And a system (especially a computer system) the procedures, steps and the complete collection of documentation, especially a specific type of computer program used by the general term, together with the computer or program-related information, such as manuals, diagrams and operating instructions
Translated by Google
No. 2
Process equipment, systems or software, said. Is to increase computer efficiency, expand the general term for computer programs function. Such as libraries, compiler, operating system and so on.
Translated by Google
No. 3
To run, use, management, maintenance and development of computer and prepare a variety of procedures and documentation in general. Including assembler, compiler, computer monitoring and management procedures, debugging procedures, fault diagnostics, library, operating system, database, various maintenance manuals, procedures manual.
Translated by Google
Name Interpretation
Software [software] (Mainland China and Hong Kong, language, and Taiwan for the software) is a series of organizations in a particular order _set_ of computer data and instructions, in a particular order and instructions organized collection of computer data. Software can not only include computer programs running on your computer with these computer programs related documents generally are considered part of the software. Simply put, the software is that the program plus a collection of documents.
Translated by Google
Type
In general, the software is divided into system software, application software. System software which includes the operating system and support software.
Translated by Google
System Software
System software to provide the most basic function of computer use can be divided into the operating system and support software, which is the basic operating system software; System software is responsible for managing the computer systems of various independent hardware, enabling them to coordinate their work. System software enables computer users and other software without the computer as a whole need to take into account how the underlying hardware is the work of each. 1. Operating system is a computer hardware and software resources management procedures, but also the core and foundation of the computer system. Who are charged with operating systems such as memory management and allocation, supply and demand determine the priority of system resources, control input and output devices, operation and management of network file systems and other basic services. Operating system also provides a system for users to interact with the user interface. ★ operating system is divided into beos, bsd, dos, linux, mac os, os / 2, qnx, unix, windows and so on. 2. Support software is supported by various software development and maintenance of software, also known as software development environment. It includes environmental database, a variety of interface software and tools group. Well-known software development environment ibm's web sphere, such as Microsoft's studio.net. ★ include a range of basic tools (such as compilers, database management, storage format, file system management, user authentication, driver management, networking, etc. tools).
Translated by Google
Applications
But not for a particular software applications. The application software on the contrary, different applications according to the user and the service areas for different functions. Application is to use a specific software was developed. It can be a specific program, such as an image browser. A _set_ of functions can also be closely linked, you can collaborate with each other a collection of programs, such as Microsoft's office software. Can also be a separate program consisting of many large software systems, such as database management systems. ★ more common applications are: Trade management software, such as business software erp open so long it200 Word processing software such as office, wps, etc. Database information management software, such as assces Aided design software such as autocad, photoshop Real-time control software Education and entertainment software Graphics coreldraw, painter, gimp (linux under), 3ds max, maya, softimage | xsi, lightwave, cineme 4d, houdini Compositing software after effects, combustion, digital fusion, shake, flame Anti-virus software such as Kaspersky, Rising, etc.
Translated by Google
Software Development
Software development is built according to user requirements in a software system or system software part of the process. Including software development is a requirement capture, requirement analysis, design, implementation and testing of systems engineering. Software in general is a programming language to achieve. Commonly used software development tools can be developed. Software: certain features of various computer programs, called software.
Translated by Google
The true meaning of software
The end result of programming software. Hardware and software is the interface between the user interface. Users mainly interact with the computer through the software. Software is an important basis for computer system design. To facilitate the users, in order to make the computer system has a higher overall utility in the design of computer systems must take into account the global combination of software and hardware, and user requirements and software requirements. Software entities 1. Running, to provide the required functionality and performance of a collection of instructions or computer program. 2. Program can process information with satisfaction that the data structure. 3. Describes how to program functional requirements and procedures required for the operation and use documents.
Translated by Google
Applications
But not for a particular software applications. The application software on the contrary, different applications according to the user and the service areas for different functions. Application is to use a specific software was developed. It can be a specific program, such as an image browser. A _set_ of functions can also be closely linked, you can collaborate with each other a collection of programs, such as Microsoft's Office software. Can also be a separate program consisting of many large software systems, such as database management systems. ★ more common applications are: Trade management software: software development, such as computer industry management software ERP and other business Lung IT200 Word processing software: If the Office, openoffice, WPS, never in the office, etc. Information Management Software: If Assces database, mysql database Aided design software: such as AutoCAD, Photoshop Media Player Software: audio and video like a storm, QQ video, kmplayer, hero super king, Windows Media Player, RealPlayer, etc. System Optimization Software: If windows optimization master, Super Rabbit Magic _Set_ Real-time control software: Educational and entertainment software: Graphics Software: coreldraw, painter, GIMP (linux under), 3DS MAX, MAYA, softimage | xsi, lightwave, cineme 4d, Houdini, ADOBE company: Photoshop, Illustrator, Acrobat, Reader, Golive, Indesign, Creative Suite, Pagemaker , After Effects, Premiere, Font Folio, Adobe Framemaker, Flex, InCopy, Audition, SoundBooth, Captivate, Dreamweaver, Flash, Fireworks, LiveCycle Enterprise Suite (ES) Mathematical Software: Mathematica, Maple, Matlab, MathCad Statistical software: SAS, SPSS Compositing software: after effects, combustion, digital fusion, shake, flame Anti-virus software: If Rising, Kingsoft, Kaspersky, Norton, McPhee, nod32, Jiangmin, etc. Communications and collaboration software: e-mail software, fax software, groupware software, communications software, remote control software Management efficiency of software: personal information management software, financial software, ocr software, documentation software, project management software. Phone software Used cell phone software: GPRS Helper, UCWEB, mobile QQ, GGLIVE
Translated by Google
Software license
Different software generally has a corresponding software licenses, software, users must agree to the use of software under a license can legally use the software. On the other hand, specific software license terms can not conflict with the law. License based on the different ways the software can be broadly divided into several categories: Proprietary software: such authorization is usually not allow users to freely copy, study, modify, or distribute the software. Violation of such authorization is usually there will be serious legal liability. Traditional commercial software companies will adopt such authorization, such as Microsoft's Windows and Office software. Proprietary software source code is generally regarded as private property companies to be closely protected. Free software: proprietary software such authorization coincided with the opposite, giving the user to copy, study, modify and distribute the software rights and source code for the user to provide free use, only to give a little of the other restrictions. To Linux, Firefox and OpenOffice can be used as the representative of such software. Shareware: usually free to obtain and use their trial version, but the function or use is subject to restrictions during the period. Developers will encourage users to pay to get a fully functional commercial version. Free Software: access to and dissemination of free, but does not provide source code, can not be modified. Public software: the original author has given up the rights of copyright has expired, or the author has not test the software. Use without any restrictions.
Translated by Google
Software Development
Software development is built according to user requirements in a software system or system software part of the process. Including software development is a requirement capture, requirement analysis, design, implementation and testing of systems engineering. Software in general is a programming language to achieve. Commonly used software development tools can be developed. Software: certain features of various computer programs, called software. Operating system software Operating system is a computer hardware and software resources management procedures, but also the core and foundation of the computer system. Who are charged with operating systems such as memory management and allocation, supply and demand determine the priority of system resources, control input and output devices, operation and management of network file systems and other basic services. Operating system also provides a system for users to interact with the user interface. BeOS BSD DOS Linux Mac OS OS / 2 QNX Unix Windows
Translated by Google
Introduction mainstream software development languages
A: Java As a cross-platform language that can run on Windows and Unix / Linux the following long as the user's choice. Since JDK6.0 since the overall performance has been greatly improved, the market rate more than 20%. Feeling has reached its peak, and did not know back to last long. II: C III: C + + 2 above as the traditional language, has been playing the field efficiency of the first great influence. Language such as Java, the core is using C / C + + to write. In the high concurrency and real-time processing, industrial and other fields is preferred. IV: VB Microsoft's housekeeping magic, it is handy. Five: php Is also a cross-platform scripting language programming on the site has become everyone's first choice to support very cheap host PHP, PHP + Linux + MySQL + Apache combination of simple and effective. VI: Perl A pioneer in the scripting language, and its excellent text processing capabilities, in particular, regular expressions, as a future development of many Web-based languages (such as php, java, C #) in this basis. Seven: PyThon Is an object-oriented computer programming language explanatory, but also a powerful and comprehensive universal language, has a history of ten years of development, mature and stable. Python scripting language has the most rich and powerful class libraries, sufficient to support the vast majority of everyday applications. This language has a very simple and clear grammatical features, suitable for a variety of high-level tasks to complete, almost all operating systems. At present, based on this language is the rapid development of related technologies, the rapid expansion of the number of users, resources are very much related. VIII: C # Is Microsoft released an object-oriented, run on. NET Framework on the high-level programming language, and is scheduled in the Microsoft Professional Developers Conference (PDC) on debut. C # is Microsoft's latest Fellow Anders Hejlsberg results. C # look and Java are surprisingly similar; it includes, such as single inheritance, interfaces, and Java is almost the same syntax, and compiled into intermediate code and then run the process. But the C # and Java are obviously different, it draws a feature of Delphi, and COM (Component Object Model) is directly integrated, and it is Microsoft. NET windows frame the protagonist of the network Nine: Javascript By the Netscape, Javascript is a scripting language developed from LiveScript main purpose is to solve the server end languages such as Perl, left speed. At that time the server needs to validate the data, due to network speed very slow, only 28.8kbps, wasted too much time validation step. Netscape's Navigator browser, then joined the Javascript, provides the basic functions of data validation Ten: Ruby One is quick and easy object-oriented programming (OOP) and scripting language created by Yukihiro Matsumoto, Japan (ma ki ゆ つ と も ひ ろ, English translation: Yukihiro Matsumoto, aka matz) development, to comply with GPL and the Ruby License Agreement . The authors believe that Ruby Ruby> (Smalltalk + Perl) / 2, that Ruby is a completely different syntax, like Smalltalk object-oriented, script execution, another powerful word processing features Perl programming language Data from July 2008's list. Top software programming Software Engineer Generally refers to people engaged in software development career. Software engineer has been occupied more than 10 years in the forefront of high-paying career list, as the high-tech industry representatives, high technology content. Is also fierce competition for jobs. Software development is a systematic process, need to go through the market demand analysis, software coding, software testing, software maintenance and other procedures. Software development engineer in the process play a very important role, mainly engaged in software development project work on demand. Legal Protection of Computer Software Knowledge of computer software as a product, to obtain legal protection, must meet the following conditions: (A) of the original. That software developers should be independent design, independent of the preparation of the code combination. (B) can be aware of. Protected software will be fixed in a tangible object, expressed by an objective means for people to knowledge. (C) reproducibility. Software that is reproduced in the possibility of physical objects. Ownership of copyright in computer software According to "Computer Software Protection Regulations," the provisions of section 10, ownership of copyright of computer software software developers. Therefore, to determine the general principles of computer ownership of copyright is "who develops enjoy copyright." Software development organizations who refers to the actual development work, working conditions provide complete software development, corporate responsibility and the software or the illegal units, and rely on their own conditions to complete software development, and to take responsibility for the software. In addition to the above provisions of our law the general principle, the "Computer Software Protection Regulations," from the first 11 to 14 also provides that ownership of copyright the software several special cases: (A) to develop. Co-developer of software copyrights to the enjoyment and exercise of the situation prior agreement as the basis, if no written agreement, the copyright shared by the co-developers. Co-developed software can be separated for use, the developer part of their development may be entitled to the copyright, but the exercise of copyright shall not extend to cooperation in the overall development of the software copyright. (B) commissioned the development. Software developed on behalf of others, and its ownership of copyright in commissioned Giver and sign a written agreement, without the written agreement or agreements not expressly agreed, the copyright belongs to by the commission. (C) instruction development. For the completion of higher level units or government agencies assigned the task of software developed ownership of copyright in the project task document or contract; such as project task document or not clearly stipulated in the contract, the copyright belongs to the task of the unit. (D) job development. Citizen while working in the development of the software, the results of the case of work executed, that is for work in the development of clear objectives that in fact developed, or are engaged in their own work activities, the predictable or natural result is that the software The copyright belongs to the unit. (E) non-job development. If software developed by a citizen is not the result of work executed and with the developer in the content of the work unit is not directly linked, and because not use the organization's material and technical conditions, then the copyright belongs to the software developers themselves.
Translated by Google
Software Carrier
Software CD VCD DVD U carrier is a floppy disk drive. CD-ROM through the laser engraving on the VCD or dvd. Software development process (Software development process) Software design ideas and methods of the general process, including design features and implementation of software algorithms and methods, the overall structure of software design and module design, programming and debugging, program testing and the preparation of joint reconciliation, the submission process. 1 related to systems analysts and users a preliminary understanding of needs, and then use the system to be developed are listed WORD large functional modules, function modules which each small functional modules, for some demand is specifically related to interface, which in this step a small amount can be initially defined interface. 2 systems analyst in-depth understanding and analysis of needs, according to their own experiences and needs the tools to use WORD or related documents and then make a function of the system requirements document. The document will be clearly cases of the approximate with the system function modules, function modules which small modules, and also cases of the interface and interface-related functions. 3 systems analysts and users reaffirmed needs. Systems Analyst 4 requirements document based on the cases identified by the interface and functional requirements, with the iteration for each interface or functional way to do the schematic design. 5, system analysts to design documents written summary to the programmer, the programmer function according to the cases one by one out of the preparation. 6 Test writing good system. To the user, after user confirmation for each feature one by one, and then acceptance.
Translated by Google
Financial crisis on the impact of the global software industry
Since 2008, the U.S. financial crisis sweeping the globe, from the virtual economy gradually spread to the real economy, to bring significant impact on the global software industry, mainly as follows: First, demand weakened considerably. IDC, iSuppli, Gartner and other market consultancy survey, the fourth quarter of 2008, the global IT spending growth down 2-3 percentage points than the original; the United States more than 40% of large companies cut IT spending in 2009, including the financial sector IT spending decrease of 30%. Demand for IT outsourcing market in Japan down 10% over 2008 fourth quarter, the software outsourcing business and my clients to renew the contract of the time in Japan, but companies rarely reflect the renewal of orders. Second, the general decline in performance of large companies. Oracle's fiscal second quarter (as at November 30, 2008) software revenues and profits were down 3%, 1%, third quarter results will be a record low of innovation. SAP, 2008, second and third quarter profits were down 9%, 5%, 5% annual decline. Cisco's third quarter 2008 operating income to its lowest level for three years, in the fourth quarter to decline by 10%. Microsoft, despite the good results of the first three quarters, but analysts expect it will be issued in the new quarter revenue warning. Thirdly, some export-oriented countries was obvious. India, Ireland and other countries dependent on exports of software outsourcing in particular. India, for example, 60% of its software outsourcing from the U.S. market, 40% from the financial sector, suffered the impact is very obvious. According to Association for India's software and information services is expected in 2008, Indian software and services revenue growth will fall more than 30% profit margins will decline 5-6 percent. Infosys expects to March 31, 2009 fiscal year revenue was 47.5 billion U.S. dollars, down 5% target; Tata profit growth in 2008 less than 5%, well below 30% in recent years average.
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
ruanjian Software software Computer system applications and related documents. Program is to calculate the processing task and processing rules for the description of the object; document is to facilitate understanding of information needed by the program. Procedures must be mounted inside the machine to work, the file is generally posters and do not necessarily into the machine. Process as a logical structure of information, accurate and complete description of the process object computing tasks and processing rules. This description must also be realized through the appropriate entities. This information is recorded in the physical hardware. Hardware and software is the interface between the user interface. Using a computer to be developed for the problem to be solved algorithm, a computer can recognize the language of the relevant data and algorithms are described that must be programmed and software. Users mainly interact with the computer through the software. Software is the commander in the computer system, which provides computer systems, including computing tasks within the job content and work processes, and tasks between the scheduling and coordination. Computer system software is an important basis for structural design. To facilitate the users in the design of computer systems must take into consideration a combination of hardware and software, and user requirements and software requirements. The development of computer science and technology to promote software School. It is the development and maintenance of the software involved in the process of theory and technology. Development of computer science and technology, software and hardware aspects are important and indispensable. Both the division of labor between the two, there are cooperation. Hardware is the material foundation, the software responsible for command functions. The development of software to hardware-based, its development also contributed to the hardware, computer science and technology and other scientific and technological development. It is in the information society and the development of human culture has an important role. Development of application software development and hardware development by promoting and constraints, the development process can be divided into three stages. From the first computer program on the first appearance of the practical before the advent of high-level programming language for the first phase (1946 to 1956). Computer work was done by the program stored in its internal command. This is an important feature of von Neumann computers, then narrow the field of computer applications, primarily scientific computing. On a computing task, the input and output volume is not large, but larger than the calculation, mainly to deal with some numerical data. Structure to the central processor machine center, storage capacity is small. Programming (the programming) using the tools are low-level language, that is, the basic instruction _set_ machine based on machine language machine language and little symbols on the basis of the assembly language. Outstanding problem is that the program design and preparation of complex and cumbersome, time consuming and easy to go wrong. Measure of program quality criteria are effectiveness, that is, run-time provincial, small memory, with little regard to a clear structure, readability and ease of maintenance. Design and programming work with the individual, emphasizing programming skills, the main research science applications, services, programs and libraries. Study is the order process. The second stage is from the practical emergence of high-level programming language to software engineering there before (1956 to 1968). With the gradual expansion of computer applications, in addition to continued development of other scientific computing, there has been a lot of data processing, the nature and scientific computing are obvious differences, related to non-numerical data. On a computing tasks, the calculation is not, but the input and output volume is high. At this time, turn the machine structure to store the control center, there has been large-capacity memory, peripherals developed rapidly. In order to improve the efficiency of program staff, there has been a practical high-level programming language. To make full use of system resources, there has been the operating system. In order to meet the needs of a large number of data processing, database and management systems began to appear. Rapidly increasing complexity of software, development cycles are long, difficult to ensure the accuracy, reliability problem is very prominent. To the mid-60s, it appeared difficult to control the situation, the so-called software crisis. To overcome this crisis, people carried out the following three aspects: ① programming method proposed structure; ② proposed development of software engineering methods used; ③ theory of program correctness, and software reliability problems. This phase of the study increased the concurrent program. Although the structure proposed in the late programming method, but the actual is not using. This phase focuses on high-level programming language, compiler, management procedures, the operating system. Processing capacity of computer systems
cipher