Songliaoxiajin > 金国
Contents
Dynasty
  金朝(1115年-1234年)
  国号释义
  金都城上京会宁(今黑龙江省哈尔滨市阿城区南),位于安出虎水(今阿什河)之侧,相传其水产金,女真语“金”念作“安出虎”。另据《辽史》记载,由于女真长期受制于契丹,故完颜阿骨打立国时,针对“辽”字在契丹语中的意思,以其镔铁虽坚终亦变坏,而金不变不坏,取“金”为国号,以示压倒过“辽”。
  
  女真族勃兴于今黑龙江、松花江流域及长白山地区。唐朝时称黑水靺鞨,生活在黑龙江一带,以渔猎为生。辽朝统治者长期向女真人索要珍珠和狩猎用的“海东青”(一种猛禽)。川流不息地穿过女真部落,鱼肉女真百姓,终于导致女真族叛乱。1115年1月28日,女真领袖完颜阿骨打称帝建国,国号大金。金国建国后,展开以辽五京为战略目标的灭辽之战。五京一下,辽朝随即灭亡。金灭辽后,与北宋遂成敌国。金太宗完颜晟即位后,挟灭辽之威,很快席卷而南,于天会五年(公元1127年)灭亡北宋。女真在消灭辽朝和北宋后,统一了包括黄河流域在内的广大北方地区,并与南宋长期对峙。金朝在实行猛安谋克等独特制度的同时,也采纳了内地的很多政治制度。完颜亮在位期间,对南宋发动大规模战争,但以失败告终。金在与南宋、西夏并立期间,迫使西夏臣附、南宋屈辱求和,始终维持其霸主地位。金朝后期,统治集团极其腐朽,各民族起义风起云涌,同时又受到蒙古帝国军队的不断打击,终于亡国。
  金国时期,随着封建化的深入,社会经济获得一定的发展。除了畜牧业的优势外,其农业、手工业以及商业也有所进步。金朝文化深受汉族影响,取得了相应的成就,其中戏剧较为突出,并产生了元好问等著名文学家。
  
  在800多年前阿城的这块土地上,女真族建立了金国,并在阿城定都(当时的会宁)。由于他们自身的强大和不堪辽压迫,开始了伐辽、建金、攻宋的征程。金朝历经十帝120年,鼎盛时期曾一度统治了相当于今天的大半个中国地区。
  女真崛起伐辽建金
  女真是我国东北地区的古老民族,生活在松花江和黑龙江流域的广大地区。在女真30多个部落中,完颜部最为金太祖完颜阿骨打强大,完颜部逐步地统一了女真各部。公元1114年9月,阿骨打命女真各部人马誓师来流水(今拉林河),开始了为期十年的伐辽征战。
  据史学家介绍,女真伐辽的原因实际上可以总归为反抗辽对其经济与精神上的双重压迫。作为辽的藩属,女真每年都要向其进贡大量的金银珠宝不说,还要向辽的银牌天使上缴大量的捕猎猛禽———海东青,为了捕到最好的鸟儿,还不得不去强攻本是同族的部落。其次是,在贸易上,双方的交易极不平等。如果说这两种压迫还可以在一定程度上忍受的话,银牌天使看中的女真美女便得“荐枕”这一制度,引发的精神层面上的屈辱却是“是可忍孰不可忍”。
  1115年正月初一,阿骨打称帝,建国号大金,定都会宁。金于1125年灭辽,灭辽后,金国第二代皇帝金太宗吴乞买即位,并于1127年灭北宋。
  金太祖完颜阿骨打在位期间,因战争繁忙,并未修建宫殿。第二代皇帝金太宗完颜吴乞买继位后,于1124年命汉人卢彦伦主持修建都城。都城的格局是集当时辽、宋风格于一身。金上京城的建治,大致采取近似中轴线、近似均衡和近似对称的手法,规划街道里坊,营筑宫室官邸,使上京城为我国中世纪最北部的都城大邑,也是金国第一都。
  虽然金上京会宁府如今已经成了大片的农田,但从残存绵延11公里的的古城垣、至今仍伫立在水田间的点将台等遗址上,仍可想象800年前金上京的繁华与兴盛。
  目前,金上京会宁府皇城午门址,是唯一仅存的一处门址。
  上京路与会宁府
  上京会宁府官衙设在大金国的前期都城内,又是金代上京路的治所。金国设有五京十九路,“路”是金代地方最高最大的行政区,相当于现代的省。金上京路共辖有:一府,即会宁府;三州,即肇州、隆州、信州;五路,即蒲与路、合懒路、恤品路、曷苏馆路、胡里改路;六县,即会宁县、曲江县、宜春县、始兴县、利涉县、武昌县。
  会宁府归上京路所辖,但它又是上京路的治所。会宁府统领三县,即会宁、曲江、宜春。路的最高官员是兵马都总管,上京路则由会宁府尹兼领
  烧毁金上京迁都燕京
  正当上京城向前发展时期,金朝内部发生了宫廷政变,主要原因是,金熙宗在位后期骄奢淫逸,暴虐杀人,引起了朝中众臣的不满。金熙宗继父之子完颜亮利用这个机会,联合亲信亲手将金熙宗杀死,自立为帝。海陵王继位后,为了缓和继弟杀兄、臣弑君的“同室操戈”这个矛盾,就以上京会宁府偏于东北一隅、物质运输与公文传递有违误等理由,将京都迁往燕京(今北京市)。
  在迁都燕京后,海陵王为了不留有金熙宗奉行君主制的痕迹,完全解除女真皇族组合力与反抗力,来确保自己的皇位,于正隆二年(1157年)下令毁上京。同年八月,海陵王下令撤销上京留守衙门、罢上京称号,只称会宁府。
  海陵王迁都、毁上京后,使上京会宁府不再有往日市井繁荣的景象。
  重修会宁府复号上京
  海陵王迁都平毁上京宫室、宗庙之后,已去萧墙之忧,因而全力准备侵略宋朝的战争,同时大建宫宇、搜刮百姓,残暴的统治给百姓带来深重灾难,民不聊生。正隆六年(1161年)十月,东京留守曹国公完颜雍继位于辽阳,改元大定,是为金世宗。这时完颜亮还在南进征宋,而金军亦十分厌战,重要将领耶律元宜部反戈,元宜及其部下射杀海陵王于帐前,海陵王死于瓜州渡。
  金世宗于大定二年(1162年)发布诏令,“以会宁府国家兴亡之地,宜就庆元宫址建正殿九间,仍其旧号,以时荐享。”大定五年(1165年),重新修复了太祖庙,大定二十一年(1181年),修复宫殿,建城隍庙。至此,金上京被毁坏的旧宫室、宗庙大部分被修复,但唯有储庆寺不见有修复的记载。
  蒙宋联军攻灭金国
  金章宗末年,自然灾害较为严重,上京的繁荣已成为过去。泰和八年(1208年)十一月金章宗病逝,章宗的皇叔卫绍王永济继位。同时,蒙古大汗成吉思汗叛金自立,开始进攻金国的北方,并迅速占领长城以北的广大地区,于1213年又突破了长城防线,进入黄河平原。到1215年成吉思汗率领蒙古军劫掠并占领了金国的北京。至天兴二年(1234年)蒙宋联军攻破蔡州城,在战火中继位的金末帝完颜承麟则死在乱军之中,金国灭亡。
  金国都城
  金国是女真族建立的,女真是我国东北地区的古老民族。女真和他们的先人们,世世代代居住、生活在松花江和黑龙江流域的广大地区,所谓白山黑水,种族繁矣。历史悠久的女真先世,可上溯到舜、禹和商周时期,那时生息繁衍在白山黑水之间的女真人被称作肃慎,这是东北地区见诸文字记载的最古老的民族。此后,肃慎的后裔,名称屡有变更。三国时期,称挹娄,北魏时称勿吉,并分有白山、粟末、号室、安车骨、伯咄、佛涅、黑水七部。到隋唐时称靺鞨,仍然分七部。到五代时黑水靺鞨在物竞天择的演化过程中逐渐兴旺起来,改称女真。在女真30多个部落中,完颜部最为强大,在他们的始祖函普时,居住在仆斡水(今牡丹江)之滨。到女真人第四世献祖绥可时,完颜部便从仆斡水之涯,南迁到海古水(今海沟河)之畔,献祖绥可一改女真夏逐水草,冬则穴居的旧俗。在海古水,按出虎水(今阿什河)一带,筑室居住,耕垦树艺,攻碳炼铁,刳木为器。这时完颜部的社会发展达到了渔猎业、农牧业和手工业互有分工又互相结合,并进入铁器时代而强大起来。此后,又经过昭祖石鲁条教之法、景祖乌古乃自强自治、世祖劾里钵戡乱兴盟、盈歌联盟巩固发展等几代人的奋斗,完颜部逐步地统一了女真各部。到了完颜阿骨打时期,女真族已崛起于白山黑水之间。由于自身的强大和不堪辽宋压迫,于公元1114年9月,阿骨打命女真各部人马誓师来流水(今拉林河),开始了为期十年的伐辽争战。1115年正月初一,阿骨打称帝,改元收国元年,建国号大金,定都会宁(今哈尔滨市阿城区)。金于1125年灭辽,灭辽后,金朝第二代皇帝金太宗吴乞买即位,按照金太祖阿骨打中外一统的诏令为遗训,下令南征伐宋,并于1127年灭北宋。
  从金代鼎盛时期的疆域图可以看到:墨绿色的区域就是金国的疆域,东北到日本海、库页岛(今鄂霍茨克海),北到外兴安岭(今俄罗斯亚洲地区),西北到蒙古高原(今蒙古国),西以河套、陕西横山、甘肃东部和西夏交界,南到秦岭、淮河与南宋对峙。
  金代共三个都城,上京会宁府是金朝第一个都城,1153年海陵王迁都燕京(今北京)是为金朝第二个都城,称金中都,金朝第八位皇帝宣宗于1214年迁都汴梁(今开封)。
  【筑城营都】
  金太祖完颜阿骨打在位期间,因战争繁忙,并未修建宫殿。金太宗完颜吴乞买继位后,于天会二年(1124年)命汉人卢彦伦主持修建都城。都城的格局是集当时辽朝、南宋风格于一身。金上京城的建制,大致采取近似中轴线,近似均衡和近似对称的手法,规划街道里坊,营筑宫室官邸,使上京城为我国中世纪最北部的都城大邑。
  此城平面示意图。上京南北二城,均为长方形,以西垣为边,横竖卧对,呈曲尺状。北城南北长1828米,东西宽1553米;南城东西长2148米,南北宽1522米。皇宫在南城偏西处,周长2公里余。原有4门,现仅存午门址,午门后中轴线上有5个宫殿址。二城外垣周长11公里余,残高约3.5米,存马面89个,门7座。据记载当时金都皇宫的建设情况已架屋数千百间,规模亦甚侈也。
  上京会宁府皇城午门址,既唯一仅存的一处门址。这里当时营建都城时的情况,这些脊瓦、布纹瓦等都是建筑材料。
  【市井繁荣】
  上京会宁府定型在金太宗时期,到了金朝第三代皇帝金熙宗完颜亶时期,开始扩建上京皇城和增扩宫室。
  于天眷元年(1138年),因大内狭,撤而新之,命卢彦伦营建宫室,这次扩建增加了朝殿、寝殿、书殿以及八座殿字楼阁组成的凉殿。
  在金熙宗时期,金政权进入相对稳定的发展时期,基本上没有大的战争。他极力推行封建社会制度和实行法制,并审时罢兵,计口授田,恢复经济。经过他全面地进行改制改革,发展了金朝经济,增强了国力。此时,上京城内外已经有了专门的商业区,街道两侧店铺林立,市井繁荣。
  【上京路与会宁府 】
  上京会宁府官衙设在大金国的前期都城内,又是金代上京路的治所。金代的地方行政区划,大致与辽相同。金朝设有五京十九路,路是金代地方最高最大的行政区,相当于现代的省。金上京路领会宁等府州,范围最为广阔,其西境可抵今嫩江流域,北达外兴安岭,东北至鄂霍茨克海,东至日本海,南与咸平路为邻(今吉林省怀德县),并遥领曷苏馆路(今辽宁省金县)。金上京路共辖有:一府,即会宁府;三州,即肇州、隆州、信州;五路,即蒲与路、合懒路、恤品路、曷苏馆路、胡里改路;六县,即会宁县、曲江县、宜春县、始兴县、利涉县、武昌县。
  会宁府及上京路所辖,但它又是上京路的治所。会宁府东境邻胡里改路,西北与肇州接壤,东北与蒲与路相邻,东南与恤品路接境。会宁府统领三县,即会宁、曲江、宜春。路的最高官员是兵马都总管,上京路则由会宁府尹兼领。
  如今馆内留存的印章,其中上京路总押荒字号印为国家一级文物,这些印鉴对研究和了解金代乃至宋、元官制与兵制,印证金代的政治、经济、文化和社会发展状况,均有不可替代的。
  【迁都燕京】
  正当上京城向前发展时期,金朝内部发生了宫廷政变,主要原因是,金熙宗在位后期骄奢淫逸,暴虐杀人,引起了朝中重臣的不满,金熙宗继父之子完颜亮利用这个机会,联合亲信亲手将金熙宗杀死,自立为帝。海陵王即位后,为了缓和居弟杀兄、臣弑君的同室操戈这个矛盾,就以上京会宁府偏于东北一隅,物质运输与公文传递有违误,使节往来也艰于行旅,致使政令无法及时畅达内外等理由,将京都迁往燕京(今北京市)。海陵王迁都燕京,对于适应金国形势和发展和统治中原的需要,及女真族发展和燕京的开辟而言,这是一种进步。
  在迁都燕京后,海陵王为了不留有金熙宗风行君主制的痕迹,完全解除女真皇族组合力与反抗力,来确保自己的皇位,于正隆二年(1157年)下令毁上京。据记载命吏部郎中萧彦良尽毁宫殿、宗庙、诸大族府第及储庆寺,夷其址、耕垦之。同时,于正隆二年(1157年)八月,海陵王下令撤销上京留守衙门,罢上京称号,只称会宁府,并下令把驻扎上京的属于太宗、宗干、宗翰管辖下的军队合并,使其缩小实力,并且迁往中都。
  海陵王迁都、毁上京后,使上京会宁府的人口一度锐减,经济发展一度衰落,不再有往日市井繁荣的景象。
  【复号上京】
  海陵迁都平毁上京宫室宗庙之后,已去萧墙之忧,因而全力准备侵略宋朝的战争,同时大建宫宇、搜刮百姓,残暴的统治给百姓带来深重灾难,民不聊生。正隆六年(1161年)十月,东京留守曹国公完颜雍即位于辽阳,改元大定,是为金世宗。这时完颜亮还在南进征宋,而金军亦十分厌战,重要将领耶律元宜部反戈,元宜及其部下射杀海陵王于帐前,海陵死于瓜州渡。
  世宗改元,大赦天下,同时历数海陵罪过数十事。金世宗统治时期,经济、文化都得到了一定程度的恢复和发展。
  金世宗于大定二年(1162年)发布诏令,以会宁府国家兴王之地,宜就庆元宫址建正殿九间,仍其旧号,以时荐享。大定五年(1165年),重新修复了太祖庙,大定二十一年(1181年),修复宫殿,建城隍庙。至此,金上京被毁坏的旧宫室、宗庙大部分被修复,但唯有储庆寺不见有修复的记载。在大定二十四年(1184年),以甓束其城就是在土墙之外增筑砖墙,以加固城墙的坚实性,并在大定十三年(1173年)七月,金世宗下令恢复会宁府的上京称号,恢复上京留守衙门,派宗室元老谷英任上京留守。金上京会宁府的历史地位,被金世宗又重新树立了起来。这是大金得胜陀颂碑,在今吉林省扶余县石碑崴子屯,金世宗1184年东巡上京,于1185年到此凭吊,这里是阿骨打率女真部义军誓师伐辽的地方。
  【金国衰落】
  金章宗末年,自然灾害较为严重,上京的繁荣已成为过去。泰和八年(1208年)十一月金章宗病逝,章宗的皇叔卫绍王永济继位。同时,蒙古大汗成吉思汗叛金自立,开始进攻金国的北方,并迅速占领长城以北的广大地区,于1213年又突破了长城防线,进入黄河平原。到1215年成吉思汗率领蒙古军劫掠并占领了金国的北京。至金哀宗天兴二年(1234年)蒙宋联军攻破蔡州城,在战火中即位的金末帝完颜承麟则死在乱军之中,金国灭亡。
  从1115年阿骨打建国称帝到1234年完颜承麟在蔡州身亡,金代经历了长达120年的历史,而金上京地区则早在1218年就陷落在蒙古骑兵的铁蹄之下。由于在金后期,上京行省完颜太平与万奴勾结,受万奴之命焚毁了上京宗庙等大规模的建筑,以及上京守军在与抵抗万奴的作战中,上京城遭到了严重破坏,但上京城在元朝、明朝仍被沿用,上京的最后废弃,是在清代。
  政治制度
  金朝初期虽也一度摹仿辽朝的北南面官制,同时奉行两套体制,但自熙宗改制以后,就完全抛弃了女真旧制,全盘采用汉制。政治体制的一元化,是女真人汉化很彻底的一个重要原因。
  金朝建国之初,朝廷中枢权力机构实行女真传统的勃极烈制度,对于所占领的辽地,也一概搬用生女真旧制。如太祖收国二年(1116年)占有辽东京州县以后,“诏除辽法,省税赋,置猛安谋克一如本朝之制”。即不管是系辽籍女真,还是汉人、渤海人、契丹人、奚人,全都不加区别,“率用猛安、谋克之名,以授其首领而部伍其人”。但一到进入燕云汉地,这套女真制度便行不通了,于是只好因仍原有的汉官制度。史称“太祖入燕,始用辽南、北面官僚制度”,就是指同时奉行女真旧制和汉制的双重体制。金初的所谓“南面官”,亦即汉地枢密院制度,故《金史》谓“天辅七年,以左企弓行枢密院于广宁,尚踵辽南院之旧”。与此相对的“北面官”,主要指当时实行于朝廷之内的勃极烈制度。
  金初的二元政治存在于1123至1138年。汉地枢密院系天辅七年(1123年)始设于营州广宁(今河北省昌黎县),后迁平州,再迁燕京,天会间一度分设燕京和云中两枢密院,后又归并为一。至天眷元年(1138年),改燕京枢密院为行台尚书省,结束了双重体制并存的局面,这是熙宗汉制改革的结果。
  早在太宗天会初,就有一些女真贵族的上层人物积极主张摒弃女真旧制,全盘改用汉制。《金史》卷七八《韩企先传》曰:“斜也、宗干当国,劝太宗改女直旧制,用汉官制度。”斜也即太祖弟完颜杲,太宗时为谙班勃极烈,与国论勃极烈宗干同主国政,可见当时支持汉化的势力已经相当强大。不过终太宗一代,仍维持着二元政治的局面。《金史》里虽有太宗天会四年(1126年)建尚书省的记载,但人们一般认为当时的尚书省是设在燕云汉地,与后来建立的三省制度无关。金朝政治制度的重大变革,直到太宗末年才提上日程,天会十二年(1134年)正月,“初改定制度,诏中外”。由于太宗一年后就死去了,所以实质性的汉制改革是在熙宗朝进行的。熙宗天眷元年(1138年)八月甲寅,“颁行官制”,是即“天眷新制”。这是金朝政治制度史上的一个重要转折,自金初以来实行二十馀年的女真勃极烈制度,“至熙宗定官制皆废”,以三省六部制取而代之。同年九月丁酉,“改燕京枢密院为行台尚书省”,这不只是简单地改换一个名称而已,它的性质已经发生了变化:汉地枢密院是作为双重体制中的一元而存在的,而行台尚书省则只是中央尚书省的派出机构。这两件事情的发生,标志着二元政治的终结和金朝政治体制的一元化。
  经济、文化
  金代文化既保留和吸收了女真族的某些传统文化。
  金各地区的经济发展存在很大差异。金政权刚建立时,女真族尚处于奴隶制阶段,而它所控制的宋、辽地区,封建经济早已高度发展。随着时间的推移,女真贵族的统治不得不适应当地的情况,走上封建化的道路。女真族的封建化,大约从金太宗时开始,在世宗、章宗之际完成。封建的租佃关系代替了奴隶制的剥削方式。原来使用奴隶生产的猛安谋克户,这时“往往以田租人”,“取租而已”,女真贵族则转化为地主。
  金朝皇帝年表
  (1) 金太祖 完颜旻 (本名阿骨打,1115-1123)
  (2) 金太宗 完颜晟 (1123-1135)
  (3) 金熙宗 完颜亶 (1135-1149)
  (4) 海陵王 完颜亮 (1149-1161)
  (5) 金世宗 完颜雍 (1161-1189)
  (6) 金章宗 完颜璟 (1189-1208)
  (7) 金卫绍王 完颜允济 (1208-1213)
  (8) 金宣宗 完颜珣 (1213-1223)
  (9) 金哀宗 完颜守绪 (1223-1234)
  (10) 金末帝 完颜承麟 (1234)
Golden State Overview
  Golden State (1115 -1234) was a Song Dynasty of China to Jurchen established as the main power. Wan Yan A Guda Jin Taizu creator. Ning Fu Jin will be the first building (now the south of Heilongjiang A white towns), the latter moved the capital to Yanjing (now Beijing), and then moved the capital to Bianjing (now Kaifeng). Golden State after nine emperor, a hundred and twenty years. Northern Territory Sheng Shidong to this Sea of ​​Japan, south to the Huaihe River and Qinling line, the West has Gansu Province, north to outer Mountains and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, north of it for our social development and contributed to national integration.
  Jurchen early ancestors living in the Changbai Mountains and the Heilongjiang River. Five Dynasties, the Jurchen in the name first appeared in historical records, and ruled by the Khitan. Wanyan Jurchen tribal alliance led by the Ministry established soon after the unification of the Jurchen ministries. Since then, the development of Jurchen entered a new period. Liao Ching-day four-year (AD 1114) in September, led his troops in Jurchen leaders pledging at Lai Wan Yan A Guda river (now between Heilongjiang and Jilin Lalin River) River, the Khitan Liao Dynasty rulers to declare war. Ning Jiang Dajie and he made out after the victory of the Battle Creek store, in the Liao-day celebration of five years (AD 1115) the founding emperor, the country Daikin, reign income countries. Golden State is established, step A in nursing in the defeated Army of Liao Gang Battle, and then expand to five Liao Jing Liao as a strategic goal of the destruction of war. Attack and seize five steps before and after the Beijing Tokyo (now Liaoning Liaoyang), to Beijing (now Inner Mongolia Balinzuoqi South), in Beijing (now Neimengguning large city west of the city), Atlantis (now Shanxi Datong), Nanjing (now Beijing). Five Beijing-bit, Liao then perish. After Kim Liao off, and then into the enemy the Northern Song Dynasty. Wan Yan Sheng Jin Taizong's reign, embraced the Wei Liao off, and soon swept through the south, the days will be five years (AD 1127) destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty. Song after gold and many wage war, the South attack and the Northern Expedition, are powerless to change the North-South confrontation.
  Kim and Song, Xia side by side during the period, forcing the minister with the Western Xia, Song humiliation sum, always maintain its dominant position. However, with the rise of the Mongol empire, gold power status is threatened. Jin Meng feud, grudges very well, the Mongols of the Golden "blame Rugu Sui." Golden Northwest neighborhood Mongolia, west of the Western Xia, the south the Southern Song Dynasty, in the west, northwest and south of the war, the strategic position of obvious weakness. Three treatment strategies, the correct choice of gold joint statement Song of Summer, against Mongolia. Xia unity, you can check Menggu Nan from the west the next. After the founding of Genghis Khan in the money "is scheduled to discuss proposed cause, then dared not light action", its important because of concerns about gold when attacking side may constitute a threat to the Western Xia. United Southern Song Dynasty, you can remove the worries, to avoid fighting on both sides, to deal with Mongolia. However, the Jin rulers had erred in choosing a must in summer, attack Song, anti-Mongolia strategy, the results of enemies on three sides, self-isolation, resulting in rapid deterioration of the situation. Mongolia attack Xia, Xia for help in gold, gold sit back and do not save, Xia vote attached to Mongolia, and Mongolian joint attack gold, gold in the west and north sides by the enemy's dilemma. Gold in order to alleviate the pressure, moved the capital from all Bianjing, the North abandoned plans to take the South's strategy of attacking the Southern Song Dynasty in an attempt to pour He Note hereby, loss of profit from the Song in Mongolia, so the "Nankai Song, Kai Xia West humiliated, force both sub- , work does not make suffering. " The results, gold lost in northern Mongolia, the South frustrated in the Song, Land Day Organisation, national worsened, under attack in the Mongolian Song, "Suizhi loss of country."
  Golden State's agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce are the main socio-economic sectors, the region's economic development are very different. Jin and absorbed the culture, while retaining some of Jurchen culture tradition, but basically inherited Liao, Song of the Han culture. Jin Xing in the days of two years (AD 1234) in Mongolia, under the joint attack on the military and the demise of Song.
Translated by Google
Devour the Song,
  Living in the Northeast today, Jurchen, belonging to the Tungus languages. This is a very ancient nation, the Qin Dynasty was undoubtedly the ancestor Sushen, "Three Kingdoms," the so-called pour Lou, the so-called Wuji Northern Wei, Sui said that the Ministry of Blackwater, Tang said that the black water, cover the ground also. Dynasty years, Taizong invaded Korea, and file it, "war and even force." Five known until the time of the Jurchen, living in the south with the river that the MILF were true, the river north of the students that the Jurchen, Khitan are subservient to the latter to avoid the Khitan taboo name was changed to female straight.
  Students are divided into many tribes Jurchen, initially, to "Wan Yan" as the number is more than one person. Which live in water by the tiger (now Harbin east of Ash River) Basin Ministry Wanyan the most powerful. Later, Jin is the establishment of the department. Health Jurchen cold weather, mountainous, dense forests, the harsh natural environment, created their arduous, heroic character. The customs are braided hair decorated with pig teeth between items as jewelry, head _insert_ed Zhiwei, general economic life of farming and animal husbandry are in phase, so the productivity of society at the level of students, however Jurchen equivalent to the Western Zhou Dynasty or earlier, the Central Plains . Jurchen and social development has been slow, although there is time to end Liao surplus product, but people still barter in order to pass with or without. Letter from the Department of General Wanyan become the leader of the Jurchen later, the pace began to accelerate social development. Gradual increase in the degree of privatization of property, exacerbated class conflict and social division, tribal leaders are becoming ruler. But until Jin Liguo the beginning of the rulers and the general members of the general social status are equal, that they "with the River and bath, shoulder-phase friction in the road. People also move Qijun chickens, although the same food."
  1113, A Guda will Yelv Xie Liao troops shot dead three. Jurchen in the Wu and other great nobles begging to buy the support of the Lunar New Year A Guda emperor in place 5 years, the country Daikin, Gaiyuan income countries, Jurchen usher a new era of development. Before and after the founding, A Guda, a series of social reforms to meet the real needs of the community. In the center, he tribal alliance's top military leaders renamed the emperor, the emperor confirmed the dominance of the highest in the country. He is Bo Jin, national phase, Bo Jin development of the highest authority of the central rule - Bo very strong system, when the clan system of ancient nobility deliberative bodies transformed into a new ruling body. At the local, A Guda change "Meng Ke ARM" system for the local administrative organizations. Ke Meng ARM was originally a military organization, Agu Da Bo Siwei are very strong for the second year, he ordered three hundred for the tribes to seek grams, ten grams of the fierce security plan, officials established jurisdiction. To lead the troops of the captains of thousands, hundreds of reform for the closure of the local territory, the length of leading families, the old clan system which is a major reform. In social life, A Guda also changed Jurchen old customs, the same surname as the marriage ban, which is the concept of Jurchen clan dominated the development and human relations view of the results can be regarded as a favorable development of the national measures, but also on the dominant clan blood between a heavy blow. After the founding of A Guda also ordered the son of Wan Yan Xi Huan Yin are creating Nuzhen text. Jurchen characters are based on Chinese characters spelling the word restructuring Jurchen Khitan language made. Jurchen words become the official language of movement.
  A Guda after the founding of the first political objective is to get rid of the oppression of the Liao. He preferred Huanglong House (now the Jilin Nongan) of the attack. Year in September, gold army to Pozhu potential, the occupation Huanglong House. Liao Tian Zuodi lead a force known as 70 million, went to the twenty thousand fine troops fighting E Guda, gold military victory. Liao's rule is precarious.
  1116, the military captured the gold in Tokyo Liaoyang Liaoning House (now Liaoning Liaoyang). The next few years, have captured the Liao to Beijing Linhuang House (now the Inner Balinzuoqi South), in Beijing Dading House (now Neimengguning west Daming Fu), Xijing Datong Prefecture (now Datong). To 1122, analysis of Tianjin Golden Army took over the government in Nanjing (now Beijing).
  1123, the death of Wan Yan A Guda, Di Wu begging to buy the throne, as Jin Taizong.
  1125 (Huizong Vision and seven), Liao Tian Zuodi should the state be in the room of gold will be captured Lou had strong Liao dynasty come to an end the moment. With the demise of the Liao, Song of the conflict gradually increased gold. As early as envoy of Liao Huizong sent Tong Guan, the Tong Guan Li Liangsi back to nest (formerly known as Ma Zhi, Tong Guan its renamed.) This person claimed to have destroyed a good policy Liao, won the Tong Guan's favor, but who conduct very poor. Li Liangsi to Huizong recommendations Song strength of the joint attack on Liao is still very strong. Then in 1128 the two sides signed a "sea of ​​the Union" and work together to destroy the Liao. This transaction is not got any benefits of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin will get a large number of booty, every year a large number of "old money" and the majority of the land.
  Kim stronger day by day, while the Northern Song Dynasty has entered a period of decline. Song Liao in the process of the joint attack, Jin also noted that the Song Dynasty's corruption and cowardice. Months off the year in Liaoning, then a large scale attack Song. Golden Army two routes south, looking East, led by the Wanyan cases, starting from the flat state, accounting for Tan Zhou, Ji Zhou, etc., the defender got wind of fall from the sky. Jin long drive straight down, crossed the Yellow River, almost equal to Kaifeng. West Army led by the End Yanzong Han, starting from the cloud, attack Taiyuan, also sent to see the Tong Guan in Taiyuan, requiring cutting Song Dong, Hebei District, Song to the river as the boundary. Golden West under the military blocked in Taiyuan City. Jin Rennan news reached under the Kaifeng, Northern Song dynasty in disarray. Huizong quickly passed to his son, Zhao Huan bit is to Song Qinzong; second year of the reign title Jingkang. Zonghan Taiyuan led West Army took over, and soon the city under military realignment in Tokyo, and the fall of Kaifeng City. Golden Army plundered wantonly looting the city of Kaifeng, Song Hui Zong and Song Qinzong also made prisoners. Jingkang years (27 years), Krupp Jin Hui, Chin and two concubines, royal clan more than 3,000 ministers, and a large number of gold and silver in the North return. Called the "Jingkang difficult."
Translated by Google
Chapter rule the world
  Jin Taizong after eradication of the Northern Song Dynasty, the crossing of the Southern Song Dynasty, the war started, but very difficult and Song confrontation is basically formed. Since Xizong, Hailing Wang to Sejong, Zhang Zong's reign, Jin Guoji this in an upward phase.
  1135, Jin Taizong died, the succession is Xizong, when he was 16 years old. Xizong Bureaucracy has done in many major reforms. He abolished the old Colonial system, such as Bo very strong, using the Song, the Han Official system.
  1138 and the implementation of "Tianjuan new system" and its main purpose is to full implementation of "localization" policy, the implementation of Han Official system, such as the original variety of office by a new system for granted; Merit awarded by different noble Lord Jurchen and Feng; further enhanced phase power; development institutions etiquette; palace construction in Huining Prefecture.
  1141, Kim Sung parties entered into a "Shaoxing and proposed" to Huai and large scattered off (now south, Shaanxi Baoji County) as the dividing line between Song and Jin, Kim ruled the country of basic fixed. Xizong later years, the struggle within the ruling layer is becoming acute, killing each other, one after another popular uprising in Shandong territory.
  1149, Wanyanliang kill Xizong, won the throne, is to Hailing Wang. Hailing the king's reign, to further strengthen the centralization of power, to consolidate the imperial power.
  1153 he moved to the capital of Yanjing, and capital construction, is both; original Bianjing, to Nanjing (1161, Kaifeng, the capital was changed to gold.)
  September 1161, Wanyanliang attacked the Southern Song Dynasty, and in the month through the Huai. However, year after year of King Zheng Hailing hair, leading to internal instability Golden Army, soldiers defected, the military chaos. Golden Army Cai Shiji (now Maanshan) defeated the First World War, Hailing Wang, Yangzhou and Guazhou retreat, was killed by his men.
  October 1161, Wan Yan Yong ascended the throne, is to King Sejong. Han Shizong have a good cultural awareness, attention to learning Confucian classics, absorbing the experience the rule of emperors, Chong Shangren kingly government. Ascended the throne, he adopted measures to quickly stabilize the rule. Hailing the king when he was appointed civil and military officials, to maintain a relatively stable political system; for the support of Jurchen nobles; successfully suppressed the Han and other ethnic peoples Khitan uprising; and to absorb the Han Chinese, Khitan people and other ethnic groups of the upper classes political participation. Song relations, 65 years, the two sides entered into a "Longxing and discussion", in exchange for the 40 years of relative stability. King Sejong period, he put the main focus on the internal affairs of regulation and social and economic development. He made some of the previous generation by the system loss, the prime minister two additional Pingzhang conduct of public affairs, to further strengthen imperial rule. Economically, the Sejong actively resumed the development of agricultural production, reduce the burden on farmers, enrolled in exile, land reclamation. In order to restore and develop the social economy, he Gongzi frugal, not yet luxurious, self-discipline, restraint kings and ministers. Yuan Wang Yun had filed such a thing: At that time, the kings asked the court to provide additional raised him, King Sejong said to them: "how you people so greedy ah ye not know it is the property of the State Library Fuchu people property, I just kept on behalf of the people fills dare Tis altogether vain to spend it? "It is because of King Sejong to more accurate understanding of the relationship between rulers and people, not to make use of financial resources of the national treasury, so his rule is less than even a tax , "two taxes, the convergence of a non-cross." Less than a few years, the treasury was full, people Yan Fu, "which Dading three decades of peace." Sejong ascended the throne, the country has more than 300 million, 20 years to over 670 million. Dading years, political stability, fiscal adequacy, Sejong therefore entitled to "little Yao and Shun," said.
Translated by Google
Jin Meng become enemies
  Although the chapter were known during the heyday, but many problems have already appeared, the boom-bust has exposed a sign. Zhang Xiao-Prince (Chapter cases the father is) extremely intelligent, an excellent reading, he wants to follow the example of the Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei, Jin of the barbarians to change customs, the ritual purposes of the Central Plains. But not with the wish day, Zhang Xiao-Prince has not inherited a large bit to early death. Were eager to learn End Yancong Hui Zhang, a father's style, he preferred literature, Chong Shangru Ya, so one o'clock an endless stream of celebrities, most of the ruling minister has literary talent, knowledge desirable, competent and upright officials have been appointed ministers, political Qingming , sandwiches brilliant, gold country developed to a climax of the vertices. Of course, gorgeous in the text behind the rhetoric, not difficult to find, say Xiuming The purpose of the art "to defend the country protect the people" in order to rule the "National jo long time." However, under the Social Chapter Statecraft cases are filled with negative factors. His excellent exaggerated luxury, built around the palace, wife's family and the scarcity of intervention in political affairs. Mei ministers only on the flatter, at immediate well-being, not against what they like. This is the case after the Da Zhang, Jin Chen during a major cause of weakness.
  Chapter cases, the "wife's family scarcity of pre-political", referring to the Lee family, she enjoyed. Zhang came to the throne before the first wife were not Cha Po, twenty-three years back in mind that the public had died out. Reign, bestowed as a chin pregnant queen. Zhang Di to the throne, the Princess has not been established. Lee in the fancy, the chapter would establish her as Queen of cases. Lee inferiority of unanimous opposition ministers chapter therefore cases of this decision, the censor to monitor cases of end repair, the right Supplements Road, Feng, Han Lin Xiuzhuan Zhaobing Wen, Zhang Yu Shi Zhongcheng public official was so so lost. Li, though not established as queen, she enjoyed-only labeled, but her brother Xi'er, relying on her powerful brother quote affairs of state intervention, government extremely bit, and even his family's private slave is also bullying, the ministers Gannu not outspoken. Censor were monitoring the repair side, "Hi Name Day" Scholars origin, Lee brothers affairs of state intervention, then angrily ordered, so the letter asked the emperor "far villain." Zhang Zong-I did not know who he is, Extraordinary Xi'er Chuanzhao, let him give his name to. Xi'er end shaving report: "villain who Liren Hui brothers." Yan Hui is the chapter were given the name Lee Xi'er. End repair directly rebuked him as a "villain", he dare not conceal, and truly memorial, although the chapter were also blamed Xi'er brother, but still can not do without them. Yu Shi Zhanggong a monitor, has even directed at Lee, she enjoyed himself, he is not afraid to offend chapter cases, a letter as much as "the tyranny concubine, his wife out of position" This is quite irritating to say. Wife's family in the Eastern Han Dynasty eunuch interference in domestic affairs has never been extinct since the Han royal family, King dynasty dynasty in learning the advanced culture and the system of the Central Plains, but also addicted to this habit.
  Jin dynasty in decline, when the grasslands and the rise of the north, a new minority - Mongolian. The ancestors of the Mongols, the Tang dynasty known as the "Mogul Shiwei", living in Argun River. Liao and Jin periods, they are widely distributed in northern prairie, in nomadic, hunting, nature Yong Han. Jinli Guo beginning of the Mongolian people have continued to suffer harassment. Days with ten years (1135), Mongolian internal rebellion, the Lord King sent Jinguo Gui Wan Yan Song Wangzong family took the opportunity to fight, temporarily ease the pressure on the north side.
  In 1208, Zhang Zong died, Wang Shao Wei Wan Yan Yongji (formerly known as Yun Ji, the seventh son of King Sejong, the latter allows the parent to avoid the Chapter were renamed Yongji Christine taboo) to the throne. Wei Wei Zhang Shao Wang Jili were arranged, of his own wishful thinking. Ge Wang Lee born, she enjoyed the original, from Taihe three years (1203) May not a year old to die, the chapter has been descent were not established to worry about, especially as his health deteriorated, the problem becomes even more prominent the. In 1208, Empress Jia and Fan was pregnant, but this time the chapter were already terminally ill. Year month before his death, Fan Jia and are not term birth, so she enjoyed to the Prime Minister Lee and his brother Wan Yan Kuang Li Xinxi together to discuss economic policy Shaowang Yong Li Wei as heir. Obviously, Zhang Zong Li Yongji, but let him temporarily guard the throne, he is actually in the Testament in the "Book of Rites" in "with Di Li Di, Li Shu-free entropy" principle, denied the Jintai Zu's "teaching catholic meaning. " Fan Jia and once gave birth to "Dragon Seed", the throne is still a chapter a series of cases. However, the chapter will soon come to a case of wishful thinking in vain. Although Wang Wei Shao mediocre ability and insight, but the emperor after the chapter were also the same as doing everything possible to take the throne passed to his offspring. To this end, trying to keep her baby Jia and van der Waals was born to become his top priority. Jiabeng cases before the early chapters, Shao-Wei Wang on the use of the opportunity to choose two Yaowang person "care, as the" Fan Jia and Zhang were bred for the Prince, the villain is not is obvious. Sure enough, he succeeded to the throne only two months, Daan first year (1209) in August, announced that the Fan Jia and pregnancy have a problem. Jia birth has passed, still no movement; Fan is detrimental to the pregnancy, the drug modulating, lost the child-shaped. Fan forced offered shaved his head for Nepal. This is clearly a Shao-Wei Wang secretly trace the ghosts. In the event, to be sacrificed is the case, she enjoyed Lee Chapter.
  Chapter originally were dying, and she enjoyed with Wan Yan Marina is owned by Li Wei Shao Testament king, but he did want to _set_ policy of the post-independence power, and began planning to get rid of Lee. He made up a lie, first, Jia vomiting, and the belly of a plot block, is actually sick, but was said to be Lee's pregnancy reaction. Reconsidered its Muxiong Lee took the opportunity to make Jia misrepresentation pregnant to give birth, take Lee posing as children, that Huangsi. This is too strange indeed a lie. Zhang Zong later years putting all their faith in the Early prince, even if the line of perpetrating a fraud like the plan for Lee, Jia dare Qijunzhizui associated with it and commit it? However, Wang Shao Wei eventually to kill Lee's family and Creutzfeldt-Jakob. After the get rid of the scourge, Shao-Wei Wang Da-two years in (1210) in August to establish their own son, Wan Yan Ke Wang confer the crown prince. Continue to confound the Kim dynasty, when the Mongolian people have full-fledged. Kim Tae-and six years (1206), Temujin united the Mongolian ministries, the establishment of the Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, said. Initially, to pay tribute to Genghis Khan is still gold, and has seen Wei Shao Wangyong economy. Gold cases of death, Genghis Khan heard Yongji to the throne, utter contempt, saying: "I used to think that Central Plains of the emperor was an angel sent by heaven, but how can such a yung timid fellow with it?" Genghis Khan military potential at Yan , Golden State was vulnerable to counter-stricken. Da three spring Menggurugong, Wang Shao Wei Shan Tuen sent heavily divided, the wish to approach the time Mongols Xisha it. However, Kim's "army" has to go to the Mongols in the messenger, the Mongols began to also skeptical, however, continue to messenger, the Mongols sent someone to spy, to believe this is true, so do not delay progress. "Army" is the other tribes in northern Khitan and the armed forces, although subject to the gold country, but with the alienation of the Jurchen ruler, this time emerging more clearly prefer the Mongolian nobility. Wang Wei Shao Khan's plan did not materialize harm, Genghis Khan, not only tribute to the King and preemptive strike of gold. In the face of powerful offensive MENG Jun, Wang Shao Wei helpless, only know how to weep with the subjects as relative. MENG Jun approximation when all the time, Kim can not withstand the continuous military attacks, had to beg and.
  Continuously in the Mongol armies attacked the gold when the coup occurred again within the Kim dynasty. 1213, King Hu aristocratic palace coup in the sand tiger killed Shao Wei Wang. King Sejong of the Sun, Gold Wanyan brother Shu cases of succession, is Jin Xuanzong. The depression of the Kim dynasty has affairs of state, after some agonizing, it is 打不起精神 come.
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Crossroads panic
  Wang Shao Wei was killed, only sand tiger single-Yi Hu proposed to, Li Wan Yan Shang emperor on the grounds that the brother of this man-chapter cases, complete Yanyong Gong eldest son, Zhongwang belonging, "Marshal of the decision-making legislation, Jesus Christ the power of it." Hu accepted the recommendation of sand tiger. At the time, Wan Yan still Akinori House (now the Henan Anyang), Hu sand tiger sent to both welcome to. Ning to the first year (1213) September Jia Chen, that temple located Da. Although Hu has long been notorious sand tiger, but the idea that they have assistance legislation Xuanzong the power, still regard him as a patron to his Taishi, Book of Order and all Marshal, called the Ze Wang, the number of their children who are also in positions. Hu sand tiger Regicide, Emperor Xuan Zong from the extremely narrow selfish standpoint, not only did not punish that person, but to be partial to, the result is to encourage other careerists desperate. Emperor Xuan Zong came to the throne shortly after the Mongol armies advancing powerhouse Zijinguan West Beijing, only 200 miles away from Yanjing. On this occasion of life and death, Kim has taken place within the military turmoil. Hu Ministry of sand tiger tiger surgery because of the defeat fear of high crime of Qi were killed, led pre-emptive military surrounded the residence of Hu sand tiger, broke into the bedroom to kill. Guilt should be days of the door and then retreated. Qi heavily due to the high hand, Xuanzong not aggravating to him, but to those who had followed Hu sand tiger kill killing against the people together, thus ending the crisis. Hu had Zuiburongzhu sand tiger, Ming Emperor Xuan Zong is not the severity of the offense and to punish, so he's good at surgery to kill the tiger incident high-Qi, which is actually a sand tiger killing Hu Shao-Wei Wang events continue. In this regard, Emperor Xuan Zong had no alternative but to muddle forgiven Gao Qi, which shows that he has been unable to control the situation, but by Hu sand tiger tiger puppet, he is a high-Qi surgery just a puppet.
  Jinxuan Zong Wei Di, such as tigers, amazing that hope a miracle out of thin air, when the Mongols under siege, he Donghuamen a "Jobs have" made things inside and outside the Shishu able to meet its purpose, that is in turn delegated officer. Therefore, some ignorant, and both are competing to this institution nonsense. One villager named Wang Shouxin, say lying, claiming that "wise as I do not know soldiers." Shi Yu Shi Wan Yan apartment actually believed this raving, to this end were not really ancient military strategist, and hastened to recommend to the court. So the trickster of the villain was hit by the Israeli army are traditional task of the Committee, he recruited a number of rogue marketplace as soldiers, to teach reading forward, rewind, jump, throw the village surgery, is nothing more than child's play. The matrix method, called "Ancient and Modern relative" and the words written on the banner on the Great. It did the yellow Bupao, Buddhists all 36 towels, Ngau Tau ring ring 64, claiming these "Fawu" to scare off enemies. Not a lie after all change the fact that out of the city after they, and not with the Mongols against, but the killing of innocent people in firewood taken charge "gains" to the court desire. In fact, Wang Shouxin the "ancient relative" matrix method, it is absurd. However, the Jin rulers are convinced that golden rule which is a dead end, they can not do anything when the fishing straw to the camel, the fate of their own that troll rogue Wang Shouxin person. However, the deception was finally exposed, Jinxuan Zong Cheng Hui, the prime minister had sent to beg and Genghis Khan and the daughter of the king presented Shao Qi Wei Princess and Jinbo, children of men and women 500, horse 3000, the two sides reached a temporary compromise. Conferences and later, Genghis Khan, Cheng Hui, escorted by the exit Pass.
  While Genghis Khan to withdraw from all the countryside, but the Shandong, Hebei, Mongolia, the majority of counties are still under military occupation, many counties by the war-torn east of the river has become dilapidated. At this time have become an isolated city in, the lack of forage, without outside aid. Jin Xuanzong so Zhaogao the world, giving up all, Bianjing south to escape the Mongol armies of the blow. Xuanzong Nan moved to the Crown Prince after the stay, and ordered the prime minister and the right are both staying Marshal Cheng Hui. June, the not yet arrived in Nanjing in the time of Emperor Xuan Zong, the military stationed in the south have had a mutiny, surrender Mongolia. Mongolian army south again, and the cooperation in the military, have stepped up on the siege. Jin Xuanzong rushed to Prince Shouzhong also received unsealed. May that year, both fall. South, the Jin Guojun Chen down live in dreams, but only to the soul. When the Mongol army arrives, the monarch only wept in the hall above the sighing; and when after the Mongol army retreat, then started drinking and fun. Prime minister who discuss politics, nothing more than a pose, any crucial problems encountered, and then announced that the next meeting, each time the same thing. They are such a procrastination, until it perish. Emperor Xuan Zong is also no better than his ministers are more concerned about the fate of Jin Dynasty and future concern is how to continue to lead his life of luxury. He has people to secretly give him a red embroidered bust and say, do not let vocal stereotypes of imperial supervisor know. When made of embroidered and send it to him, he asked whether the stereotypes that matter, come quickly explained that the size of all the palace, he can Yigai not to spread, not to mention the emperor had told another person. Xuanzong listening, be relieved, said: "If want to know the stereotypes are bound to admonish me because the rules of luxury, I really was afraid of him ah." Peril of the moment has come, the monarch is still the one painstakingly embroidered, extremely stupid, is evident. Xing given three years (1219) 12 months, Emperor Xuan Zong Qi anger in patients with high tiger, an excuse to kill him to vent their anger. However, Yu Jin into the blind has been ill, and not a supernatural sign, Kim dynasty is within sight.
  However, at this time, King dynasty throne once the crisis occurred. Graces of the Royal Son of Wan Yan Shou Ponzi pure and was later established as the adopted son of the Queen's Wang Xu Shou competition for the throne, Prince. Million light years (1223) 12 months, Emperor Xuan Zong died. The night before his death, Elegance have the eviction, and only one old former capital Akio Cheng accompany the dying person of the emperor. Cheng reliable Xuanzong know, they put a funeral entrusted to her, let her "quick call the main funeral Crown Prince", Yanba Qijueshenwang. Cheng really great trust, calm and tactfully deal with the Pang, who came to visit the Royal Xuanzong, gold mourning were only able to successfully complete Yanshou Xu throne.
  Chia Tai four years (1227) in July, into the Western Xia, Genghis Khan died on the way to the capital. At that time the capital has been under siege for a long time the Western Xia, the city food aid must do, and soon drop out of the Western Xia King, Mongolia declared war in the summer off victory. At this time, they may go all out to start off gold war. 1229, Wo Kuotai that Khan bit. Two years later, Yuan army that launched attacks on the country's total gold. Early 1232, the Mongolian army and gold military state in the Jun Mountain began three decisive battle, the military defeat of gold. Wan Yan had outstanding military exploits of the monks are also captured, became a ghost sword, golden army the main point has been lost. March, Beijing, Luoyang, in the Mongol armies captured and sent envoys to urge the sad cases Bianjing surrender. Prince sorrow were to beg and quality to the Mongols, was rejected. At this time, Bianjing outbreak took place in the city. Golden Isles were in addition to flee, had no other way out. Early December, sad cases of escape Bianjing, cross the river ready to get health state (today Hui). The attack not be able to, and recover from Henan Mongol armies met, the Golden Army fiasco. Finally, the sad abandoned the night were six military, turn back to cross the river in Henan, with around six or seven fled to Duguid.
  Tianxing year (1233) in June, sad were left for Caizhou from Duguid, are encountered heavy rain on the way, squire who travel on foot in the mud, no food, only picking Qingzao hunger, starvation along the way , blazing hard. Bozhou arrived the next day. Monk elders greeted the road and saw the emperor, but David is a young yellow instrument for the leading sides, Pholiota adiposa owned, from two to three hundred persons, however, more than 50 horses, but horses. Sad case to stay in Bozhou day arrived the next day into 60 miles south of Bozhou in Shuang'gou Temple rain. Sad case look around, I saw over and over desolate, with no human footprints, then lamented, "creatures do carry on." When the end of mourning were to arrive Caizhou. At that time, Song, Meng Jin of the negotiations, the United attack moment there is no result, so sad to reach Caizhou early cases, the situation is relatively quiet. There has been a city of traders, people thought the arrival of the emperor, they can live a peaceful life, they saved many years of wine and took all of a sudden had a barren drink. Mourning were also in flight among the forgotten, just _set_tle down in Caizhou to massive construction projects, the construction of "see sanjong" that the recreation for the community. However, the harsh reality of the outside, the city soon so Caizhou these people "to enjoy peace," the dream shattered. August, Song, Meng two sides reached an agreement. Soon, Song Jun and MENG Jun matched by state and interest in the Tang attacked the state and other places, completely broke the sad cases of anti-Mongolian Joint Song dreams. September, the city's food shortages have been exceptions Caizhou serious. December, Song, Meng Cai chow on both armies launched a violent attack. Tianxing three years (1234) the first month tenth day, sad seeing the city were broken soon, they even ordered to Zongshuai End Yancheng Lin Chuan-bit, hoping he can rush out, and then figure undo Jindi industry. Cheng Lin declared immediately ascended the throne. At this point, Song, Mongolian troops have been rushed into the city, sad cases Ziyishenwang, Cheng Lin still led his troops in the street fighting, and finally killed for the marauders. Jin dynasty in the miserable situation in the final demise.
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金国兴 death
  Development path of pursuing Jin Guoxing death, we find that it has experienced a broadly similar and the Liao rise and fall of the road. The reason that they rise with the beginning of the Chamber of Song political struggle, repeatedly gained the upper hand, by virtue of their great military and political organization of war power. Liao has "good offices Lu Duo" and the family of Army, gold has "fierce ARM grams of" unity of the people that they have implemented the system of soldiers, under the command of the good governance of the emperor to victory. However, when their fame, the establishment of a dominant Han culture, the emperor after the authoritarian regime of traditional farming, with the original form of the dramatic changes in political organization, highlighted deficiencies in the system will gradually come out.
  This first manifested itself in its original institutional deficiencies and non-adaptive. Meng Jin of the Army's combat ARM grams continued to decline, even if the military rulers to impose substantial rates can not be stopped. Secondly, in dealing with the ruler class, that minority Jurchen, and as the ruled class, the main ethnic Han ethnic relations, have not been able to find a suitable way. Golden State control of the JAC and large related to the north of the vast bulk of traditional neighborhoods, after the Han, for the rule of the Central Plains, the Jurchen relocated to more than one million densely populated areas of the Yellow River, at the expense of the interests of the ways to remedy the Han Chinese women real people. However, this does not solve both the economic form of farming under the Jurchen growing poverty problem, but lead to deep-seated hatred of the Han Chinese. They not only occupy the richest farmland Han, in order to increase the life and increasing military spending, and constantly increase the Han liturgical. Jurchen history books just as the conflict with the Han said: "full of thieves wild, to the reliance on national prestige to serious cases, people complain, as the bone that vendetta, will reportedly have on." Third, the river is also suffering from extinction for an important reason for Jin. JAC control the north of the gold when the river flooded suffering, year after year continue. More unfortunately, the Yellow River seems like with the Jurchen against, since the south after the gold room, even the Yellow River diversion, not the north, but flow to the southeast. River is suffering from a wide range. River suffered further exacerbated the ruling class and the Han ethnic conflicts rage around the resistance never stopped.
  Golden State to soon have the world in the management world when they encountered internal and external contradictions. Golden State has been outside Northern Song Dynasty, Western Xia, the Mongol Empire, the Southern Song Dynasty and Korea and other regimes to contain the slightest slip, will be subverted; included in the placement and treatment Jurchen Han relations, created new ethnic conflicts and class contradictions, these contradictions are always present, has not been solved. The ruling class bloody power struggle within, but also in the corrupting power of the building, facing the powerful Mongol Empire cyclone, its destruction seems it is not hard to understand.
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Jin Emperor chronology
  (1) Jin Taizu Wan Yan Min (whose real name is Agu Da ,1115-1123)
  (2) Jin Taizong Wan Yan Sheng (1123-1135)
  (3) Jin Xizong Wanyan of Tan (1135-1149)
  (4) Hailing Wang Wanyanliang (1149-1161)
  (5) King Sejong Wan Yan Yong (1161-1173)
  (6) Kim Se-Cho Wan Yan impeach in bowl (1174-1192)
  (7) Gold Wan Yan Jing cases (1189-1293)
  (8) Jinwei Shao Wan Yan Wang Yongji (1208-1213)
  (9) Jin Xuanzong Wan Yan Xun (1213-1223)
  (10) Golden Isles were completed Yanshou Xu (1223-1234)
  (11) Kim Modi End Yancheng Lin (1234)
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