Computer Technology computer technology Computer technologies include: the basic principles of algorithms and computing design, instruction _set_, the central processor (CPU) design, pipeline design principle and its application in the CPu, storage systems, bus and input and output. The use of computer technology in the field of methods and techniques. Computer technology has significant combination of features, with electrical engineering, applied physics, mechanical engineering, and mathematics and other modern communications technology closely, and develop rapidly. First general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC is to time the radar pulse technology, nuclear physics of electronic counting technology, communication technology-based. Electronic technology, especially the development of microelectronics technology, have a significant impact on computer technology, the two interwoven, closely. Applied Physics achievements for the development of computer technology to provide the conditions: vacuum electronics, magnetic recording technology, optics and laser technology, superconducting technology, optical fiber technology, thermal and light-sensitive technology, are widely used in the computer. Mechanical engineering technology, especially precision machinery and processes and measurement technology, computer peripherals technology pillar. With the computer technology and communication advances in each technology, and social networking for the computer in order to achieve resource sharing is a growing demand, computer technology and communication technology has also been closely together, will become the powerful material and technical base. Discrete mathematics, algorithm theory, language theory, control theory, information theory, automata theory, etc., for the development of computer technology provides an important theoretical basis. In many disciplines of computer technology and industrial technology, based on the emergence and development, but also in almost all fields of science and technology and national economy has been widely used. The basic content of the content of a wide range of computer technology, can be roughly divided into the computer system technology, computer device technology, computer technology and computer parts assembly and other aspects. Computer system technology as a complete computer system by the use of technology. There are technical system architecture, system management, maintenance technology and system application technology. ① system architecture technology: its role is to get a good problem-solving computer system efficiency and reasonable cost performance. Advances in electronics, micro-program design and solid engineering technology, virtual memory technology, and operating systems and programming languages and other aspects of development, both technical structure of computer systems have a significant impact. It has become a computer hardware, firmware, software, closely integrated, and involves electrical engineering, microelectronics engineering and computer science theory, and multi-disciplinary technology. Modern computer architecture technology has two main aspects: one is the system seen from the structure of the program designers, it is the system's conceptual structure and function related to the software design features; other is seen from the hardware designer The system structure is actually composed of a computer or to achieve, primarily focused on the rationalization of cost performance. But since the 1950s, the program designers have seen little change in the structure of the system, the traditional computer hardware components and computer technology a serious gap between high-level language to software reliability, source code compilation efficiency, and efficiency of the system of problem-solving adversely affect other aspects of this technology requires a computer system architecture to address the important issue. To improve system operation speed as the main purpose to develop parallel processing technology, is 70 years since the system is an important component technology direction (see the parallel processing computer system). 70 years of data flow computer system appeared structure of thinking, the traditional command and control computer for data flow control method to change the control flow control methods. Making it possible to automatically remove the barriers related operations, achieve a high degree of parallel purposes. As the device is a significant decline in prices for a particular purpose designed system, can significantly improve the cost performance, such as database computers, image processing computers. ④ system application technology: the computer system is widely used. Process automation and software design and application engineering is a general relationship between the two aspects. Program design automation, computer automated design program that is the computer to promote the necessary conditions. By the early computer programming manual to machine instructions, time-consuming, error-prone, to read and debug changes are very difficult. The early 1950s, the use of assembly language and machine code instructions and symbols correspond to the memory address of a replacement machine instruction operation code and address code, and then generates machine instructions through an interpreter, a program designed to effectively improve the conditions, although it is a low-level language, but can write a quality manual procedures and still retain its vitality. Emerged in the mid 1950s, high-level programming language, according to the laws and characteristics of the subject algorithm to define strict language and describe ways in which designers can use the language forms the subject of the preparation of a source, then compile the program to automatically compile expressed purpose machine instruction program, designed to greatly improve the process of labor productivity. High-level programming language has hundreds of species, mainly those with BASIC, FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL, PASCAL, etc. As many and mutually unintelligible languages, porting difficulties, resulting in tremendous waste. Therefore, it was the creation of a unified language problems very seriously, the U.S. ADA language is an example. Close to natural language algorithm language is also explored. Software product engineering for the development of computer technology is of great significance. Software production is relatively backward, manually-based, less degree of automation. Computer electronics device technology is the material base computer system, computer logic of the most complex line of grass-roots "and door", "or gates" and "inverter." Thus the composition of high-level line of "combinational logic" and "temporal logic" categories. The logic implemented by the electronic device, usually electronic device in a computer program as a technical change on behalf of the logo. Computer device technology, from the 1950s to the 1980s, vacuum electronic devices of ultra large scale integrated circuits, has gone through several major stages of development, the machine packing density increase of about four orders of magnitude speed increase of about 5 to 6 orders of magnitude, to improve the reliability about four orders of magnitude (to device failure rate of more units), power consumption by approximately 3 to 4 orders of magnitude (a single "gate" for more units), lower prices of about 4 to 5 orders of magnitude (a single "gate" for more units). Device technology advances greatly improved computer system performance and low cost. Computer systems technology, computer components by the number and variety of the components of. Various parts of the technical content is very rich, mainly computing and control technology, information technology and information storage input and output technology. ① computing and control technology: the computer's arithmetic and logic functions mainly by the central processor, main memory, channel or I / O processor and controller components to achieve a variety of external devices. At the core of the central processor. Operations research algorithms to accelerate arithmetic, especially multiplication and division operations have an important role, with the devices at lower prices, from the logical methods of carry and shift significantly reduce the time. Instruction overlap, instruction parallelism, pipelining, and cache storage and other technology, can improve CPU operation speed. Micro-process technology, the more cluttered and difficult to change the original random control logic becomes flexible and structured, it is the concept of programming the machine instructions used in the implementation process, control logic design methods are a major improvement, but because by the speed limit, used for medium and small computers, access and external parts of the equipment controller. A variety of early computer control, are concentrated in the processor, the system inefficient. Multi-channel programs and time-sharing system of technology generation and various memory and input and output components in the functional and technical development, the computer system of internal information management and transfer has become an important issue, the computer control from a centralized to distributed, control technology and the emergence of memory channel, the external parts of the equipment control technology. ② Information storage technology: storage technology can make a very large amount of computer data and programs stored in the system being in order to achieve high-speed processing. As the storage means in capacity, speed, sharp conflicts between the three prices, the memory had to take grading system, the formation of memory hierarchy, from top to bottom can be divided into cache storage, high-speed main memory (also known as internal memory), and high-capacity external storage and so on. Main memory storage system is the core, directly involved in the processor's internal operations, so it should be compatible with the processor operating speed and sufficient capacity. Since the 1950s, although based on different physical principles that the problem of storage methods, but did not get a good result. Mid-1950s, the advent of ferrite core memory, followed by 20 years, until the mid-1970s, MOS memory technology will be phased out after the rise. MOS memory, speed, price, power, reliability and process performance, it has great advantages, is the ideal means of main memory. Main memory operating speed has not kept pace with the processor, generally 5 to 10 times slower. To maximize the potential of the processor, the emergence of ultra high-speed buffer memory. High-speed buffer memory and the processor is usually similar composition of bipolar devices, so that both match the speed, but because of higher prices, the main memory capacity is generally only a few percent. A huge amount of computer data stored in slower external memory, lower prices, the external memory are disk drives and tape machines. Memory hierarchy relative ease of speed, capacity, price between the three conflicts, but to the user storage space scheduling difficulties. To this end, generally the hardware automatically dispatch buffer space, so transparent to the user; a virtual storage method (see virtual memory), the operating system software support, implementation of external memory between main memory and the automatic scheduling. ③ information input and output technology: input and output devices into a computer data and programs, send the results of the means. Enter the basic method is to punch cards or paper tape as the carrier, the card or tape input machine data and programs into the computer, in the early 1970s appear floppy disk data entry keying method (ie, data input station) is becoming more common. The text, data printing (or handwriting) body directly read into the computer optical character recognition machine has been achieved, the image directly into the computer's voice technology also has made some achievements. Computer assembly assembly with a computer system reliability, ease of maintenance, debugging, production process and the delay of information transmission are closely related. Computer electronics reliability as the ambient temperature and humidity rise and fall, dust accumulation could cause plug-ins or bottom of a short or open, the refrigeration and air conditioning assembly technology is an important issue to be resolved. Commonly used methods are: the introduction of plug-cooled liquid Freon refrigeration method of direct film; use Freon to cool the water, then cold water-cooled cold plates to introduce plug-in method; use Freon to cool the air, then cold air into the machine forced air-cooled warehouse law. The first two craft a more complex structure, so use more air-cooled. Assembly to be solved another problem is to improve the packing density. Subnanosecond level device into the computer after a few centimeters long wire delay of the signal generated by the machine have been enough to affect the normal operation of the packing density is even more prominent. Changes in computer electronics, a great impact on the assembly, assembly and technological progress always in harmony with the computer generation, to keep the small, micro-development. In the tube era, a "gate" that is a plug-in, in order to weld nails, wire brazed together. Transistor density of the assembly of an order of magnitude, each plug-in can contain a number of "door", the use of single-sided or double-sided PCB assembly. IC will be absorbed into the past of the plug within the device, while using the plug-in multi-layer printed boards and floor, and a series of lines around the process, greatly improving the packing density. Large-scale and ultra large scale integrated circuit gate array application, the assembly of miniaturization, the typical method is to solder in the IC bare chip as many as 30 layers of ceramic, the composition module, and then welded to the module more than ten layers on the printing plate. Trends in computer technology is facing a new series of major changes. Neumann system, simple hardware and specialized software can not meet the growing complexity of logic, the subject increasingly complex huge trend, requires the creation of software needs and issues subject to the natural logic of the new system. Parallel, Lenovo, and special features of the hardware, firmware, software-phase composite, is an important new system implementation. Information processing by computer, data processing, the transition to knowledge management, knowledge base will replace the database. Natural language, patterns, images, handwriting, etc. people - the opportunity it will be the main form of input and output, people - local ties to senior level. GaAs devices will replace silicon. Computer design technique to learn an effective way to: Again, be aware that the composition and development of computer knowledge, computer knowledge, hardware sub-part of the knowledge and software knowledge, knowledge of hardware, such as computer organization, hardware assembly, electrical electronics, the software part of the knowledge, such as operating system (win-dows) the use of the language program to use, office software, office use, general non-computer users to master the software as long as the first part of the knowledge is sufficient, when the well-known of these knowledge, which naturally proceeding from outside to the inside knowledge of the other master computer. Now the popular, commonly used classification of computer knowledge, computer knowledge to understand the purpose of the study. (1) Computer Basics: Keyboard and comfortably, with proficiency in English words; (2) Windows; skilled knowledge of the operating system: (3) office software applications: the daily work of skilled processing, tabulation, data processing and output ; (4) database applications: the data is done daily on the database programming language used by the computer batch completed; (5) Graphics and Image Processing: Designed for the graphic image processing software; (6) installation and maintenance: the computer assembly to understand the function of each. Software update knowledge development is very fast, as the operating system software from 1988 DOS2.0 Windows2000 updated to today's eight, nine versions. In fact, an updated computer knowledge is not complete face-lift, just to expand on the original function improved, so that the development of intelligent computers, and people closer to the grasp of today's software has mastered the updated software is used to a new expansion functions will be more understanding of the computer, in front of the computer before the computer made to learn something about the throw away the tension on the computer, in a relaxed mood talk about computer-based learning methods. (1) according to the traditional learning methods, step by step. According to the classification of knowledge, just the computer step by step starting from the basics of computer science, a primary school secondary school, and then the other branches of computer science. At the beginning of this study may bear fruit a little, but learned later you will feel more complete understanding of the computer, learn other computer software easier. That is through the accumulation of knowledge of computer knowledge to enhance understanding, and learned to some extent, when the computer has a knowledge of all aspects of understanding, it will feel much better than this computer. (2) what school any way of learning. If the work requires knowledge of certain aspects of the computer, you can begin to learn computer knowledge in this area, do not worry do not understand other aspects of computer knowledge, through serious study of computer knowledge needed, can also learn the computer, directly applied to the work, to help work, to make better results. Computer knowledge is so can be separated from school, when familiar with this knowledge can then learn the other hand, computer knowledge, that is, getting from here to study, the same can be full and complete mastery of the computer. Computer is a tool to assist the work, life, what the school needs what. This is enough. (3) more on the machine, more hands. The key is to learn the computer "on machine", must be more and more hands-on, in order to apply the knowledge acquired computer up, the computer will know more about a variety of temperament. In general, the machines and learning lessons for the 3:1 than the best, you learn an hour, three hours on the machine, and learning rather than an hour on the machine, the effect is completely different. In the process of machine will find a lot of problems, you can improve yourself. The machine is also important in computer science, even without the knowledge of the computer, but also need to use it, as long as the power, direct action prompted by the book it, you can master it within minutes, use it the. In short, according to the need to choose a learning method, often operating computers, will soon learn the computer, the computer will become a good helper
Translated by Google
Encyclopedia
jisuanji jishu Computer Technology computer technology The use of computer technology in the field of methods and techniques. Computer technology has significant combination of features, with electrical engineering, applied physics, mechanical engineering, and mathematics and other modern communications technology closely, and develop rapidly. First general-purpose electronic computer ENIAC is to time the radar pulse technology, nuclear physics of electronic counting technology, communication technology-based. Electronic technology, especially the development of microelectronics technology, have a significant impact on computer technology, the two interwoven, closely. Applied Physics achievements for the development of computer technology to provide the conditions: vacuum electronics, magnetic recording technology, optics and laser technology, superconducting technology, optical fiber technology, thermal and light-sensitive technology, are widely used in the computer. Mechanical engineering technology, especially precision machinery and processes and measurement technology, computer peripherals technology pillar. With their computer and communication technology progress, and social networking for the computer in order to achieve resource sharing is a growing demand, computer technology and communication technology has also been closely together, will become a powerful material and technical base. Discrete mathematics, algorithm theory, language theory, control theory, information theory, automata theory, etc., for the development of computer technology provides an important theoretical basis. In many disciplines of computer technology and industrial technology, based on the emergence and development, but also in almost all fields of science and technology and national economy has been widely used. The basic content of the content of a wide range of computer technology, can be roughly divided into the computer system technology, computer device technology, computer technology and computer parts assembly and other aspects. Computer system technology as a complete computer system by the use of technology. There are technical system architecture, system management, maintenance technology and system application technology. ① system architecture technology: its role is to get a good problem-solving computer system efficiency and reasonable performance and low cost. Advances in electronics, micro-program design and solid engineering technology, virtual memory technology, and operating systems and programming languages and other aspects of development, both technical structure of computer systems have a significant impact. It has become a computer hardware, firmware, software, closely integrated, and involves electrical engineering, microelectronics engineering and computer science theory, and multi-disciplinary technology. Modern computer architecture technology has two main aspects: one is the system seen from the structure of the program designers, it is the system's conceptual structure and function related to the software design features; other is seen from the hardware designer The system structure is actually composed of a computer or to achieve, primarily focused on the rationalization of cost performance. But since the 1950s, the program designers have seen little change in the structure of the system, the traditional computer hardware components and a serious gap between high-level language to software reliability, source code compilation efficiency, and system efficiency in problem solving adverse effects, computer system architecture technology which is an important issue to be resolved. To improve system operation speed as the main purpose to develop parallel processing technology, is 70 years since the system is an important component technology direction (see the parallel processing computer system). 70 years of data flow computer system appeared structure of thinking, the traditional command and control computer for data flow control method to change the control flow control methods. Making it possible to automatically remove the barriers related operations, achieve a high degree of parallel purposes. As the device is a significant decline in prices for a particular purpose designed system, can significantly improve the cost performance, such as database computers, image processing computers.
network