vote to elect between some 86 thousand candidates to represent 1,098 Colombian municipalities and 32 governors of Colombian Departments. Colombian authorities mobilized 167,559 soldiers and policemen in order to vigil the 9,950 voting sites.
  
  The election process in the judicial system is headed by the Constitutional Court and members are appointed by the Congress of Colombia out of nominations made by the President and other high ranking tribunals, presidents of courts in the other hand are elected in internal elections. In Electoral Institutions and Control Institutions of Colombia officials are also appointed by the president and approved by congress like the Inspector General of Colombia.
  
  Economy
  
  GDP growth 2001-2007Colombia's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a highly literate population and relatively high-valued currency. After experiencing decades of steady growth (average GDP growth exceeded 4% in the 1970-1998 period), Colombia experienced a recession in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since 1929), and the recovery from that recession was long and painful. Colombia's economy suffers from weak domestic and foreign demand, austere government budgets, and serious internal armed conflicts.
  
  Plantation of Colombian coffee, Quindio. Coffee is the main agricultural export of Colombia.The IMF Economic Indicators published on September 2006, forecast the Colombian GDP to reach US$156.69 billion in 2008. Inflation has been below 6% for 2004, 2005, and 2006. Colombia's main exports include manufactured goods (41.32% of exports), petroleum (28.28%), coal (13.17%), and coffee (6.25%). Unofficially, illegal drugs are also a major export. Colombia is one of the largest producers of pop-up books in the world.
  
  Colombia is also the largest exporter of plantains to the United States. It also exports many types of sugar crops. Within Latin America, Colombia is known as a provider of fine lingerie, with the industry being centered in Medellín. All imports, exports, and the general trade balance are in record levels, and the inflow of export dollars has resulted in substantial reevaluation of the Colombian Peso.
  
  The problems facing the country range from pension system problems to drug dealing to moderately high unemployment (12%). Several international financial institutions have praised the economic reforms introduced by current President Álvaro Uribe, which include measures designed to bring the public-sector deficit below 2.5% of gross domestic product (GDP). The government's economic policy and its controversial democratic security strategy have engendered a growing sense of confidence in the economy, and GDP growth in 2003 was among the highest in Latin America. On May 28, 2007, the American magazine BusinessWeek published an article naming Colombia the most Extreme Emerging Market on Earth.
  
  Tourism
  
  Tourists in Cartagena.The Tourism industry in Colombia developed in the 1940s and has maintained a steady growth since then. The main tourist destinations are Bogotá, Cartagena, Eje cafetero, Santa Marta, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, San Andrés Island among others, each presenting different tourist attractions. There are different tourist season in Colombia, the two most busy are related to religious celebrations; the holy week and Christmas among other numerous public holidays, including the celebrations surrounding the Independence of Colombia.
  
  The most notable festivities are the Cali's Fair, the Barranquilla's Carnival, the Bogotá summer festival, the Iberoamerican Theater Festival, the Festival of the Flowers, the Vallenato Legend Festival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites and the Fiestas del Mar. Despite Travel advisories warning not to travel to Colombia due to Colombian armed conflict, the country continues to attract more tourists in recent years. The apparent cause appears to be the current hardline approach of President Álvaro Uribe called democratic security to push rebels groups farther away from the major cities, highways and tourist sites that may attract international visitors. Since President Uribe took office in 2002, he has notably increased Colombia's stability and security by significantly boosting its military strength and police presence throughout the country.
  
  Arrecifes beach at the Tayrona Park, one of main eco-tourist destinations.This apparently has achieved fruitful results for the country's economy, particularly international tourism. In 2006, Colombia received some 1.5 million international visitors, an astonishing increase of about 50% from the previous year. Lonely Planet, a world travel publisher, picked Colombia as one of their top 10 world destinations for 2006. The World Tourism Organization reported in 2004 that Colombia achieved the third highest percentage increase of tourist arrivals in South America between 2000 and 2004 (9.2%). Only Peru and Suriname had higher increases during the same period. Because of the improved security, Caribbean cruise ships tours stop in Cartagena and Santa Marta. To further point out the improved security in the country, in June 2007, the Travel Channel's show, 5 Takes Latin America, aired an episode on Colombia. Points of interest on the show were Bogotá, Cocora Valley in Salento, and the Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá.
  
  The varied and rich geography, flora and fauna of Colombia has also developed an eco-tourist industry, mostly developed in the National Natural Parks of Colombia which include the areas of Amacayacu Park in the Department of Amazonas, Colombian National Coffee Park in the town of Montenegro, Quindío, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Los Nevados National Park (near the city of Manizales), Cocora valley in Salento, Quindío, PANACA theme Park, PANACA Savanna Park, Tayrona Park in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range (near the city of Santa Marta), the Tatacoa Desert, the Chicamocha Canyon National Park, Gorgona and Malpelo islands, as well as Cabo de la Vela in the Guajira Peninsula.
  
  Transportation
  
  Occidente tunnel, Antioquia.Colombia has a network of national highways maintained by the Instituto Nacional de Vías or INVIAS (National Institute of Roadways) government agency under the Ministry of Transport. The Pan-American Highway travels through Colombia, connecting the country with Venezuela to the east and Ecuador to the south.
  
  Colombia's principal airport is El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá. Several national airlines (Avianca, AeroRepública, AIRES , SATENA and EasyFly, ), and international airlines (such as Iberia, American Airlines, Varig, Copa, Continental, Delta, Air Canada, Air France, Aerolineas Argentinas, Aerogal, TAME, TACA) operate from El Dorado. Bogotá's airport is one of the largest and most expensive in Latin America. Because of its central location in Colombia and America, it is preferred by national land transportation providers, as well as national and international air transportation providers.
  
  Biofuels
  Colombia is discussing current trends and challenges as well as recent international developments in the biofuels sector with the intention of contributing to the development of a sustainable and competitive biofuels strategy for Colombia and the region.
  
  Arturo Infante Villarreal is the National Biofuels Coordinator, Department of National Planning
  
  Demographics
  
  Colombian people at the Cali's FairWith approximately 43.6 million people in 2006, Colombia is the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico.
  
  Movement from rural to urban areas was very heavy in the mid-twentieth century, but has since tapered off. The urban population increased from 31% of the total population in 1938, to 57% in 1951 and about 70% by 1990. Currently the figure is about 77%. Thirty cities have a population of 100,000 or more. The nine eastern lowlands departments, constituting about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 3% of the population and a density of less than one person per square kilometer (two persons per sq mi.). Colombia's total population in 2015 is projected to be more than 52 million.
  
  
  Afro-Colombian childrenThe country has a diverse population that reflects its colourful history and the peoples that have populated here from ancient times to the present. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Colombia's current demographics: European immigrants, Indigenous Natives, Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners and other recent immigrants. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remaining 700,000 currently represent over eighty-five distinct cultures. The European immigrants were primarily Spanish colonists, but a number of other Europeans (Dutch, German, Italian, French, Swiss, Belgian, also many North Americans) migrated to the Caribbean region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in smaller numbers Polish, Lithuanian, English and Croatian communities immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. For example, former Bogotá mayor Antanas Mockus is the son of Lithuanian immigrants. Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the 19th century. Other immigrant populations include Asians and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese, Jordanians, Syrians, Chinese, Japanese and Koreans.
  
  Indigenous peoples
  
  The Wayuu represent the largest indigenous ethnic group in Colombia.Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Colombia, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples. Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban linguistic families. Historically there are established 567 reserves (resguardos) for indigenous peoples and they are inhabitated by more than 800,000 people; the 1991 constitution established their native languages as official in their territories, most of them have bilingual education (Native and Spanish). Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu, the Arhuacos, the Muisca, the Kuna people, the Witoto, the Páez, the Tucano and the Guahibo. The departamentos with the biggest Indian population are Cauca, Guajira and Guainia.
  
  Immigrant groups
  
  Because of its strategic location Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) and other Caribbean cities have the largest population of Arab Lebanese, Jewish, Italian, German, French, Portuguese and Gypsy descendants. There are also important communities of German and Chinese descendants in the Caribbean Coast.
  
  Ethnic groups
  The census data in Colombia does not take into account ethnicity, so percentages are basically estimates from other sources and can vary from one another. Statistics reveal that Colombians are predominantly Roman Catholic and overwhelmingly speakers of Spanish, and that a majority of them are the result of the a mixture of Europeans, Africans, Amerindians.
  
  58% of the population is mestizo, or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, while 20% is of European ancestry. Another 14% is mulatto, or of mixed black African and European ancestry, while 4% is of black African ancestry and 3% are zambos, of mixed black African and Amerindian ancestry. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise 1 percent of the population. There are 101 languages listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. There are about 500,000 speakers of indigenous languages in Colombia today.
  
  More than two-thirds of all Colombians live in urban areas—a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (94 percent) in Colombia is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth is slightly higher than the world average. Also, a large proportion of Colombians are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 33 percent of the people are 14 years of age or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older.
  
  Education
  
  Che Square (or Santander Square), campus of the National University of Colombia in Bogotá. The National University is the largest state owned university in Colombia.Over 94% of the entire population over 15 years of age can read and write, and this number has continued to increase throughout the years. Sixty percent of students complete primary schooling (5 years) and move onto secondary schooling (6 years). Most primary schools are private. Approximately 80 percent of Colombian children enter school, but they usually join a preschool academy until age 6 and then go to school. The school year extends from February to November in the capital city while in many other cities it extends from August to June. Primary education is free and compulsory for nine years for children between 6 and 12 years of age. The net primary enrollment (percentage of relevant age-group) in 2001 was 86.7 percent. The completion rate (percentage of age-group) for children attending elementary school (primaria) in 2001 totaled 89.5 percent. In many rural areas, teachers are poorly qualified, and only five years of primary school are offered. Secondary education (educación media) begins at age 11 and lasts up to six years, without any opportunity for vocational training. Secondary-school graduates are awarded the diploma (high-school diploma). Net secondary enrollment in 2001 was 53.5 percent. School life expectancy in 2001 was 11.1 years. Total public spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2001 was 4.4 percent—one of the highest rates in Latin America—as compared with 2.5 percent at the end of the 1980s. Government expenditures on education in 1999 totaled 19.7 percent of total government spending. The ratio of pupils to teachers in 2001 in primary school was 26:1 and in secondary school, 19:2. Colombia has 24 public universities. A total of 92.5 percent of the population is literate (male: 92.4 percent; female: 92.6 percent), according to a 2003 estimate. Literacy is at 93 percent in urban areas, but only 67 percent in rural areas. People in Colombia are educated in Spanish (see also Colombian Spanish). The second most spoken language is English.
  
  Religion
  
  Salt Cathedral in the town of Zipaquirá, Cundinamarca.The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are hard to obtain. Based on various studies, more than 95% of the population adheres to Christianity, in which a huge segment of the population, between 81% and 90%, practices Roman Catholicism. About 1% of Colombians practice indigenous religions.
  
  Under 1% practice Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Despite strong numbers of adherents, around 60% of respondents to a poll by El Tiempo report that they do not practice their faith actively.
  
  The Colombian constitution guarantees religious freedom, but also states that the State "is not atheist or agnostic, nor indifferent to Colombians' religious sentiment." Religious groups are readily able to obtain recognition as organized associations, but some smaller ones face difficulty in obtaining recognition as religious entities, which is required to offer chaplaincy services in public facilities.
  
  
  Culture
  
  Fiesta in Palenque. Afro-Colombian tradition from San Basilio de Palenque, one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity since 2005.Colombian culture lies at the crossroads of Latin America, and is distinguished by having a very multicultural society. European, African, Native American, American, Middle Eastern, and other Latin American cultural influences such as Mexico and the Caribbean are all felt in Colombia's modern culture. Due to Colombia's geography and years of social and political instability, Colombian culture has been heavily fragmented into five major cultural regions which also correspond to Colombian natural regions. Urban migration, industrialisation, Globalization, and political, social and economic issues have altered the Colombian way of living throughout the years.
  
  Inherited from colonial times, Colombia maintains its large base of Roman Catholic traditions which largely influence and unite its multicultural society. The mixing of various different ethnic traditions is reflected in Colombia's music and dance. The most well-known genres of music in Colombia are Cumbia and Vallenato, the latter being strongly influenced by global pop culture.
  
  US President Bill Clinton and daughter Chelsea during a visit to Cartagena, Colombia, where they were greeted with Vallenato music by The Children of Vallenato group. Vallenato is perhaps the most representative of all Colombian cultural expressions.
  Festival of the Flowers in Medellín, Department of Antioquia.Colombia has multiple celebrations and festivals throughout the year, with a majority stemming from Roman Catholic religious traditions. Prominent examples of festivals include the Ibero-American Theater Festival, Barranquilla's Carnival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites, Independence day on, Holy Week and Christmas. A powerful cultural medium in Colombia is television; the telenovela Betty La Fea has gained international success via localized versions in the United States, Mexico, and Croatia. Television has also played a role in the development of the local film industry.
  
  As in many Latin American countries, Colombians have developed a passion for Football (soccer). The Colombia national football team is seen as a symbol of unity and national pride. Colombia has been an "exporter" of many famous players, such as Freddy Rincon, Carlos Valderrama, Ruben Dario Bustos and Faustino Asprilla. Other Colombian athletes have achieved success in other sports, such as NASCAR's Juan Pablo Montoya, Major League Baseball's Edgar Rentería and Orlando Cabrera, and the PGA Tour's Camilo Villegas.
  
  Other famous Colombians include the Nobel Prize winning author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the artist Fernando Botero, the musicians Shakira, Juanes and Carlos Vives, and the actors Rafael Novoa, Catalina Sandino Moreno, and Sofia Vergara.
  
  The Cuisine of Colombia developed mainly from the food traditions of European countries. Spanish, Italian and French culinary influences can be seen in Colombian cooking. American cuisine, the cuisine of neighboring Latin American countries, Mexico and the Caribbean, as well as the cooking traditions of the Native Americans have all influenced Colombian cuisine.
  
  National symbols have arisen from Colombia's multiculturalism and are objects or themes that are representative of Colombia, the Colombian people, and their shared culture. Cultural expressions in Colombia are promoted by the government through the Ministry of Culture.
nán měi zhōu běi guó jiā
  nán měi zhōu běi guó jiālín tài píng yáng jiā hǎimiàn 114 17 wàn píng fāng qiān rén kǒu 3710 wàn (1995 nián )。 shǒu shèng fěi ān shān mài zòng guàn tài píng yáng yán 'àn dōng wéi píng yuán dài hòunóng zài guó mín jīng zhōng zhàn zhòng yào wèi fēi de chǎn liàng chū kǒu liàng shì jiè zuì qián lièxiān huā shēng chǎn xiǎng shì jiè bǎo shí chǎn liàng shì jiè qián liè
No. 3
哥伦比亚
   lún ( Columbia) shì měi guó nán luó lái zhōu de zhōu zuì de chéng shìgēn 2006 nián de shì nèi de mín shù wéi 122,819 rén wài lún hái shì lán xiàn de xiàn shì de xiǎo fēn wèi xīng dùn xiàn jìng nèi lún suǒ shǔ dedōu shì zhǎn xùn zǒng rén kǒu yòu 70 duō wàn rénchéng shì de míng chēng lái cóng tuō · lún yǐn dǎo chū lái de měi zhōu de míng chuán zuì zǎo shǐ yòng zhè míng chēng de shì shī rén fěi · huì lěi
  
   lún wèi nán luó lái zhōu zhōng xīn de běi jǐn 13 yīng chùshì nán luó lái zhōu zhōng zuì zhòng yào de chéng shì lún shì 1786 nián zuò wéi nán luó lái zhōu de xīn zhōu chéng de shì měi guó zuì zǎo de shè jiàn zào de chéng shìshì nèi de duō wén huà shè shīgōng yuán xiū yǎng shè shī shǐ jīng cháng bèi yòng zuò gāo shēng huó zhì liàng de fàn lún wèi liǎng tiáo zhòng yào liú de liú chùyīn duō tǐng huá tǐng 'àihào zhě dào zhè lái lún hái duō tuán zhù chēngjìn nián lái bèi xuǎn měi guó shēng huó zhì liàng zuì gāo de 30 chéng zhènzhī
  
   shǐ
   zǎo shǐ
  
   zǎo zài 1787 nián nán luó lái zhōu huì jué dìng jiàn zào lún chéng 100 lái nián qián zhè fāng duì nán luó lái zhōu de zǒng zhǎn jiù jīng liǎo zhòng yào zuò yòngkǎn ruì 'àn de zuò míng wéi kǎn ruì de qián xiàn bǎo lěi shì sāng liú tǒng de tōng háng zhōng diǎn。 1754 nián zhí mín zhèng zài zhè shè zhì liǎo bǎi lái lián jiē bǎo lěi dōng 'àn gāo shàng duàn zhǎn de mín diǎn
  
   duō běi měi zhí mín zǎo zhòng yào de mín diǎn yàng lún wèi cóng 'ā shān mài yuán de liú liú de tōng háng zhōng diǎnér zhè diǎn wǎng wǎng shì shùn liú de shuǐ de shuǐ hái gāng gāng tuī dòng shuǐ de fāng
  
  1786 nián 3 yuè 22 zhōu huì tóng liǎo cān yuán yuē hàn · liú · 'ěr wéi( JohnLewisGervais) chū de jiàn xīn zhōu de guān xīn chéng shì de míng chēng yòu duō zhēng dāng shí biǎo de bào dào wēi céng shuō wàngzài zhè zuò chéng shì men néng gòu zài lún de xià zhǎo dào bǎo ”, ér lún shì wàng de chéng shì de míng chēnglìng míng shìhuá shèng dùn”。 zuì hòu zài zhōu cān yuàn tóu piào shì lún 11 duì 7 piào huò shèng
  
  1786 nián zhè fāng yīn wèi zhōu de zhōng xīn bèi xuǎn wéi xīn zhōu 。 1790 nián zhōu huì shǒu zài kāi huì kāi shǐ de 20 nián zhōng zhè zhí jiē shòu zhōu huì guǎn 。 1805 nián lún bèi liè wéi cūn。 1854 nián bèi shēng wéi chéng shì
  
   sāng yùn jiàn chéng hòu lún chá 'ěr dùn yòu liǎo zhí jiē de shuǐ lián jiēwéi chéng shì dài lái liǎo de zhǎnsāng yùn shì 1786 nián kāi shǐ jiàn zào de, 1800 nián wán gōngshì měi guó zuì zǎo de yùn zhī 。 1850 nián yóu tiě yùn shū duàn zēng duō tíng zhǐ shǐ yòng
  
   guī huá zhě shè liǎo zuò yán pàn liǎng yīng cháng deyóu 400 jiē chéng de chéng shìměi jiē fēn wéi yīng de chū shòu gěi tóu shāng de mínmǎi zhù zài sān nián nèi jiàn zào zuò zhì shǎo 30 yīng chǐ cháng、 18 yīng chǐ kuān de fáng fǒu de huà měi nián jiāo 5% de jīnhuán chéng jiē dào liǎng tiáo zhù jiē dào 150 yīng chǐ kuān fēn jiē de jiē dào 100 yīng chǐ kuānzhè kuān shì yóu dāng shí de xìn dǎo zhì dedāng shí rén men wéi wēi xiǎn de tǎo yàn de wén fēi yuè 60 yīng chǐ de fǒu de huà men huì zài bàn shàng bèi 'é jīn tiān lún rán shòu zhè xiē kuān guǎng de jiē
  
   dào 1797 nián wéi zhǐ guī huá zhě dāng zhèng de zuò yòng hòu huì shè liǎo jiē dào shì chǎng wěi yuán huìdāng shí de sān zhòng wèn shì jiǔ 'è liè de wèi shēng tiáo jiàn
  
   lún zhǎn xùn , 1800 nián hòu jiǔ rén kǒu jiù jīng kuài dào 1000 rén liǎo
  19 shì
  
  1801 nián nán luó lái xué yuànjīn tiān nán luó lái xuézài lún chéng xuǎn lún wéi gāi xué yuàn de yuán zhǐ de mùdì zhī shì wàng tǒng nán běi de mín wài nán luó lái zhōu de lǐng dǎo rén wàng néng gòu zhí jiē jiān shì xué yuàn de zhǎn jìn xué yuàn jiàn hòu duō nián xué wèi shòu diǎn shì zài huì zhào kāi de 12 yuè jìn xíng de
  
  1805 nián lún bèi shēng wéi zhènzhèn de zhèng shì míng zhèn cháng liù míng zhù shǒu wèi bèi xuǎn de zhèn cháng shì yuē hàn · tài ( JohnTaylor), tài hòu lái jìn liǎo zhōu huì de cān yuàn zhòng yuàn měi guó huì de cān yuàn zhòng yuànzuì hòu hái chū rèn nán luó lái zhōu zhōu cháng。 1816 nián lún yòu 250 1000 duō míng mín
  
  1854 nián lún bèi shēng wéi shì zhèng yóu míng xuǎn 'ér chū de shì cháng liù míng zhù shǒu chéngliǎng nián hòu shì nèi shè liǎo zhī jǐng chá duìyóu míng quán zhí jǐng guān jiǔ míng xún jǐng chéngchéng shì rán duàn xùn zēngzhǎng。 1850 nián dài 1860 nián dài lún shì nán běi luó lái zuì de nèi chéng shìzhè duàn shí jiān tiě duì lún rén kǒu zēngzhǎng liǎo zuò yòng。 1840 nián dài zuì zǎo dào lún de tiě zuì zhòng yào de zuò yòng zài yùn shū mián huāér shì mián huā shì lún zhōu biān de shēng 。 1850 nián shì nèi de shāng jīng quán zhí jiē huò jiànjiē mián huā yòu guān
  
  1860 nián 12 yuè 17 nán luó lái fēn liè huì zài lún de jìn xìn huì jiào táng zhào kāikāi huì dài biǎo 159 piào duì 0 piào de quán duō shù qiān shǔ liǎo tóng fēn liè de jué lún de wèi zhì shǐ chéng wéi měi jiān lián méng guó huì huì de xiǎng diǎnzài nán běi zhàn zhēng jiān shù zhōu de yínháng jiātiě gōng zǒng cáijiào shī shén xué jiā shí zài lún kāi huì
  
  1865 nián 2 yuè 17 zài wēi lián · sài · xiè 'ěr màn de lián bāng jūn jūn duì zhàn lǐng lún de guò chéng zhōng chéng shì bèi zhī chuán shuō jìn xìn huì jiào táng chā diǎn bèi xiè 'ěr màn díshì bīng fén huǐchuán shuō shì bīng lái dào jiào táng mén kǒu wèn jiào táng de guǎn jiā fēn liè jué shì zài qiān shǔ de guǎn jiā jiàngshì bīng dài dào jìn de zuò wèi zōng jiào tángyóu jiāng zhè zuò shǐ xìng jiàn zhù bǎo xià lái liǎo
  
   zhàn hòu jiǔ jiù huǒ de yīn jiù bào liǎo zhēng lùnxiè 'ěr màn bèi tóng méng jūn zài chè chū lún shí jiāng duī zài jiē shàng de mián huā kǔn diǎn rán liǎojiā shàngdàng shí fēngdǎo zhì shī huǒ fǒu rèn xià lìng diǎn huǒdàn shì díquè xià lìng cuī huǐ zhòng yào de jūn shì shè shī tóng méng yìn shuà chǎng děngdāng mínlián bāng jūn shì bīng míng bào shè zhě chēng lián bāng jūn shì bīng wèile bào nán luó lái zhōu lǐng tóu cóng lián bāng fēn liè chū 'ér diǎn huǒ yòu rén chēng zhān · shuài wén zài de shū《 LiesAcrossAmerica:WhatOurHistoricSitesGetWrong》 zhōng huǒ zhù yào shì tóng méng jūn dǎo zhì dejīn tiān yóu yán xiè 'ěr màn chéng de jìng kàn xìng cún huǒ de jiàn zhù jié gòu
  
   zài chóngjiàn shí lún chéng wéi jiā guān zhù de jiāo diǎn zhěyóu lái dào nán luó lái zhōu de zhōu lái guān chá nán fāng zhōu de huìyīn wéi zhè huì zhōng bāo kuò guò de 。 1865 nián huǒ hòu lún huò liǎo huī chóngjiàn chū shì nèi de jiàn zhù gōng zhǎn liáng hǎowài wéi tiě de xiū wéi dāng mín zào chéng liǎo duō jiù huì
  20 shì
  
  20 shì chū lún chéng wéi xìng de fáng zhì gōng zhōng xīn。 1907 nián lún yòu liù zhì chǎnggòng 3,400 duō míng gōng rénnián gōng zǒng 'é 819,000 měi yuánwéi zhěng dài lái liǎo 480 duō wàn měi yuán de jīng zhōu zhuǎn
  
   dào 1908 nián wéi zhǐ lún méi yòu shè de jiē dào guò zài 115 shí kǒu shàng yòu shòu wéi de xíng rén zhè yàng xíng rén zài chuān guò jiē dào shí yòng tàng guò shuǐyòu duàn shí jiān zuò wéi shí yàn huá shèng dùn jiē shàng shè liǎo bǎndàn shì xià bào shí zhè xiē bǎn jiù shùn shuǐ piào zǒu liǎochéng wéi dāng de xiào huà。 1925 nián kāi shǐ shè bǎi yóu
  
  1911 nián 1912 nián lún shì nèi xīng jiàn zhù liǎo jià zhí 250 wàn měi yuán de xīn fáng zhōng bāo kuò sān zuò yínháng shà zuò gòu zhōng xīn duō zuò diàn
  
  1917 nián 9 yuè 1 měi guó jūn zài lún kāi shè liǎo zuò bīng yíng
  
  1930 nián lún shì yòu 50 wàn de shāng zhōng xīnshì nèi yòu 803 jiā líng shòu diàn zhōng 280 jiā shì shí pǐn diàn wài hái yòu 58 jiā zhuāng diàn、 57 jiā fàn diàn、 55 jiā jiā zhàn、 38 jiā yào diàn、 20 jiā jiā diàn、 19 jiā chē shāng、 11 jiā xié diàn、 9 jiā yān diàn、 5 jiā bǎi huò shāng diàn jiā shū diànshì nèi yòu 119 jiā shāng zhōng sān fēn zhī shì shí pǐn shāng
  
  1934 nián lún shì jiāng yuán lái de lián bāng yuàn mǎi xià zuò wéi shì zhèng shàzhè zuò jiàn zhù shǐ yòng de shì jìn wēn de huā gǎng yán jiàn chéng de shè shī shì yóu · lán zǒng tǒng de lián bāng shè shī , 1876 nián jiàn chéngjīn tiān bèi liè guó jiā shǐ míng hái jiàn zào liǎo duō huá shèng dùn lún de bàn gōng lóuběn lái de jìhuà zhōng hái suàn jiàn zuò zhōng lóudàn néng yīn wéi jiàn zào fèi yòng chāo guò liǎo suàn 'ér bèi fàng shà de qiáng shàng yòu de yuán shǐ shè de zhì lún kāi shǐ shí de shǐ zhào piàn
  
  1940 nián guò de bīng yíng chóngxīn yòngyīn wéi dāng shí shì zhèng wàng jūn duì néng gòu yǒng jiǔ zhù zhā zài lún 。 1968 nián zài jiǎo lóu de zhǔn xià gāi bīng yíng bèi bìng lún shì
  
  1940 nián dài chūzài běn zhēn zhū gǎng hòu měi guó jìn 'èr shì jiè zhàn hòu jiǔ · zài lún de jūn yòng chǎng wéi kōng dōng jīng zuò xùn liànjīn tiān zhè zuò chǎng chéng wéi liǎo lún shì chǎng men xùn liàn shǐ yòng de fēi shì B-25 qiē 'ěr xíng hōng zhà zài lún de lìng chǎng de fēi chén liè zhe tóng xíng hào de fēi
  
  1940 nián dài lún kāi shǐ shì jié · láo zhǒng shì。 1945 nián zuò lián bāng yuàn pàn jué shì nèi de hēi rén jiào shī yīnggāi bái rén jiào shī huò tóng yàng de xīn shuǐdàn shì zài hòu shù nián lún shì duó duō hēi rén jiào shī de jiāoshū quán shì nèi hēi rén huò de tóng yàng dài bāo kuò xuǎn quán xiāo zhǒng fēn yóu shì zài gōng gòng xué xiào )。 1962 nián 8 yuè 21 zuò shì zhōng xīn de lián xiāo diàn shǒu xiàng hēi rén chū shòu fàn。 1963 nián nán luó lái xué shǒu jiē shōu hēi rén xué shēngyuē tóng shí duō zhǒng zhǒng fēn kāi shǐ zài shì nèi bèi xiāohēi rénshēn jiā duō shè qún wěi yuán huìshì zhèng cǎi liǎo fǎn shì de yòng zhèng zhè xiē jìn cuò shī shǐ lún 1964 nián 'èr huò quán měi chéng shì jiǎng shì zài 1951 nián)。 1965 niánxīn wén zhōu kān biǎo de piān wén zhāng zàn yáng lún jiāng cóng jiào tiáo zhǒng zhèng de bìng zhōng jiě fàng chū lái liǎo”。
  
   zài 1950 nián dài lún de rén kǒu cóng 186,844 rén zēng cháng dào 260,828 rénzēng jiā hǎi 40%, zhōng shì nèi de rén kǒu 97,433 rén
  
   hòu de chéng shì jiàn shè zhōng rén men fēi cháng zhòng shì shǐ bǎo 。 1967 nián shǐ shàng de luó zhì chǎng bèi xiū zhè dǎo zhì liǎo shì nèi duō shǐ jiàn zhù 'ér bèi xiū 。 1970 nián dài chū nán luó lái xué chóngxīn liàng liǎo tiě”。 xiē dāng de guǎn shì zài shí duì shǐ xīng de gāo de huì jiàn de zhōng bāo kuò 1988 nián kāi fàng de nán luó lái zhōu guǎn
  
  1980 nián lún shì de rén kǒu 410,088 rén, 1990 nián yuē 47 wàn rénchéng shì shì gǎi shàn mín de shēng huó tiáo jiàn shǐ dāng de jīng duō yàng huàlái bǎo chí chéng shì wèi lái de duàn zhǎn
   jìn nián shǐ
  
  1990 nián dài 2000 nián dài chū lún de shì zhōng xīn bèi yuán lái de cāng chéng wéi gāo fàn diàngòu jiǔ 。 2002 nián zhí mín zhōng xīn kāi fàngwéi lún dài lái liǎo shù míng xīng de yīnyuè huì。 2004 nián lún shì huì zhōng xīn kāi fàng xīn de huì zhōng xīn guǎn xiē mín zhèng zài jiàn shè zhōng
  
   yòu xiē rén píng chéng shì shì zhōng xīn de hěn chéng gōnghuí qiān de rén de shǎo guò jìn nián lái duō rén zài shì zhōng xīn jìn xíng chóngjiàn jiàn shè gōng chéngyuè lái yuè duō de rén qiān huí shì zhōng xīn xiē shǐ xìng de shì zhōng xīn jiàn zhù bèi gǎi zào chéng gōng shì zhōng xīn yòu xīn de jiàn zhù zào lái biān de chāi huǐ liǎo jiù de gōng yuánjiàn zào liǎo xīn de gōng yuán yǐn liǎo duō rén dào shì zhōng xīn de gōng yuán yùn dòng
   hòu
  
   lún de wèi zhì wéi běi wěi 34°1'1", jīng 81°0'38"。 qiū dōng chūn wēn dōng 'ǒu 'ěr huì shè shì líng dàn hěn shǎo huì cháng lěngchūn juān huā shèng kāi shì zuì měi de jiéxià fēi cháng lún měi guó dōng nán chéng shì yàng jīng cháng huì shēng wēn lún fēi cháng yòu de diǎn shì wèi shān píng yuán de biān jiè shàng lún shì kǎn ruì de tōng háng zhōng diǎn luò ( BroadRiver) zài zhù kǎn ruì
  
   gēn měi guó rén kǒu diào chá de shù lún de zǒng miàn wéi 330.8 píng fāng gōng zhōng 324.3 píng fāng gōng wéi miàn , 6.4 píng fāng gōng ( 1.95%) wéi shuǐ miàn
   měi yuè de bān wēn zuì gāo zuì wēn
   yuè yuè èr yuè sān yuè yuè yuè liù yuè yuè yuè jiǔ yuè shí yuè shí yuè shí 'èr yuè
   zuì gāo °F 84 84 91 94 101 107 107 107 101 101 90 83
   bān gāo wēn °F 55.1 59.5 67.4 75.7 83.1 89.1 92.1 90 84.8 75.8 66.7 57.8
   bān wēn °F 34 36.3 43.5 50.7 60 67.9 71.8 70.6 64.6 51.5 42.6 36.1
   zuì °F -1 5 4 26 34 44 54 53 40 23 12 4
   jiàng shuǐ liàngyīng cùn) 4.66 3.84 4.59 2.98 3.17 4.99 5.54 5.41 3.94 2.89 2.88 3.38
   lái yuán: USTravelWeather.com
   shì
  
   gēn 2006 nián měi guó rén kǒu diào chá de lún shì de zǒng rén kǒu wéi 703,771 rén
  
   gēn 2000 nián de rén kǒu chá lán xiàn liè xīng dùn xiàn liǎng xiàn de zǒng rén kǒu wéi 536,691 rén zhōng yuē 78% zhù zài lún shì nèi( 420,537ren1)。 2003 nián 6 yuè měi guó rén kǒu diào chá jiāng xià xiàn guī lún shì fèi 'ěr fěi 'ěr xiàn( FairfieldCounty)、 'ěr huò 'ēn xiàn xiào xiàn( KershawCounty) xiànyóu lún dedōu shì chéng wéi nán luó lái zhōu zuì dedōu shì
  
   lún shì bāo kuò xià xiàn
  
  * lán xiàn
  * liè xīng dùn xiàn
  * fèi 'ěr fěi 'ěr xiàn
  * 'ěr huò 'ēn xiàn
  * xiào xiàn
  * xiàn
  
   lún zuì de zhèn shì bāo kuò
  
  * shèng 'ān lán xiàn, 21,814 rén
  * xiàng shùliè xīng dùn xiàn, 15,755 rén
  *Dentsville: lán xiàn, 13,009 rén
  * lún : 13,064 rén
  * kǎi : 12,150 rén
  * : 11,039 rén
  
  
  
  *ForestAcres: 10,908 rén
  * liè xīng dùn: 9,793 rén
  *Woodfield: 9,238 rén
  * xiàng shù lín: 8,183 rén
  *Lugoff: 6,278 rén
  
   chǔ shè shī
   shì zhèng
  
   lún de zhèng xíng shì shì huì zhèng shì cháng huì de liù míng chéng yuán shì xuǎn 'ér chūrèn niánshì cháng liǎng míng yuán yóu quán shì shì mín xuǎn chū míng yuán yóu shì xuǎn chūxuǎn zài dān shù nián de chūn tiān xíng
  
   shì cháng huì zhì dìng zhèng guī guǎn tiáo lái bǎo zhàng shè qún jīng de zhǎn wài huì hái wéi chéng shì néng gòu yòu tiáo yòu xiào gōng yào de zhī chí
  
   lún de xiàn rèn shì cháng · 'ěr cóng 1990 nián kāi shǐ rèn zhí 2006 nián 4 yuè 4 bèi xuǎnshì zhì jīn wéi zhǐ lún rèn zhí shí jiān zuì cháng de shì cháng
   jiào
   gāo děng xué xiào
  
   nán luó lái xué de zhù xiào yuán wèi lún zhè zuò xué shì 1801 nián nán luó lái xué yuàn kāi bàn de, 1906 nián gēngmíng wéi nán luó lái xué xué yòu 350 xué shì xué 、 2.55 duō wàn xué shēng、 15 xué yuàn xué xiào zhí jiē wèi lún shì zhōng xīn
  
   nèi jiào xué jìn jīn huì píng jià nán luó lái xué shì zuò yōng yòu gāo de yán jiū huó yuè xìngde yán jiū gòu xué hái yōng yòu shì jiè zhī míng de guó shāng xué , 2006 niánměi guó xīn wén shì jiè bào dàojiāng xué shì guó shāng xué zài měi guó liè míng shuò shì xué liè 'èr míng
  
   wèile jìn gǎi shàn nán luó lái xué de jiào xué yán jiū zhì liàng xué zài lǎo xiào yuán kǎn ruì pàn jiàn zuò xīn de míng ”。 zhè jiāng yào jié gōng gòng fèi yán jiū mén xué jiā nèi yòu xiàn dài huà de shāng diànfàn diàngōng xiū xián shè shī děng
  
   lún hái yòu xià gāo děng xué xiào
  
  * ài lún xué héng héng 1870 nián yóu fēi zhōu rén měi měi huì jiàn yōng yòu chāo yuè de shǐbèi biàn rèn wéi duì měi guó hēi rén de zhǎn liǎo zhòng yào de gòng xiàn
  * běn xué yuàn héng héng 1870 nián jiàn xiào shì hēi rén xué lián jīn huì de 39 xué yuàn zhōng zhǎn zuì kuài dechú xué shēng shù wài chéng jīnyán jiū jiǎng jīn de zēngzhǎng fēi cháng gāo
  * lún xué yuàn héng héng 1854 nián jiàn xiàoshì zuò fèi de nián zhì de yóu shù xué yuàn shǔ yòu jiào wǎn xiào xué shì xué xiào。 1994 niánměi guó xīn wén shì jiè bào dàojiāng liè měi guó nán shí zuì hǎodehěn xìng yóu shù xué yuàn zhī
  * lún guó xué héng héng shì zuò shèng jīngwéi chǔ de fèi jiào xué yuàn mùdì zài yǐn dǎo xué shēng jiē shòu jiào xué 1923 nián jiàn xiào
  *MidlandsTechnicalCollege héng héng shǔ nán luó lái gōng chéng xué yuàn tǒng shì liǎng nián zhì demíng liǎo degōng gòng deshè qún xué yuàn gōng duō zhǒng jiào gōng nián zhì dexiàng xué yuàn guò de néng jiào xué yuàn de bān xiǎojiào dǎo rén huà gōng xué shēng zhī chí duō shù xué yuàn de gōng shuò shì shì xué wèi
  * xìn zōng nán fāng shén xué yuàn héng héng 1830 nián jiàn xiàoshì měi guó yīn xìn zōng jiào huì de shén xué yuànshì běi měi zhōu zuì lǎo de xìn zōng shén xué yuàn zhī shén xué yuàn de xiào yuán wèi shì zhōng xīn jìn de zuò xiǎo qiū shàngshì lún de zuì gāo diǎn, 17 yīng de xiào yuán shù hěn duō
  
   fèi xué xiào
  
   lún yòu 17 zuò fèi xué xiào
   gōng gòng xué xiào
  
   lún de gōng gòng xué xiào fēn wéi sān
   jiāo tōng
  
   lún zhōu biān shǐ yòng lún shì chǎngměi yīng háng kōng háng kōng měi háng kōng běi háng kōnglián háng kōng quán měi háng kōng yòu bān fēi wǎng lún shì chǎng
  
   lún de zhōu gōng lián jiē fēi cháng hǎosān tiáo zhōu gōng zài lún xíng chéng tiáo huán chéng gōng : 26 hào、 77 hào 20 hào zhòng yào gāo gōng yòu 126 hào zhōu gōng měi guó guó dào 1、 21 hào、 176 hào、 321 hào、 378 hào nán luó lái 277 hào gāo gōng
  
   lún yòu zuò měi guó guó jiā tiě gōng de huǒ chē zhànyín xīng guò shān chē jiāng lún niǔ yuē shìhuá shèng dùn lún shā jié xùn wéi 'ěrào lán duōtǎn mài 'ā lián jiē
  
  2002 nián 10 yuè jiàn de lún de gōng gòng chē chú wéi lún wài hái wéi zhōu biān huī gǒu chē yùn shū gōng zài shì zhōng xīn de dōng yòu chē zhàn gōng chéng shì jiān yùn shū wài lún shì yòu duō xíng de tōng dào
   shì zhōng xīn
  
   jìn nián lái lún shì wán chéng liǎo liè zhòng zhǎn xiàng bìng jìhuà jìn xíng xiē xīn de xiàng cóng shì zhōng xīn zhì kǎn ruì pàn de 1200 yīng de zhōng de duō shǐ xìng jiàn zhù bèi xiū chóngxīn zhù zhōng bāo kuò nán běi zhàn zhēng zhōng bèi yòng lái yìn shuà tóng méng guó de tóng méng guó yìn shuà chǎngzhè zuò jiàn zhù bèi xiū lún chāo shì Publix xié shāngjiāng guò de yìn shuà chǎng gǎi zào wéi zuò chāo shìjīn tiān lún shì měi guó dōng nán shǎo shù zài shì zhōng xīn yòu chāo shì de chéng shìguó shì xié huì yīn xiàng lún shòu róng zài zhè shì nèi hái jiàn zào liǎo zuò xīn huì zhōng xīn 'ěr dùn fàn diàn 2007 nián xià yòng wài hái zài jìhuà zhōng de hái yòu gāo de gōng diàn gòu jiē
  
   jīn tiān zhè shì de zhù jiē dào zhé wéi jiē shàng de lǎo jiàn zhù yòu shù guǎnfàn diàn shū de shāng diàn bàn gōng shì zhōng diǎn jìn yòu nán luó lái zhōu guǎn zhí mín zhōng xīn jìn zhèng zài jiàn zào xué shēng shè xiē gōng zài kǎn ruì pàn hái zài jiàn zào 750 zuò xīn de gōng
  
   xīn de xué shēn shǐ bāo hán 200 duō yīng miàn zhè jiāng zài jiāng lái shù nián nèi wán gōngwéi 20 céng lóu gāo de lǎo de xué fǎng wèn zhě bèi chāi chúzhè gǎi biàn liǎo lún de tiān zhè jǐn huì yòu xué de yán jiū shè shīér qiě hái huì jiāng xiē jiàn zhù gěi rén mínyán jiū gōng shāng diàn
  
   zhù jiē( MainStreet)、 shì jiē( LadyStreet) diǎn shì ( FivePoints) jūn zài měi huàzhù yào shì jiāng xiǎo píng fáng gǎi zào shè zhuān de rén hángdào huā yuányóu guò céng shì lún huó dòng zhōng xīn de zhù jiē huò bié de zài shāng diàn děng bān dào shì jiāo de gòu zhōng xīn hòu zhè huāng xīn de zhù jiē huī liǎo huó yuè de shāng mín de zhēng guò dāng xiē běn lái cún zài de shāng diàn yīn bèi kāi guò jiē shàng de duō shù shāng diàn xiāng xìn jiē de měi huà wéi men dài lái liǎo yōu diǎnxīn jiàn zhù bāo kuò dōng zhèng jiào shèng sān jiào tángbān lái de yuàn zuò xīn degōng fàn diàn bàn gōng shì hùn shǐ yòng de gāo lóu
  
  2004 nián jiàn zào de xiàn shà( Meridianbuilding) gāo 17 céngjiàn zhù fèi yòng 6200 wàn měi yuánshì zuò bàn gōng shànán luó lái 'èr yínháng guó mín yín xíng zài zhù jiē jiàn zào liǎo zuò jià zhí 4000 wàn měi yuán de xīn bàn gōng lóu
  
   lún shǐ jīn kuàijì huá zài shì zhōng xīn de shǐ jiàn zào huā yuán àn zhào zhè jìhuà shì zhōng xīn de 18 jiē de shǐ xìng jiàn zhù jiāng zhǎn shì shì nèi cóng 1820 nián zhì 1920 nián 100 nián de huā yuán shǐjìhuà bāo kuò bēixiū zhěng shì róng xiàng yóu mín zhǎn shì huā yuán de rén hángdào
  
   wài lún shì zhèng suàn chū shòu 178 yīng de yuán zhōu jīng shén bìng yuàn de qián de jìhuà shì zài zhè 'àn zhào xīn chéng shì zhù jiàn zào dài yòu bàn gōng shì shāng diàn de gāo mín jìhuà jiàn zào 1200 gōng 800,000 píng fāng yīng chǐ de shāng diàn bàn gōng shì miàn
   jīng
  
   lún de jīng xiāng dāng duō yàng huàzuì de zhù shì nán luó lái zhōu zhèng 、 PalmettoHealth yuàn tǒngnán luó lái zhōu lán shí dùn gōng nán luó lái xuéxiàng nán běi luó lái zhōu zuǒ zhì zhōu gōng néng liàng gōngjǐ de cái 500 qiáng gōng kān gōng de zǒng wèi lún zhòng yào zhù yòu měi guó jūnxué xiào tǒng zài lún shì chǎng yōng yòu dōng nán fēn zhàn de lián bāo guǒ gōng zhòng yào de shēng chǎn bāo kuò shí kuài diàn 、 SMISteel、 pài suō zhī liánguó zhǐ gōng bèi nài huò wéi 'ěr diàn gōng děng lún de jīng hòu fēi cháng wěn zài zhè yòu 70 duō wài guó gōng de gōng 14 cái 500 qiáng gōng huó yuè
  
   měi guó 'èr chōng liáo bǎo xiǎn zhí mín chōng liáo bǎo xiǎn de zǒng zài lún mén gōng zài běi měi zhōu de chái yóu yǐn qíng tǒng de zǒng zài lún nán luó lái zhōu 'èr yínháng guó mín yínháng zuì jìn zài shì zhōng xīn jiàn zào liǎo zuò bàn gōng shàgēn nán luó lái zhōu shāng de shù lún zài 2005 nián shì nán luó lái zhōu chǎn shēng jiù zhí huì 'èr duō de
  
   duō zhī míng de chū bǎn gòu rèn lún jīng de liàng qián 。 2006 nián Entrepreneur.com jiāng lún liè wéi 63 měi guó zhōng děngdōu shì zhōng duì jiā lái shuō de chéng shì de míngzhuān mén wéi jià wèi lái diǎn de kuò zhǎn guǎn jiāng lún liè 2007 nián měi guó duì lái shuō zuì de 50 zuò chéng shì zhī měi guó 70 gèdōu shì shāng huì zuì gāo dedōu shì zhī xīng zhī shí gōng zuò zhě ”。 zhuān mén yán jiū jīng dòng tài de bǎo tōng gōng 2006 nián jiāng lún liè měi guó 361 gèdōu shì zhōng jīng liàng zuì qiáng de 25 zhī 。 2007 nián Inc.com shǐ yòng měi guó láo gōng tǒng de zhí zēngzhǎng shù jiāng lún liè wéi 99 zhōng děngdōu shì de 24 míng 2007 niánduì shì shēng zuì hǎo de fāngpái bǎng zhōngjiàng lún pái zài 200 gèdōu shì de 35 míng
  
   tōng guò shè nán luó lái xué de xīn yán jiū lún wàng néng gòu jìn mìng jīng jié gòuchéng shì wàng néng gòu yǐn chǎn shēng shēng gōng chénghuán jìng gōng chéng shù wèi lái dòng děng gāo gāo chǎn zhí
   mín wén huà
   rén kǒu
   lún rén kǒu biàn huà
  1880 nián 10,036 rén
  1890 nián 15,353 rén
  1900 nián 21,108 rén
  1910 nián 26,319 rén
  1920 nián 37,524 rén
  1930 nián 51,581 rén
  1940 nián 62,396 rén
  1950 nián 86,914 rén
  1960 nián 97,433 rén
  1970 nián 113,542 rén
  1980 nián 101,208 rén
  1990 nián 98,052 rén
  2000 nián 116,278 rén
  
  2006 nián lún shì nèi yòu 122,819 míng mínfēn 42,245 22,136 jiā tíngrén kǒu wéi měi píng fāng gōng 358.5 rén zhōng 49.22% shì bái rén、 45.98% shì měi guó hēi rén、 1.73% shì rén、 0.25% shì měi zhōu zhù rén、 0.09% shì tài píng yáng zhù rén、 1.36% shì rén zhōng、 1.36% shì hùn xuè 'ér bān dīng měi zhōu de rén zhàn 3.03%。
  
   lún yòu sān zuò yóu tài jiào huì táng zuò qīng zhēn shì nèi gòng yòu 661 jìn xíng chóng bài shì de zōng jiào shè shī
  
   shì nèi de 42,245 zhōng yòu 25.4% yòu 18 suì xià de wèi chéng nián rén、 31.5% shì jié hūn 、 17.6% shì dài hái de dān shēn 、 47.6% shì jiā tíngbāo kuò dān shēn hànfēn xiǎng fáng jiānfēi chuán tǒng jiā tíng děng)、 37.0% shì dān shēn hàn、 9.8% yòu 65 suì shàng de lǎo nián rénpíng jūn měi yòu 2.21 rénjiā tíng de píng jūn xiǎo wéi 2.97 rén
  
   shì nèi de rén kǒu jié gòu wéi 20.1% zài 18 suì xià、 22.9% zài 18 zhì 24 suì zhī jiān、 30.1% zài 25 zhì 44 suì zhī jiān、 16.6% zài 45 zhì 64 suì zhī jiān、 10.3% zài 65 suì shàngpíng jūn nián líng wéi 29 suì duì nán de xìng bié wéi 100: 96.2, chéng nián rén de xìng bié wéi 100: 93.4。 2000 nián rén kǒu chá de shù shì mín zhōng 35.7% de rén yōng yòu xué shì huò shàng de jiào nán luó lái zhōu de píng jūn shù wéi 20.4%, měi guó de píng jūn shù wéi 24.4%。
   míng rén
  
   lún de míng rén yòu
  
  * · tānɡ sēn · yángyǎn yuán
  * ān 'ěr · kāng wēi 'ěryǎn yuán
  * tīng · dài wéi yǎn yuán
  * chá 'ěr · 'ěr dēng háng yuán
  * chén yòng cǎibàng qiú yùn dòng yuán
  * jié méi yīn · ào 'ěrlán qiú yùn dòng yuán
  * ā liè · yīng shílán qiú yùn dòng yuán
  * lóng · 'ěr bīnlán qiú yùn dòng yuán
  * āi wēi 'ěr · mài dān 'ěrlán qiú yùn dòng yuán
  * · gǎn lǎn qiú yùn dòng yuán
  
  
  
  * shǐ · ruì 'ěrgǎn lǎn qiú yùn dòng yuán jiào liàn
  * tǎn · duō nándiàn yǐng dǎo yǎn
  * · yīnyuè jiā
  * ruì · wēi yīnyuè jiā
  * zhān · shī rén
  * luó · wēi 'ěr xùnzhèng zhì jiā
  * ān · shǐ dōng shǒu
  
   shì
  
   lún fēn 28
   gòu
  
   lún yòu hěn duō de gòu zhōng xīn
  
   diǎn shì shì nèi zhù míng de gòu nèi yòu tóng de gāo dàng shū shāng diàn shù dǒng zhuāngjiā děngshì zhōng xīn de xīn yòu bié de shāng diànbāo kuò dǒngshǒu shì shùshǒu gōng zhì zào de jiā děng
   méi
  
   lún de bào shìzhōu bào》( TheState), wài hái yòu lún shì bào》、《 lún xīng bào》、《 yóu shí bàonán hēi xīn wénděng。《 lún shì zhìshì fèn bào dào shì de xīn wén qìng zhù de shuāng yuè kān。《 lún shāng yuè kānshì lún zuì lǎo de shāng yuè kānzhù yào bào dào jīng zhǎnshāng jiào shù lún shì zhōu gōng gòng diàn shì guǎng diàn tái de zǒng suǒ zài shì nèi hái yòu jiǔ xìng diàn shì tái zhòng duō diàn tái
   wén huà shù
  
  * shì yuàn shì nán luó lái zhōu zuì lǎo de rán zài shǐ yòng de shè qún yuàn yuàn nán luó lái xué jǐn jiē jiàn zhù bèi liè guó jiā shǐ míng
  *TrustusTheatre shì lún de zhuān yuàn gōng
  *TheNickelodeonTheatre shì zuò zhǐ yòu 77 wèi de xiǎo diàn yǐng yuàncóng 1979 nián kāi shǐ yíng zhè diàn yǐng yuàn shì nán luó lái zhōu wéi de zuò fēi yíng xìng diàn yǐng yuànměi nián yòu 2.5 wàn guān zhòng
  * lún 'ǒu yuàn shì měi guó wéi de jiā jǐn shàng yǎn 'ǒu de yuàn
  * nán luó lái suō shì gōng zài quán zhōu yǎn chū wēi lián · suō shì jīng diǎn zuò pǐnjīhū zǒng shì mǎn chǎng
  * nán luó lái gōng zuò yuàn 1967 nián kāi shǐ yíng zài zhè dāng de dǎo yǎn shàng yǎn men de zuò pǐn
  * wán měi yuàn gōng shì lún zuì xīn de zuò yuàn 2006 nián 7 yuè kāi shǐ yíng zhè tuán de mùdì zài yǎn chū wán měidàn shì wán quán tiǎo xìn de běn”。 yǎn chū shí jiān dìng
  * nán luó lái zhōu guǎn zhǎn chū nèi róng bāo kuò xué shù shǐ shù shì nán luó lái zhōu zuì de guǎn měi guó dōng nán zuì de guǎn zhī
  * lún shù guǎn quán nián gēnggǎi zhǎn chū
  *EdVenture shì nán zuì de 'ér tóng guǎnzhè zuò xiàn dài huà de guǎn jiù wèi zhōu guǎn biānér tóng zài zhè xīng zhì tàn suǒ xué
  * mài ( McKissick) guǎn wèi nán xué de xiào yuán nèi dìng zhǎn chū shù xué fāng shǐ
  * lián méng shì jūn shì guǎn zhǎn chū cóng zhí mín shí zhì jīn tiān de zhǎn yóu nán luó lái jiā lián méng guó shí de zhǎn pǐn
  * lán xiàn shū guǎn 2001 nián bèi shēng wèiguó jiā shū guǎnyòu zuò zhù shū guǎn jiǔ zuò fēn guǎnzhù shū guǎn yòu 24.2 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ miàn cáng yòu duō shūshǐ yòng xiān jìn shùhái yōng yòu hěn hǎo de 'ér tóng shū shōu cáng zhǎn lǎn shù zuò pǐn
  * nán luó lái zhōu shū guǎn tōng guò xiàn nèi de gōng gòng shū guǎn xiàng zhōu nèi suǒ yòu gōng mín gōng shū jiè
  * lún lěi tuán shì shì jiè wén míng de lěi tuán
  * nán luó lái jiāo xiǎng yuètuán
  * lún shì jué shì tuán 1990 nián chéng bèi liè měi guó zuì jiā 50 dǎo tuán zhī
  * lún chàng shè qún chéng 1930 nián
  
   gōng yuán wài xiū xián chǎng
  
   nán luó lái zhōu zuì zhù míng de gōng yuán shì fēn gōng yuán( FinlayPark), cóng qìng zhùzhèng zhì jìng xuǎn dào sài páo huó jié shén shì zhè shénme huó dòng jūn yòu xíng
  
   zhè gōng yuán miàn 18 yīng zuì zǎo shì zài 1859 nián gōng yuán wéi míng kāi fàng dedàn shì nán běi zhàn zhēng hòu gōng yuán jiù méi luò liǎozhí dào 20 shì zhì shì shāng 。 1990 nián gōng yuán chóngxīn kāi fàngchéng wéi shì nèi gāng jīn shuǐ zhī jiān de dǎozhè bàn 'ér tóng xià yīnyuè huì děng děng。 1992 nián gǎi wéi jīn tiān de míng
  
   niàn gōng yuán( MemorialPark) shì shì zhōng xīn de kuài yīng de fāngwèi fēn gōng yuán nán jiē de fāngzhè yòu kuài niàn lún hào qīng xún yáng jiàn suǒ yòu zài 'èr shì jiè zhàn zhōng zài shàng miàn zài 'èr shì jiè zhàn zhōng zài zhōng guómiǎn diànyìn zhàn chǎng shàng zài 1941 nián 12 yuè 7 zhēn zhū gǎng guò chéng zhōng wáng de nán luó lái jūn rén zài yuè nán zhàn zhēng zhōng díshì bīng de niàn bēi。 1986 nián 11 yuè nán luó lái yuè nán niàn guǎn jiǎn cǎi shí zhè gōng yuán yòng。 2000 nián 6 yuè cháo xiān zhàn zhēng niàn guǎn bèi shè zhì zài niàn gōng yuán zhōng
  
   lán gōng yuán( GranbyPark) shì kǎn ruì pàn 24 yīng miàn xiá cháng de gōng yuángōng yuán yòu tǐng tíng kào tóudiào táiqiáo tiáo 0.5 yīng cháng de rán dào shì 1998 nián 11 yuè kāi fàng deshì lún pàn de sān de fēn
  
   dīng · · jīn gōng yuán shì niàn měi guó rén quán lǐng xiù de gōng yuánwèi shì zhōng xīn de diǎn guò zhè jiào zuò shān gōng yuánér qiě zhǐ bái rén shǐ yòng。 1980 nián dài gǎi míng wéi dīng · · jīn gōng yuángōng yuán yòu zuò měi de pēn quán shè qún zhōng xīngōng yuán zhòng yào de jǐng diǎn shì 1996 nián 1 yuè kāi fàng de wàng zhī shí niàn bēibēi shàng yòu dīng · · jīn 1964 nián jiē shòu nuò bèi 'ěr píng jiǎng shí zhì xiè yǎn jiǎng zhōng de huà:“ shǐ zhōng chōng mǎn liǎo guó jiā rén zài zhuī qiú tiáo miè de chóu hèn zhī suǒ dǎo zhì de xiāng zhī jiān de qīngyàài shì jiě jué shì jiè wèn de guān jiàn。”
  
   bīn dòng yuán( RiverbanksZoo&Garden) yòu liǎng qiān duō tóu dòng zhù zài pàn de rán huán jìng zhōngduì 'àn de zhí yuán miàn 70 yīng yòu yuán shù línzhí zhǎn lǎn shǐ gāi dòng yuán shì měi guó zuì hǎodehěn 10 dòng yuán zhī dōng nán de shǒu yào yóu lái fǎng
  
   kǎn ruì rán gōng yuán wèi nán luó lái zhōu zhōng huí de kǎn ruì pànzhè yòu yuán shǐ sēn lín duō dòng zhí zhè 2.22 yīng miàn de rán gōng yuán shì měi guó yuán shǐ yìng sēn lín zuì de bǎo shì guó shēng juàn bǎo gōng yuán de gāo sōng shù yìng chéng shì jiè shàng zuì gāo de shù guān zhī xiē shù shì měi guó dōng zuì gāo de shù kǎn ruì rán gōng yuán wéi dòng zhí gōng liǎo bǎo shì yán shì 'ān jìng de xiū xián sàn
  
  150 zhōu nián zhōu gōng yuán( SesquicentennialStatePark) shì 1419 yīng miàn de gōng yuán miàn yòu zuò 30 yīng miàn de yōu měi de wèi lún shì zhōng xīn biān miàn yòu xiǎo cān sān tiáo zhōu gāo gōng wéi gōng liǎo hǎo de jiāo tōngzhè cháng shì jiā tíng huò zhě chū yóu de fānggōng yuán hái gōng rán dǎo yóugōng yuán yòu zuò 1700 nián dài zhōng jiàn zào de、 1969 nián qiān dào zhè de liǎng céng lóu gāo de fáng xìn shì lán xiàn zuì lǎo de rán cún zài de jiàn zhù zhè zuò gōng yuán zuì chū shì 1930 nián dài mín jiān bǎo tuán chuàng jiàn de men de zuò pǐn jīn rán jiàn
  
  1996 nián 11 yuè liú lián méng( RiverAlliance jiàn yán lún de sān tiáo jiàn 12 yīng cháng de gōng yuán tǒngzhè tǒng bèi chēng wéi sān dào de fèi yòng wéi 1800 wàn měi yuánjiǎ liú lián méng néng gòu bǎo zhèng gòu jīnbèi shè dào de xiàn shì zhèng zhǔn liǎo zhè jìhuà
  
   jiù zài liú lián méng hái zài chóu jīn shí lún shì jiàn lián méng wéi cún de kǎn ruì pàn yán gōng yuán gōng shè bìng ràng gōng lái wán chéng zhè shè zhè yuē bàn yīng cháng de duàn luò 1998 nián 11 yuè kāi fàng yóu tiáo yīng chǐ kuān de shuǐ rén hángdào chéngbàng biān yòu néng bèi huài de dēng xiāngpēn quán cān cháng dèngguān jǐng táidiào tái tǐng tóugōng gòng xiū shì tíng chē chǎngzhè duàn luò wéi jiāng jiàn chéng de duàn luò gōng liǎo biāo zhǔn
  
   pàn gōng yuán shì yán shǐ xìng de lún yùn de tiáo cháng 2.5 yīng de rén hángdàoguò kuà yuè yùn de zuò tiě qiáo jīn tiān bèi gǎi zào wéi rén hángdàogōng yuán yòu duō rén sàn páo chē diào biān yòu cān zuò shàng de biāo zhì bāng zhù xíng rén xíng chéngzhè gōng yuán shì màn yán zhěng zhōu de xíng xíng chē shàng de duàn
  
   lún shì nèi hái yòu xiē gōng yuánlín yuàn sēn lín
   jié nián qìng zhù
  
  * nán luó lái zhōu lǎn huì měi nián shí yuè zài lún xíngzhǎn chū bāo kuò shùshǒu gōng huā huì shēng chù
  * shèng jié měi nián sān yuè zài diǎn xíngbāo kuò tiān yīnyuè huì shùshǒu gōng xiǎo chī
  * jié měi nián chū chūn bànbāo kuò qiān cháng páo sàiyīnyuè huì shùshǒu gōng xiǎo chī
  *FinlayPark qiú měi nián chūn tiān bànbāo kuò huán jìng bǎo xuān chuán chuán tǒng de qìng zhù huó dòng
  * nán luó lái tóng zhì tóng zhì jiāo 'ào měi nián yuè de sān zhōu liù xíng de shì qìng zhù zhōu de tóng xìng liàn tóng xìng liànshuāng xìng liànkuà xìng bié shè qún jiào gōng gòng duì zhè xiē shè qún de kàn biǎo men de běn mín quán yào qiúzhè qìng zhù wéi zhōubāo kuò diàn yǐng jiéyóu xíngqìng zhù yàn huì děng
  * shù jiā lǎn( ArtistaVista) cóng 1990 nián dài chū de xiǎo shù guǎn zhǎn lǎn zhǎn dào liǎo xíng de yǐn shù jiā shōu cáng jiā de zhǎn lǎndāng de shù jiā de zuò pǐn wéi zhù guò jīng yòu lái běnluó lán de shù jiā de zuò pǐn zài zhǎn chū
  * jié měi nián jiǔ yuè zài lún shì zhōng xīn de sān shèng dōng zhèng jiào táng xíngwéi de jié bāo kuò chuán tǒng dǎo shìyīnyuèhuà shí pǐn děng
  *IrmoOkraStrut shì měi nián jiǔ yuè zuì hòu zhōu jìn xíng de wéi liǎng de qìng zhùnèi róng bāo kuò jiē dào chǎng、 10 qiān jiē dào cháng páo sàigāo 'ěr qiú sài shù shǒu gōng yóu chǎngshí pǐn nán luó lái zhōu zuì de qìng zhù yóu xíng
  * jiā tíng jié shì zài FinlayPark xíng de wéi de wǎn chūn bān yuè huò liù yuè chū tiān yīnyuè huì yǐn shàng wàn tīng zhòngdāng měi guó zhù míng de yīn yīnyuè jiā dēng táizhù bàn shì dāng de yīn yīnyuè diàn tái
  * ào lāi 'ěr wén xīng lǎn huì shì 1998 nián kāi shǐ jìn xíng debāo kuò wén xīng yóu xíng tiān yīnyuè huì
  * zhù jiē jué shì měi nián chūn jiāng shì jiè zhù míng de jué shì yuèyīn jiā dài dào lún
  *VistaLights měi nián shí yuè zhòngjǔ bàn
  * chǎn jié shì dezài guò de mián huā chǎng bàn de niàn měi guó hēi rén de chǎn de jié bāo kuò shù shǒu gōng yīn dǎo biǎo yǎn
  
  
   xiàng chéng lián sài zhù sài chǎng biāo zhì
   lún duì gùn qiú 2000 nián dōng hǎi 'àn gùn qiú lián sài luó lái jìng chǎng
   lún tún duì bàng qiú 2005 nián hǎi 'àn píng yuán lián sài shǒu shì chǎng
   lún lǎo huī duì yīng shì gǎn lǎn qiú 1967 nián měi guó yīng shì gǎn lǎn qiú lián sài dùn chǎng
   lún duì gǎn lǎn qiú 2007 nián měi guó nèi gǎn lǎn qiú lián sài zhí mín zhōng xīn
   chǎng
  
   zhí mín zhōng xīn 2002 nián kāi fàngshì nán luó lái zhōu zuì zhù yào de chǎng biǎo yǎn shè shīxué yuàn lán qiú sài shí yòu 1.8 wàn shì nán luó lái zhōu zuì de chǎng shì měi guó xué xiào yuán nèi shí de lán qiú sài chǎngshì nán luó lái nán lán qiú duì de zhù sài chǎngzhè xìng de shè shī wèi nán luó lái xué xiào yuán yōng yòu 41 xiǎo jiān biǎo yǎn tīng róng 300 rén de guǎngāi zhōng xīn yōng yòu shū shì de wèigāo shù de shēng xiǎng tǒng miàn diàn shì píng
  
   lún shì huì zhōng xīn 2004 nián 9 yuè kāi fàngmiàn 14.25 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐshì xiàn dài huà de shè shī bàn zhǒng huì huì wèi lǎo chéng jìn yòu fàn diàn dǒng diàn shū shāng diàn shù guǎn shēng dòng de shēng huózhù zhǎn lǎn tīng yòu 2.5 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ de miàn lún tīng de miàn wéi 1.8 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐyòu huì tīng de miàn cóng 1500 zhì 4000 píng fāng yīng chǐ děng de yòu 1.5 wàn píng fāng yīng chǐ jiù wèi zhí mín zhōng xīn biān shàng
  
   wēi lián · lāi chǎng shì nán luó lái xué gǎn lǎn qiú duì de zhù chǎngshì měi guó zuì de xué yuàn gǎn lǎn qiú chǎng zhī róng 8.025 wàn rénwèi lún shì zhōng xīn nánqiú chǎng jiàn 1934 nián
  
  Koger shù zhōng xīn wéi lún gōng lái shì jiè de yuànyīn dǎo biǎo yǎngāi shè shī róng 2500 rén
  
   luó lái jìng chǎng 1968 nián kāi fàngshì zuò yōng yòu 12,400 wèi de shè shīběn lái shì nán luó lái xué lán qiú duì de qiú chǎngxiàn zài gǎi jiàn wéi yīnyuè huì tuánliù bīng yǎn chū děng biǎo yǎn de chǎng chǎng de duō yàng xìng yǔn xué shǐ yòng lái bàn jīng diǎn yīnyuè huì lěi děng yǎn chūjìng chǎng yōng yòu liáng hǎo de shēng xiǎng xiàn dài huà de zhào míng tǒng
  
  TheTownshipAuditorium yòng yòu 3200 wèiwèi lún shì zhōng xīnjiàn 1930 niánzài zhè bàn cóng yīnyuè huì dào quán sài zhǒng huó dòng。 2005 nián 9 yuè 28 bèi liè guó jiā shǐ míng
  
   shì nèi hái yòu liǎng zuò xué yuàn de chǎng
   jiě mèi chéng shì
  
   qián lún yòu jiě mèi chéng shì
  
  * guó kǎi láo téng
  * luó -
  * bǎo jiā luó
  * é luó chē bīn
yīngwénjièshì
  1. :  CO Colombia
  2. n.:  Colombia,  columbia,  Columbia (District of, or University, etc)
fǎwénjièshì
  1. n.  Colombie
jìnyící
lún xiàn
xiàngguāncí
yùn dòng yuán qiú qián fēng rén wén lǐng guì zhōu bān jié kuáng huān jié
rén zuò jiā nuò bèi 'ěr wén xué jiǎng zhù zhuī diàn yǐng gōng diàn yǐng gōng
chéng shì shěng ā shè shǒu měi guó huá shèng dùn shǒu
guǎn huáng jīn míng shèng fēng jǐng bǎi quán yóu gèng duō jiēguǒ ...
bāo hán cí
lún xiàn lún rén
lún de lún
lún yáng lún
lún lún hào
lún chéng lún shì
lún nián lún xiàn
lún xué lún fēi
lún xué yuàn lún
lún zhēn lún lín shǔ
lún shān mài lún zǒng tǒng
lún xiá lún wén xué
lún jiǎo lún guī
lún bīng yuán lún
lún yāng lún chǎng
lún měng lún bīng chuān
lún wài lún shù
lún lún hóng jiǎo
lún suǒ lún gāo yuán
lún mián yáng lún guó
lún shuǐ mián lún guó huī
lún huò lún máo nián
lún guī lún wén huà
lún xiàn lún xué pài
lún bìng lún jiāo náng
lún lián lún yùn dòng
lún lián sài lún huáng jiān
lún jiàn nán lún xué
lún 'ěr lún lín shǔ shǔ
lún jiāo yáng lún bái xiàn
lún hào fān chuán lún shāng xué yuàn
lún chāo lún wén guī
lún cǎi hóng mǎng lún měng xiàng
lún bái wěi lún gòng guó
lún yóu dǎng lún bǎo shǒu dǎng
běi lún xué lún biāo
lún de dàoyǐngyīng shǔ lún shěng
lún gòng chǎn dǎng lún hòu téng
lún sāi nián lún
lún máo nián lún 'ān huā
lún bǎo lún chǐ zhī
lún cuò jiá nián lún guǎn wěn nián
lún hóu pán lún huā jiāng
lún nián lún xún jiá nián
lún guài jiāng lún yóu nián
lún zhǔn yòu nián lún zhèn
lún jiá nián lún zhī
lún shēng lún shì xīng nián
lún shuāng jīng jiāng lún
lún fēi guǎn liè diān lún shěng
lún guǎng gōng lún xué
lún xīn wén píng lùnměi guó lún
lún guó chǎngshēn hòu 3: lún
lún háng tiān fēi lún yǐng gōng
lún gòng guó liè diān lún láng
lún chàngpiān gōng lún guó xué yuàn
lún hóng jiǎo zhī zhū lún shēn hǎi píng yuán
yīng shǔ lún xuéměi guó lún xué
lún fāng qiū tóu lún xuè xiā
lún xiàng nián lún tǎn zhī
lún fēi měi shí lún qióng zhī gān fěn
qián lún de huá shèng dùn lún
liè diān lún xuéběi liè diān lún xué
lún huá shèng dùn xué lún xiào
xué lún fēn xiào liè diān lún xué yuàn
lún mài lín háng kōng gōng lún shù xué chū bǎn dǎo lùn
lún guó jiā shí yóu gōng lún liú shuǐ néng yuán
lún xué ColumbiaUniversity lún zhōng yāng háng kōng gōng
liè diān lún háng kōng gōng lún gòng háng kōng gōng
měi guó lún guó xué yuàn lún xué jiào xué yuàn
lún guó xué yuàn MBA lún guó jiā qiú duì
lún hǎi jūn jūn guān xué xiào liè diān lún shěng zhōng wén xié huì
lún hào háng tiān fēi lún mìng zhuāng liàng
lún mín jiě fàng jūn lún lián wèi liàng
liè diān lún shěng tái wān shāng huì liè diān lún shěng cháo zhōu huì guǎn
lún xué liè diān lún shěng gōng xué yuàn
měi guó lún diàn yǐng gōng lún liú shēng gōng
lún xué shū guǎnjiā lún guó xué yuàn
měi yīng liè lún liè diān lún shěng
lún xué shè huì xué lún xué gōng shāng guǎn shuò shì
lún xué guó guān shuò shìxīn lún chàngpiān gōng
lún xué shāng xué yuàn lún mìng zhuāng duì
xīn lún bǎi quán shū lún ān huā gēn jié xiàn chóng bìng
lún ān huā gēn xiàn chóng bìng lún ān huā chuān kǒng xiàn chóng bìng
lún gōng gāng gōng lún bái jīn huáng guān bào
huá shèng dùn lún jiào lún nǎo xīn yán bìng
lüè 'ào lún mài lín lún
lún děng míng pái xué deměi guó huá shèng dùn lún gài kuàng
měi guó nán lún xué MBA yuǎn chéng jiào zhāo shēng jiǎn zhāngměi guó lún xué shēng liú xiàng huī dān zǒu cháng zhēng
jiā liè diān lún gōng xué yuàn (BCIT) quán zhì chéng shè zhìzhōng huá rén mín gòng guó jiào jiā liè diān lún shěng zhèng liàng jiě bèi wàng
zhōng guó 2010 nián shàng hǎi shì huì lún guó jiā guǎnjiā liè diān lún gōng xué yuàn
lún hǎi jūn shàngjiàng wèi jiàn liè diān lún shěng tái wān xué shēng zhù huì
liè diān lún shěng xué tái wān lián huì liè diān lún shěng féng shì zōng qīn huì
liè diān lún shěng zhōng zhēn jiǔ shī lián huì liè diān lún shěng jīn shēng yīnyuè shè
lún xué guó dòng tài yán jiū suǒ liè diān lún shěng hǎi qiáo yīnyuè shè
liè diān lún shěng wáng gǎng huá qiáo lián huì liè diān lún shěng 'ěr xùn huá qiáo lián huì
liè diān lún shěng tái wān shī xiào yǒu huì liè diān lún shěng dèng kěn zhōng huá gōng suǒ
lún huá xiōng lián diàn shì wǎng lún kōng nán fēi cán hái cái liào de jīn fēn
nán luó lái xué lún fēn xiàojiā liè diān lún gōng xué yuàn ( quán zhì chéng shè zhì
měi guó nán lún xué yuǎn chéng jiào zhāo shēng jiǎn zhāng liè diān lún shěng zhēn jiǔ shī xué huì
lún píng shì jiè míng diǎnkǎi lún háng kōng gōng 'àn
gèngduōjiéguǒ...
fēnlèixiángqíng
'ěr shěng shǒu sūn shěng sāng tǎn shěng
léi shěng 'ěr duō shěng wéi chá shěng pèi shěng
kǎo shān shěng tuō shěng léi shěng shèng 'ān liè - luó wéi dēng shěng
jīn 'ào shěng yuē shěng běi sāng tǎn shěng 'ào shěng
méi shěng guā shěng shěng guā wéi léi shěng
guā shěng kūn shěng qiáo shěng sài 'ěr shěng
kǎo shěng léi shěng shěng 'ěr shěng
shěng 'ěr shěng yáng shěng ā láo shěng
ān 'ào shěng