Time of the origin of angiosperms pollen and leaves the best available evidence that the angiosperm fossil is about 130 million ~ 135 million years ago, the origin of the Early Cretaceous. In the more ancient Cretaceous sediments, the number of the fossil record of angiosperms and gymnosperms, and ferns fossil shame. Until 8000 ~ 9000 million years from now the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms only in most parts of the Earth accounts for the dominant position. Only the upper half of the Early Cretaceous period 〔Albian (albian) and the Aptian of (aptian)〕, in the northern hemisphere (North America, Portugal, the Far East) was there no doubt dicotyledonous fossil leaf prints. The first shows the original characteristics of dicotyledonous and monocot angiosperm pollen is a single channel of Balie Mu in the early Cretaceous period (barremian) appears. However, the original of gymnosperms angiosperm pollen and the pollen can hardly tell, so the identification of fossil pollen to the old cause great difficulties. The evolution of dicotyledons than the three-channel pollen is slightly younger Aptian strata in the first period reported. Botanists from the more ancient the ancient strata of the original type of pollen development to the more derived type of young deposits in the pollen of angiosperms in the Cretaceous was informed of this fact had experienced a great diversification. To the end of the 麦斯特列赫 Cretaceous period (maestrichtian) appeared in a number of modern families and genera of fossil pollen and leaves, including Magnoliales, witch hazel eyes, buttercup Head Head and tea, and a member of a number of monocots. Cenozoic fossil flowers are found in Tertiary strata of the Eocene. Discipline is assumed to be white evil wood dicots only a few records, they represent the type of the lack of xylem evolution of the original features of angiosperms. Leaf fossils of the Cretaceous period of the research results show that there is a gradual diversification of style, from some of the modern Magnoliales leaf common to the transition to a subclass with the existing rose leaf morphology similar to the process. But fls Melville found that the 70 has the same closed and angiosperm ovule, Late Permian fossils were identified as subclass tongue fern (glossopteridae) the glossopteris linearis and breytenia plumsteadiae in the fact that the origin of angiosperms Permian, and the creation of the Origin of flowers and related reproductive leaf theory. He assumes subclass tongue fern in the early Triassic was a devastating blow after the almost entirely dominated dichroidium later replaced by Flora. Tongue fern from the residual subclass of angiosperms evolved in the Triassic and Jurassic the remainder of the first half of the expansion is slow, it accelerated to the speed of the Cretaceous. The location of the origin of angiosperms is widely accepted that the origin and early differentiation of angiosperms in the Cretaceous of the equator is likely to or near the equatorial belt with a certain place because of existing and fossil magnolia class in Asia and the Pacific Southwest Southeast dominant . In addition, the Early Cretaceous rocks of the oldest angiosperm pollen found in the three channel regions in the tropical latitudes to support this argument. Primitive angiosperms may be grown in the original semi-arid areas of instability and riparian shrub habitats, and later differentiate into trees and herbs. At that time dicotyledons and monocotyledons distinction may have been generated. In the Cretaceous, as Laurasia (laurasia) and Gondwana (gondwa-naland) not yet separated, and thus the rapid spread of angiosperms. Today the most primitive angiosperms almost equally distributed in the northern and southern hemispheres, in another hemisphere, and many families have their closest relatives and other powerful example of how these original ancestors of angiosperms is not dispersed to the mainland has been extended the two hemispheres. Late Cretaceous, because of the Gondwana split and migration of its components, resulting in flora rapidly in the state of differentiation of geographic isolation. Late Cretaceous transgressive widely divergent angiosperm evolution accelerated pace and to promote region-specific phenomenon has become increasingly evident. Before the angiosperms (proangiosperms) according to the fossil record, and any other groups of angiosperms, there is no direct link. But scholars generally believe that the seeds of gymnosperms, ferns have to group to find the ancestors of angiosperms. ean Arbor and j. Parkin Jurassic from North America according to a number found in the cycads of the head (bennettitales) of the fruiting bodies of the proposed "flower cones" hypothesis that the angiosperm flower is a gymnosperm the ball leaves the evolution of the spores, and is called the "flower cone" of shortening and a high degree of metamorphosis, having spores branches. Ovule with semi-enclosed with angular structure of the opening of the short head (caytoniales) may represent the modern angiosperm ovules (not carpel) a pioneer in evolution, but is unlikely to be angiosperm seed fern direct ancestors. According to the fossil record, many similarities between angiosperm taxa and the lack of any obvious internal clearance, and they all known fossil and extant gymnosperms have a completely segregation, most scholars almost unanimously convinced that occurred in angiosperms is the unit . Pollen ultrastructure of research has recently given important support to this belief. All angiosperms produce pollen reservoir is a common phenomenon, but in the gymnosperms, such as Ma Teng is a buy, but no such phenomenon. This finding confirms the assumption that the pollen production of oil is the basic traits of angiosperms first part of the integrated features: a sticky pollen carpel with ovules, stigma formation, lure, and for different animal consumption methods, gender flowers, etc., both in function associated with animal pollination. Clearly, there is no one more true than this and provide the origin of angiosperms and further differentiation, ecologically more consistent interpretation. Further divided into sub-classes over head and head. This range of super-head between the subclass and the objective has been the modern taxa of angiosperm classification systems are generally used. However, the head (or even super-mesh) in a different classification system is not only significant differences between the number and the name and contents vary widely. Projects in addition to the formal classification system used in the description of Chinese and foreign, are not widely used. Many taxonomists subjects like applied above the level of informal taxonomic units.
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Overview
Angiosperm (Angiospermae) is the plant kingdom's largest and most advanced one. By a small number (typically 8) of cells of the embryo sac and the phenomenon of double fertilization is considered the consistency in the evolution of angiosperms and other plant groups with different evidence. Angiosperms, gymnosperms are morphologically different from that of the spores by leaves balls with flowers; ovule is concealed in the closed ovary, the results from the implementation of the ovary development; cotyledons 1 to 2 (rarely 3 ~ 4); Victoria constituted mainly by the catheter bundle; reproductively gametophyte greatly simplified, with the least number of times and development division, in the female gametophyte has not developed archegonia; ecologically adapted to a wide range of kinds of living conditions; in the physiological functions on a much larger than the gymnosperms, and ferns of the adaptability of light use. There are around 300 to 450 families (the concept of the various classification systems in different subjects), 25 million, the majority of families in the tropics, 2 / 3 of the species confined to tropical or its adjacent areas. China, about 2.5 million species, sub-scribe to 291 families and 3050 genera.
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Origin
1, the origin time The best available pollen and leaf fossils fossil evidence that angiosperms are about 1.3 million to 135 million years ago, the origin of the Early Cretaceous. In the more ancient Cretaceous sediments, the number of angiosperm fossil record to indicate the process of double fertilization of angiosperms and gymnosperms, and ferns fossil shame. Until 8000 ~ 9000 million years from now the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms only in most parts of the Earth accounts for the dominant position. Only in the Early Cretaceous half of the [Albian (Albian) and the Aptian of (Aptian)], in the northern hemisphere (North America, Portugal, the Far East) was there no doubt dicotyledonous fossil leaf prints. The first shows the original characteristics of dicotyledonous and monocot angiosperm pollen is a single channel of Balie Mu in the early Cretaceous period (Barremian) appears. However, the original of gymnosperms angiosperm pollen and the pollen can hardly tell, so the identification of fossil pollen to the old cause great difficulties. The evolution of dicotyledons than the three-channel pollen is slightly younger Aptian strata in the first period reported. Botanists from the more ancient the ancient strata of the original type of pollen development to the more derived type of young deposits in the fact that the pollen was informed that the angiosperms in the Cretaceous has experienced a great diversification. To the end of the 麦斯特列赫 Cretaceous period (Maestrichtian) appeared in a number of modern families and genera of fossil pollen and leaves, including Magnoliales, witch hazel eyes, buttercup and a number of projects and project Camellia member of monocots. Cenozoic fossil flowers are found in Tertiary strata of the Eocene. Cretaceous dicotyledonous plant is assumed to be only a few records of the timber, they represent the type of the lack of xylem evolution of the original features of angiosperms. Leaf fossils of the Cretaceous period of the research results show that there is a gradual diversification of style, from some of the modern Magnoliales leaf common to the transition to a subclass with the existing rose leaf morphology similar to the process. But the F · L · S · Melville said: 70 years of the 20th century found the same with and closed angiosperm ovule Late Permian fossils were identified as subclass tongue fern (Glossopteridae) the Glossopteris linearis and Breytenia Plumsteadiae this the fact that angiosperms originated in the Permian, and the creation of the Origin of flowers and related reproductive leaves doctrine. He assumes subclass tongue fern in the early Triassic was a devastating blow after the almost entirely dominated Dichroidium later replaced by the flora. Tongue fern from the residual subclass of angiosperms evolved in the Triassic and Jurassic the remainder of the first half of the expansion is slow, it accelerated to the speed of the Cretaceous. 2, place of origin Because of existing and fossil magnolia class in Asia and the Pacific Southwest Southeast advantage, so prevalent that the origin and early differentiation of angiosperms in the Cretaceous period is likely to or near the equatorial belt in some parts of the equatorial belt. In addition, the Early Cretaceous rocks of the oldest angiosperm pollen found in the three channel regions in the tropical latitudes to support this argument. Primitive angiosperms may be grown in the original semi-arid areas of instability and riparian shrub habitats, and later differentiate into trees and herbs. At that time dicotyledons and monocotyledons distinction may have been generated. In the Cretaceous, as Laurasia (Laurasia) and Gondwana (Gondwanaland) not yet separated, and thus the rapid spread of angiosperms. Today the most primitive angiosperms almost equally distributed in the northern and southern hemispheres, in another hemisphere, and many families have their closest relatives and other powerful example of how these original ancestors of angiosperms is not dispersed to the mainland has been extended the two hemispheres. Late Cretaceous, because of the Gondwana split and migration of its components, resulting in flora rapidly in the state of differentiation of geographic isolation. Late Cretaceous transgressive widely divergent angiosperm evolution accelerated pace and to promote region-specific phenomenon has become increasingly evident. 3, the first angiosperms (proangiosperms) According to fossil records, and any other groups of angiosperms, there is no direct link. But scholars generally believe that the seeds of gymnosperms, ferns have to group to find the ancestors of angiosperms. E · A · N · Arbor and J · Parkin according to Jurassic from North America found in a number of the projects within the cycads (Bennettitales) of the fruiting bodies and proposed a "cone flower," the hypothesis that angiosperm flowers is an evolution of gymnosperms, the ball leaves the spores come, which they called the "flower cone" of shortening and a high degree of metamorphosis, having spores branches. Ovule with semi-enclosed with angular structure of the opening of the short head (Caytoniales) may represent the modern angiosperm ovules (not carpel) a pioneer in evolution, but is unlikely to be angiosperm seed fern direct ancestors. According to the fossil record, many similarities between angiosperm taxa and the lack of any obvious internal clearance, and they all known fossil and extant gymnosperms have a completely segregation, most scholars almost unanimously convinced that occurred in angiosperms is the unit . Ultrastructural aspects of pollen to the belief that the important support. All angiosperms produce pollen reservoir is a common phenomenon, but in the gymnosperms, such as Ma Teng is a buy, but no such phenomenon. This finding confirms the assumption: that the pollen production of oil is the basic traits of angiosperms first part of the integrated features: a sticky pollen carpel with ovules, stigma formation, lure, and for different animal consumption methods, gender flowers, etc., both in function associated with animal pollination. Clearly, there is no more true than this and provide further differentiation and the origin of angiosperms, ecology, the explanation is more consistent.
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Structure and function
Legumes (beans) to spend real flowers schematic of the main features of angiosperms unique, it is also called angiosperms, flowering plants. Spent basically four series composition: ① the composition of the outer series on the grounds calyx sepals, usually green, has a protective effect of flowers; ② inner series on the grounds of the corolla petals, usually soft and juicy texture, color bright, with a role to lure pollinators; ③ one or more series of raw pollen stamens, collectively, androecium; ④ one (to many) series containing ovule carpels, ovary or pistil group constituted by sub- room on the style and stigma receiving pollen (male gametophyte). Pollen germination, the male gametophyte with a pollen tube cell and two sperm (male nucleus); in the ovule, the female gametophyte (embryo sac) usually has 8 cells (an egg cell, two synergid, three antipodal cells, two polar nuclei cells). After double fertilization, pollen grains produced by a male nucleus (gametes) and the fertilized eggs developed into embryos, one male and two female nuclear binding of nuclear develop into the endosperm. Flowers of different classes of style and feeling of pollinators or the perception of the role of closely linked, but also in the relationship between insects and flowers there is a parallel co-evolution. Leafy heart of the original edge of the skin or by folding and stitching closed the healing and insect pollination is likely related not only to protect the ovule grab food from the erosion of insects, and can transfer pollen by visiting insects as a medium. Carnivorous Plant - Nepenthes cell structure and differentiation of angiosperms and most evolutionary level, in addition to several original members, in the water conducting tissue (xylem) in the tubular cells are called leads. In size, the change in the size of angiosperms up to 150 meters from the eucalyptus of Australia to less than 1 mm long, simple structure of the particulate floating aquatic plants without roots Ping. In the tropical rainforest, a huge vine (such as Entada phaseoloides) on climbing the towering sky; also epiphytic orchids on the tree, Araceae and pineapple plants, they rely only on a thin plot on the tree fell trees and soil growth; sundew, Venus flytrap, bladderwort, and pitcher plants and other carnivorous plants in insect-catching design, clever and complex structure. There are a variety of parasitic angiosperms, such as mistletoe, dodder seed, by drawing from other plant nutrients to live. In particular, located in Kalimantan and Sumatra, a large exotic flowers, degradation of the vegetative organs to only a few of its host plants grow in the root or stem of the filament, but it was a huge flower, but the diameter of 45 cm, weight 7 kg, and full of love for the dead flies in the odor. There are native to Central and South America, and more sauce cactus desert plants, about 2000 species, forms and unique, up to 20 meters of the great immortal column, up to 1 meter in diameter heavy cactus, but also extended the earth, and the shape of the immortal whip snakes. Dry environment so that these plants are particularly drought-resistant: more than 95% of plants are water, hard skin stem without ventilation, leaves become a thorn, and some kinds of fluffy clouds over the body - all this is to prevent water evaporation. High level of physical efficiency and a wide range of vegetative plasticity and the diversity of the angiosperms to spend almost all the extremes occupied habitat, and to characterize these habitats - forests, grasslands, deserts and many aquatic habitats. Angiosperms in the main plant forming a geographic area often dominated by the families, genera and species characterized by a wide range of ecological communities.
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Reproduction
Reproduction of angiosperms can be divided into sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction into two categories. 1, the sexual reproduction: are divided into cross-fertilization and self fertilization in two parts. ⑴ cross-fertilization of plants Cross-fertilization of plants tend to have many mechanisms to prevent self fertilization, the incompatibility system. Whether the effect can be put under the form of incompatibility system is divided into: incompatibility with the system and contoured shape incompatibility system. Alien incompatibility system involving approximately 24 families of angiosperms, style length differences, in particular, two types of style, is a major incompatibility shaped system in which groups of species is a group with long and short styles flowers with short stamens and style and stamen of a flower head composed of plants, specific examples of Primula, the ear of the Genus, buckbean genus Forsythia genus and so on. Fertilization occurs only between the two types of plants after pollination, and not on the same plant. III style (tristyly) is another style different types of long, including 3 different types of flowers: ① long style-type stigma anther below the 2 groups; ② Medium style type, stigma, and the bottom of each Group 1 Anther; ③ short style type, two groups have the stigma above the anthers. Three types of styles of Oxalis growing woody species only in the rain for a long time to spend Branch and Lythraceae found. Intraspecific level of fertilization after pollination by pollen and stigma are at the same level as the highest. Therefore, if the medium style type of flowers only in the long-or short-style flower in the middle-style-type anther height to produce seeds after pollination. Almost any type of style two or three type styles of the genus have some plants, their anthers and stigma in the same level, if not actually the words of self-pollination is amiable and the self. This style of plants with the distribution of long styles are often different than the length of the plant broad-based if the self-fertilization, they may be much smaller flowers. ⑵ selfing plants Selfing plant also known as inbreeding plants. As these plant species or taxa in the number of individual genotypes are not the same, but each individual can maintain their genetic multi-generational change, the result is often pure form or with the form of many small species. Cleistogamous is conducive to the phenomenon of self fertilization, plants form a small and not noticeable to remain open and spent flower self-pollination and fertilization. Under normal circumstances, cleistogamous flowers and flowering plants in the same fertilization of peanut, such as Viola, Oxalis genus Lespedeza, blood is red, wild sesame genus, and genus Caryopteris are rectangular. Cleistogamous and ecological conditions are sometimes closely related to the rainy weather as long as extreme shade, seems to be favorable to produce cleistogamous flowers (such as grass canopy.) This may be because conditions in the shelter become scarce pollinators often the reason. Viola's cleistogamy more frequently at high altitudes is clearly to be attributed to the fact that photoperiodic response. Carl Commelina Fox grew up in the underground cleistogamous flowers are blooming exposure conditions can become fertilized. J · S · Huxley that the formation of cleistogamous ecological pressure caused by the flower can not be opened (leave cleistogamous) resulting in self-pollination, followed by petals and stamens reduced and the final volume in the original location of pollen on the germination and not release the other from the anthers to further adaptation. Flowers II is strictly cleistogamous flowers and blooming flowers are fertilized the plants grown in different. However, cleistogamous flowers and II phenomenon is sometimes difficult to separate. For example, in water, Golden Phoenix, in addition to complete the students a small-shaped flowers cleistogamous plants and complete the Health is big beautiful flowers blooming plant fertilization, some plants both. Type II plants are sometimes spent within the group were polymorphic phenomena, such as Lithospermum Carolina. 2, vegetative propagation: apomictic plants, including any type of asexual reproduction. Can be divided into two categories: vegetative propagation and non-fusion seed. ⑴ vegetative propagation Strawberry also called vegetative propagation vegetative propagation vegetative apomixis, is entirely by stolons, rhizomes, tubers, shoots and buds and other beads vegetative reproductive passage way by plant roots, stems, leaves and other vegetative organs or organization of a particular way of generating new plant reproduction. This mode of reproduction does not involve cell fusion, it is a way of apomixis, asexual reproduction is a broad category. If you artificially remove the part of plant vegetative organs or tissue, in vitro culture into a new plant, called artificial vegetative propagation. The offspring of sexual reproduction of plants with the genetic characteristics of parents prone to mutation, and vegetative propagation is not, such as the highly heterozygous woody perennials (if the tree), vegetative propagation can be maintained through artificial good maternal genetic traits. Vegetative propagation is essentially the mother cell by mitosis produces new offspring individuals, and their offspring genetic recombination does not occur normally in the genetic composition and their parents are consistent. Vegetative propagation of plants Different plant groups, have different reproductive modes. Lower plants by spores (asexual spores) or the lobe of plant debris and form a new individual. Some bryophyte surface can produce a special organ - cell bud Cup, which will grow the green cell buds. Mature bud cells detached from the plant, meet the appropriate conditions can grow into new gametophytes. Stems of seed plants is an effective reproductive organs of most plants. For example, strawberries are the rhizomes, that is, a surface generated along the slender stems, ro_set_te leaf axils from the grow, it can grow in each section of new plants. Reproduce in this way there Duchesnea indica, root shoot the dog, white clover, grass and saxifrage and other bones. Many herbaceous perennials can be abnormal stem propagation, such as bulbs, corms, tubers and rhizomes, these abnormal function of the stem with the storage of food, but also the organs of vegetative propagation. Bulb is actually a short erect swollen shoot apex, fleshy scales surrounding the growing point and leaf flower primordia. Produced by the leaves of a small bulb scales between axilla and eventually form new plants from the mother bulb. This reproduction found in onions, daffodils, tulips, hyacinths, lilies, garlic and mother of pearl and so on. Some lilies can grow axillary bulbil, the small bulbs, called bulbils, long after it from the mother into a new plant. Gladiolus, possession of a: leaf propagation, b: Bubil Cang Lambe breeding safflower and small stems are bulbs. Gladiolus corms have a 4 bud primordia, which bud primordia can develop under appropriate conditions to form a new bulb, after the death of the old bulbs after flowering. In each new bulbs around, but also grow some of the small bulbs of different sizes, when they grow 1 to 2 years could be achieved after the flowering stage. Fleshy underground stem tuber is the product of reduced swelling to a bud eye cultivated potato tubers when cut into small pieces, may be long emergence from the bud eye, then under the Minister out of adventitious shoot apex. Rhizomes are horizontal underground stem growth, with inter-nodes and leaves, flowers and other axis and adventitious roots from the festival happen. Such as iris, canna, bamboo and poisonous weeds, the Arab sorghum have rhizomes. Many important economic plants such as bananas, ginger, ferns and some grasses also reproduce by rhizomes. Root is another important vegetative reproduction organs. For example: Rose, poplar, raspberry and bramble and other plants can produce the level of adventitious buds on roots (sucker), and new plants can be gradually developed. Each seedling roots with a new adult plant can be transplanted. Fleshy root is abnormal enlargement of underground roots, if the edible parts of roots on sweet potato beds, and can grow adventitious buds, adventitious roots grow from the stems and buds after planting can be enlarged by the formation of new adventitious roots. Leaves and buds can also reproduce. Such as the root of the fleshy leaf margin of each notch can lead to "embryo", which to a certain degree of embryo development, seedlings can take root and develop into independent new plants. Over mountain ferns and maidenhair fern leaves whip the top of taper leaf axis, and extends into a whip-like, the ground immediately after take root, grow new plants. Aquatic plants such as duckweed and water hyacinth blue stems from the leaves of the bud can produce new plants. Agave in bloom after the death of old leaves in the buds of new plants can be generated. Well-known examples are Elodea (there is only one sex dioecious species), water flag (Stratiotes aloides), black algae, and some species of duckweed Division, which is entirely vegetative propagation in Northern Europe, elsewhere is a normal sexual reproduction. Phenomenon is a false viviparous propagules occurred in the flowers instead of flowers inside and vegetative propagation methods, the saxifrage genus Agave genus, Allium, Polygonum, and grasses Poa and Festuca, etc. are the famous. However, some species both in the same inflorescence sex and fake flowers viviparous (eg, Polygonum and Allium white). ⑵ seed without fusion Apomictic asexual method of seed production including the use of embryos and seeds of any type, characterized by bypassing meiosis and fertilization, so the final form of the chromosome number and genotype of embryos and the same mother plants. To the following ways: ① somatic embryos reproduction. Directly by a double embryo sporophyte parent organization of the nucellus or integument have completely avoid the gametophyte phase. To the most famous citrus; also occurred in the holly mountain Stick, Euphorbia sweet tooth Ye Jinlian wood, Syzygium, peach leaf fans wild flowers, orange cactus, and the Hosta genus Allium and ribbon grass and other plants within the genus ; ② Apospory and double spore reproduction. The former is from the nucellus or inner integument vegetative cells after repeated cell division and directly from the body sac; the latter is the embryo sac, although produced by a megaspore mother cell, but the production process or if there is no meiosis, or the meiosis greatly changed appearance, resulting in chromosome pairing or subtraction. From the morphological point of view, this means there are two apomictic gametophytes and spores of generational change, but to bypass the meiosis gametes is twice of leaving; ③ false fertilization. Occurs through pollination and pollen tube to make eggs after stimulation by the male gametes to form seeds, but not male nuclear fusion with the egg, so the seeds of future generations of the same genotype and the mother plants.
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Classification system
Further divided into sub-classes over head and head. This range of super-head between the subclass and the objective has been the modern taxa of angiosperm classification systems are generally used. Branch is an expert botanist and the most commonly used non-senior taxa. However, the number of angiosperm families according to different classification systems and the range of views of scholars on different subjects varied greatly, generally between 300 to 450, 1987 A · л · Tahe Ta Jiang painting is divided into 533 Section. The contents of angiosperm families big changes, from one genus and one containing only a single species of tree-based subjects such as Queensland Branch column (Trochodendraceae) and Eucommiaceae (Eucommiaceae) to the genus and species of the hundreds of thousands of large multi- type of subjects such as Compositae (Asteraceae), Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae) and Rubiaceae (Rubiaceae). Although the number of subjects and content varied greatly, but basically the same view of scholars is about 200 or so Branch is "the core subjects." P · H · J · Karen Davis and the "identification of flowering plant families," second edition (1979), R · Henry Kissinger and other amendments to the "Arizona flowering plant families analytical keys" (1981 years) and A · Cronquist's "a comprehensive classification system of flowering plants" (1981) contains by far the most complete a branch of the world's flowering plants keys. However, the head (or even super-mesh) in a different classification system is not only significant differences between the number and the name and contents vary widely. Projects in addition to the formal classification system used in the description of Chinese and foreign, are not widely used. Many taxonomists subjects like applied above the level of informal taxonomic units. Modern angiosperm classification system is not very concerned about what groups should be recognized and should be placed on any level, are concerned about the genetic relationship between different families and how to program in a system or arrangement, the reflected Phylogeny or evolutionary status and origin. But 60 years since the 20th century, scholars on the issue in two significant differences: ① angiosperm phylogenetic classification of whether a classification system to establish the objectives and principles; ② Evaluation of genetic relationships between taxa are based on degree of similarity of traits or characteristics through a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of trends. Cladistic taxonomy and evolution phylogenetic scholars advocated the study of biological taxonomy classification system objectives and to establish the basis and the use of the system to represent the phylogenetic tree of the relationship. The so-called phylogenetic classification system is the system of taxa are arranged according to class system, both in order to express the order of the multi-level branching clade, but also to that branch of the evolutionary changes in the extent and nature of the evolution of their grade level level. In view of the existing fossil angiosperms is very full and, therefore, reflect the phylogeny of angiosperms system diagram, can only come from the comparative study of existing types of interpretation. But J · S · L · Gilmer and V · H · sea I characterize as the representative of Germany Taxonomy scholars stressed that in view of attempting to complete angiosperm fossil evidence to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the desire to achieve with any certainty is impossible, Therefore, "the classification of angiosperms should express the relationship between plants, as they exist today, as it should be similar to a comprehensive evaluation", and "speculative phylogeny should not be used as the basis of classification." Specifically, they advocate the use of the maximum number of properties to comprehensive sex similarities and differences based on the classification for Universal, will make it possible for more purposes (the edge of disciplines, the use of mathematical methods to study and solve biological and computer the classification problem. also known as numerical taxonomy). A · Cronquist (1981) classification system outline is: angiosperm (Angiospermae, also known as Magnolia door, Magnoliophyta) into Dicotyledon (Dicotyledoneae, also known as Magnolia classes, Magnoliopsida) and monocot Plant Programme (Monocotyledoneae, also known as Lily Gang Liliopsida). Dicotyledon divided into six sub-classes: wood Aqualon Programme (Magnoliidae), Hamamelidaceae Meiya Gang (Hamamelidae), Dianthus subclass (Caryophyllidae), subclass Dillenia (Dilleniidae), Rose subclass (Rosidae), and Ju subclasses (Asteridae); the monocotyledon subclass divided into 5 classes: Alisma subclass (Arismatidae), Commelina subclass (Commelinidae), betel nut subclass (Arecidae), Jiangya Gang (Zingiberidae) and Lily Asia Programme (Liliidae). A · Cronquist's basic view is: ① angiosperms originated in a class of extinct seed ferns; ② angiosperms all modern life can not be the subclass and other subclasses from existing plants evolved to the ; ③ Wood Ya-Gang is based on the composite group of angiosperms, which is commonly known as buttercup composite group, well-developed perianth, stamens many, the heart of development, with 2 single Amoy nuclear pollen and pollen, pistil formed from a single carpel , 2 layer integument, thick ovule nucellus, except outer Lauraceae are with endosperm, which is a primitive angiosperm subclass, Magnoliales (Magnoliales) is the most primitive extant angiosperms; ④ Hamamelidaceae Myer Gang is a group to spend less of (no flap, was born in catkins on) the wind pollination groups in the number of unrelated subjects, such as Salicaceae (Salicaceae) out later, the subclass mainly traditional "catkins class "Plant; ⑤ subclass is pink and pink mesh directly with the Head of Genetic Relationship Group composition, this group tends to have special legislation or central placentation basal placentation, and many members contain betaine, which in other subclass is non-existent, only a few families of the subclass is sympetalous; ⑥ subclass members of the rose with the majority of stamens, stamen to the heart of development, more progressive members of the strong tendency with a single ovule in the room and as a round of the stamens form a nectary disc degeneration, the vast majority from the flap, only a few members are sympetalous or no flap; ⑦ subclass Dillenia with the majority of stamens, stamens centrifuge development, usually more than ovule per room one, occasionally the origin of the stamens nectary disk, compared with the evolution of the subclass have sympetalous members of families; ⑧ Ju subclass includes the evolution of more advanced Geban Branch, stamens than corolla lobes very few number, with a thin layer of the nucellus and the ovule integument; ⑨ monocots originated in a similar modern Nymphaeales (Nymphaeales) dicotyledonous plants, this group of aquatic plants, flowers have carpels from the students, with a common perianth, hole pollen, flakes placenta, lose or do not start with the formation of layers and catheter system, so that the Alisma monocotyledon subclass is based on a group; ⑩ 5 monocots develop a different subclass niches or a group of niches: Alisma subclass mainly aquatic, and other subclasses are mainly terrestrial; typical betel subclass is usually large plants with stem leaves, often tree-like flower formation together spadix, in addition to Araceae head, there are well-developed conduit systems, palm is the pinnacle of the subclass; Commelina flowers opened up subclasses degradation of the way wind pollinated, has been developed to the Gramineae and Cyperaceae ; Jiang Yagang the vast majority of members located in the tropics, there are both terrestrial epiphytic, to flowers with nectaries and the upper flowers (ovary inferior), neat or untidy flowers different from other monocots; lily open subclass a highly developed insect pollination of ways, with petal-like sepals and petals, syncarpous, most members are terrestrial or epiphytic herb, often bulbs, tubers or bulbs, and orchid is at its peak.
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Economic use
Most human food and nutrition from angiosperms, not directly through crops or horticultural crops such as cereals, beans, potatoes, fruits and vegetables, is indirectly required for the Ranch to provide livestock feed. Angiosperms also provides construction, paper, textiles and plastic products, fuel, fiber, sugar, spices, insect waxes, pharmaceuticals, resin, tannic acid, narcotic drugs, drinks and other raw materials may not be counted. In addition, the world's approximately 25 million people from the wood and coal to get energy. Angiosperm species and individuals due to their numbers in the advantages of the plants in the composition of land cover plays a major role in the formation of the natural landscape as much vegetation, and provides the majority required for the survival of terrestrial animals habitats. In ecology, the importance of angiosperms is that the human and the planting of cover plants to create a windbreak to prevent soil erosion and water erosion of land. But given human beings not only use of natural plants, but also through the cultivation of plants to improve their living environment, and angiosperms in this regard the building gardens, parks, sports venues, street green, residential decoration and other entertainment and recreation requirements most of the material. Angiosperms in the development of human culture and consciousness plays an important role in religious and ritual plays an important role, but also for people of all cultures around the world provide a large number of symbols. Stem, leaf and flower shapes and styles have been widely used in many parts of the world of art, architecture and graphic design of the prototype. It is estimated that in agriculture, forestry, fruit and vegetable cultivation and useful on the types of pharmacognosy at least 6,000 or more. Some of them useful in world trade, while others strictly with the local value, such as those purely local production of food, drugs and other stakeholders and civil life. In addition, there are more than twice as many species that are purely ornamental garden plants.
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National key protected wild plants in China
- Part angiosperm Republic of China, "national key protected wild plants (the first)" in the August 4, 1999 by the State Council for approval by the State Forestry Administration and the Department of Agriculture, September 9, 1999 into effect. August 4, 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture, State Forestry Administration issued Decree 53, the Division of Nostoc Nostoc protection level adjusted by the secondary level. Angiosperm Angiospermae Mount bud growing woody Acanthochlamydaceae Mount bud grass Acanthochlamys bracteata Ⅱ Aceraceae Aceraceae Zi leaf maple Acer catalpifolium Ⅱ Claw maple Acer yangjuechi Ⅱ Dyeriana Dipteronia dyerana Ⅱ Alismataceae Alismataceae * Ranalisma rostratum Ranalisma rostratum Ⅰ * Floating-leaved arrowhead Sagittaria natans Ⅱ Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Fu Ning rattan Parepigynum funingense Ⅱ Snake root wood Rauvolfia serpentina Ⅱ Carrot japonica Division Asclepiadaceae Hump rattan Merrillanthus hainanensis Ⅱ Betulaceae Betulaceae Betula Betula halophila Ⅱ of salt Jinping Hua Betula jinpingensis Ⅱ Putuo Carpinus Carpinus putoensis Ⅰ Roof Carpinus Carpinus tientaiensis Ⅱ Eye ironwood Ostrya rehderiana Ⅰ Section Bretschneideraceae sinensis Sinensis (Zhong calyx wood) Bretschneidera sinensis Ⅰ Flower Lin Division Butomaceae * To spend Lin Butomopsis latifolia Ⅱ Caprifoliaceae Caprifoliaceae Miconioides Heptacodium miconioides Ⅱ Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae Golden locks Psammosilene tunicoides Ⅱ Celastraceae Celastraceae Knee-shank wood Bhesa sinensis Ⅰ Dipentodon Dipentodon sinicus Ⅱ Monimopetalum Monimopetalum chinense Ⅱ Section Cercidiphyllaceae Cercidiphyllum Cercidiphyllum Cercidiphyllum japonicum Ⅱ Combretaceae Combretaceae Calyx wing cane Calycopteris floribunda Ⅰ Thousands of fruit Terminalia Terminalia myriocarpa Ⅱ Asteraceae Compositae * Brush Ju Ajaniopsis penicilliformis Ⅱ * Ju Tugarinovia mongolica Ⅰ leather shell Number four wood Branch Datiscaceae Number four wood Tetrameles nudiflora Ⅱ Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae Tokyo Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus retusus Ⅰ Angustifolia Hopea Hopea chinensis Ⅰ Wingless Hopea (iron Ling) Hopea exalata Ⅱ Hopea Hopea hainanensis Ⅰ Hairy Hopea Hopea mollissima Ⅰ Parashorea Parashorea chinensis Ⅰ Ome Vatica guangxiensis Ⅱ Guangxi Peel (Ome) Vatica mangachapoi Ⅱ Section Droseraceae Drosera * Raccoon algae Aldrovanda vesiculosa Ⅰ Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus mollis Elaeagnus mollis Ⅱ Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Tokyo Tong Deutzianthus tonkinensis Ⅱ Fagaceae Fagaceae South Cone Castanopsis concinna Ⅱ Fagus Fagus hayatae Ⅱ Taiwan Tri Oak Formanodendron doichangensis Ⅱ Section Frankeniaceae scale flower petals * Scale spend Frankenia pulverulenta Ⅱ flap Gentianaceae Gentianaceae * Convergence spend Lomatogoniopsis alpina Ⅱ Gesneriaceae Gesneriaceae Dayaoshan lettuce moss Dayaoshania cotinifolia Ⅰ Single Seat lettuce moss Metabriggsia ovalifolia Ⅰ Stone Butterfly Petrocosmea qinlingensis Ⅱ Qinling Lettuce of spring moss Primulina tabacum Ⅰ Fuhuajutai Thamnocharis esquirolii Ⅰ Gramineae Gramineae Bamboo Acidosasa chinensis Ⅱ acid * Sand reed Agropyron mongolicum Ⅱ * Different Ying grass Anisachne gracilis Ⅱ * Short Mountain Elymus Elymus breviaristatus Ⅱ * Bromus Elymus Elymus submuticus Ⅱ * Gross Elymus Elymus villifer Ⅱ * Inner barley Hordeum innermongolicum Ⅱ * Wild Rice Oryza officinalis Ⅱ * Common wild rice Oryza rufipogon Ⅱ * Sichuan Penni_set_um Penni_set_um sichuanense Ⅱ * Huashanica Psathyrostachys huashanica Ⅰ * Three core grass Sinochasea trigyna Ⅱ * To sorghum Sorghum propinquum Ⅱ * Arrow leaf lard Mount Spodiopogon sagittifolius Ⅱ * Zoysia Zoysia sinica Ⅱ Small Second Division Haloragidaceae immortality * Ussuriensis Myriophyllum Myriophyllum ussuriense Ⅱ Hamamelidaceae Hamamelidaceae Mountain Copper Chunia bucklandioides Ⅱ Disanthus Disanthus cercidifolius var. Longipes Ⅱ Half cathayensis Semiliquidambar cathayensis Ⅱ Mei Shaniodendron subaequalum Ⅰ silver thread Four drugs door to spend Tetrathyrium subcordatum Ⅱ Hydrocharitaceae Hydrocharitaceae * Water cauliflower Ottelia cordata Ⅱ Labiatae Labiatae Uterine grass Skapanthus oreophilus Ⅱ Lauraceae Lauraceae Dan Alseodaphne hainanensis Ⅱ oil Camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) Cinnamomum camphora Ⅱ Putuo camphor Cinnamomum japonicum Ⅱ Oil camphor Cinnamomum longepaniculatum Ⅱ Eggs Yegui Cinnamomum rigidissimum Ⅱ Machilus Machilus nanmu Ⅱ Zhoushan Neolitsea Neolitsea sericea Ⅱ Phoebe Phoebe bournei Ⅱ Zhejiang Nan Phoebe chekiangensis Ⅱ Phoebe Phoebe zhennan Ⅱ Leguminosae Leguminosae * Line two types of shell beans Amphicarpaea linearis Ⅱ Dalbergia (Banna ebony) Dalbergia fusca Ⅱ Dalbergia (Dalbergia Tan) Dalbergia odorifera Ⅱ Wood Erythrophleum fordii Ⅱ cells Tonkinensis (strictosidine Lin) Euchresta japonica Ⅱ Villi Gleditsia Gleditsia japonica var. Velutina Ⅱ * Wild soybean Glycine soja Ⅱ * Smoke bean Glycine tabacina Ⅱ * Fluff wild soybean Glycine tomentella Ⅱ Flowers palm wood (rosewood) Ormosia henryi Ⅱ Virgin Ormosia hosiei Ⅱ Gross margin of red beans Ormosia howii Ⅱ Red sandalwood (Dragon wood) Pterocarpus indicus Ⅱ Oil Nan (clam-tree) Sindora glabra Ⅱ Zenia (any wood) Zenia insignis Ⅱ Bladderwort Lentibulariaceae Division * Shield scales bladderwort Utricularia punctata Ⅱ Magnoliaceae Magnoliaceae Long Rui Mulan Alcimandra cathcardii Ⅰ To Maple Paper Illicium difengpi Ⅱ One of Mulan Kmeria septentrionalis Ⅰ Liriodendron Liriodendron chinense Ⅱ Big-leaf magnolia Magnolia henryi Ⅱ Sweet magnolia Magnolia odoratissima Ⅱ Magnolia Magnolia officinalis Ⅱ Magnolia officinalis Magnolia officinalis subsp. Biloba Ⅱ Magnolia Magnolia rostrata Ⅱ Ceratocystis Round PROCEEDINGS OF THE Magnolia sinensis Ⅱ West Magnolia Magnolia wilsonii Ⅱ Po zenii Magnolia zenii Ⅱ Hong Manglietia Manglietia aromatica Ⅱ Deciduous magnolia Manglietia decidua Ⅰ Manglietia Manglietia grandis Ⅱ big fruit Trichocarpa Manglietia Manglietia hebecarpa Ⅱ Big-leaf magnolia Manglietia megaphylla Ⅱ Thick leaf magnolia Manglietia pachyphylla Ⅱ Canopy trees Manglietiastrum sinicum Ⅰ Michelia Michelia shiluensis Ⅱ Shilu Emei Michelia Michelia wilsonii Ⅱ Emei Parakmeria Parakmeria omeiensis Ⅰ Yunnan Parakmeria Parakmeria yunnanensis Ⅱ Combined fruit Paramichelia baillonii Ⅱ Evergreen Tetracentron sinense Ⅱ water Meliaceae Meliaceae Cliff asperata Mount Amoora dasyclada Ⅱ Ciliata Toona ciliata Ⅱ Toona ciliata var Toona ciliata var. Pubescens Ⅱ Menispermaceae Menispermaceae Rattan date Eleutharrhena macrocarpa Ⅰ Myristicaceae Myristicaceae Hainan wind Nan Horsfieldia hainanensis Ⅱ Southern Yunnan Nan Horsfieldia tetratepala Ⅱ wind Yunnan Nutmeg Myristica yunnanensis Ⅱ Heights algae Division Najadaceae * Kaohsiung Heights algae Najas browniana Ⅱ * To Horowitz algae Najas pseudogracillima Ⅱ fiber Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae * Brasenia Brasenia schreberi Ⅰ * Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Ⅱ * Guizhou Ping every grass Nuphar bornetii Ⅱ * White water lily Nymphaea candida Ⅱ Blue fruit Division Nyssaceae Acuminata (Eclipta wood) Camptotheca acuminata Ⅱ Involucrata Davidia involucrata Ⅰ Light leaf involucrata Davidia involucrata var. Vilmoriniana Ⅰ Yunnan blue fruit Nyssa yunnanensis Ⅰ Lotus wood Branch Ochnaceae Combined column lotus wood Sinia rhodoleuca Ⅰ Tree Branch Olacaceae livid Malania Malania oleifera Ⅱ Oleaceae Oleaceae Ash Fraxinus mandshurica Ⅱ Palmae Palmae Dong palm Caryota urens Ⅱ Small hook leaf vine Plectocomia microstachys Ⅱ Long brown Trachycarpus nana Ⅱ Papaveraceae Papaveraceae * Safflower Meconopsis Meconopsis punicea Ⅱ Section Plagiopteraceae oblique wing Oblique wing Plagiopteron suaveolens Ⅱ River moss growing woody Podostemaceae * Chuan algae (Stone Man) Terniopsis sessilis Ⅱ Polygonaceae Polygonaceae * Fagopyrum Fagopyrum dibotrys Ⅱ Primulaceae Primulaceae * Bipinnata Androsace Pomatosace filicula Ⅱ Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae If the word back leaf powder Dichocarpum hypoglaucum Ⅱ Uniflora Kingdonia uniflora Ⅰ Rhoipteleaceae Rhoipteleaceae Hor_set_ail tree Rhoiptelea chiliantha Ⅱ Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Hydrangea Sin Dunnia sinensis Ⅱ Emmenopterys Emmenopterys henryi Ⅱ Alien Mussaenda Mussaenda anomala Ⅰ Ting Sai Trailliaedoxa gracilis Ⅱ Rutaceae Rutaceae Phellodendron amurense (amur cock) Phellodendron amurense Ⅱ Chuan Huang Bo (yellow tree) Phellodendron chinense Ⅱ Salicaceae Salicaceae Liu Chosenia arbutifolia Ⅱ drilling days Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Umbrella flowers Eurycorymbus cavaleriei Ⅱ Handeliodendron Handeliodendron bodinieri Ⅰ Hill Rugby Division Sapotaceae Bauhinia trees Madhuca hainanensis Ⅱ Hainan Bauhinia trees Madhuca pasquieri Ⅱ Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae Huangshan Mei Kirengeshoma palmata Ⅱ Web calyx Platycrater arguta Ⅱ Ice marsh growing woody Scheuchzeriaceae * Ice marsh grass Scheuchzeria palustris Ⅱ Scrophulariaceae Scrophulariaceae * Picrorhiza Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora Ⅱ Stay cabbage (Cliff cabbage) Triaenophora rupestris Ⅱ Solanaceae Solanaceae * Anisodus Anisodus tanguticus Ⅱ Section Sparganiaceae Sparganium * Northern Sparganium Sparganium hyperboreum Ⅱ Sterculiaceae Sterculiaceae Fire Tong Erythropsis kwangsiensis Ⅱ Guangxi Danxia Indus Firmiana danxiaensis Ⅱ Hainan Indus Firmiana hainanensis Ⅱ Butterfly Tree Heritiera parvifolia Ⅱ Level when the tree Paradombeya sinensis Ⅱ King East wing subtree Pterospermum kingtungense Ⅱ Meng Lun wing subtree Pterospermum menglunense Ⅱ Styracaceae Styracaceae Kuo benzoin Changiostyrax dolichocarpa Ⅱ Scale xylocarpa Sinojackia xylocarpa Ⅱ Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeaceae Aquilaria sinensis Aquilaria sinensis Ⅱ Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Samara Burretiodendron esquirolii Ⅱ handle Shell Wood Burretiodendron hsienmu Ⅱ Craigia yunnanensis Ⅱ Craigia Hainan linden Hainania trichosperma Ⅱ Tilia Tilia amurensis Ⅱ Link Section Trapaceae * Ye Ling Trapa incisa Ⅱ Ulmaceae Ulmaceae Ulmus elongata Ulmus elongata Ⅱ Beech Zelkova schneideriana Ⅱ Umbelliferae Umbelliferae * Coral food (littoralis) Glehnia littoralis Ⅱ Verbenaceae Verbenaceae Hainan Shi Zi (bitter Zi) Gmelina hainanensis Ⅱ Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Fennel Amomum Etlingera yunnanense Ⅱ Proposed cardamom Paramomum petaloideum Ⅱ Kuo Kang Siliquamomum tonkinense Ⅱ
dicotyledoneae