Transactions, trading. "Mo Order": "People want to raise property corn to trade any device, Death to Jia for." "New town Chuan Tang Shufan Liu listened,": "﹝ ﹞ listened, of luxury, decorated bedroom opinion Ma. without much strategy, good trade in the count. "Qing Li Yu," a clever test difficult reunion ":" as the business people for JIA, normally used to be a trade. "Bing" resent young readers "Six:" Venice, Italy East Coast of the Eastern trade, one of the three major ports. "
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Shift, change
Variation of the replacement. "Later Han Yu Xu Biography": "Tomorrow, the public learned CHEN Qi-bing, make the door out from the East City, North Guo door access, trade dress rotation for several weeks." Songyue Ke "Appeal to distinguish falsely accused" Volume: "﹝ ﹞ Sun face-to-face to flatter Tomb to get the trade right and wrong, to wish to Debu compensation for Kai teased curse. "Qing Qian" <Jianwen Chronicle> order ":" When the sea trade consultants looking after Wo millet, it is trying to use the incomplete paper, Can Acquainted with the people left behind three hundred years. "
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Exchanges between
Exchanges between. Qing Li Yu "means the geo-bait": "I made the Three Public Wu Hou, trade is Yi Lin Tau."
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No. 8
Also as "Mao-Yi."
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Interpretation
Trade: mào yì trade Trade is voluntary exchange of goods or services. Trade is also known as business. Trade is conducted inside a city. The most primitive form of barter trade, that is a direct exchange of goods or services. Modern trade is generally in a medium for bargaining, such as money. The emergence of money (and later credit, money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, the more than two traders is called multilateral trade. Trade in a number of reasons. As the specialization of labor, the individual will only engage in a small area of work, so they must trade to obtain daily necessities of life. Trade between the two regions is often because the one place in the production of a product has a comparative advantage, if better technology, easier access to raw materials. English interpretation of trade Trade: Trade is the activity of buying, selling, or exchanging goods or services between people, firms, or countries.
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Trade Example
Where the inclusion of customs statistics of import and export goods, the trade to customs regulation as the basis for grouping into the following categories: 1 general trade 2 countries, international organizations, aid and donated materials 3 other foreign donations 4. Compensation trade 5 processing and assembling trade 6. Feed processing trade 7. Consignment Trade 8 border trade 9 processing trade imported equipment 10. Exported goods of foreign contracted projects 11. Leasing Trade 12 foreign-invested enterprises as investment imported equipment, goods 13 out of processing trade 14. Barter 15 tax-free exchange of goods 16 bonded warehouse entry and exit of goods 17. Export Processing Zone 18 bonded warehouse re-exports 19. Export processing zone imports of equipment 20 Other
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■ terms of trade
Exports and imports of goods exchange rate. Also known as import and export commodity price ratio, usually expressed as an index, import and export commodities that parity index. The formula is: the terms of trade index = export price index / import price index × 100. For example, the above as the base year, import and export commodity price index was 100 a year to import and export commodity prices have increased, but the increase rate is different from 10% increase in export prices, import prices increased by 5%, the improved terms of trade index . Terms of trade index higher than the base period, which means export prices relative to prices of imported goods increased, that the country can export goods less imports of goods in exchange for more, which say the country is favorable, foreign trade conditions improve. Conversely, if the imported goods price index increased faster than exports, and even export price index unchanged or decreased, the terms of trade index is lower than the base period, which means a country should export more goods to exchange for imported goods with the same original, Clearly this is detrimental to the country, is deteriorating terms of trade. Usually such changes as between developed and developing countries exchange of unequal values of a target. Terms of trade means a country's export price index of imported goods price index ratio. Yi certain period of time as the base period, trading conditions for the 100, if the comparative period terms of trade is greater than 100, indicating that the country can export Huanqu less the same amount of the original imports, improved terms of trade, is beneficial to the country of; less than 100, that a country should export more goods to exchange for the same number of the original imports, deteriorating terms of trade, the country's disadvantage.
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■ International Trade
Between countries of goods and services exchange. Parties to the trade is foreign trade. The sum of national foreign trade constitute the world trade. As the modern inter-state monetary and credit relations, science and technology cooperation so based on product movement, so international trade is basically a modern form of international economic ties. A Brief History of international trade and exchange of commodities in the international division of labor based on the formation. In the slave society, due to low productivity, traffic inconvenience, not the amount of circulation of commodities, international trade is very limited, mainly traded goods for slaves and slave owners of the luxury consumer. In feudal society, with social and economic development, international trade has also grown. During this period, China and the European and Asian countries through the Silk Road, international trade, the Mediterranean, Baltic, North Sea and the Black Sea coast there is trade between countries. Late 15th - early 16th century the great geographical discovery, and promote the development of international trade. Was mainly involved in trade of goods for the general consumer goods and luxury consumption of feudal lords. The capitalist mode of production, especially after the industrial revolution, because of the rapid increase in productivity, expanding commodity production, international trade has developed rapidly, and began a world scale. From the 17th century to the 19th century, the capitalist countries the foreign trade volume rising. Britain in international trade and long-term monopoly. Was involved in international trade of goods is mainly ordinary consumer goods, industrial raw materials and machinery. After the 19th century into the period of imperialism, the formation of a unified all-encompassing world economy and world markets. Since then, the impact of World War I - 1933 and 1929 world economic crisis of the capitalist world economy suffered great destruction, and stagnation of world trade dropped. After World War II, further expansion and development of international trade, international trade in the United States as the number one power. After the 1950s, with the socialization of production, increasing the degree of internationalization, especially the new technological revolution brought about by the rapid development of productive forces, and international trade are very active with many new features, trade in manufactured goods more than the dominant primary product, new products are emerging, increasingly flexible trading. Contemporary international trade with developed countries, mainly the United States remains the world's largest trading nation, but the status has declined; Germany, Japan and other countries have great development of foreign trade; the developing countries in international trade do not share However, compared with its foreign trade has also been a great development, international trade, a force to be reckoned with. International trade in contemporary international affairs have a significant effect on the country's own economic development is also important. Theory of international trade theory is the study of international law theory of commodity circulation. It is to clarify a series of fundamental questions such as, why it happened between countries exchange goods; various historical periods of the nature and characteristics of international trade by what decisions and so on. Generalized theory of international trade should also include the international balance of payments theory and the theory of value. Practice refers to the practice of international trade to complete an import or export transactions in a series of business activities. Roughly divided into three stages: ① pre-trade preparation. ② trade negotiations and contract formation. ③ performance of the contract. Foreign trade statistics, countries vary. Some countries import and export division of the border, where the goods enter the territory that is included in the imports, said the total imports; where the merchandise is shipped out of the country's exports, said the total exports, including re-export the imported goods the export of rough again . Total imports plus total exports that a country's total trade. Britain, Canada, Australia and other countries in this way the amount of foreign trade statistics. Some countries import into the customs territory of the standard, although entry into the country but did not enter the customs territory of the merchandise is not imported into the customs territory of the goods only was included in the imports, said a special imports; domestic products and imports out of the customs territory after raw and out of the customs territory included in the export of goods, that specializes in exporting. Imports plus exports of specialized expertise that is specialized trade. Germany, France, Italy and other countries in this way the amount of foreign trade statistics. The two methods are not included in the foreign trade turnover of goods in transit. Import and export countries are usually not equal, the difference between import and export certain period of time known as the trade balance. Called out over exports over imports, the trade surplus or a trade surplus, exports less than imports called the trade deficit, trade deficit or trade deficit; the same as the import and export trade balance. World trade volume with the scale of international trade, said. To avoid double counting, only the country of export or import statistics, imports or exports to the world for world trade. As the total country's import and export trade, it does not mean that countries in the world trade volume increases in the total trade volume. As countries generally export fob prices, cif imports, it is always greater than the world import volume of world exports. World trade volume is usually calculated in U.S. dollar denominated. Real volume of trade affected by price changes, often can not correctly reflect the actual changes in trade, so the volume of world trade to a certain period of constant price data, so as to measure the changes in international trade. There are many ways of international trade: ① the transport of goods by way of trade can be divided into land, sea trade, air transport trade and mail order trade. Most of the international trade of goods by sea transport. ② According to trade a third party to intervene if the process can be divided into direct trade and indirect trade two categories. The former is commodity-producing countries and consuming countries direct trade; the latter is in the commodity producing and consuming countries middlemen between the third country involved, there are a variety of specific forms. One is commodity-producing countries, although direct shipped from the consumer, but the two sides are not in direct buyer-seller relationship, but through a third country intermediaries transactions; the other is the producer of the product to a third country first, then by the brokers Products are sold to consumers. In addition, a country's foreign trade by the foreign firms operate is also an indirect trade. ③ Press the number of countries involved in the transaction process can be divided into bilateral and multilateral trade. Bilateral trade that is producing and consuming countries direct transactions. But a country's products often do not meet each other's needs all-round, this will lead to trade balance, resulting in payment difficulties and the trade imbalance, which requires the involvement of other countries. Multilateral trade among many countries that, in a wide range of transactions, it is easy to make the transaction and the country all they need to achieve trade balance. ④ by way of _set_tlement, can be divided into cash and barter trade. Spot currency trading is to direct money to pay for imports, international trade in modern major means of payment in U.S. dollars, deutsche mark, yen and other freely convertible currency. Barter goods that are denominated in the _set_tlement of both sides, this can make up for shortage of foreign exchange difficulties, and to promote national exports. Direct replacement for a certain degree of difficulty, so often adopt a more flexible form of generalized barter trade, which provides that a period of time in several exchange of goods, were _set_tled, the overall balance. ⑤ Press the trading relationship between imports and exports can be divided into unilateral import, export and other unilateral trade. The first two refer to a country's exports to his country has nothing to do with imports from that country is independent, the latter refers to the requirement to import and export transactions between the two countries on the other. To use more modern international trade before the two forms.
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■ characteristics of international trade
(A) International trade is a nature of business activities with foreign (B) International trade is a cross-border transactions, the situation is complicated (C) international trade vulnerable to the impact of changes in the international situation, with instability (D) risks of international trade, domestic trade than large (5) international trade length wide, middle links (Vi) more than the international market commercial war, competition is fierce
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■ The basic approach in international trade
First, the import and export trade in general business procedures (A) the export of business processes 1, pre-trade preparation. (1) the implementation of supply and stocking of work to do; (2) to strengthen the foreign market and customer research, _select_ion of target markets and marketable good credit customers; (3) the development of export prices of commodity management programs or programs in order to negotiate transactions in foreign confidence; (4) various forms of advertising and promotional activities. 2, negotiation for export contracts. 3, the export performance of the contract. (1) seriously stocking time and on quality, quantity and delivery contract for goods; (2) the implementation of letters of credit, good reminder card, review cards, change cards work; (3) time charter booking, arranging transportation, insurance and customs formalities for export; (4) Drawing, available relevant documents in time to pay a single _set_tlement bank to collect payment. (B) the import trade of the business processes 1, pre-trade preparation (1) to develop the management plan or price of imported goods program for trading in foreign negotiations and procurement of goods, be aware of and avoid blind act; (2) in the foreign markets and foreign credit on the basis of survey research, and through the shop around, choose the appropriate object of procurement and supply market; 2, negotiation for import contracts 3, import performance of the contract; (1) under the contract to the bank for opening letters of credit; (2) promptly sending ships to other ports pick up cargo, and urged the seller stocking shipment; (3) cargo insurance; (4) examine the documents, when the documents match the payment redeem. (5) for import customs clearance procedures, and acceptance of goods. Second, the use of various international trade Third, the international trade dispute prevention and treatment
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■ invisible trade
Import and export of goods not occur due to the income and expenditure. Also known as invisible transactions, invisible export. Include: goods and people along with the international labor movement occurred revenue and expenditure items, such as cargo freight, insurance, passenger fees, travel expenses, etc.; by the international movement of capital, investment income generated by the project, such as profits, interest , dividends, rents, etc.; well as funding institutions abroad, expatriate remittances, patent fees, other revenue and expenditure. Expenditures on these projects are invisible imports; belonging to these items of income constitute the invisible exports. The visible trade balance (trade balance) and invisible trade balance (non-trade balance of payments) in the current international balance of payments constitute the main part. Trade is divided into several types, there are many technical terms, there are foreign trade, domestic trade, international trade, foreign trade, etc. What is international trade? What is foreign trade? What is the overseas trade? A: International Trade (International Trade) generally refers to the world (or region) conducted between money as a medium of exchange of commodities activities. It contains tangible goods (physical products) exchange, also includes intangible goods (Chicago service, technology) of the exchange, but also as a world trade (World Trade). Foreign Trade (Foreign Trade) is specific to the country's international trade with a country or region to other countries or regions of the goods, services and technology exchange activities. This is based on a country or region to look at it with other countries or regions trade goods. Sometimes referred to as foreign trade (ExternalTrade), Overseas Trade (Oversea Trade) refers to some island countries such as Britain, Japan and other countries or certain regions such as Taiwan, the island's foreign trade. What is the export trade? What is the import trade? What is the re-export trade? A: The country's export trade is the production or processing of goods (including their own labor) to sell exports to foreign markets, foreign trade activities, when carrying out foreign trade activities, has often encountered two "export" two word, but the meaning of the different concepts should be noted that the difference between them: one for net exports, which refers specifically to the export of similar goods in similar large part of imports of goods; the other for the re-export trade, which is refers to buying foreign goods and raw after the output to foreign trade. import trade is foreign produced or processed commodities (including foreign-owned services) to purchase and enter the domestic market trading activities. entrepot trade is different from the goods producer and consumer goods directly to the direct sale of merchandise trade practices and put forward it is a commodity producer and consumer of business for some reason can not be directly traded goods, and goods to be carried out through a third country trading activities. The first Three is not only the intermediary's identity, but also the owner, but also to obtain profits through such transactions. This form is to re-export the third country involved in such activities, must be the value of goods bought and sold --- transfer activities, but do not have to go through the physical transfer of goods, can not go through their own while the consumer goods production and the direct transport.. What is the visible trade? What is the invisible trade? A: The visible trade is carried out in import and export trade in physical goods transactions, because these commodities tangible help as visible trade visible trade import and export customs formalities to be, and customs import and export statistics reflected a certain period so as to constitute a nation's foreign trade volume Currently, the United Nations to facilitate the statistics, the tangible goods is divided into 10 categories, 63 chapters, 233 groups, 786 groups, 1924 of basic items, including almost all the country's merchandise trade. SITC various trade names as follows: 0 major categories of food and live animals for food and tobacco class 1 drink category designated D.2 Non-food stuffs (excluding fuels) 3 Mineral fuels lubricants and related materials Class 4 animal oil, grease and wax the end of the column names Category 5 Chemicals and related products six types of manufactured goods classified mainly by material 7 Machinery and transportation equipment and miscellaneous manufactured articles 8 class 9 class of other unclassified goods invisible trade is in international trade is not conducted in the form of material goods transactions: mainly refers to technology and financial services. invisible trade do not usually go through customs formalities, the customs export statistics reflect not come out, and in the international balance of payments reflected the invisible trade is an important part of the country's international balance of payments. What is transit trade? What is the total trade? What is special trade? A: cross-border trade is the nail States to transport goods to State B, because of geographical reasons, must be through a third country to third countries, although not directly involved The deal, but the goods to the country or out of the country's customs territory, and to go through customs statistics, which constitute the country's import and export part of the total border trade refers to the standard classification for the import and export of a statistical method , also known as total trade system with total trade can be divided into the total Italian imports and exports. those who enter the territory of a country be included in the total imports of goods, including imports for domestic consumption after the part and became re-import or transit of the part; all leaving a country be included in the total exports of goods, including domestic exports and re-export of foreign goods re-export or transit part of total imports and total trade volume of total exports constitute the present, with total trade of statistical methods countries such as Japan, Canada and China United Kingdom United States more than 90 countries and regions.] specifically refers to the trade off for the division of import and export standard statistical methods, also known as special trade system. special trade specialist can be divided into specialized import and export . specifically refers to foreign goods imported into the customs territory to the payment of customs duties by the customs clearance of imports can be called special. export is specially shipped from the customs territory of the domestic products and the import of their raw and out of the customs territory The re-export. specially imports plus exports constitute a special total trade of a country's special present, statistical methods using special trade countries such as Germany, Switzerland and France have more than 80 countries and regions in international trade and domestic trade, what similarities and differences ? A: International trade and domestic trade has some commonality, but there is a degree of difference. Commonality as follows: (1) position in the social reproduction of the same. International Trade Congshi the country's inter-exchange of goods and services, domestic trade within national boundaries is the exchange of goods and services, although the scope of activities vary, but all business activities are in the process of social reproduction of exchange links, in the process of social reproduction in the intermediate position. (2) have a common commodity movement. International trade and domestic trade transaction process is similar, but the movement of commodity circulation is exactly the same way, namely: GWG. Lu purpose of business operation through the exchange for more business profits. (3) the same basic functions, are affected by the laws of commodity economy and constraints. International trade and domestic trade are the basic functions of media into a commodity exchange, that is doing business. Other activities such as financing, storage, transportation, customs services must be for it; the same time, must follow the basic law of the commodity economy, such as: the law of value, supply and demand, circulation time to save the law and so on. These laws are certain to affect the timing and extent of international and domestic trade. Whether in international or domestic trade must follow these economic laws, shall not be violated. The main difference as follows: (1) language, laws and customs are different. ; International trade activities between the first encounter difference, we must first overcome these obstacles, otherwise it can not properly carry out trade negotiations, contracting, handling trade disputes, conducting market research. Although the domestic trade will also encounter some of the language, customs differences, but the difference is much smaller. (2) among countries currency, weights and measures, customs and other systems are different. For the international exchange of commodities, will encounter and be paid in foreign currency exchange rates and frequent changes, as well as weights and measures among countries, the customs system and many other issues are quite different, making the international exchange of commodities activities complex. In contrast, the domestic trade is much simpler. (3) national economic policies are different. Each country's economic policy is mainly for the country's economic development work, but will to some extent affect the conduct of international trade, and many policies will be because of different economic situations, different rulers and change. There are monetary policy, industrial policy, import and export management policies, tariff policy, etc., engaged in international commodity exchange activities must examine these policies. Domestic trade of the content is much less. (4) greater than the risk of international trade, domestic trade. Inseparable from the natural exchange of commodities there is considerable risk of competing. But in comparison, the risk of more international trade is greater. Their performance in credit risk, business risk, price risk, currency risk, transport risk and political risk and so on.
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Trade protectionism
Foreign trade policy of trade protectionism is a basic type, as opposed to free trade Of it refers to the various measures taken by the state intervention of foreign trade to protect domestic markets from foreign suppliers Product competition, and its exporters concessions or subsidies, export incentives and its main contents are: Import side, countries have adopted various measures to restrict imports, such as the imposition of high import taxes, import quotas, Import licensing system, foreign exchange control to protect domestic markets from foreign competition; On the export side, for their own Give cash subsidies to exporters and a variety of financial incentives to encourage exports of goods. "Award a limited income." Is the basic feature of trade protectionism.
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Free trade
The main points of free trade theory is: (1) the formation of free trade can be mutually beneficial international division of labor. In free trade, countries in accordance with natural conditions, comparative advantage and factor abundance and deficiency conditions, specializing in the production of its favorable or unfavorable larger smaller products, such international division of labor can bring many benefits, such as the benefits of specialization, the elements optimal allocation of social resources conservation and technological innovation, and so on. (2) expanding the real national income. Countries according to their endowments development sector have a comparative advantage, factor will be reasonable and effective allocation and use, and through trade with less cost in exchange for something more, thereby increasing the national wealth. (3) free trade, as imports of cheap goods, the national expenditure. (4) free trade can enhance competition and reduce monopoly and increase economic efficiency. Enterprises in free trade conditions, to compete with foreign counterparts, which would eliminate or weaken the monopoly power in the long run, can promote a country's economic growth. (5) free trade will help improve profitability, and promote capital accumulation. Foreign trade can prevent the decline in domestic profit margins, through the regulation of import and export of goods, reduce costs, increase income, increase capital accumulation, the economy to continue to develop.
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Trade terms in international trade practices
Business practices in international trade, due to national legal systems, trade practices and practices, so that, the international understanding of various trade terms and operation of mutual differences, and thus easily lead to trade disputes. Countries in order to avoid the interpretation of trade terms appear on the differences and controversial, and some international organizations and some business groups have respectively a uniform interpretation of trade terms and provisions, which affect large are: International Chamber of Commerce "International Incoterms" (International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms, referred to as INCOTERMS); International Law Association established the "Warsaw - Oxford Rules" (Warsaw-Oxford Rules); some U.S. business groups to develop the "1941 In the revised definition of U.S. foreign trade "(Revised American Foreign Trade Defintion 1941). As a result of the rules of the interpretation of trade terms in international trade in a wider scope of application to form the general international trade practices. The interpretation of trade terms of international practice in international trade in the various historical stages of development have played a positive role. As the international trade practice is one of the sources of international trade law, in the current countries are actively seeking international trade law in the process of unification of international trade practices more significant role, especially through the International Chamber of Commerce "Incoterms International "The constantly updating and effective in promoting the development of international trade practices. Increasing international trade practices by the governments, the legal profession and the trade community's attention in the international legislation and legislation in many countries, are expressly provides for the effect of international trade practices. For example, in January 1, 1988 effective "United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" in full recognition of the practice role. The Convention: the parties in the contract does not exclude the application of the practice or the parties knew or ought to have known of the practice, as well as in international trade is widely used and often follow the practice, even if the parties have not expressly agreed, but also as practice of the parties implied consent, and thus the practice is binding on the parties. Again, the "PRC Foreign Economic Contract Law" states: "The laws of the PRC is not specified, the applicable international conventions." Thus, in order to work out a reasonable and proper use of performance contracts and international trade practices, international trade practitioners need to understand the international trade in terms of accepted international practices related to the actual business to make appropriate choices and their correct interpretation. Now the interpretation of trade terms in international trade practices, were described as follows: First, the "1990 International Incoterms" "1990 International Incoterms" in the "1980 International Incoterms" published revised on the basis of the "General" on July 1, 1990 to take effect. (A) amend the "1980 General" because 1, to adapt to the increasingly frequent use of electronic information exchange needs of the world has entered the information age, electronic information exchange (Electronic Data Interchange, abbreviated as EDI) business in international trade has increasingly been used widely to electronic information replacing paper documents the practice of increasing, so that the "paperless trading" gradually turned into reality. In this situation, how to ensure that the corresponding electronic information with the original paper document with the same legal status and legal effect, is an urgent need to solve the very real important issues. This problem, only with the development of practice, by the trade practices and laws to solve, which is the Association to revise the "1980 Law" The most important reason. 2, to adapt to the development of transportation technology and transportation means the need for change with the development of container transport up after the traditional single intermodal shipping to the development, transfer of goods from the place of the traditional "Hong Kong - Hong Kong," the gradual transition to "door - door "transfer. Additionally, the use of vehicles loading and unloading of sea ro-ro, roll unloading transport emerges, the original terms of trade can not meet real business needs. Therefore, for this situation, the trade terms to be adjusted and changed, it is very necessary, and this is the revised "General" is another important reason. (B) the "1990 Law" the main changes "1990 General" with the "1980 Law" compared to vary greatly, so the "1990 Law" publication and entry into force, marking a significant development in international trade practices. In the "General in 1990," the type and terms of trade disaggregated approach, trade terms and use of international codes, standards, and buyers and sellers obligations divided the use of documents, there has been significant changes. Barriers to trade Most trade barriers Jieyou same principle, is to join some kind of trade costs, so the price rise. Overlap between the two or more countries to deal with other countries to the implementation of trade barriers, made of the dispute is referred to as a trade war. Economists believe that trade barriers will reduce the efficiency of the economy, this view can explain the theory of comparative advantage. In theory, the removal of all trade barriers on behalf of free trade, except with the health or national security-related products. In fact, even if the country is to encourage free trade by itself will be part of a large number of industrial or agricultural subsidies, such as steel, rice and so on. Developed countries to export products of developing countries, subsidies are often refers to injury and harm developing countries in the same industry to survive.
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Accounting 百科
Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods or services. Trade is also known as business. Trade in a market which is carried out. The most primitive form of barter trade, that is a direct exchange of goods or services. Modern trade is generally in a medium for bargaining, such as money. The emergence of money (and later credit, money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, the more than two traders is called multilateral trade. Trade in a number of reasons. As the specialization of labor, the individual will only engage in a small area of work, so they must trade to obtain daily necessities of life. Trade between the two regions is often because the one place in the production of a product has a comparative advantage, if better technology, easier access to raw materials. Trade: Where the inclusion of customs statistics of import and export goods, the trade to customs regulation as the basis for grouping into the following categories: 1 general trade 2 countries, international organizations, aid and donated materials 3 other foreign donations 4. Compensation trade 5 processing and assembling trade 6. Feed processing trade 7. Consignment Trade 8 border trade 9 processing trade imported equipment 10. Exported goods of foreign contracted projects 11. Leasing Trade 12 foreign-invested enterprises as investment imported equipment, goods 13 out of processing trade 14. Barter 15 tax-free exchange of goods 16 bonded warehouse entry and exit of goods 17. Export Processing Zone 18 bonded warehouse re-exports 19. Export processing zone imports of equipment 20 Other ■ terms of trade: Exports and imports of goods exchange rate. Also known as import and export commodity price ratio, usually expressed as an index, import and export commodities that parity index. The formula is: the terms of trade index = export price index / import price index × 100. For example, the above as the base year, import and export commodity price index was 100 a year to import and export commodity prices have increased, but the increase rate is different from 10% increase in export prices, import prices increased by 5%, the improved terms of trade index . Terms of trade index higher than the base period, which means export prices relative to prices of imported goods increased, that the country can export goods less imports of goods in exchange for more, which say the country is favorable, foreign trade conditions improve. Conversely, if the imported goods price index increased faster than exports, and even export price index unchanged or decreased, the terms of trade index is lower than the base period, which means a country should export more goods to exchange for imported goods with the same original, Clearly this is detrimental to the country, is deteriorating terms of trade. Usually such changes as between developed and developing countries exchange of unequal values of a target. ■ International Trade Between countries of goods and services exchange. Parties to the trade is foreign trade. The sum of national foreign trade constitute the world trade. As the modern inter-state monetary and credit relations, science and technology cooperation so based on product movement, so international trade is basically a modern form of international economic ties. A Brief History of international trade and exchange of commodities in the international division of labor based on the formation. In the slave society, due to low productivity, traffic inconvenience, not the amount of circulation of commodities, international trade is very limited, mainly traded goods for slaves and slave owners of the luxury consumer. In feudal society, with social and economic development, international trade has also grown. During this period, China and the European and Asian countries through the Silk Road, international trade, the Mediterranean, Baltic, North Sea and the Black Sea coast there is trade between countries. Late 15th - early 16th century the great geographical discovery, and promote the development of international trade. Was mainly involved in trade of goods for the general consumer goods and luxury consumption of feudal lords. The capitalist mode of production, especially after the industrial revolution, because of the rapid increase in productivity, expanding commodity production, international trade has developed rapidly, and began a world scale. From the 17th century to the 19th century, the capitalist countries the foreign trade volume rising. Britain in international trade and long-term monopoly. Was involved in international trade of goods is mainly ordinary consumer goods, industrial raw materials and machinery. After the 19th century into the period of imperialism, the formation of a unified all-encompassing world economy and world markets. Since then, the impact of World War I - 1933 and 1929 world economic crisis of the capitalist world economy suffered great destruction, and stagnation of world trade dropped. After World War II, further expansion and development of international trade, international trade in the United States as the number one power. After the 1950s, with the socialization of production, increasing the degree of internationalization, especially the new technological revolution brought about by the rapid development of productive forces, and international trade are very active with many new features, trade is made
amiable, Yi Mao, transaction, barter, advice, bargain, commute, commutator, ac, drift, replacement, substitute, reciprocate, replacement, have a soft spot for sb., displace, operation, have occupation, harness, all in a day's `work part of the normal routine
advice