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Contents ·No. 1 ·tiě lù ·No. 3 ·No. 4 ·Introduction ·Operation ·Control and scheduling ·A Brief History of the World Railways ·The development of world railway history ·The world development trend of railway ·Categories ·Railway common sense ·6 times of great speed railway ·Introduction ·Operation ·Railway Development ·China Railway Century ·Railway common sense ·Railway units ·China Railway logo ·China's railway passenger of the most ·History of education in China Railway ·Railway badges Help ·Encyclopedia ·English Expression ·French Expression ·Thesaurus ·Related Phrases ·Containing Phrases ·Classification details ·More results... No. 1 　　Also known as the "railroad." For traffic traveling on the train line. From the roadbed, ballast, sleepers and rails form, including along the bridges, tunnels and various ancillary facilities. The world's first railway built in Britain in 1825. China's first standard gauge railway was built in 1881 as the Tang Xu Railway (Tangshan to xugezhuang, this section of Beijing-Shenyang Railway). Translated by Google tiě lù 　　A channel or rail running from the rail structure, was previously a wooden, but now usually of steel, usually paved by the two rail lines connecting end to end to form a permanent road for vehicles; by this form of laying the way two or more tracks Translated by Google No. 3 　　Also as "Yi Road." 　　 There are rails for trains traveling the road. Qing Liu section "Longevity Hill" Poetry: "The railway through the palace gate, lamp according to Rock Valley." Kang, "is approaching Guilin Wang Zhu Shi Feng," poem: "hate-free Yi Road shrink the earth, drawing complex pan-Boat watch." Du Pengcheng "In the days of peace," the first chapter: "the railway built along the Jialing River, fast 'convergence' was." Translated by Google No. 4 　　Railway (railway; railroad) Translated by Google Introduction 　　Rail transport is a mode of transport on land, in order to train locomotive running on two parallel tracks. However, rail transport is still a broad sense, including magnetic levitation trains, cable cars, cable and other non-drum way of the road, or rail transport. Translated by Google Operation 　　A rail transportation system includes many elements, and between them are mutually reinforcing. If no suitable system, the train will not run smoothly. First, the geographical environment along the railway. Secondly, why the use of the system: passenger or freight? If the passenger, but also consider the passengers are commuters or in long-distance travelers. When the clear demand, we decided to build the railway to the type: light rail, heavy rail or high-speed railway. There is also the monorail, rubber wheels and magnetic levitation railway track system, as these lines in order to track the train is guided walk. Many major cities have urban rail transit system or tram system. Decided to build the rail type, will have to carefully choose the gauge. Power train, the ancient horses, then steam, diesel or electricity now. If it is power, we need electrification system. As a result, there are different ways to train power supply. The most common is the overhead power cables and track. Finally, to track the number of decisions based on traffic flow. If the flow is small, you can only build a track, but there must be more than one lay-bys make use of the railway train. Traffic flow, you can double or even multi-line shop, and some busy roads and even eight-line parallel to the walk, there are four tracks in each direction. Translated by Google Control and scheduling 　　The train, incoming, outbound, grouping all the control command system, and related monitoring, signal equipment (including hardware and software) have a special department of the Railway Bureau Electric Works careful maintenance. 　　Specific equipment includes: 　　1.tdcs (Train Traffic Control System): A special network of China Railcom network, with a very strict anti-virus and firewall _set_tings, ip address and password frequent replacement, responsible for all scheduling programs; 　　2. Station (or the interval line) computer equipment or electrical interlocking interlocking equipment: responsible for the implementation of all signal control signal control switch position and reverse position, and the strict implementation of their logical relationship between the tight; 　　3. Range track circuit automatic block system: running track circuit is responsible for implementation verification in front of the train, track is occupied, with the same forward line and catch the train from the track is complete and good and so on. The device is zpw2000a mainstream shift frequency automatic blocking system, rail carrier frequency of 1700hz, 2000hz, 2300hz, 2600hz, frequency shift keying modulation method. 　　At present, after the sixth speed, the train operation control system in China has reached ctcs-2 level. 　　Future ctcs-345, will use more advanced wireless scheduling scheme, gsm-r system, at present the system has the latest Qinghai-Tibet line, Datong-Qinhuangdao line, Jiaoji line operation. Translated by Google A Brief History of the World Railways 　　Greece was the first country with rail transport, at least two thousand years ago have been horse-drawn cart along the track. 　　1804, Richard Teer Wei field g in Wales invented the first advance in steam locomotive on the tracks, but did not make any money. 　　The first successful steam locomotive is the Sun in 1829, George Stephenson built the "Rocket." 　　In the 1820s, England and Darlington Railway Dayton Stow became the first successful steam train railway. Later in the Liverpool and Manchester Railway also shows the huge potential of the railway. 　　Soon the railway will pass in the UK and around the world together, and become the world leader in traffic for nearly a century, until the invention of airplanes and automobiles only to reduce the importance of the railway. 　　Overhead cable was invented in 1888,'s first electric railway with overhead cables in 1892 enabled. 　　After World War II, the diesel and electric trains replaced steam-driven trains gradually. Since the 1960s, a number of countries to build high-speed railway. The freight rail is also connected to the port and shipping cooperation with, large quantities of goods transported in containers to significantly reduce costs. 　　Present in the world among 236 countries and regions, 144 have rail transport (including the smallest country in the world, including the Vatican), of which about 90 countries to provide passenger rail service. Rail remains the world's highest capacity of transport, with the position can not be replaced. 　　China's first railway was built in Shanghai, built by the British, buy local officials after the Qing Dynasty and destroyed. The first official use of the railways and steam locomotives are _set_ up by the Li Kailuan mine built the company. Translated by Google The development of world railway history 　　1688, the British bourgeoisie to launch the "Glorious Revolution", declared the birth of the capitalist system. New relations of production liberating the productive forces. Increasingly sophisticated technology workshop manual division of labor, so that each production process can be simplified to replace manual labor with machines, so that the technical manual workers tend to specialize, which are the invention and application of the machine created a good condition. The industrial revolution began. 　　The first is from the industrial revolution, the textile industry began. In the textile industry, a large machine production gradually gained a dominant position. Invention and application of the machine, the steam engine came into being, then the principle of using steam to produce steam run on the road cars, that is, the later cars. After decades in orbit advent of the steam locomotive. 　　September 27, 1825, the world's first permanent steam locomotive driving public transport facilities, United Kingdom Stockton - Darlington Railway officially opened to traffic. In the grand occasion of the opening ceremony, by the locomotive, coal, water tankers, 32 trucks and a bus load consisting of about 90 tons of "travel" No Train, Stephenson himself driving by the designer, 9:00 libraries from Iraq pull off because of the station, 15:47 Das assigned to Stockton of running 31.8 miles. 　　Stockton - Darlington Railway opened operations, marking the beginning of the modern rail transport. Railway for its rapid, convenient, economic and other advantages, by the attention. It originated in the United Kingdom Needless to say, the construction of railways to become the most popular and most fashionable things. 19th century, built 50 years is the height of British Rail, the main line in 1880 basically completed in 1890 a national railway network has been formed, a total length of 32,000 km road network. 　　U.S.: largest country in the railway 　　U.S. railway mileage ranks first in the world, 260,423 km of existing national railways, one of which is 212,742 km railway, track mileage of 354,813 km extended, in addition to the United States has the right to use, non-national in the country 23,112 kilometers of railway construction. 　　United States May 24, 1830 the first railway was opened to traffic, length of 21 km, from Baltimore to the state of Cote d'Ely. 19th century 50's, scale road construction, 80 formation of a climax. From 1850 to 1910 for 60 years, a total of 37 thousand kilometers of railway construction, an average of more than 6,000 km of roads. Up to 20,619 km road in 1887, the highest record in the history of railway construction. In 1916, the U.S. railway operating mileage in the history of the peak, a total of 408,745 km. But since then, due to the rapid development of other modes of transport and other reasons, constantly removing and closing lines, shrinking the length of the railway line. Railway once called "sun_set_ industries." 　　U.S. rail network from the six east-west, north and south more than a dozen contacts and more than a dozen major route from northeast to southwest and a large number of regional and local lines of the composition. 　　Existing railway in the United States, Alaska, directly managed by the state railways, the national rail passenger transportation companies (amtrak) for the federal government under the direct management, joint railway companies for the federal government and private investment in independent business, the other by the private railway company operating the railway . When the private railway companies up to more than 6,000, and then in the competition or merger or bankruptcy, reduced to hundreds. 　　U.S. government to reverse the plight of the railway transport, carried out many reforms. For example, in 1976 Congress passed a railway rehabilitation and management reform law. The implementation of partial liberalization of railway freight, railway companies to restructure some or merge, the establishment of the railway renovation fund and debt guarantee fund for non-profit local railway lines funded by the government allocated money and so on. The implementation of the Act in the U.S. rail system equipment, operations and finance, there have been some change. 　　In 1980, Congress passed the Staggers Rail Act. The law of the market competition as a rail freight and the most effective regulator of business, relax in the management control of the railway, the railway industry, giving a degree of freedom, so that it can in the transport market to operate freely. For example, rail freight can be freely adjusted to meet the competition, signed the contract of carriage with the owner, free transportation back to the pack, so that the rail industry finances improved competitiveness is improved. At present, the railway industry's market share has stopped declining, the railway is becoming rejuvenated. 　　Part of the country's first railway timetable for the construction of 　　No. 　　Countries to build national construction time is the time sequence number 　　Italy 1 United Kingdom 182 510 1839 　　Switzerland, the United States 183 011 1844 2 　　3 France 183 212 Spain 1848 　　4 Belgium 183 513 Peru 1851 　　Germany, India, 183 514 1852 5 　　Australia 6 Canada 183 615 1854 　　7 Russian 183 716 1860 South Africa 　　Japan 183 817 8 1872 Austria 　　9 Netherlands 183 918 1876 China 　　Total length of railways and the world distribution of continents 　　Currently, 117 countries and territories around the world with about 120 Yu Wangong railway, the railway which the United States more than 20 million kilometers, the railway more than 10 million kilometers of Russia, China exceeded 70,000 km railway, India, Canada, over 60,000 km of railway. Others such as France, Germany, over 40,000 km, more than 30,000 km in Argentina, Japan, Italy, Mexico, Brazil, Poland, South Africa, more than 20,000 kilometers, the United Kingdom, Spain, Sweden, Romania and so more than 10,000 km, 4,000 km are Australia, Hungary, New Zealand, Austria, Finland, Chile, Cuba, Norway, Bulgaria, Belgium, Pakistan, Turkey, Korea, Indonesia, Iran, Egypt and so on. 　　Distributed in all continents around the ratio: 36.8% Americas, Europe 34.2% Asia 17.5%, Africa 7.5% Oceania 4.0%. Translated by Google The world development trend of railway 　　Railway land transport as the main force, in more than a century of time has a monopoly position. However, since this century, with the automotive, aerospace, and the rapid development of pipeline transport, railways continue to be a new wave of shock. 　　In order to meet the needs of social and economic development, to adapt to the owner and passengers - safe, accurate, fast, convenient and comfort. States have conducted large-scale modernization of the railway technological innovation, and reform the transportation organization, active use of high-tech, in heavy, high-speed transportation and information technology has made new breakthroughs, coupled with modern management and high quality service and the regional rail network , intercontinental network, the railway has added new vitality in the land transport will continue to play a key role in the modern mode of transport occupies an important position. 　　Countries in the development of a common trend passenger high-speed, large density, expansion or use double-decker bus. EMU and the use of electric locomotive traction of passenger trains is to achieve an important condition for high-speed passenger. Light rail will be acclaimed as it is to improve the urban traffic environment, the most full of vitality as a transportation tool; suburban railway and subway, light rail to work closely collinear, a total station, together constitute the city's rapid transit system, which is the regional countries to solve the population density of large passenger busy and effective measures. Railway development in the future, the city rapid transit system will connect with the national railway network, work closely together to form a unified passenger transport network. 　　Transport of goods, centralization, and bulk cargo transport unit of a national railway development overloading of the common trend. Heavy unit train is the same type of vehicles, fixed grouping, fixed alignment operates in cycles, first for coal transportation, and later extended to other bulk cargo, to improve the transport capacity and reduce fuel consumption, save operating vehicles, will stop, crew members others have a significant effect, significant economic benefits, such as the United States, 60% of rail freight trains by the unit completed in this way. Russia has opened the line test weight 43,407 tons of long train, train car 440 formed by the total length of 6.5 km, from the 4 _set_s of electric locomotive traction, the scene is very spectacular. 　　Modern Railway train performance has tended to limit the energy and maintenance costs. The speed of passenger trains by security constraints, the weight of freight trains and the line has reached the bridge live load limit. The software revolution that is improving railway management and control of railway technology and equipment can play a higher performance. By computer, fiber optics, digital technology constitute the information system, will change the traditional communications, the signal between the two areas. Computer interlocking trend is to replace the existing electrical - mechanical interlock. In addition, the auto-alignment approach can make intensive train operation optimization, and to get rid of the human brain dispatcher speed and capacity constraints. 　　Electrified railways, with the highest consumption control, ie the peak, it can automatically switch off heating and other electricity in order to ensure the normal traction electricity. Currently, Japan and most Western European countries have adopted the electrified railway remote system. The development of this system are: contacts from a relay system to contactless semiconductor electronic system until the computer control system. 　　On the hardware side, countries in strengthening the technical transformation of railway rolling stock. With the emergence of alternative fuels, diesel, re-optimization of the traditional diesel engine has become inevitable, at present, most electric locomotives with DC series motors, this motor traction despite good feature, but prone to idle. AC electric locomotive has a direction of development. 　　For goods vehicles, except on large trucks, trucks to reduce weight and improve axle load or increase the number of axes, etc. to be done here. For the passenger who, in order to achieve the purpose of high-speed, focusing on the development of lighter vehicles. Bogie structure, body structure in the development of lightweight. 　　With the continuous emergence of new materials, resistance to atmospheric corrosion of weathering steel, galvanized steel and other metal materials, glass, steel, polyurethane foam, synthetic fiber cloth, ceramic materials, polymeric materials and precision, as well as fiber optics, superconducting materials are gradually railway rolling stock, containers, lines, tunnels, bridges, communication and other aspects of the catenary is widely used. 　　Can be expected, with the development and application of high technology, the railway will be rejuvenation. 　　【】 China Railway Century 　　1876, first appeared in the land of China railway, Wusong Railway. Five years later, the Qing government under the auspices of Westernization, in 1881, Xu began to build the Tangshan Coal Railway, which opened a prelude to China's self-construction of the railway. However, the Qing government's stupid policy of ignorance and closed-door policy, to 1894, nearly two decades of time to build only about 400 km railway. To the eve of the founding of new China in 1949, China's railway mileage of 21,800 km. The end of 2003 only 73,000 km railway in China. 50 years increased only by 5 million kilometers, less than one cigarette per capita long! 　　First, open period (1876--1893 years) 　　Information and knowledge of the railway began to spread to China, some before and after the Opium War in 1840. At that time, such as China's patriotic people of insight, Lin, Wei Yuan, Xu Jiyu, who wrote books have introduced the railway knowledge. 　　1876, first appeared in the land of China railway, which is the British Capital Group to build good at deception, Wusong Railway. This railway in operation for more than a year to redeem removed by the Qing government. 　　Second, competition for right of way of imperialism, the slow development of China's railway period (1894--1948) 　　In 1894, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion in China seized the railway interests. More than ten thousand kilometers to be swallowed up in China and carved up the right of way, rights of way to form the imperialist plunder of China's first climax. Subsequently, in accordance with their needs they were designed and built a number of railways, different standards, equipment clutter, resulting in confusion and China Railway backwardness. In the Qing Dynasty (1876 ~ 1911) Construction of about 9400 km railway. Imperialism, which directly accounts for about 41% of the construction business; imperialist control through loans, about 39%; state-owned railways, including China's Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway building self-reliance and business office and redemption of the Beijing-Hankou Railway, Guangzhou third rail only accounted for about 20%. 　　Institutional _Set_up in 1912 declared that "unity of Highways", the dissolution of the provincial railway companies to do business, to the provinces has been completed and all the nationalized railway being built to Dijie debt, creating a looming Chinese Way the right of the second climax. From 1912 to 1916, won the right of way countries a total of over 13,000 km. Northern Government (1912 ~ 1927), in the customs repair about 2,100 km of railways. 　　In 1928, the Nanjing Nationalist Government came to power, mainly in the capital and the imperialist comprador bureaucratic monopoly capital "joint venture" means the construction of the railway, which appeared in the right way the imperialist plunder of China's third climax. During the KMT government in Nanjing (1928 ~ 1948), in mainland China to build a total of about 13,000 km railway. 　　Third, the new China was founded, the repair and restoration of rail transportation and production period (1949-1952) 　　October 1, 1949 founding of the PRC after the year 1949, a total of 8,278 km of railway repair restored. To the end of 1949, the national railway mileage totaling 21,810 km, passenger turnover of 31.401 billion tons kilometers conversion. 　　June 18, 1952, Manchuria to open the line between Guangzhou through train the first column, the entire 4,600-kilometer open. To 52 by the end of the national railway mileage increased to 22,876 km, passenger turnover reached 80.224 billion tons kilometers conversion. 　　Fourth, the basic form of the Chinese railway network frame period (1953-1978 years) 　　Since 1953, the state has plans to develop the national economy into the period. By 1980, five years after the railway construction project, has made brilliant achievements. 　　In 1976, the Chinese people smashed the "gang of four" counter-revolutionary group, ending years of unrest. Sessions of the Chinese Communist Party, order out of chaos, there has been a great historical turning point, shift the focus of national work to socialist modernization, and proposed "adjustment, reform, rectification and improvement" approach, and gradually restored and the railway work development, the end of 1980 the railway mileage of 49,940 km, the basic skeleton of the formation of the national railway network, passenger and freight turnover of 7,087 billion ton-kilometers conversion. 　　Fifth, implement the reform and opening up policy, China's railway entering a new period of development (since 1979) 　　Since the Third Plenary Session of the Chinese Communist Party, the national economy began a new period of development. 1982, that "rail transport has become an important constraint because the national economic development", that "war Daqin North, South offensive balance the population, take East" strategy. The end of 1985, the national railway mileage of 52,119 km, passenger turnover exceeded 1 trillion ton-kilometers conversion. 　　January 7, 2005, Premier Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting discussed and adopted the "long-term railway network plan," clearly a long-term goal of building the railway network in China: in 2020, the national railway operating mileage of 100,000 km main achieved busy main passenger and freight sub-line, double-track rate and electrification rate reached 50%, transport capacity to meet the needs of national economic and social development, the main technical equipment to reach or approach international advanced level. Minister of Railways Liu Zhijun said on January 12, has kicked off a large-scale railway construction, the total investment will reach 5,000 billion yuan. Translated by Google Categories 　　National Rail 　　National Rail is the rail by the Chinese State Council department in charge of management of the railway, for short iron. Means the State Council department in charge of the railway PRC Ministry of Railways, management refers to the national railway administration. The nature of the national railway is very important, therefore, the management is not just national railway administration, the Ministry of Railways and the State also requires a high degree of concentration on the national railway, transport management system, unified command, which is part of the national railway business management handed over to the State Council department in charge of the railway. 　　Operating mileage of China's railways has reached the end of 2001 70,057.2 km, of which national rail 59,078.6 km, a joint venture railways 6162 km, 4816.6 km of local railways. Double-track railway mileage in the country up to 22,640.3 km electrified mileage of 16,867.6 km. 14,955 units have all kinds of motorcycles, railway passenger cars 37,214, 449,921 trucks, are responsible for 54.6% of the country's freight traffic and 36.3% of passenger traffic. China National Railway built the station more than 5,500. 　　Local railway 　　Local railway is managed by the local people's governments of the railway. Compared to the local railway and national railway, the main difference is that management changes, a State Council department in charge of the railway - one is local people's government; the former is representative of the State, on behalf of the Central People's Government's overall economic interests, which although is also a part of the country, but represent local economic interests in the region. 　　The main local railway built by the local self-investment or joint investment with other railway construction, and take local public passenger and cargo railway transportation tasks short. China after the founding of the local railway is constantly developed. The end of 2001 the national total mileage of local railway line has reached 4816.6 km, of which there are standard gauge (1435 mm) and narrow gauge (762 mm) of two gauge. 　　Local railway management approach generally divided into three types, one is self-nature, that is, in provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the jurisdiction, establish special organs. Henan has a local railway transport, such as Corporation, the Department of a functional organization responsible for the planning of the province of local railways, construction and daily work, under the Railway Bureau, the direct command of transportation and production. Henan Province, local railway in the country now is a more developed provinces, Henan Province, has become the transportation of - Support key strength. Provincial Communications Department and some _set_tings in the local railway administration, management, the province of the local railway. The local railway authority, such as Hunan, Liaoning Province, the local Railway Administration, the Bureau or the Department of Communications at the bottom is a functional body, major questions need to be reviewed by the Department of Transportation after the decision by the provincial government. The second is self associates to the standard gauge main local railway and national railway joint venture. Such as Sichuan Qingbaijiang to Guanxian the plainer lines in 1984 by local railways in Sichuan Province and Chengdu Railway Bureau, the Authority reached a joint operating agreement to establish a local railway company in Sichuan Province, the implementation of self-financing, independent accounting. Shanxi shenchi to bend the river of God line by local joint venture with the Beijing Railway Bureau, was also very effective. The third is a local road construction, commissioned by the nearby National Railway Railway Bureau escrow. Guangdong Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of this type. State Railway of Railway Bureau in the establishment of local railway office, responsible for leading the daily local railway transportation and production work for the Government's fiscal financial _set_tlement, transportation and production activities just Railway Bureau. 　　Local railway from scratch, has developed into the local transport of an important cause of the transport force in local economic development plays an important, positive role. 　　Joint Railway 　　Joint construction of railways, is in China after the reform and opening up new things. For China's railway construction and management, and establishing a new system of market economy is a useful exploration. 　　"Plan" period, is the initial stage of exploration joint-venture railways. Under the principle of reform and opening up, the sustained rapid growth, the railway as a constraint to economic and social development of the "bottleneck." Some provinces, municipalities and regional government for economic development, the construction of the railway is very urgent desire, this is a good opportunity for joint-venture railway construction. The early 80s of last century, anti-railway construction in the South, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Government and the Ministry of Railways to explore ways of cooperation, there has been a joint venture construction of the road shape. "July," the end of Mao in the three railway construction, the Guangdong Provincial Government and the Ministry of Railways Cooperation, _set_ up a three-Maoming Railway Company, a joint venture built China's first joint venture between the central and local railway. 　　To the end of 2002, a total of 33 joint-venture railways built, with a total mileage of 8,601 km. Broken rail joint venture in China for many years one of the main railway construction investment situation, mobilized the enthusiasm of both central and local governments to broaden the financing channels for railway construction formed a pattern of diversification of investors. 　　Private Railway 　　Special Railway is managed by enterprises or other units, specifically within the enterprise or the organization of railway transportation services. The concept is also dedicated railway authority and management from the management by the main up. In general, the dedicated rail investments are mostly medium-sized enterprises to build their own, bring their own rolling stock, used to own their own transportation to complete the task of the railway. There are also some military enterprises, the production of forest management for the transportation needs of the construction of a number of private railways. At present, China total more than 25,000 km dedicated railway, of which mining railway over 13,000 km, there are over 9000 km forest railway, and other private railways 3,000 km. 　　Large enterprises in China, with more dedicated railway line, under a Public Works Section, depot, electricity department, depot, overhaul segment and the station. 　　There are 34 forest railway, mainly in Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other forestry origin. Forestry Bureau under the forest around the Railway Administration is responsible for the daily affairs of forest railway. Forest Railway is generally used 762 mm gauge narrow gauge, rail type is 15 kg / m ~ 24 kg / m. Forest railway transportation not only for forestry production services business, but also the lives of people for the forest service, and to do some public passenger transport business, is an important forest people transport. 　　Railway line 　　Railway line is managed by enterprises or other units with the national railway, or other standards of the bifurcated line of the railway line. Special railway line and the private railway companies or other units are built mainly for the internal transport services, the difference between the two is generally owned private rail power, owned means of transport, the formation of in-house production of a transport _set_s of systems of transportation organizations, and the railway line is just a line, its length less than 30 km, its transportation to its power using the power of convergence of the railway. The end of 2001, our existing 1,300 km railway line. 　　Railway line is part of the railway transport network. At present the majority of rail transport of bulk material loading in the railway line. Some common special railway line also carried to attract traffic around the railway line, both play a role in distribution of goods, also played a role in cargo tanks, both conducive to the country, but also help enterprises and institutions. Such as the Beijing Bureau of pipe have been undertaken using a number of special railway line of 1600, the total length of 2,200 kilometers, 80% of the cargo loading and unloading in railway line. Special railway line for whom the management of investments who managed, that is, if the investment unit of cold storage, the management unit to the cold storage. 　　Although the construction of railway lines is to solve the transportation business or the needs of the internal units built, but the country itself is an integral part of the railway network. 　　【】 Trunk railway lines in China 　　China Railway has been formed to Beijing as the center, with four vertical and three horizontal, three networks and three lines both inside and outside the skeleton, then a large number of extension together, auxiliary lines, dedicated lines, reaching the country's provinces, municipalities, railway network. Four vertical and is the Beijing-Guangzhou line, Beijing-Kowloon line, Beijing-Shanghai line, the North Tongpu - too much coke - Jiaoliu line; three horizontal refers to the Beijing-Qinhuangdao - Beijing Pack - Pack Blue - Blue Green - the Qinghai-Tibet line, Longhai - Portland New Line, Shanghai-Hangzhou - Zhejiang-Jiangxi - Hunan and Guizhou - Guiyang-Kunming line; three networks is the Northeast railway network, railway network and the southwest of Taiwan railway network; off inside and outside the three-wire line is the Beijing-Shenyang, Beijing-pass line, and Jing Cheng - Kam bearing line. 　　The most】 【Chinese railway 　　1. Tangshan - Xu Coal Railway - built by the Chinese themselves, to be truly successful and saved the first practical application of the railway. 　　2. Songhu Railway - the first railway on the land, 1876 British business in Shanghai and the construction of Jardine Matheson, the road length of 30 years. 　　3. Shanghai Pudong maglev high-speed railway - China's first high-speed maglev railway. Length of 30 km, with an average speed of 60-70 meters per second. In addition to starting two stages of acceleration and deceleration stop, the train most of the time more than 300 kilometers per hour to achieve the maximum design speed of 430 kilometers of the time more than 20 seconds. 　　4. Chengdu-Chongqing Railway - construction of new China's first self-designed railway, built entirely using domestic materials, the first railway. 　　5. Guangdong Railway - the first cross-sea railway in China, January 7, 2003 the official opening. The total investment of 4.5 billion, from "two lines of a transitional" project, namely, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province to the MSC 139 km railway, 24 km of railway ferry crossing Qiongzhou, Hainan Province, Haikou to Central Railway 182 km west fork. 　　6. Baotou-Lanzhou Railway - across the vast Tengger Desert, China's first desert railway. After local people desertification, green barriers _set_ up along the railway, has been safe and smooth 41 years. The sand control project known as the "wonder of the world," and won the United Nations "Global 500 Environmental Award." 　　7. Baoji-Chengdu Railway - the first communication between Sichuan and the national railway, and is the first electrified railway. Baoji, Shaanxi, north, over Lueyang, Yangpingguan into Sichuan Guangyuan arrived in Chengdu and then by a total length of 669 km, 374 km within the territory of Sichuan. 　　8. Beijing-Kowloon Railway - the history of railway construction in China's largest investment most miles completed the longest time, the shortest duration from north to south, across the nine provinces of the Railway Link. Length is 2,397 km across the board. 　　9. Chengdu-Kunming Railway - the railway built in the restricted area. Chengdu-Kunming railway line where, once the foreign experts assert that the construction of the railway can not "closed." This Chengdu-Kunming Railway runs through the length of 1085 km, one third of the sections fell in the earthquake area, along the high mountains and deep valleys, Sichuan pandemic emergency, the complex geological, climatic variability, hundreds of cut through the mountains, the construction of the tunnel 427, 653 building bridges, bridges, tunnels total length of 400 km, averaging 1.7 km bridge, a tunnel every 2.5 km, which works hard for the world rarely seen on the railway construction. 　　10. Southern Xinjiang Railway - half of the "flame" half is the "iceberg" of the railway. Southern Xinjiang Railway land through one of the lowest in the Turpan Basin, into the Tianshan Mountains, a strange heat, a strange cold. Railway length of 476 kilometers, across the board in addition to the Gobi Desert and salt, but more than half of the mountain valleys, curves, accounting for 80%. 　　11. Nanning-Kunming Railway - the most dangerous of the most scenic route. Nanning-Kunming Railway east of Nanning, Kunming, west, north red fruit, length 899.7 km. Connecting Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, electrified railway lines at the national level. Gap along the high valley, landscape Qixiu. Many of the world's first and Asia are created on this route. These include: the world's first railway Takahashi - water river bridge, tunnel risk in Asia - home of bamboo Ching Tunnel, the Asia Wall - Dan Touzhai station Anchor piling wall, the longest single tunnel electrification - rice flower tunnel. 　　12. Qinghai-Tibet Railway - the world's highest and most people look forward to a trunk. Built on the "roof" of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, 3,000 meters above sea level along a maximum of 5,000 meters, is a plateau railway, is currently the world's highest railway. Although they are not the Chengdu-Kunming line quantities, but the plateau climate, natural conditions are very bad, very complex geology, the construction of enormous difficulty. Also, because the completion of this railway in Tibet will make access difficult and tolls are greatly reduced, so the only hope ALICE trip to Tibet, the most anticipated lines, but also the best hope for Tibetan people in a way. 　　Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been since July 1, 2007 officially running. 1956 kilometers, 960 kilometers altitude of 4,000 meters, of which 550 km of the lot across the plateau permafrost zone. Its highest point at an altitude of 5072 meters, the annual snow-capped Tanggula Pass, known as "days away from the nearest railway" and "the world's highest railway." The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the State Council in the new century to make a major strategic decision, the national "fifth" one of the four landmark projects, the development of the West is the first major projects. 　　Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the world's highest and longest plateau railway. Line through the area of ​​the lot elevation of 4,000 meters above the 960 km line crossing the Tanggula up to 5072 meters the highest point; after years of continuous permafrost Lot 550 km through nine seismic intensity area 216 km. Along the cold and oxygen, the ecological environment is fragile, crustal movement active. Construction of railways in this area, has a strong exploration and research of the building task is arduous. Fenghuoshan Tunnel, is the world's highest railway tunnel; at an altitude of 4767 meters in the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, the total length of 1686 meters, was to become the world's longest "Soil Tunnel." 　　The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, will end the history of the Tibet Autonomous Region no railway, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to further improve the traffic conditions and investment environment and promote development of Tibet's resources and rapid economic development. Tibet to strengthen ties between the Mainland and to promote cultural exchanges between Tibetans and the nation, promote national unity, for the benefit of the people along the route will play an important role. 　　Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Xining east, west Tibet, is the world's highest and longest plateau railway, after four years of construction, the trial opened in July 2006. Plateau will be the world's most famous golden tourist line. 9 world-class tourism resources, but also includes the distribution of Holy Monastery of Tibetan Buddhism, Golden Silver Beach Atomic City, Salt Lake, Jade Mount Everest, the ancient city of Lhasa, Barkhor Street, etc., of the 23 national tourism resources, and six national nature reserves, scenic spots, 193 of ordinary class tourist resources. In these unparalleled natural landscape behind, but also against the background of thousands of years of accumulation of the Tibetan cultural core of the national cultural landscape. Translated by Google Railway common sense 　　Railway rolling stock of railway vehicles 　　Railway vehicles run by the locomotive. 　　Types of rail vehicles can be divided according to use of rail passenger, freight trains and railway special purpose vehicles of three categories. Used to transport passengers and vehicles for the passenger railway passenger services, such as car, sleeping car, dining car, baggage car, etc.; for vehicles transporting goods for the railway trucks, such as the gondola, box car, flat car, tank, holding vehicles; for railway companies for their business with special purpose vehicles for railway vehicles, such as check wagons, snow removal vehicles, test vehicles. Trucks for shipment in accordance with the number of varieties can be divided into general-purpose vehicles and special vehicles. The gondola, box car, flat car, tank, holding a variety of goods transport vehicles meet the requirements, known as the common vehicle; applies only to one or a few shipments of goods of similar nature, such as the hopper car, cement truck, long large goods vehicles, container flat cars, and other high-pressure tank, called the Special Purpose Vehicle. GM cars back to the air loss is small but effective utilization of load varies with the goods, and sometimes low, the adaptability to different handling equipment is not the same. Higher rate of private car empty, but you can _select_ the specific parameters of the characteristics of the goods, and thus the utilization of high load and volume, in the structure can support with the _select_ed handling equipment, thus shortening the time of loading and unloading operations, accelerated vehicle turnover. Rail vehicles can also be subject to rail cars by gauge points, wide and narrow gauge rail car trucks; by property owned relationship into road vehicles (vehicles owned by the railway sector) and the factories and mines owned vehicles. 　　Overview of early development are the two axes of railway vehicles, and poorly equipped. First, the development of passenger cars to multi-axis, there have been three-axis, axis and six-axis bus. Axis of the steering rack which has a good take bus line quality and curving performance, and thus become the basic form of passenger cars. With the development of lightweight materials, greatly reduced body weight, there are some Easter vehicle, adjacent to two vehicles were placed adjacent to one end of two-axle bogie, the non-living section or the end of a two-axis Single bogie. The vehicles used for EMU. Modern passenger car to improve passenger safety and comfort, the use of all-metal monocoque body structure, and independent of warm water or electrical heating, forced ventilation, electrical lighting, air conditioning, hot water and chilled water and other equipment. Some countries are now committed to improving the rail train speed, such as the Japanese Shinkansen express passenger trains per hour maximum speed of 300 km, France, between Paris and Lyon railway express passenger trains per hour maximum speed of 260 km, this high the strength of the speed of the bus, dynamic performance and the use of higher reliability requirements. 　　Increasing the weight of the train, in addition to require that vehicles have sufficient strength, but also requires high-intensity coupler, high-capacity buffer, and high sensitivity, good reliability of the train brakes. Many transport coal or ore unit trains, in order to improve the car dumper unloading efficiency, the use of the coupler draft gear rotary coupler. 　　China's railway passenger and freight vehicles were mainly imported, the type complex, poorly equipped, light load. After the founding of the PRC began to design and manufacture of vehicles. From 1949 to 1983, the country has a number of passenger cars from about 4000 to about 18,700, from about 46,000 vehicles to approximately 285,000, up 3.7 times and 5.1 times. New Passenger Cars in the structural steel welded structure, construction speed has increased, running smoothness and comfort improved. Truck out of a two-axis car. The average marks by the truck load of 26.6 tonnes in 1949 to 52.7 tons in 1983. 　　Structure of the vehicle usually body, running gear, coupler draft gear, brake equipment and vehicle equipment of five parts. Body is the vehicle to accommodate passengers or cargo section, usually a closed space, but also the top open. Different types of vehicles, body structure is different. Many vehicles have a direct role in the body load, so the body must have the necessary strength and stiffness. Body supported by the following running gear, equipped with a coupler at both ends buffer device, the internal layout of various equipment as needed. Running gear, vehicle to run on the rail part of a wheel, axle box devices, springs and shock absorbers, bogie frame or side frame, and other beams and other components parts and bars. Above the axis and axis of the vehicles before and after these components into two bogies, so for these vehicles, the running gear is the bogie. Running gear should be able to guarantee the safety of vehicle operation and balance. Coupler device is a vehicle with other vehicles or motorcycles to achieve mutual links and the train running and marshalling the course of transfer and mitigate tensile strength and compression strength of the parts, the coupler and buffers, and other component parts installed in the body traction chassis at both ends of the beam. Brakes are implemented on the vehicle slow down or stop running trains to ensure the safe operation of train equipment, installed in the body by the head of the lower part of the brake, the air distribution valve, brake cylinders and other components and assemblies based in the running gear of the brake (brake beams, brake shoes etc.). To ensure that parking alone will not slip when you move, the vehicle is also equipped with hand brakes. Vehicle equipment, vehicle passenger and freight transport services for the additional facilities, with the vehicle type. Lighting equipment such as passenger cars, power equipment, air conditioning, heating equipment, sanitary equipment, insulation board refrigeration equipment, generators, trucks on the bed board care, horse bolt ring, bolt rope, column plug, and for shunting staff use pedal, handrails and so on. 　　Maintenance of vehicles used to carry out maintenance period in life. China Railway to implement plant maintenance, depot repair, minor and four-axis inspection system of regular maintenance, supplemented by inspection and pick the train cars and other daily maintenance of temporary repair to ensure that the vehicle in good condition (see the maintenance of railway vehicles and railway vehicles, the use of management .) In order to facilitate attachment between the vehicle identification and use of vehicles painted in a variety of tags. (See the rolling stock tag.) 　　By gauge railway vehicles can be divided into three categories: standard gauge cars, wide-narrow-gauge rail cars and trucks. Railway vehicles according to the functions can be divided into three categories: passenger cars, trucks and special purpose vehicles. Railway transport of passengers and passenger cars are used to provide travel services to vehicles, including car seat, soft seat car, car hard, soft cars, dining cars, baggage cars and power cars. Characteristics of passenger cars is to ensure the comfort of passengers, vehicle shock absorber, inside decoration and high speed are required. Freight vehicles for carrying goods, including the gondola, hopper cars, since overturned, boxcar, livestock car, flat car, grew up trucks, container flat cars, all kinds of tankers, and refrigerated trucks and other vehicles and insulation. Should ensure that the carriage of goods in the handling and transportation of goods in good condition and convenience. Many different types of trucks, some trucks only when used in the carriage of certain goods, it can also be called special vehicles. Special purpose vehicles for railway railway technology business enterprises engaged in the work of their own vehicles, their variety, the main scale testing vehicles, rescue vehicles, test vehicles, gravel trucks, long rail cars, office cars and power cars. 　　Constitute the main part of the vehicle body, running gear, coupler and brakes, and still need the vehicle is equipped with various types of water, heating, electricity and other ancillary equipment. Modern vehicles with high-strength, lightweight materials, and will have to adapt to walking the line agencies to improve axle load, high-speed traffic and reduce vibration. Axis bogie vehicles with good walking performance and adaptability of the curve line. Therefore, countries are mainly the production of such vehicles. Vehicles due to wear, to carry out regular planned maintenance, repair vans to be developed procedures, clearly defined limits and overhaul maintenance cycle, maintenance of technical standards and quality requirements. Translated by Google 6 times of great speed railway 　　For the first time: April 1, 1997, open a top speed of 140 km line of 40 pairs of fast trains and 64 evening-morning vehicle; 　　Second: 1 October 1998, a maximum speed of 140-160 km; 　　Third: October 21, 2000, with emphasis on Asia-Europe Continental Bridge Longhai, Lanzhou line, Beijing-Kowloon line and Zhegan. 　　Fourth: November 21, 2001, implementation of the new train diagram, the implementation of the national railway network ticket; 　　Fifth: April 18, 2004, CDB 19 pairs of direct express train, part of the train speed of 200 km. 　　Sixth: at 0:00 on April 18, 2007 officially put into practice. The Speed ​​of Adjustment passenger and freight transport capacity will be increased by 18% and 12% or more, particularly in the main trunk lines and 200 kilometers per hour above the EMU, a large area of ​​5,000-ton freight trains on the CDB and the large number of advanced technology and equipment investment use. 　　【China's first railway built their own - Jing Zhang Railway】 　　Jing Zhang railway linking Beijing Fengtai, the Pass, Shacheng, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Xuanhua to a total length of 201.2 km, completed in 1909, is China's first non-use of foreign funds and personnel to complete by the Chinese themselves, put into operation the railway - Jing Zhang in China before the first railway built a new city is easy to Gaobeidian new railway, also increased from Represented built exclusively for the Empress Dowager Cixi ancestors used.) Represented is the construction of the railway engineer, after the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Board, part-time office. 　　【】 Railway tunnel 　　Is the construction of railway tunnels and in underground or underwater passage of railroad rolling stock for the building. According to its location can be divided into three categories: To shorten the distance and avoid the large slope or hill from the mountain known as the mountain tunnel under the crossing; to cross rivers or straits or under the seabed from the river is called by the underwater tunnel; In order to meet the needs of the railway through the city underground in the city known as the city through the tunnel. Three types of tunnel construction is the largest mountain tunnel. 　　Railway Level】 【 　　Railway line railway grade is based on the role of the railway network, the nature and long-term passenger and freight traffic, and maximum axle load and train speed and other conditions of the railway designated level. 　　Railway level is the basic standard of the railway. Design of the railway, the first class to determine the railway; railway technical standards and equipment type should be _select_ed according to the railway level. 　　Delineation of the railway around the world based on different levels. Railway classification number according to the individual indicators and indicators. These indicators include the technical characteristics of the railway and the parameters of their own design line in the railway network in the status and significance, and design lines responsible for the passengers and freight and so on. 　　】 【Regional railway 　　Regional rail, also known as interval commuter rail, commuter rail, commuter rail or commuter rail lines, is a downtown business district and suburban areas to provide rail transportation system design, to work or to school-based, many passengers, and concentrated. In many cities, groups, every day a large number of passengers using the regional rail commuting to work and school to school. 　　】 【Heavy haul railway Translated by Google Introduction 　　Rail transport is a mode of transport on land, in order to train locomotive running on two parallel tracks. However, rail transport is still a broad sense, including magnetic levitation train, cable cars, cable and other non-drum way of the road, or rail transport. 　　Rail transport is the mode of transportation on land known to one of the most effective. Rail can provide a very smooth and solid media for the wheels of the train to minimize friction in the above roll. This above will feel more comfortable and save energy. If configured properly, road transport than rail transport to carry the same weight of material when the energy savings of five to Qi Cheng. Moreover, the train tracks to evenly distribute the weight, so that the train load force increased substantially. Translated by Google Operation 　　A rail transportation system includes many elements, and between them are mutually reinforcing. If no suitable system, the train will not run smoothly. First of all, China's railway map of railway along the geographical environment. Secondly, why the use of the system: passenger or freight? If the passenger, but also consider the passengers are commuters or in long-distance travelers. When the clear demand, we decided to build the railway to the type: light rail, heavy rail or high-speed railway. There is also the monorail, rubber wheels and magnetic levitation railway track system, as these lines in order to track the train is guided walk. Many major cities have urban rail transit system or tram system. Decided to build the rail type, will have to carefully choose the gauge. Power train, the ancient horses, then steam, diesel or electricity now. If it is power, we need electrification system. As a result, there are different ways to train power supply. The most common is the overhead power cables and track. Finally, to track the number of decisions based on traffic flow. If the flow is small, you can only build a track, but there must be lay-bys so that excess use of a train railway. Traffic flow, you can double or even multi-line shop, and some busy roads and even eight-line parallel to the walk, there are four tracks in each direction. 　　To facilitate loading and unloading the first cargo and passengers up and down the train, the establishment of the railway station. Later, to facilitate and improve the efficiency of railway operations, the establishment of different types of stations: station, section of the station, intermediate stations, bus terminal and so on. Translated by Google Railway Development 　　Railway land transport as the main force, in more than a century of time has a monopoly position. However, since this century, with the automotive, aerospace, and the rapid development of pipeline transport, railways continue to be a new wave of shock. 　　In order to meet the needs of social and economic development, to adapt to the owner and passengers - safe, accurate, fast, convenient and comfort. States have conducted large-scale modernization of the railway technological innovation, and reform the transportation organization, active use of high-tech, in heavy, high-speed transportation and information technology has made new breakthroughs, coupled with modern management and high quality service and the regional rail network , intercontinental network, the railway has added new vitality in the land transport will continue to play a key role in the modern mode of transport occupies an important position. 　　Countries in the development of a common trend passenger high-speed, large density, expansion or use double-decker bus. EMU and the use of electric locomotive traction of passenger trains is to achieve an important condition for high-speed passenger. Light rail will be acclaimed as it is to improve the urban traffic environment, the most full of vitality as a transportation tool; suburban railway and subway, light rail to work closely collinear, a total station, together constitute the city's rapid transit system, which is the regional countries to solve the population density of large passenger busy and effective measures. Railway development in the future, the city rapid transit system will connect with the national railway network, work closely together to form a unified passenger transport network. 　　Transport of goods, centralization, and bulk cargo transport unit of a national railway development overloading of the common trend. Heavy unit train is the same type of vehicles, fixed grouping, fixed point and fixed line operates in cycles, first for coal transportation, and later extended to other bulk cargo, to improve the transport capacity and reduce fuel consumption, save operating vehicles, will stop, crew members others have a significant effect, significant economic benefits, such as the United States, 60% of rail freight trains by the unit completed in this way. Russia has opened the line test weight 43,407 tons of long train, train car 440 formed by the total length of 6.5 km, from the 4 _set_s of electric locomotive traction, the scene is very spectacular. 　　Modern Railway train performance has tended to limit the energy and maintenance costs. The speed of passenger trains by security constraints, the weight of freight trains and the line has reached the bridge live load limit. The software revolution that is improving railway management and control of railway technology and equipment can play a higher performance. By computer, fiber optics, digital technology constitute the information system, will change the traditional communications, the signal between the two areas. Computer interlocking trend is to replace the existing electrical - mechanical interlock. In addition, the auto-alignment approach can make intensive train operation optimization, and to get rid of the human brain dispatcher speed and capacity constraints. 　　Electrified railways, with the highest consumption control, ie the peak, it can automatically switch off heating and other electricity in order to ensure the normal traction electricity. Currently, Japan and most Western European countries have adopted the electrified railway remote system. The development of this system are: contacts from a relay system to contactless semiconductor electronic system until the computer control system. 　　On the hardware side, countries in strengthening the technical transformation of railway rolling stock. With the emergence of alternative fuels, diesel, re-optimization of the traditional diesel engine has become inevitable, at present, most electric locomotives with DC series motors, this motor traction despite good feature, but prone to idle. AC electric locomotive has a direction of development. 　　For goods vehicles, except on large trucks, trucks to reduce weight and improve axle load or increase the number of axes, etc. to be done here. For the passenger who, in order to achieve the purpose of high-speed, focusing on the development of lighter vehicles. Bogie structure, body structure in the development of lightweight. 　　With the continuous emergence of new materials, resistance to atmospheric corrosion of weathering steel, galvanized steel and other metal materials, glass, steel, polyurethane foam, synthetic fiber cloth, ceramic materials, polymeric materials and precision, as well as fiber optics, superconducting materials are gradually railway rolling stock, containers, lines, tunnels, bridges, communication and other aspects of the catenary is widely used. 　　Can be expected, with the development and application of high technology, the railway will be rejuvenation. Translated by Google China Railway Century 　　1876, first appeared in the land of China railway, Wusong Railway. Five years later, the Qing government under the auspices of Westernization, in 1881, Xu began to build the Tangshan Coal Railway, which opened a prelude to China's self-construction of the railway. However, the Qing government's stupid policy of ignorance and closed-door policy, to 1894, nearly two decades of time to build only about 400 km railway. To the eve of the founding of new China in 1949, China's railway mileage of 21,800 km. The end of 2003 only 73,000 km railway in China. 50 years increased only by 5 million kilometers, less than one cigarette per capita long! 　　First, open period (1876--1893 years) 　　Information and knowledge of the railway began to spread to China, some before and after the Opium War in 1840. At that time, such as China's patriotic people of insight, Lin, Wei Yuan, Xu Jiyu, who wrote books have introduced the railway knowledge. 　　1876, first appeared in the land of China railway, which is the British Capital Group to build good at deception, Wusong Railway. This railway in operation for more than a year to redeem removed by the Qing government. 　　Second, competition for right of way of imperialism, the slow development of China's railway period (1894--1948) 　　In 1894, the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion in China seized the railway interests. More than ten thousand kilometers to be swallowed up in China and carved up the right of way, rights of way to form the imperialist plunder of China's first climax. Subsequently, in accordance with their needs they were designed and built a number of railways, different standards, equipment clutter, resulting in confusion and China Railway backwardness. In the Qing Dynasty (1876 ~ 1911) Construction of about 9400 km railway. Imperialism, which directly accounts for about 41% of the construction business; imperialist control through loans, about 39%; state-owned railways, including China's Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway building self-reliance and business office and redemption of the Beijing-Hankou Railway, Guangzhou third rail only accounted for about 20%. 　　Institutional _Set_up in 1912 declared that "unity of Highways", the dissolution of the provincial railway companies to do business, to the provinces has been completed and all the nationalized railway being built to Dijie debt, creating a looming Chinese Way the right of the second climax. From 1912 to 1916, won the right of way countries a total of over 13,000 km. Northern Government (1912 ~ 1927), in the customs repair about 2,100 km of railways. 　　In 1928, the Nanjing Nationalist Government came to power, mainly in the capital and the imperialist comprador bureaucratic monopoly capital "joint venture" means the construction of the railway, which appeared in the right way the imperialist plunder of China's third climax. During the KMT government in Nanjing (1928 ~ 1948), in mainland China to build a total of about 13,000 km railway. 　　Third, the new China was founded, the repair and restoration of rail transportation and production period (1949-1952) 　　October 1, 1949 founding of the PRC after the year 1949, a total of 8,278 km of railway repair restored. To the end of 1949, the national railway mileage totaling 21,810 km, passenger turnover of 31.401 billion tons kilometers conversion. 　　June 18, 1952, Manchuria to open the line between Guangzhou through train the first column, the entire 4,600-kilometer open. To 52 by the end of the national railway mileage increased to 22,876 km, passenger turnover reached 80.224 billion tons kilometers conversion. 　　Fourth, the basic form of the Chinese railway network frame period (1953-1978 years) 　　Since 1953, the state has plans to develop the national economy into the period. By 1980, five years after the railway construction project, has made brilliant achievements. 　　In 1976, the Chinese people smashed the "gang of four" counter-revolutionary group, ending years of unrest. Sessions of the Chinese Communist Party, order out of chaos, there has been a great historical turning point, shift the focus of national work to socialist modernization, and proposed "adjustment, reform, rectification and improvement" approach, and gradually restored and the railway work development, the end of 1980 the railway mileage of 49,940 km, the basic skeleton of the formation of the national railway network, passenger and freight turnover of 7,087 billion ton-kilometers conversion. 　　Fifth, implement the reform and opening up policy, China's railway entering a new period of development (since 1979) 　　Since the Third Plenary Session of the Chinese Communist Party, the national economy began a new period of development. 1982, that "rail transport has become an important constraint because the national economic development", that "war Daqin North, South offensive balance the population, take East" strategy. The end of 1985, the national railway mileage of 52,119 km, passenger turnover exceeded 1 trillion ton-kilometers conversion. The end of 2007, the national railway mileage of 7.8 million kilometers. 　　January 7, 2005, Premier Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting discussed and adopted the "long-term railway network plan," clearly a long-term goal of building the railway network in China: in 2020, the national railway operating mileage of 100,000 km main achieved busy main passenger and freight sub-line, double-track rate and electrification rate reached 50%, transport capacity to meet the needs of national economic and social development, the main technical equipment to reach or approach international advanced level. Minister of Railways Liu Zhijun said on January 12, has kicked off a large-scale railway construction, the total investment will reach 5,000 billion yuan. Translated by Google Railway common sense 　　Railway rolling stock of railway vehicles 　　Railway vehicles run by the locomotive. 　　Types of rail vehicles can be divided according to use of rail passenger, freight trains and railway special purpose vehicles of three categories. Used to transport passengers and vehicles for the passenger railway passenger services, such as car, sleeping car, dining car, baggage car, etc.; for vehicles transporting goods for the railway trucks, such as the gondola, box car, flat car, tank, holding vehicles; for railway companies for their business with special purpose vehicles for railway vehicles, such as check wagons, snow removal vehicles, test vehicles. Trucks for shipment in accordance with the number of varieties can be divided into general-purpose vehicles and special vehicles. The gondola, box car, flat car, tank, holding a variety of goods transport vehicles meet the requirements, known as the common vehicle; applies only to one or a few shipments of goods of similar nature, such as the hopper car, cement truck, long large goods vehicles, container flat cars, and other high-pressure tank, called the Special Purpose Vehicle. GM cars back to the air loss is small but effective utilization of load varies with the goods, and sometimes low, the adaptability to different handling equipment is not the same. Higher rate of private car empty, but you can _select_ the specific parameters of the characteristics of the goods, and thus the utilization of high load and volume, in the structure can support with the _select_ed handling equipment, thus shortening the time of loading and unloading operations, accelerated vehicle turnover. Rail vehicles can also be subject to rail cars by gauge points, wide and narrow gauge rail car trucks; by property owned relationship into road vehicles (vehicles owned by the railway sector) and the factories and mines owned vehicles. 　　Overview of early development are the two axes of railway vehicles, and poorly equipped. First, the development of passenger cars to multi-axis, there have been three-axis, axis and six-axis bus. Axis of the steering rack which has a good take bus line quality and curving performance, and thus become the basic form of passenger cars. With the development of lightweight materials, greatly reduced body weight, there are some Easter vehicle, adjacent to two vehicles were placed adjacent to one end of two-axle bogie, the non-living section of side a two-axis or Single bogie. The vehicles used for EMU. Modern passenger car to improve passenger safety and comfort, the use of all-metal monocoque body structure, and independent of warm water or electrical heating, forced ventilation, electrical lighting, air conditioning, hot water and chilled water and other equipment. Some countries are now committed to improving the rail train speed, such as the Japanese Shinkansen express passenger trains per hour maximum speed of 300 km between Paris and Lyon, France railway express passenger trains per hour maximum speed of 260 km, this high the strength of the speed of the bus, dynamic performance and the use of higher reliability requirements. 　　Increasing the weight of the train, in addition to require that vehicles have sufficient strength, but also requires high-intensity coupler, high-capacity buffer, and high sensitivity, good reliability of the train brakes. Many transport coal or ore unit trains, in order to improve the car dumper unloading efficiency, the use of the coupler draft gear rotary coupler. 　　China's railway passenger and freight vehicles were mainly imported, the type complex, poorly equipped, light load. After the founding of the PRC began to design and manufacture of vehicles. From 1949 to 1983, the country has a number of passenger cars from about 4000 to about 18,700, from about 46,000 vehicles to approximately 285,000, up 3.7 times and 5.1 times. New Passenger Cars in the structural steel welded structure, construction speed has increased, running smoothness and comfort improved. Truck out of a two-axis car. The average marks by the truck load of 26.6 tonnes in 1949 to 52.7 tons in 1983. 　　Structure of the vehicle usually body, running gear, coupler draft gear, brake equipment and vehicle equipment of five parts. Body is the vehicle to accommodate passengers or cargo section, usually a closed space, but also the top open. Different types of vehicles, body structure is different. Many vehicles have a direct role in the body load, so the body must have the necessary strength and stiffness. Body supported by the following running gear, equipped with a coupler at both ends buffer device, the internal layout of various equipment as needed. Running gear, vehicle to run on the rail part of a wheel, axle box devices, springs and shock absorbers, bogie frame or side frame, and other beams and other components parts and bars. Above the axis and axis of the vehicles before and after these components into two bogies, so for these vehicles, the running gear is the bogie. Running gear should be able to guarantee the safety of vehicle operation and balance. Coupler device is a vehicle with other vehicles or motorcycles to achieve mutual links and the train running and marshalling the course of transfer and mitigate tensile strength and compression strength of the parts, the coupler and buffers, and other component parts installed in the body traction chassis at both ends of the beam. Brakes are implemented on the vehicle slow down or stop running trains to ensure the safe operation of train equipment, installed in the body by the head of the lower part of the brake, the air distribution valve, brake cylinders and other components and assemblies based in the running gear of the brake (brake beams, brake shoes etc.). To ensure that parking alone will not slip when you move, the vehicle is also equipped with hand brakes. Vehicle equipment, vehicle passenger and freight transport services for the additional facilities, with the vehicle type. Lighting equipment such as passenger cars, power equipment, air conditioning, heating equipment, sanitary equipment, insulation board refrigeration equipment, generators, trucks on the bed board care, horse bolt ring, bolt rope, column plug, and for shunting staff use pedal, handrails and so on. 　　Maintenance of vehicles used to carry out maintenance period in life. China Railway to implement plant maintenance, depot repair, minor and four-axis inspection system of regular maintenance, supplemented by inspection and pick the train cars and other daily maintenance of temporary repair to ensure that the vehicle in good condition (see the maintenance of railway vehicles and railway vehicles, the use of management .) In order to facilitate attachment between the vehicle identification and use of vehicles painted in a variety of tags. (See the rolling stock tag.) 　　By gauge railway vehicles can be divided into three categories: standard gauge cars, wide-narrow-gauge rail cars and trucks. Railway vehicles according to the functions can be divided into three categories: passenger cars, trucks and special purpose vehicles. Railway passenger car is used for the carriage of passengers and provide travel services to vehicles, including car seat, soft seat car, car hard, soft cars, dining cars, baggage cars and power cars. Characteristics of passenger cars is to ensure the comfort of passengers, vehicle shock absorber, inside decoration and high speed are required. Freight vehicles for carrying goods, including the gondola, hopper cars, since overturned, boxcar, livestock car, flat car, grew up trucks, container flat cars, all kinds of tankers, and refrigerated trucks and other vehicles and insulation. Should ensure that the carriage of goods in the handling and transportation of goods in good condition and convenience. Many different types of trucks, some trucks only when used in the carriage of certain goods, it can also be called special vehicles. Special purpose vehicles for railway railway technology business enterprise engaged in the work of their own vehicles, their variety, the main scale testing vehicles, rescue vehicles, test vehicles, gravel trucks, long rail cars, office cars and power cars. 　　Constitute the main part of the vehicle body, running gear, coupler and brakes, and still need the vehicle is equipped with various types of water, heating, electricity and other ancillary equipment. Modern vehicles with high-strength, lightweight materials, and will have to adapt to walking the line agencies to improve axle load, high-speed traffic and reduce vibration. Axis bogie vehicles with good walking performance and adaptability of the curve line. Therefore, countries are mainly the production of such vehicles. Vehicles due to wear, to carry out regular planned maintenance, repair vans to be developed procedures, clearly defined limits and overhaul maintenance cycle, maintenance of technical standards and quality requirements. 　　Motorcycle type (type of locomotive) in the same type of locomotive traction of different models. Railway transportation capacity, speed, operating conditions and the engineering and transport economics have a significant impact. 80 years since the 20th century, the Chinese motorcycle industry has great development, steam locomotive shutdown, power electricity, diesel developing rapidly, has formed a number of 4,6,8,12-axis series and B-B, B0-B0, B0-B0-B0, C0-C0, 2 (B0-B0), 2 (C0-C0)-axis series (B, C respectively, the second shaft and axle bogie, 0 means that the power transmission), passenger and cargo aircraft axle power and electricity, respectively 900kw 800kw, 613kw and the internal combustion respectively 532kw, locomotive traction and dynamic braking performance greatly improved. Motorcycle industry advances in technology, design flexibility to choose the railway locomotive type, to accommodate line level, longitudinal pages of technical standards to improve the train weight, density and speed and to achieve optimal group with the three to meet different transport needs, to achieve rail Comprehensive optimization of the major technical standards and mobile devices and fixed devices supporting the design decision thought reasonable to lay a solid material foundation. 　　Locomotive type _select_ion should be considered a major factor in traction category. Different kinds of traction with its series of different types of locomotives, locomotive's technical parameters are also different, the resulting technical and economic effect will be different. China's power and the combustion part of the main locomotive of the technical parameters in Table. 2 transport needs. Type on a _set_ number of locomotive traction, transportation capacity and speed have a direct impact, so choose the type of locomotive design should take into account the traffic lines, traffic speed and the adjacent line Tonnage and other transportation demand. Choose the type of passenger locomotive to locomotive power should meet the design and construction of the line speed of the maximum speed passenger train requirements based. 3 line level, longitudinal technical standards. Transport capacity on demand when a certain, different types of locomotives that can adapt to the restrictions slope, the effective length to the hair line and the distance between stations is different, the economic effects will be different; the other hand, when the limit slope, the effective length to the hair line and station When a certain distance between the different types of motorcycle transport capacity can be achieved is different, and its economic effects are also different. Therefore, when asked certain transport capacity, the main technical standards can be integrated optimization method for coordination of technical standards and supporting the main line and have the best technical and economic effect of the locomotive type. 4 locomotive bogie axle shaft and line, therefore, the use of two axle bogie of the B0-B0-axis of the axis of the rim locomotive force, derailment coefficient, coefficient of wheel and rail wear and the role of the track panel enriched large size of the lateral force in the six-axis locomotive. Axis is 2 (B0-B0) of SS4 series diesel electric locomotives and DF10D has been used in the mountain railway, operating practice shows that the curve through the performance than the original six-axle locomotive C0-C0 has improved greatly. 5 should take full account of scientific and technological progress, and China, "Railway Technical Policy" in the motorcycle industry in the development of a clear direction for the development of a dynamic view of thought and to seek the use of modern science and technology, cost-effective way to achieve coordination of fixed equipment and mobile devices supporting the best way. Therefore, the locomotive traction type should be based on type of transport demand as well as line level and vertical sections, the principle of coordination of technical standards, combined with the station distribution and the quality o the traction line, determined by the technical and economic comparison. Translated by Google Railway units 　　Operations Section: the management of the station and station staff, the general first-class and Principal stations _set_ up directly under the station, bus services by the second paragraph and the following jurisdiction. 　　Locomotive: is the management and maintenance of locomotives and locomotive drivers. 　　Public Works Section: railway tracks, railway line rehabilitation and maintenance and repair management unit. 　　Electricity department: railway signal facilities maintenance and repair management unit. 　　Passenger segment: Railway passenger service units. 　　Depot: train maintenance and management of vehicle maintenance units. 　　Real Estate section of life: rail units, railway residential housing construction, heating, plumbing maintenance units. Management of the railway apartments and other living units. Railway construction and railway maintenance and management of large buildings. Residential water supply. 　　Supply Section: Railway unit civilian lighting electricity, electric locomotive power transmission and supply of electricity. 　　Mechanical Works section: the overhaul of the previous paragraph, track, railway line maintenance and repair of large, track laying units. Translated by Google China Railway logo 　　① "workers" attribute pointing to the railway industry, the railway is part of the working class, but they are the masters of the working class, it is filled with a sense of pride in ownership of railway workers. 　　② "artificial": In the early days, China is in a poverty-stricken class, and this is exactly the meaning of signs that the majority of railway workers and even the Chinese people the courage to Zhantiandoude, bravery and oath and the "God" in the Hammer of the gas is high , praised the "people" power to transform nature and spirit. 　　③ specific image, "workers" to take the word of the cross section of the track shape, the composition to form a complete shape the image of the locomotive, it wins in my face, contains a majestic momentum, pregnant with infinite power. Translated by Google China's railway passenger of the most 我国的铁路客车之最 　　▲ grouping of the first column is the longest passenger train in March 1984 to Wuchang in the Beijing-Guangzhou railway between Beijing test run. At the time, hung in the original train 37/38 on the basis of 16 plus 3 hanging soft and a dynamic test locomotive vehicles, including motorcycles length 506.5 m, traction weight 1066 tons, diesel locomotive traction by Beijing. Originating from the Beijing Railway Station, through the 1229 km trek, running 17 hours 32 minutes, arrive on Wuchang, and successfully returned to Beijing, test a complete success. 　　▲ longest passenger train in China, Beijing-Guangzhou line is moving in the 15/16 special express train from Guangzhou to Changsha, in the interval, this tour hanging express train hard seat, hard sleeper and soft sleeper carriages, etc. 25, total length of more than 600 meters. 　　▲ shortest passenger train in China, the Guangzhou-Shenzhen line is the source of the suburbs of Guangzhou to the next 3 / 4 of the train. It is a rail locomotive with a hard seat cars, only 29 meters long. 　　▲ driving distance of the longest passenger train in Guangzhou to Lhasa T246/245, T266/263 special express train, the journey is 4980 km. 　　▲ shortest distance traveled in China passenger train south of Chongqing, Chongqing suburban passenger trains between the south, the whole only 7 km. 　　▲ opening line of the railway for the first time direct express train is April 1, 1986, between Beijing to Shanghai 13/14 times 21/22 times. They change by the express passenger train Express Passenger Train, the running time of 19 hours from the original compressed to 16 hours, 59 minutes, which became China's fastest railway passenger train twice (a top speed of 110 km.) No half-way down the train passengers, all passengers direct access to the terminal by the originating station. 　　▲ "Orient Express" for the first time to China. "Orient Express" in the September 5, 1988 departure from Zurich, Switzerland, via Paris, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow and other places, on Sept. 20 reached Manchuria, arrived in Beijing on September 22, September 26 from Shenzhen to Hong Kong, and then by sea to Japan's Komatsu to Hong Kong ferry, Oct. 18 to reach the end of Tokyo. 　　▲ one of the first double-decker bus in 1961, Qingdao Sifang Rolling Stock Plant-based, four vehicles in the Institute and in collaboration with Shanghai Jiaotong University, design and manufacturing. The double-decker bus in the Shanghai-Hangzhou line running, smooth ride, able to adapt to an hour drive 120-140 km of the requirements. The train from one generation baggage car, two hard and soft sleeper, 4 car may be recumbent and five seat vehicles, and other vehicle components. 　　▲ New China's first air-conditioned bus out by the Quartet Rolling Stock Plant, Changchun Bus Factory, Town vehicle plant and other units began in 1988, the joint trial, August 25, 1989 in Changsha to Guangzhou between the officially put into operation. This air-conditioned bus each 25.5 meters long, 2 meters long than ordinary passenger cars, each column can contain more than 100 people, and the equipment is new, refined decoration, factory repair cycle and significantly prolonged life. 　　▲ out of the first air-conditioned double-decker bus, on July 18, 1987 Town vehicle plant by the successful development of each Dingyuan seat 186 people, soft seat 110 people, the ordinary passenger cars than the same grouping to improve the capacity of 60%. August 30, 1989, which trains between Shanghai in Nanjing to put into operation. Its internal layout is reasonable, clean, colors bright, spacious, comfortable and safe, by the visitors welcome. 　　▲ sleeper train all of the first column in April 21, 1991 CDB. The car was traveling in Beijing, Shenyang, 53/54 times between the direct express passenger trains, stations along the way do not take the fall for. 　　▲ China's first double-decker sleeper car in April 1995 developed by the Town vehicle plant. The car has 80 shops, ordinary single sleeper than domestic vehicles 20 shops, 33% increase in Dingyuan. The most important thing is to improve the conditions for passengers traveling long-distance travel. Implementation of annual air conditioning sleeper cars, with automatic electric boiling water heaters amenities. Vehicle operation is very smooth. 　　▲ China's first quasi-high speed double Ruanxi passenger vehicles in the July 9, 1994 made vehicle plant in the Town. This car has 108 seats, the vehicle with both ends hanging panel electronic display device, at any time to the visitors station name, time and weather and other information. Inside temperature is kept at 18 ℃ to 25 ℃. The smooth performance of the bogie passenger cars reached a level of similar foreign products. 　　▲ The first column of quasi-high speed passenger train on December 22, 1994 stand out from Shenzhen, speeding at 160 kilometers per hour, arrived at Guangzhou station with a 1 hour 7 minutes, shorter than the original running time of nearly 1 hour. Was named "Spring number" of the quasi-high speed trains running at speeds up to 183 km high. Translated by Google History of education in China Railway 　　September 1871, in Shanghai Shanghai Bureau (America Preparatory School) ,1872-1875 government study in the United States sent four batches of young children (Represented as the first batch), the railway personnel in the foreign culture. 　　Autumn 1888, the establishment of the Northern Railway Military Academy class, creating a culture in China pioneer railway personnel. 　　May 1896, the first railway in China school - Shanhaiguan Northern Railway official School (the predecessor of today's Southwest Jiaotong University) established. 　　February 1918, the Secretary to address the children of railway workers schooling, _set_ up in Beijing, "the railway the Educational Council." In the same year in October, the Rotary has _set_ up eight primary schools, one middle school Rotary. 　　February 1921 Tangshan directly under the Ministry of Communications Technical College (formerly known as the Northern Railway officials Shanhaiguan School), Shanghai Technical College (formerly known as September 1896 the establishment of Nanyang, that today's Shanghai Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University), Beijing Railway Management School (formerly known as September 1909, Beijing established the Taichung railway management that today's Beijing Jiaotong University) into Jiaotong University. 　　May 1921, established the Board of Education railway workers, and in Beijing, Han, Jing Qin, Jing Sui, Jinpu opened four workers tutorial schools. 　　November 1928, formally established in the Ministry of Railways. 　　January 1938, railway, transport two into the Ministry of Communications. 　　January 1949 establishment of the CPC Central Military Commission, Ministry of Railways, telephone order, 　　July 1949 _set_ from the Bureau of Personnel and Education Section of the Ministry of Railways, under the staff education, staff education, the children of two courses (the direct leadership of Minister of universities). 　　March 1950 Department of Education established the Ministry of Railways. 　　China Railway's first vocational school was opened in 1899 in a telegram Changli school; the first employee in April 1909 the school was in _set_ting up the channel clear of Jiaozuo Railway Station Night School of the craftsmen; the first school children of the staff 1898 East Qing Railway established the first school in Harbin Xiangfang; first Rotary V of the first primary school in Beijing Higher Primary School, in July 1918 _set_ up in Beijing Hutong, Xicheng icehouse; the first middle school in Tianjin Rotary Rotary secondary schools, in October 1918 _set_ up in Tianjin Lu Wei Lu. The eve of liberation in 1949, a total of 15 secondary schools, 640 students in primary and secondary school 205, students at 7.69 million. Translated by Google Railway badges Help 　　Railway "rank" is divided into four grades, etc.: 　　Station: Operations section chief, special, first and second chief and party secretary of the cap hoop three yellow to red line, the three star insignia is a bar; workshop director and the third station the following bands for the two owners of the cap Road yellow lines, two bars insignia is a star; passenger and cargo attendant (team leader) as a yellow cap hoop lines, a star insignia is a bar. 　　Train: section chief and party secretary of the cap hoop is red, three yellow lines, three-star insignia is a bar; car captain, workshop director, guiding drivers to red hat hoop, two yellow lines, two badges is a star bars; conductor's cap hoop is red, a yellow long lines and running car badges are a star of a bar. 　　Locomotive: section chief and party secretary of the cap hoop is red, three yellow lines, three-star insignia is a bar; workshop director, car captain, instructor for the star two bars; the driver is a star of a bar. 　　Other general workers monochrome hat hoop, shoulder patches, only one star, the provisions of the above types of signs are based on the color difference. 　　The style is divided into three badges, worn at different seasons, wide board for the winter and spring, badges, badges narrow board for the fall, soft ones for summer use. Translated by Google Encyclopedia 　　tielu 　　Railway 　　railway 　　A modern land transport. Narrowly speaking, the railway is the roadbed, ballast, sleepers and rail transportation posed by the lines, including railway bridges, railway tunnels and various ancillary facilities. Broadly speaking, rail is the rail transportation system or rail transportation. Rail transport system technology and equipment in addition lines, there are motorcycles, vehicles and communications, signals, shunting, loading and unloading trucks equipment. Railway system are driving organizations, production and business activities, the relevant passenger and freight operations and the organization and management. 　　Categories can be divided into business-use railways Railway (public rail), dedicated railway, special railway line and the city; by ownership and management rights can be divided into state-run railways, local railways and the private railways; can be divided according to type of locomotive traction electric railway, diesel rail traction railway and steam locomotive traction; by rail can be divided into standard-gauge railway gauge (gauge 1435 mm) wide gauge railway (gauge greater than 1435 mm) and narrow-gauge railway (gauge is less than 1435 mm) ; according to the number being divided into single-track railway line, two-rail and multi-line railway. 　　Railway passenger and cargo according to the commitment and the status of the railway network which can be divided into different grades. Different levels of the railway requires a different construction standards. Because countries are different, the standard by rail not exactly the same level. China's railway is divided into three levels as a rail, two rail and three rail. Railway track structure at all levels of the strength of different requirements. A railway demanding, often laying of CWR, heavy rail, prestressed concrete sleepers (including wide-sleeper), elastic fasteners, sheet rock track bed, to accommodate high-density, high-speed traffic needs. 　　(Rui-Lin Liu) 　　　　 Translated by Google English Expression :  for trains to run on n.:  rail,  railroad,  railway,  trackage classified by speed,  a combined bridge,  double track,  logging railway,  marshalling yard,  platform bridge,  chair car,  motor [steam] traction,  railways as a means of transport,  a `railway French Expression n.  chemin de fer Thesaurus railage arterial railway Community, railway Community Juweihui Railway Juweihui Tielu Village Tielu Town Tielu Subdistrict Related Phrases China communication artery transport Group Shanghai Yingtan gangway Xiamen station Fuzhou City laizhou Fujian Nanping hengfeng horsehair Wenzhou velocity Xiamen gaotie belt West Bank economic region Railway Bureau More results... Containing Phrases railway railway a network of railway line gantry Classification details Communication Education railway passenger transport railway commonweal Passenger transport special-purpose phone line or communications link railway arterial sign magnetism Hover depot dock subway semitrailer gangway conductress engine vehicle trek cistern orbit chiasm wheel chauffeur carried weed killer ticket for a journey to a place and back again bomb Dispatch department survey sleeper weed departure artery waiting room in a bus or railway station season punch vegetation diner aircondition culvert porthole line express hyetograph freight carriage steward diversion freezeproof shuttle bus soft seat or berth carfare coolie cuniculus taunt hamal blush with shame accommodation half-price ticket pass,free pass firing fleer weeding machine More results... peking (The National) Chiao Tung University Lanzhou (The National) Chiao Tung University Shanghai arterial University Luoyang Information engineering School