Language definition: Language, humanities and social sciences an important subject, is that people exchange ideas with each other and in Chinese from Chinese tools. It is the language specification (utility), but also arts and culture, but also to accumulate and develop our spiritual wealth of knowledge and skill. [Philosophy] Language is the expression, records, oral or written information to pass the text words in the form of material existence; language is to describe the facts, citing thinking, presentation ideas, expression of the will, to express feelings, and the transformation of things and ideas to help you locate a there is awareness of the content types (such as those intended for the information inherent in the interpretation of language and other characteristics of the Rhythm may change or be restricted to play a change). The subjects in Taiwan Province of China known as the "Chinese" rather than "language." Oral language and written language is the language abbreviation. (Qian Wei, Xu more of. High school language teaching. East China Normal University Press .2000.6) Language and Literature Language, is a profound subject, in order to learn the language, interest in learning, good study habits, are very important. Some people feel that language learning is very difficult, I think mainly because there is no right way to grasp, not with a golden key to open the door to the language. Learn the language, need to cultivate interest in learning, develop good study habits, and accumulated learning, enhance learning ability. I hope that when you finish reading this article, the language for your road paved pad, the edifice of your language, you learn on top of a sky-road. Interested in learning the language, the language you learn to lay the most solid foundation. Whether to do anything, interest is the most important. Two thousand years ago, "Wen-sheng," Confucius once said "Those who know better than the good, good of the person not the music." This sentence is indicative of "good", "music" for a man's pursuit of an object can be said that spiritual support, friend, if you are temporarily on the language, not interested, okay, you can from the "0" start. Cultivate an interest, you can go to memorize, write down some wonderful pieces, philosophical favorite sayings, and extra-curricular knowledge can be. In this way, slowly accumulated in one day, you will suddenly find that the original was more understanding when a wide range of knowledgeable scholars is so easy. You can also take part in some activities on the language, such as speech, essay and so on. Albert Einstein said: "Stay in school and life, of the most important motive is the pleasure of the work is fun when you get the results of work, and social values of awareness of this result." As I have said, You can participate in social activities, and that some people may ask, if won, of course, we will fight the high interest in a more intense, but, rather, it will dampen our enthusiasm for the language offensive, would not be counter-productive it? I can definitely answer: "No." So how you know the value of the results. As said, will be brimming with confidence to learn the language, if that fails, you can self-review, where not done well, "a tremendous _set_back is the strong man of wealth, the weak into the abyss," you can think of, because that defect, we will go to make up, will do better. Interest in learning is the foundation, then, good study habits, it is a superior skills of the architect. The quality of study habits, the quality of learning is directly related to your good or bad. Tao said: "From primary school teachers to university professors, their mission is to help students develop good habits to help students develop a political culture and science of good habits." From this sentence we can at least see the importance of good habits, in fact, good habits, mainly on their own to cultivate. Rural saying goes, it says, "Habit is second nature," If you insist on a good study habits, time passes, it will become unshakeable "natural." But how to develop good study habits, we can study and practice, work to understand the article. "Book of Rites" that "erudite, interrogation of, the deliberative, discernment, Dusing of" This is a good study habits, we can learn it slowly into our being. "Learning without thought is labor lost, thought without learning is perilous," then gave us a wake to "study" the "thinking" with the alarm. "Learning While Learning", "温故而知新" There are many celebrities to make a summary of the study, and we give it a try (but not blind.) In fact, it is important to us to conclude from the study, for example, in a quiet place, we might as well sit down and quietly heart, silently think of prose, quotes and the like, is not only more pleasant mood, but also deepening the impression. If the good study habits is a distinctive architect, and that good learning is beautiful and practical building materials. Training and learning ability is gradually accumulated. Some people say that Lu Xun's article hard to understand, in fact, because it did not find a breakthrough, we understand the word must be linked at the background, and context of the context, so you will be problem solved. Learning to Understand the basic capabilities to consolidate, we must first bear in mind that some of the wording of the intention of rhetoric and symbols, the only way a solid foundation, can go higher and higher. "Haste makes waste" learning ability is not in a day, you need perseverance. Language, the most extensive coverage, from astronomy and space, down to the geographical and cultural, overlooking the mortal beings, embracing the world Vientiane. Deep taste of true feelings, and write in the language of the movement on the hymn of love and beauty; understanding the true meaning of life, in the language of the Miao Yi reason shining light pen; through social phenomena, in the language of the book on the subject of ridicule; roam the joy of nature, In the language of heaven, pregnant with beauty and the Wonderful show. Into the language, feel the classic charm of the influence of culture, language and warm human care waiting for you; Into the language, touch the soul of each bar of Friends of joy and grief, the language look forward to your unique perspective; Into the language, the slightest care for heart bookish and Chen Chen impact your thoughts and feelings, language enrichment intoxicated with your thousand years of cultural heritage. Come a long way behind is filled with vague clouds. Products product language, looking every passing movement as the voice of the release, see the sun and the moon clouds are cleared, Imagine the lofty realm of unprecedented. Cecil greetings and care to melt your troubles and worries, the accumulation of bits and pieces of your life with the memory of the achievements of the leap. Yin a short poem, brought the house cheering; Write an Essay, won all ages; Ask a question, harvest unlimited wonderful; An experience points, turning a clean return. What we called the language of the charm! Drilling literature, product Essay, highlighting demeanor; Reading "Three Kingdoms", see "Dream of Red Mansions", the introduction of numerous mind sees; Read mythology, fairy tales, galloping imagination; Back back poems, Parallel Rhapsody, hold back the cultural pulse. Essay to appreciate the lingering sad Fei Ganchangcunduan the miserable; A play, one after another in the roundabout in the shock of moving spirits; A poem, read out the subtle detachment concise Firestone Qingyuan; A novel achievements in the ebb and flow in the desire to shock the world. Into the literature, exploring culture in mind the beauty of the language inscribed on the disc, a long-lasting, a relaxed, joked in life, who needs?
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Language will be released
August 1, 1950, with the "Republic of China Ministry of Education issued the provisional secondary teaching plan (draft) and middle school school calendar interim (draft) that" the publication of a new subject name - language, sacred birth. In addition to 19 March 1956 to March 8, 1958 Chinese language and literature was divided into two branches for the two-year intervals, has been in use, has been 51 years. However, 51 years of New China, an unprecedented rapid development of education, coupled with the "Cultural Revolution" of being folded, language subjects have named a "scientific definitions" have not yet! Thus, 51 years language education a matter of opinion, today, the white-hot wave of examination-oriented education will now be pushed language education recognized by people outside the industry outrage of the "poor little slow money" dilemma. Since this spring, "People talk about education, language education century" column and "secondary language teaching issues a warning to" column advocating the "great debate on language education issues," is in full swing, voices. Theory and Practice of the industry, two men are meta in the "language education" at home. Language education is not to explore the solution of the problem, not give up, in fact, home and country event. How to make language education out of the "poor little slow charge?" I believe that rational thinking should be realistic, pumping Pay only boiling, the "language" to the scientific concept of differentiation, and consensus, as soon as possible based on the theory of language subjects to solve the problem. The language issue has 50 years of scientific concepts, and it is necessary to sum up the successful experience of the most fundamental, up to the theory. With the guidance of scientific theory and practice would not be stagnant. Therefore, the "language" must be explained. With a realistic understanding of weapons, "What is language?" To solve the problem entirely, it certainly has a scientific explanation.
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Literal interpretation of the language
"Language," the term "Ci Hai" and "Ci Yuan" is not incorporated as a note. "Modern Chinese Dictionary" solution is the "'language and words' also means 'language and literature referred to as the'." "Xinhua Dictionary" Note for the "'language and literature', also refers to 'the language and the article' or 'language and literature'." These books, not because of "language" to solve for the subject name of "language education" almost can not afford a good role. Interpretation is science? Also another matter. In the made a lot of research and analysis, I come: "language" the original meaning of the term, should not be "what and what" can only be "ancient and modern Chinese written language works" and "articles." "History of Chinese Literature," the version of contemporary materials, and ultimately, "then the" word. "If this" What is it? The Department of Chinese origin were mainly language teachers will know "if the" yes "when the old storyteller, who singing with the papers." The old Chinese was "unrefined novel." Xing Ming and Qing dynasties as the "eight-legged essay." I do not know when, "then the" The language is called "vernacular", "then the" on the articles and with the "if the" language style of the same article with the "Text Language" label, with the "classical" equal, a rival. Contemporary Chinese people have written "Text Language" is no longer education in classical beam from a broken bearing. I checked the decline of classical family history of domination by their body language text away, is the matter after the Opium War, hundreds of years in a row the result of bad luck bad luck. Take the lead rebel Kang, Liang, engage in a second "new style" campaign followed a group of proletarians engaged in "'May Fourth' cultural movement", and then later, classical in the late thirties the throne in the Kuomintang areas, "Popularization of Art the great debate "in the crumbling, the last in the forties of the" Yan'an Rectification Movement "came crashing down. Deserve! Why did classical nine shares to stereotyped, rigid corrupt, imprisoned since the Ming and Qing Dynasties bound the minds of the people and hinder the progress of science and culture, resulting in broken country by foreigners alive it? Do not say that the vernacular, written language body text, not do a national subjugation and genocide can not be! Has the brain of man is not just sit and watch it! Great heroic Mao in Tiananmen Square issue, "Chinese people have stood up!" Sound before the Declaration, "language" is "works of ancient and modern Chinese written language" - "Text Language" and "classical" - the "joint-style short," is a noun terminology, is out of "article" signs of a general concept.
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Language illusion
August 1, 1950 the Ministry of Education promulgated the "Provisional Secondary Teaching Plan (Draft) Interim school and middle school calendar (draft)", marking the new - the solemn language subjects born. With the "language" as subject name, "language" of the concept of flexibility shown: qualitative aspects, from "paper" into "knowledge about the article." Quantity, by a thing (language) "class concept" into alternative things (education subjects) in a case of (course) the "kind of concept." It is "language" of the connotation and extension have changed, and people's understanding not timely follow-up to school out of the line and error, which brought a lot of teaching on the concept of fuzzy. Demonstrate the true definition of the language necessary before analysis, to identify several typical illusion, to be corrected. The "language" as "the spoken language and written text," is on the Normal University "Language Teaching" textbook, this theory, lead to "language" as "oral language and written language to master the tools course", out of the three two mistakes: First, the language is non-class nature, pure recognition "language" as linguistics, Chinese schools to give a new brand of humanistic education class stamped power, contrary to the law of education is tantamount to a death in my nation My heart and harmful powers of national progress, the feudal feudal history of back ailments send them to surrender. Second, should not the "spoken language" is also wrapped in a "language" in to. School education is less of a sense of the word, meaning knowledge, learning native language speaking, big is no need to go to school. Everywhere in the city in the country had to learn not into young and old, in addition to the baby, not much can not speak. Mongolian children and the old peasant woman without losing the vivid language is also funny, but also refined the local express emotion, they have mastered the language, is not "to far to long", the passage of time to disappear. Therefore, language classes do not have to "teach learning spoken language technology" for the responsibility, but should be "assimilation written communication norms" for the duties. Third, because people used to think that language is a communication tool, ignore the language, or thought necessary conditions, so with the "Language is a tool" error reasoning, devoid of intellectual development of language education in the great role of enlightenment, to become engaged in language classes Tools class. General, or foreign language courses can be seen as tools for class, language is not, it is discrimination not only for the purpose of words! Language is the literary class? A literary art, to engage in "literary art" work, after all, a minority, not the College of Liberal Arts school, the language can not mess literature. Humanistic education as a basic subject of art as a pursuit of ideals, of course, but it must not be taken as basic requirements. Quality education, compulsory education, to teach point of superficial knowledge of literature, students interested in literature, understandable degree of depth should be individualized. Language is started and are new to China, with the times of humanities education science course on a consolidated basis, is a scientific system of old and new subjects. Misconception should be corrected.
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Definition and interpretation of language subjects
[The following section had in June 2002 in the "secondary language teaching" published] "Language" is a science, to define, is not a celebrity or authority by the regulations, must follow the rules defined in logic, there must also be made to consolidate the definition of awareness of the results to help people grasp the role of knowledge. Not be under the provisions of the definition of force, or "the meaning of my colleagues" to speculate, then the concept is wrong. Must be used "is defined in law plus species difference" to strike. Language, the subject name. Language is the new China, a model of humanistic education in science to the ancient and modern works of written language the medium of instruction in order to inspire and develop students as the fundamental purpose of intelligence to assimilate the written language of modern communication standards and assimilation of modern Chinese nation as a common human task on the basis of psychological disciplines. Total categories: science; Category: Humanities; sub-categories: Humanities and Educational Sciences; are: Humanities Education Sciences in China, a basic subject. Three kinds of difference, (① to exemplary works of ancient and modern written language the medium of instruction in order to inspire and develop students ② intelligence as a fundamental purpose of ③ to assimilate the written language of modern communication standards and assimilation of modern human psychology of the Chinese nation together for the task) with adequate and belong to the other kinds of subjects such as politics, distinguished history, but also comprehensive and truly reflects the nature of the subject property. Upon examination, symbols defined in the rules of logic, there is no "W", "narrow," "repeated" "cycle" "negative," "ambiguous," "metaphor" and so wrong. Is the "scientific definition." For the exemplary works of ancient and modern written language the medium of instruction, education science, psychology scientific principles of law to the requirements of language subjects. Typifying the _select_ion, the times, by their political orientation dictates. Otherwise, you can not implement a formal sexual education, orientation, advanced and high efficiency. Inspired the development of intelligence, is the fundamental purpose of language subjects. Psychology has long proved, and philosophy, logic, aesthetics, cultural studies also admitted: "Word" is to think the activities of the human brain material premise. Language education, from the "hands in the population under the" to "knowledge house" to enter the brain and cure "word" input "and create words to capture concepts, procedures and modalities" for the enlightened development of education and made the object of intellectual earliest, largest and most critical, most likely contribute more! When stuck in language teaching "little slow bad money" quagmire, people sent a "wrong language education to make the common people," the blame, if the common people were to be wrong, by blaming the language subjects first! Is not it? "Life is the beginning of smart literacy", the language can not, nothing in vain. Our existing "language curriculum" did not inspire the development of intelligence on the shoulder, or "tools" "tools, ideological" No wonder people think that the "best on the language class," Some people think that "the most difficult on the language class" . Good on the watershed with the difficult is how to treat intellectual enlightenment and development, is responsible for the student's life. Quality is considered the only language spoken and written, what I do not know "how the wind blows (see), size up the situation (like)" Do not say I did not write to listen to not read the language but also the quality of performance. For the training of language teaching observation, memory, thinking, imagination and determine the cognitive and creative ability, etc. There can not compare the role of other disciplines. Presided over intellectual, moral support, coordinate the sports, arts education and labor cope technical education, language education is a sound concept. To learn to be, learning to learn, the premise is to learn the language. So, inspired the development of intelligence is the fundamental purpose of language subjects. Assimilation of modern national common cultural psychology, and assimilation of modern written communication standard disciplines and only language. Language subjects were the most sublime of unity, not called the "national language" and not "the Chinese" do not name "classical" or number "Chinese", a careful scrutiny, we will praise: the new pioneers who founded China's education "Language" Subject name, is really wonderful workmanship, exquisite, no man has gone before, to those who could be seen! Chinese civilization is simply a symbol of the new masterpiece! Assimilation of modern Chinese nation-wide written communication norms and the common human psychological qualities, language teachers and language workers is a shared responsibility! Responsibility! Language, humanities terminology. Old China, the language is ancient and modern works of written language - body language and classical culture - the Simple collectively. Today, the language is the subject name. Language, or a humanistic quality to measure the term, refers to the quality of people's inner speech and external speech mechanism comprehensive level of technical competence.
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How to Learn Language
1. First of all you want to learn the language, should be done: more review, seize the time, careful and persevering! 2. Review the language be planned! For example, today I plan to read the number of how many classes, but the target can not be _set_ too high, but also remember to complete the scheduled program. If completed ahead of schedule Into the schedule, but do not hurry, be more read through the text you read, or get some exercises to strengthen (of course, practicing done Exercise can also remember to look at a prison twice! Usually develop good habits only to large gains in learning, or to go more than others Still a long detour! ) 3. In the time to carefully review, in order to achieve higher efficiency! Review of the time, he met do not know where to cook with a pencil mark, find time to ask the teacher or the students (some can not remember where a piece of paper can be written down, in your pocket, ready to learn by heart.) Sooner or later, do not waste time reading, out loud! I generally read are used to read new words sooner or later, classical and Translation (A combination of both the back together, though classical is not easy to learn, but Qinnengbuzhuo it!) Ancient poetry, small print text at note some important words. 4. Class, the teachers are the most critical, the teacher can usually grasp the key points to teach us to review, take notes, especially where you do not understand but also to listen. 5. Extra time to look good books, good words, sentences accumulated, you can also see several good writing week, but a reasonable allocation of time! 6. To regular practice, often written, often see. Reading is a complex mental activity. Good psychological quality, is an important prerequisite for speed reading. Study of reading behavior using psychological principles known: the process of reading the reader perception, memory, imagination, thinking, attention to the process and a series of mental activity. Speed reading, even more is a complex mental activity, which in addition requires people faster perception, memory, imagination, understanding, but also requires a high degree of focus when reading, focus on reading, threw himself into reading. Only with such a good psychological quality, it may be efficient to read. Speed Reading must begin to train students to follow these Principles of Psychology, students speed reading a good mentality. Language speed reading advocates starting point is to improve the quality of language teaching efficiency and students to meet the information needs of society. Rapid development times, fast reading came into being. Speed Reading _Set_ physiology, psychology, language, science and other related disciplines of modern principles of reading in one, in essence, a high school reading. It is not only required to read fast, and requires deep understanding, memory prison, can effectively filter the information to improve students ability to rapidly expand their knowledge. To this end, it was also said: "Speed Reading is a language education of high-tech." Speed Reading training procedure is as follows: First, pay attention to the psychological quality of speed reading training. Include at least two points: the modern concept of _set_ reading;, good mentality to develop speed reading. "Appreciation of the article, drawing on writing," is the main purpose of teaching reading in the past; "book to read a hundred times, its meaning from the see", we read through the ages Zuxun; "quibble, slow Tsui ponder," is the traditional language of China teaching. Mercedes-Benz times ahead, we must also study the concept of rapid change. As Comrade Zhang Xiong said: "Modern society, accelerated pace, the concept is also updated. Read ideas, should be out of 'articles appreciation' of the barriers, focusing on information collection and sorting, but also focus on efficiency." Read of mind, very conducive to the cultivation of good mind speed reading. The good "speed reading mentality", referring to both awareness (demand fast, competition), three managed to (try to quickly read, try to understand everything, try to remember everything). With this "mentality", where the speed reading will be able to concentrate on, threw himself into, so read quickly, understand the deep memory of prison. The good "mentality", also refers to: Where to study, you can read in accordance with the purpose of reading the contents of the different study methods used, when the fast is fast, when slow is slow, when the rough is thick, when the details of fine, again down basically solve the problem. The cultivation of good mind speed reading, speed reading training for our "four step" of the basic project, not only to the first catch, but also through the "four steps" from beginning to end. Main approach, in addition to the modern reader with a view of the armed their minds, the time allowed to establish a strong concept, is that "time Speed Reading" training. Because of time, limit the reader a sense of urgency must steep; as "time-speed read" the pursuit of the objectives are: reading speed and comprehension rate increased simultaneously, so the reader will be able to rapidly improve efficiency. Second, focus on the physiology of speed reading training. This refers to "physiological" training mainly in the following three aspects: (1), concentration, transfer and distribution of training; (2), right-brain cognitive function schema and memory functions of digging; (3), visual functional training. These three training, primarily in the first and second semester outside of class. The first semester, focusing on training of concentration, transfer and distribution in order to filter information students need a high degree of focus on the psychological and quickly determine, rapid retrieval, fast memory capacity. To this end, we use "Schulte Table" as teaching aids, students in extracurricular organizations as "directed search" and "strong record number" of the practice. Every two or three times, each time a few minutes, take a few minutes each week for teachers in primary and secondary inspection and supervision to more students from the organization to practice and examine each other. The right-brain function necessary to develop and visual function of training, mainly in the second semester. According to the latest brain research results show that the usual reading, more emphasis on left brain, and in the quick read, the right brain function and schematic knowledge can play a strange memory effect. To this end, we designed a series of favorable digging these two functions and exercise training the right brain approach to its full potential to improve the speed reading level. People's visual function, particularly as the reading of the vast field, the higher the level of brain and eyes straight mapping, speed reading is the physiological basis can not leave even for a moment.
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Foreign language syllabus Dynasty
First, the parallel tracks of the U.S. outline The United States does not have a national unity to the current curricula, teaching in schools are followed by an outline by the state government education departments formulated. (This article is omitted) Second, the level of British outline clear 1988, the British Secretary of State at the time reading, writing, arithmetic education in basic competencies on the basis of extensive debate, the legal procedures established by the English working group will specify the group on the national English curriculum students ages 5-16 years of teaching as an introduction to the contents of the report are the various statutory requirements. Britain is also based on differences between students in the development of language curriculum, it will be heard, reading and writing of three sections were divided into eight levels with an "exceptional performance." See I heard part of standard level. Grade: Students talk about things of direct interest to listen to others speak and make appropriate responses. They express a simple means to others, other people could hear his speech and began to talk about the content of the performance when the opinion or add some details. Second: When the students heard that show self-confidence, especially in the topics of interest, and sometimes they realized that people need to listen to his people to increase the relevant details, in explaining his ideas, his speech clear, more and more words . They usually listen to others speak, and make more good answer, they began to realize that in some formal occasions, the role of words and tone. (Three to seven omitted) Eight: students there for a variety of situations to maintain and develop their conversation, they organized language, clarity, use appropriate vocabulary, correct intonation and stress, they speak more in the discussion, showing that they In listening, and very clearly the progress of discussion on various occasions that they can confidently use standard English, the language need to be adjusted according to use. Exceptional performance: students in a variety of situations to choose the correct use of language, structure and style, depending on the purpose of self-confidence to change the words and phrases. They take the initiative to discuss and make the discussion through a variety of speech continue to play a leading role in the discussion, and concentrate on listening to others, and to understand the different and complex content of the speech. Their different purposes on various occasions and under all that self-confidence and fluent in standard English. Third, the stage clear outline of France Fourth, calls for a comprehensive outline of Japan Fifth, the "language", "text" outline of the former Soviet Union both Former Soviet Union, the language syllabus is divided into "Russian" and "Literature" in two subjects. Stage low-grade dedicated "reading and language development," a subject, ask for one year will be read, the second grade will be silent reading, third grade will face reading. "Russian" language learning a subject if the basic knowledge and develop oral and written language skills; "literature" is to study a subject major literary works, improve their appreciation, comments capability. Language grammar 1, parts of speech: There are two major categories of content words and function words. (1) content words: that is the meaning of phrases or sentences to be able to separate sentence elements. Function words: the meaning is generally not indicated, no phrase or sentence components (only adverb exception), their basic purpose is to express grammatical relations. A, noun: a word that names of people and things. That person's name, such as gay, writer; that specific things, rivers, mountains; that abstract things, such as politics, science; that time the name of the morning in the summer; said premises: Shanghai, China; that position Name: upper and lower (referred to as the location words) Terms of grammatical features: ① that person's terms, you can add in behind "men" that the word most commonly used position ② behind in other terms, composed by the location, scope, location or time of the adverb phrase ③ term is generally not subject to modification. B, Verb: It is said that action behavior, development and change of meaning of words such as mental activity. That actions, behaviors: sit, listen; that exist now, disappear, or the development of change: there occurs; that mental activity: love, hate; said Imperative: Rang; that may be, will (modal verbs): energy, Council; that trend (towards a verb): to, go to; that judge (to judge the word): Yes. Grammatical features of verbs: ① general subject verb adverb "not" modification. ② a verb can take, "the, the, too," said dynamic. ③ part of the verb may overlap, that time is short or try to mean. ④ determine the word "is" is mainly linked sentence subject and object. ⑤ modal verb can not follow nouns, modal verbs can be followed as a predicate with the verb phrase as predicate can also be a separate language. ⑥ tend to be predicate verbs can separate language, language can also be followed in the predicate for the complement. C, adjective: It is said that the shape of things, nature, state of being. That the shape of things: high, low; said the nature of things: the beautiful, strong; that the state of things: fast, slow; Adjective features: ① form part of the adjectives can be used to enhance the semantic overlap. ② Most adjectives can be affected by the adverb "very" modification. D, numeral: the number of words are said. Exact form (that fraction, integer, and multiple); table estimates: several, many; tables ordinal numbers: first, the youngest; numeral syntax features: ① increase in the number, you can use scores that can also be expressed by a multiple of the number ② reduction can only score, can not use multiple. E, quantifier: is that things and actions, in units of words. That thing called quantifier quantifier units. That action, called the momentum in units of quantifier words. Units that things: one, only; that action, acts of units: the times, back and sometimes borrows some of the terms to represent, such as: foot, years; The syntax of quantifiers features: ① numeral classifier often used in conjunction to form the phrase, also known as the number of start quantifier. ② said the volume of the quantifier in front of common nouns. ③ quantifier quantifier used that momentum behind the verb. F, pronouns: the role or direction from the place of the word. Pronouns are divided into personal pronouns, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns three categories. The syntax of pronouns features: ① King said the second person "you" is not used for complex, that complex if you need to use "your group" "You are of you" ② third person plural pronoun "they" may specifically refer to men, and that can also be men and women, "they" are specifically refers to women ③ attention to "us" and "we" usage difference. "We" refers to the speaker, and sometimes can include the listener; "we" must include the speaker and listener ④ demonstrative pronoun "that" for far means "this" refers to the past is not widespread ⑤ pronouns appropriate means on behalf of the unknown, can cause wrong sentences. G, adverbs: usually used in a verb, an adjective in front of that act, action or the nature of the state level, scope, time, frequency, situation, tone. That range: all, whole; that tone: be, down; that denial: No, no; that time: just, exactly; that level: very, very; that situation: if, gradually. The syntax of adverbs features: ① adverb used to modify the main, limit the verb or adjective, verb, adjective in front of adverbials. ② adjective adverb is sometimes used in the back to clarify the extent of the results, for the complement. ③ adverbs can not modify nouns and pronouns. H, conjunctions: is used to conjunctions, phrases, or sentences word. General conjunctions: and, with, and, or, and; Related words: mainly used to connect the clause complex sentences or sentence group in the sentence. Not only but also, though but. Grammatical features: ① general conjunctions of two parts can be swapped around and the underlying meaning of the same. ② key words associated with the use of the complex sentence. I, prepositions: prepositions are often used in nouns, pronouns, etc. in front, and these words together, said the actions, behavior, starting and ending characters, direction, place, time, object, manner, reason, purpose, comparison. Common prepositions and their usage (jingle) Since, from, to, when, as, in accordance with, Because, for, in order to And, with the, the, than, in, on In addition, the same, to, to, to, toward ... ... A noun, pronoun before the composition of prepositional phrases, the modification, added "action" "shape" to remember the simplicity. J, particle: is attached to content words, phrases or sentences above, play a supporting role in the word. Particles can be divided into three categories: structural particle, particle dynamics, modal particle. Structural particle: the, too; Dynamic Auxiliary: the, the, too; modal particles: a, a, do, it, do so. K, interjection: that sigh, calling, voice response and other words. Such as ah, er and so on. Grammatical features: general separate sentence separated by a comma or an exclamation point. L, onomatopoeia: a mimic sounds or words of things. Grammatical features: the equivalent of an adjective in the sentence. (2), to identify parts of speech: 2, the phrase: the word is a combination of words and language unit. (1), parallel phrases: two or more than two nouns, verbs or adjectives such as parallel composition of the phrase, the basic structure of famous + name, name + generation, on behalf of the + generation, dynamic + move, shape + shape, number of + number. Features: ① the same part of speech before and after the coordinate phrase. (Except for nouns and pronouns) ② parallel phrases equal relationship between the two parts, no modification to limit relations. ③ coordinate phrase reversed in the general meaning of the word unchanged. ④ parallel phrases can be directly between the words and word combinations, you can also borrow the function word combinations. (2), subordinate phrases: As defined in textbooks. Basic structure: ① central word is a noun, the attributive modifier component is limited by () said. Has the following structure: type + name, number + name, name + name + names ② Centre on behalf of the verb or an adjective phrase, adverbial modifiers are used 〔〕 said. Has the following structure: form + action, Deputy + move, the number of + action, Deputy + shape. (3), verb-object phrases: verb bring back a word dominated by the verb to form a phrase, this phrase is called the verb-object phrases. Basic structure: verb + name, move + generation. Features: ① the front of the verb phrase verb-object behind the direct control of nouns, pronouns, behind the nouns, pronouns, dominated by the front of the verb between them is the relationship between domination and being dominated. ② verb-object phrases dominated by verbs nouns, pronouns, is the object. ③ object verb in general the answer is "who", "what" questions. ④ The verb phrase, to note the sense of the verb and object, otherwise create verb-object does not match. (4), added the phrase: include resultative phrase and form two categories make up the phrase. Grammatical features: ① in the verb, adjective complement the back, indicating the role of components of complement, with <> "means. ② the center of these phrases the first language, before and after the two parts are complementary and supplementary relations. ③ verbs or adjectives in the back of Complements supplement how, how long, how many other issues. ④ front of some common structural particle complement "get." (5), verb phrase: See the definition of textbooks. Basic structure: Name (generation) + V, name (generation) + form, name (generation) + interrogative pronouns, the special includes: name + names, such as today, Monday; name + number, such as paper three. Features: ① the main front of the word, said that the phrase "who" or "what", followed by the words that the front of the word "how" "what" or "what." Before and after the two is the relationship between statements and representations. ② verb phrase used with tone, writing is a single sentence with punctuation, the meaning of the expression is complete. (6), prepositional phrase: preposition and its object by the composition of the phrase. Basic structure: preposition + noun, preposition + pronoun. Grammatical features: ① preposition phrase in the sentence as a whole as a sentence. ② prepositional phrase before the main center of an adverbial phrase, as in the back of the complement predicate language. ③ preposition phrase sometimes do attribute, must come with "the." (7), "the" word phrase: by the verb, adjective, verb-object phrases with "and" composition. Basic structure: verb +, the adjective, and verb-object phrase + of. Features: ① "de" is equivalent to a noun phrase in the sentence. ② "the" word phrase often do general subject, object. 3, a single sentence: (1), single sentence Category: sentence structure divided by the main verb and non-main verb; by the use or tone of a sentence is divided into declarative, interrogative, imperative sentences, exclamatory sentences. (2), the composition of a single sentence: subject, predicate, object, adverbial, complement. (3), analysis steps: first, to understand the main points that Ju Yi, first sentence into two, divided into subject and predicate, the former general is the subject, predicate in the post; the second step, to find the object, and some sentences Yes, some do not, the object of the verb is the object of domination; the third step, compressed language sentences to find center, Head is subject to modification, supplement or component can dominate the backbone of the object; The fourth step is to find _set_, like, complement. Attributive to the subject and object in front of Head Head of the front to look, adverbial phrase in the predicate in front of the back of complement in the predicate phrase. Common components of a single sentence symbols see textbooks. (4), the sentence stem: refers to the adverbial, complement the rest of the compressed, that is the center of language subject, predicate and object language center of the center of the composition language. Removal of the sentence stem, Predicate negation in front of words (no, no, no) sentences, we should deny the words on the trunk; met Head is tied for a phrase, we should pick out the parallel structure. 4, the complex sentence: compound sentence is composed of two or more related sense, the structure does not contain a single sentence of each form of the composition of sentences. (1), how to distinguish a single, complex sentence: ① clause complex sentence is not between each component, which is to distinguish between a single, complex sentence the most important point. Between the clause complex sentence structure and do not contain, that no sentence elements to each other, there is no structural relationship between the sentence elements, which is the essential characteristic of complex sentences, complex sentences and single sentence is the most fundamental difference. ② can not see the subject to conclude that not only a complex sentence. ③ Those who control a subject of several verbs, as long as said by commas or semicolons pause, and do each element is complex sentence. ④ Some related words can be used both in different clauses in complex sentences can also be used in a single sentence. Such as: Only those who love the work, to love life. (Simple sentence) (2) and complex sentence types: There are side by side, progressive, _select_ion, turn, cause and effect, assuming the condition that several types. Determine the relationship between complex sentences, related words are important, there is a jingle to difficult to remember, finishing in a Confusing, keep in mind. "Not" "but" is a parallel, "not" "is" is a choice, "Shangqie" "let alone" is a progressive, "though" with "also" is a turning point. "Now," with "to" is the cause and effect, "even" with "also" is the assumption "Whatever" "unless" and "regardless" and "only" "if" about conditions. (3), the double sentence: the structure has two levels of complex sentences. There are three main components: The simple sentence + complex sentences and complex sentence + simple sentence, complex sentence + complex sentence. By steps: look at a few clauses, the key is to look at a few subject-predicate structure; identify the sentence of the first layer (to find the method: ① the association to find the words to guide the whole sentence. See the range of associated word command, see Where did the word association to cover. ② from the clause between the elastic relations, is the first layer of loose ③ complex sentences where a semicolon is often the first layer.) In short, all the clauses have been analyzed to date are a single sentence . 5, modify the wrong sentences: (1), incomplete sentence elements: the sentence should have a missing element of the meaning of the expression, it becomes a kind of structure is not complete wrong sentences. Common ingredients are usually subject incomplete incomplete, incomplete attributive Head Head and so on. (2), sentences with the wrong ingredients: mix of subject and predicate, the predicate can not properly pay attention to the statement subject; verb and object of the match, pay attention to the action verbs that govern behavior of the object can represent things; modifiers and centers language with, pay attention to the modification of the center of language is appropriate. (3), word order unreasonable: various Chinese order of sentence elements is relatively fixed, such as the head of the subject in the predicate, object, complement in the verb, adjective behind, attribute, adverbial phrase at the center front, a few sliding scale of adverbial has some sort order. (4), sentence hybridity: Different sentences can express the same meaning, but each can only use the expression of a sentence. The two arguments, both sentences intermixed together, often result in structural confusion. (5), before and after the discrepancies: In the expression unreasonable, contradictory or inconsistent, but also easily lead to wrong sentences, generally, there are two contradictory; one is inconsistent words, the same sentence with two opposite meanings words. The other is the situation before and after the expression of contradictory. (6), otherwise: refer to is unknown, word class error, repeat wordy, abuse of negativity, a misnomer. 6, Rhetoric: (1), the commonly used figure of speech: metaphor (simile, metaphor), personification, hyperbole, parallelism, antithesis, repetition, rhetorical questions (no doubt the question, question and answer), ask (2), sentence transformation and _select_ion: ① sentences by purpose, can be divided into declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory. Declarative sentence is to tell people one thing; questions is asking for one thing; the imperative is used to ask other people what to do or not to sentence; exclamation used to express some strong feelings of the sentence. ② sentence conversion: active voice and passive voice conversion, Affirmative and Negative Sentences conversion. Conversion Problems in Sentence: A, sentence transformation, just put it another way, for a sentence, the sentence does not change the original intent; B, Affirmative change negative sentence, one approach is to find antonyms add "no" You can also change the double negative. How to Learn Chinese middle school Language is an important tool for discipline is the foundation of human language, so learn the language is essential. So, how can we better grasp of the language of the discipline it? First, learn the textbook knowledge. Second, pay attention to extra-curricular accumulation. Knowledge is like the sea, textbook knowledge is just one of the sea waves, are far from meeting our needs, so the proper reading is necessary. Entered the phase of intense study, we will never again have a lot of spare time to read, so reading should be _select_ed. We should be broad view of various books and newspapers magazines, television, radio, online access to information, and organized to do the next notes. Should be concerned about social life, understand the social dynamic, to make their own thinking to progress. This will not only enable us to accumulate more knowledge, but also enrich our lives. Third, to strengthen writing training. We are an important objective of language learning is the writing. Writing skills bit by bit from the start. Accumulation is the basis of extra-curricular writing, learn to read the article, exciting chapter in the best to recite. If intra-abdominal empty, not write good articles. In addition, to observe life, perception of life, persistence of a diary, personal feelings to write essays, to help us write a good composition is an effective way. Written essay to be repeatedly revised, you can also ask the teacher, the views of students, the better. I hope you can learn the purpose of establishing the right to master the basic learning methods, from now on, long-term adherence to accumulate the power to close a matter of course effect. How do high school language to learn? High school students from the elementary school period is the most active since the thinking, the best skills, the ability to feel the strongest, the highest level of appreciation for three years. The subject is life giving nourishment to your benefit. At best, the language learning directly affects a person's spiritual world, affecting his life, the feeling of the world, experience and understand. Little is to say, 3 + X with the widespread implementation of the college entrance examination pattern, learn the language has become a highlight of the face of such fierce competition, the students, what are you going to learn? One. Attention to teaching, rehearsal place Junior high school textbooks and textbook biggest difference is long, deep, beautiful. More than the text, content, depth, beauty of artistic conception, adequate and careful read of the preview is to improve the efficiency of language learning shortcuts, and sometimes not necessarily a classical finish the week; an article can be up to 10 pages or so. This course is a very large capacity can imagine, the students can not be safe to assume, must be done before class to clear the words, read along the text, after-school sort out our thinking, good summary. II. Fine fine tired plot, quibble Ask someone from high school to reach a consensus, only the word liberal arts approach to learning - accumulation. Extensive knowledge of languages, a short time Juenan a big breakthrough. The extracts of accumulation is not blind, and must be careful, to be repeated, to remember the simplicity. For example: simple to be able to successfully read the classical style, learning to be a long process of gradual accumulation of classical content words, function words of knowledge, so as to have the content words or function words from the same number of meanings in the context of _select_ing it in the context items should be the ability for justice. Another example: To ensure the smooth implementation of Mandarin, the college entrance examination every year insist on examining the first question in Chinese speech. For those who polyphone, homophone, are you prepared to do these examinations? In addition, the essay writing (free writing under training) is the best preparation for college entrance essay. Proposition in recent years, college entrance essay writing topic way, we can say it with the release of essays, there is some arbitrariness in common. Not difficult to find students to write weekly junior high school, almost every week there are one or two come out excellent work, some of the emotional experience to impress us; some smart ideas inspired by the audience; some deep insights only solution to rule the roost. These swipes and to the Lyric Pieces, Current Commentary, life sketches, three years after the college entrance essay is not the best material it? But if you do not keep, even top students has failed, according to newspaper reports: a college entrance essay students were to spend two years out of college career, then the papers can not help but Lament face: she would never play a two- year-ago levels, can not write a masterpiece like. Why? Interrupt the system because he Essay practitioners. Mr. Ye Shengtao said: "The writing system skills, not as knowledge, should be in practice exercises, writing more than care for the experience." It not only makes the wording more mature students, but also the profound ideological and growing. Shows, essays, is that you "wide sea diving, the days of His Career," the display platform, the students, beginning from today, pick up the pen, in order to harvest after three years hard work it! III. Exercise their creative muscle, complementary Think much brain is the so-called hands-on, practice. Easy to think, happy expression. New materials we use have two basic characteristics: First, the edited material _select_ed for relatively advanced ideas, moral teachings reduced, while the relative increase in human factors; the second addition to textbooks, there are readers, reading a large amount. Shows the extension of language learning is equal to the extension of life. Students Do not just parroting the "copier" role, have their own way of thinking, strong attention to contemporary daily life events, range widely famous works, so that speaking and writing to the limit, the real basis of language subjects re- , re-ability, application-oriented. Version of language teaching materials around the country Junior Chinese Version | Senior Chinese Version Junior high school for Jiangsu | High School Required for Jiangsu Newly published new junior high school | high school experimental version of PEP The current version of junior high school PEP | High School PEP regular edition Lu taught junior high school version | high school education version Lu Taught junior high school version of E Taught junior high school version of Zhejiang Beijing Normal University junior Guangdong High Education Edition Shanghai to teach high school version Add: 1. Text Poem two See: cowboy riding cattle, singing Zhenlin more. Desire to catch Maemi, suddenly closed _set_. Koike: spring silent trickle pity, love the shade according to clear soft water. Lotus was exposed sharp angle, stand on top of already dragonfly. 2. Secondary language examinations (1) Ziyinzixing (2) words (3) punctuation (4) Syntax (5) Rhetoric (6) Read (7) Composition 3. The word class (1) pictograms (2) knowing (3) phonetic (4) under the guise of (5) indicates (6) Transcription
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English Expression
n.: comparative philology, Chinese as a subject of study, language and literature
French Expression
n. langue, langage;
langue et littérature
Related Phrases
learn
concinnous
compose
classifier
literal
tongue
literature
Grass encyclopaedia
culture
idiom
dict
become book containing listsof words and phrases grouped according to their meanings
Culture and Arts
comparative philology knowledge
prose in the classical literary style
zhuangzi
Famous
Chinese literature
Chinese book containing listsof words and phrases grouped according to their meanings