Reptiles. Also known as Skink, known as Si Jiaoyi.
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Also as "Lizard easy"
Also as "lizard easily." 1. Reptiles. Also known as Skink, known as Si Jiaoyi. Yue Han "Han Ji Wudi Ji I": "New Moon (Dongfang Shuo) from the cloth diagram please shoot said: 'To think that Chen Long, complex-free angle; Robinson To think that snakes are complex enough; foot with six toes foot with six toes Pulse many friends and the wall, the unofficial house, when a lizard '. "Qing Li Chi Ming" Yueman Hall Reading secretary of the Xia Xiao Zheng fill Biography ":" Yan read as Triangulum, Skink, keep house also. in the wall said, Skink, in Li Cottage Yue Yi lizard. World said it scorpion and the like, on the 5th Day will be V, Hing those students also. This is not said as by our predecessors made. "Qin Mu" long street language and barnyardgrass war ":" In addition to insects quasi-state, also has a color reminiscent of lizard, the latent bacteria. "
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The mean-spirited personality metaphor
Metaphor mean-spirited personality. Anonymous Ming "Ming Fung Kee lights, repair the": "not only to thank Yan, dare not sacrifice his own life to repay. Present although this lizard addition, tigers burglary."
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Introduction
Lizard (lizard) are cold-blooded reptiles, lizards, and it appears in the early Triassic period is very similar to the reptilian ancestors. Most reproduce by spawning, but some species have evolved into a direct give birth to young lizards. Lizard commonly known as "four-legged snake", some people call it "snake aunt," is a common reptiles. Lizards and snakes have a close genetic relationship, there are many similarities between the two, the whole body covered with horny scales derived from the epidermis, vent holes are a cross-colonization of anal fissure, the male has a pair of transfer devices, are oviparous (or some ovoviviparous species), side bone can be active, and so on.
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The difference between lizards and snakes
Some lizards and snakes in the area that the other is a four foot lizard, and snake is not enough. In the part of the python snake families on both sides of vent holes can be found anal yield a pair of claw-like hind limbs were; the lizard, even in appearance can not find traces of foot, it is often mistaken for a snake them. Easy to identify the characteristics of shape, is the difference between lizards and snakes: 1. Lizards, two halves of mandible with bone joints in, is not in the mouth can not be queen. Snake two halves of mandible to ligaments connected to each other can be opened, which is the mouth of the snake can be very large one of the reasons Zhang. 2. Lizards typically have four limbs, even if the limbs are the types of degradation of non-existence, the body must have shoulder girdle (shoulder) of the residual. Snakes have no limbs, even if the type of residual limb, the body has absolutely no residual girdle. 3. Lizards and more with the activities of the upper eyelid and lower eyelid, the eyes are free to open and close. Healing of the upper and lower eyelids of snakes is a transparent film, cover the outside in the eye, look, Snake Eyes will always be open to. 4. Most species of the tongue lizards are more lenient hypertrophy. Snake's tongue is very slender, the front fork very well, the base located in the sheath, often through the mouth when the front stretch at the moment when the lack of reduction in order to collect the outside world (mainly food) in the "smell" molecules into the nasal hoe produce the sense of smell. 5. Lizards are generally outside the ears, if not, can also be seen from the outside where the tympanic membrane. Snake has no ear and no ear drum, so the appearance point of view no signs of auditory organ. 6. Lizard's tail is longer, generally about equal to (or only slightly shorter than) body length, body length or head 2-3 times. Snake's tail is relatively short, as the body length of 1 / 2 to 1 / 4 (ie, tail length of the total length of 1 / 3-1 / 5).
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The type and shape of lizards
The difference between lizards and snakes, from a detailed comparison of anatomy, you can name a few. Despite their many differences between the two, but the development of the animal kingdom evolution of the organic structure of the point of view, they are in the same stage of development and are very similar. Therefore, almost all of the current classification of the world's scientists, are taking place they were under Reptilia Squamata, the difference between the two different sub-projects. Reptilia class reptilia Squamata qrder squamata Sauria suborder lacertilia or sauria Serpentes suborder smpentes or ophidia lacertilia and serpentes are two Latin words, sauria and ophidia are two Greek words. Use, should the two Latin words and use, or the two Greek words and use, not all use one. Sauria approximately 6,000 worldwide species, sub-scribe 20 families are known to have lizards of about 150 species, sub-scribe the following 8 subjects. 1. Gekkonidae gekkonidae including geckos, lizards tiger, sand tiger, tiger and other eyelid. China has 10 genera are known to about 30 species of geckos in a variety of subjects is home to human life, with lizards, they are flat and light body, fingers, toes expansion, under the surface of many skin folds, by numerous submicroscopic structure the hair structure, there is adhesion, good at smooth wall or ceiling crawl, the activities under the lights at night catching insects. 2. Agamidae agamidae including iguanas, tree lizards, dragon lizards, sand lizards and so on. Known in China about 50 species in 9 genera. Most of these lizards in the neck, back neck with a long mane and back scales constitute a mane. To adapt to different lifestyles, vary widely. For example, tree lizards and dragon lizards are good at climbing, light weight, surface roughness (or from the scales tip the edges), limbs and fingers and toes than slender, well-developed claws, the tail of a wound. The fore and hind limbs and flying lizards have developed between the film, by several of the elongated rib support, a "wing" can glide to the ground from a height, or slide from tree line to the other strains of the tree. They do not make a real flight. Again, the sand lizard living in desert areas, often the body quickly buried in the sand, on the one hand to the wilderness with no hidden pursuit to escape predators, on the other hand can avoid the hot desert sun burns. Their bodies wide and flat, side to side in favor of sand into the hole dug. Scales developed eyelid edges, to prevent intrusion of sand in the eyes. Means, toe side of the scales developed, forming the so-called "Ying Yuan," Ying edge and claws only contact with sand to reduce the temperature of the area under the sand. 3. Lizard lizard families anguidae such as various snakes. 1 3 species in China, is to adapt to life in underground caves. Slender body and limbs completely degraded, ears are narrow, outer image of the snake. 4. Undergraduate Division xenosaundae lizard screen a total of 2 genera and 4 families, sub-scribe 2 subfamily. Is a class of more primitive characteristics of lizards. One crocodile lizard subfamily 1 genus and 1 species only found in China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. 5. Monitor lizards only 1 case of undergraduate subjects varanidae about 30 species, many lizards are great shape, in which Komodo dragons length of up to 4 meters, is now the largest lizards. Only one kind of round nose and monitor lizards, there are 2 meters length, hi habitat water, tail length and flat, water-skiing is a powerful tool. 6. Bipedal lizard only 1 case of undergraduate subjects dibamidae 4-5 kinds. Only one kind of white-tailed lizard feet. They are the next camp, wormlike burrowing lizard of life, limb degradation, only males left a pair of flat fins like limbs. Eye degradation hidden in the scales under the ears is also degraded. 7. Section lacertidae including lizards lizard, grass lizard, lizards and other places. There are 4 known 25 species in China. Mainly in the north of lizard dry environment, more than in the southern grass lizards, often in the grass bush activities, lightweight tail length, good at climbing. 8. Skink Division scincidae including skinks, lizards slip, Chamaeleon, Lizard Island, South lizards and so on. 8 of 30 species known. Camp ground more than undergraduate living lizard, the general body is normal, limbs, and good on the ground running. Lizards are more slippery walking through the litter, slender body, body surface smooth, weak limbs, lower eyelid with a transparent "window eyelid," eyelid closure may also be perceived intensity of light through the window of risk. Lizard at an altitude of 1,000 meters more or less places to live. A few species can live in the mountains 2,000 meters, such as lizards slip Qinling mountain slide lizard, lizard, etc. Kangding slip. Himalayan Tibetan sand lizards and iguanas are a small number of the highest vertical city lizards, often in their living area is about 4,000 meters. The shape of lizards can be divided into head, trunk, limbs and tail in four parts. Between the head and neck and trunk in shape no obvious boundaries, but the flexibility to turn heads. Can see the mouth of the head, a pair of nostrils, a pair of eyes and a pair of ears. If there is no external ears, the tympanic membrane located on the surface, and some types of eardrum been re-cone in small scale or large scale. Head was re-scales. Large variety of lizards head back the number and arrangement of the same scale, can be the basis for classification and identification; scales on the lower lip and neck are also relatively consistent scale, but also can be used for classification of reference. Be re-scales the trunk outside the shape, size, lines, and structure, but also the basis for classification and identification. Fore and hind limbs were divided into the brachial (shares), forearm (tibia), palm (plantar) and fingers (toes) and other parts. Both fore and hind limbs each with five fingers, toes pointed toe with a claw end of both. Vent holes in the tail base yield ventral anus is the end of the boundary with the trunk.
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Habits
Reproduction and life Lizards with a transfer of control, line in vivo fertilization. Usually in the spring and early summer to breed. Some types of sperm can remain viable in the female body for several years, after the first mating annual output for several fertilized eggs. Lizard found only in the part of females, according to research, they are the types of lines of parthenogenetic reproduction. Chromosomes of these lizards are often aneuploid. Some types of normal breeding lines of gender, under certain environmental conditions will be diverted to parthenogenetic reproduction, it is that parthenogenetic reproduction in favor of all members of the offspring produced, is conducive to the rapid expansion of population, occupy the living area. Most species of lizards, Department of oviparous (oviparous), usually lay their eggs in warm and humid in summer and shelter. Number of eggs by the dozens of pieces ranging from a rod or two. Egg size and the size of individual species have a certain relationship. Gekkonidae eggs slightly rounded, more calcium eggshell, the shell is hard and brittle. Eggs of other lizards, mostly oblong, leathery shell and flexible. Lizards usually breed once a year. Warm and humid tropical environment in some species, such as the Island lizard (emoiatrocostata), multi-line South lizards, Tokage (platyurus plaryurus), lizard tail warts Tiger (hemidactylus frenatus) and the cut-off toe Tiger (gehyra mutilata), etc. are available all year round reproduction. Lizards mainly based on the life of the information zoo, flying lizards 2-3 years, Lizard Island, 4 years, 5 years multi-line South lizard, monitor lizard (varanus salvator) 12 years, the Gila (helodermasuspentum) 25 years, the longest record probably a lizard (anguis fragilis) 54 years. These figures do not fully reflect the actual situation in nature, can only be as a reference. Activity and feeding Lizards are cold-blooded animal, living in the temperate and boreal lizards into hibernation in winter, showing seasonal changes in activity. Lizards living in the tropics, due to warm climate year-round activities available. However, in particularly hot and dry place, but also the phenomenon of aestivation, to survive the high temperature drying and harsh environment of food shortage. Can be divided into daytime activities, evening activities and the activities of three types of twilight. The formation of different types of activities, depending on the activities of the food habits of the object and other factors. Individual lizards limited range of activities. Arboreal lizards often only between trees in several strains of activities. According to the research activities through several ground lizards, such as multi-line South lizards, etc. The average range of 1,000 square meters. Some species also show differences in age. Newly hatched Chamaeleon (sphenomorplus) and more activities in the vicinity of hatching to the adult after the transfer to distant forest activities. Most lizards eat animal foods, primarily insects. Gecko Class (gekkonids) night activities to Lepidoptera and other insects as food. Larger size such as the gecko lizard (Gekko gecko, gekkogecko) can also be birds, other lizards as food. Monitor lizard (varanus) can eat fish, frogs and even small mammals prey. Also part of the lizards such as iguanas (agama) to plant food-based. Since most species eat a lot of catching insects, lizards, control pests in the role can not be underestimated. Many people think that lizards are poisonous animals, it is not right. Lizards in the world's 6,000 known only two poisonous Gila, Gila under Section (helodermatidae), and are distributed in North America and Central America. And regeneration from the cut end of Many lizards in the event of serious disturbance or predators, they often cut off their tails, tails non-stop beating attract the attention of predators, which themselves are away. Color and sound Lizard's color can add a very strong, especially chameleons class (chamaeleons) for its good color was "Chameleon" reputation. The tree of the majority of lizards and dragon lizards have color capabilities, color tree lizards (calots versicolor) dry place in the sunlight while the head and neck Tongshen lighter red color, when transferred to wet places, the red fade away, pass Body color gradually darkened. Lizard's color is a non-random changes in the physiological behavior. It's the strength of light, temperature changes, the level of excitement the animal itself and individual health and so on. Most lizards are not audible. Gecko class is an exception, and many types can be sent loud and clear voice. Gecko song could be heard a few meters away. Gecko's mating call is not a representation, may be a warning signal or possession of the field.
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Lizards and Traditional Chinese Medicine
【Alias】 Ma snake, horse snake, horse tongue son, Li Wen lizard 【Source】 lizards related species of lizard eremias argus peters, to dry all the medicine. Summer capture, killed or burnt to death after the water dried or drying. Some places in the capture, spray with white wine, death, home dry ventilated place. 】 【Tropism of taste salty, cold. 【Indication】 phlegm Sanjie, diuretic. For epilepsy, dysuria, air stagnation stagnation; topical treatment lymph node tuberculosis, sore. Dosage of 0.5 to 1 money (or a), for drying powdered services; external use, for drying powdered sesame oil transfer deposited. 【Remarks】 (1) belong to the same animal mountain lizard (North lizard) eremias brenchleyi guenther very similar to previous species, but also medicine. Extract】 【"National Chinese herbal medicine"
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The movie
"Lizard": Romantic love is always complicated the issue love phobia Title: Lizard Translation: love phobia Director: Jiang Zhien Screenplay: Huang Renhao Starring: Caocheng You Jiang Huizhen Zhu Yan edge Kenta Park Genre: Drama / Romance Level: 12 years of age can watch Length: 117 minutes Issue: cinema service Release Date: April 27, 2006 (South Korea) Audience Rating: 6.60/10 (150 votes) Official Website: http://www.domabam2006.com/ Synopsis Hou Yali Zhao Qiang 10 years and have a high school sophomore. Suddenly a phone call to see Alice, Qiang to learn as an excuse to come to find her. Although 10 years does not meet, but it did not hide their joy with each other to meet again, they had a short wonderful time. Home the night before, Qiang as Alice prepared sushi from Seoul, the gift, looking like Alice Qiang deeply moved, but the next day she lost in the crowd. About Video Acting in the movie to show the strength of their honest and frank attitude has won unanimous praise of the film industry. Moreover, in the eyes of the audience has long occupied an important position. Movie "lizard" They were both what kind of sparks that could crash, let us wait and see. Movie "lizard" In addition to Jiang Huizhen and Caocheng You apply a ginger than there are actors, Zheng Chenghua, Park Shin Hye, child actor side of Park Chu Yan and Kenta, and others to join us. Which he portrays his father's Jiang Shen Qiang has acted in a movie "Silmido", "Public Enemy", "some" and so on. Child actor side, and Park Chu Yan Kenta is identified in the boot down just a month ago, actor, TV drama "Fashion 70s" has a good side to play Pearl Yan and TV series "I'm sorry, I love you," movie "to Seoul Dharma "Park did well Kenta were playing the role of Alice and Qiang childhood. In addition, not only in the musical drama is also the recent "i love you" the strength of their outstanding performance in school is called, played by actor Zheng Chenghua Junzhe role. Once in the sbs drama "Stairway to Heaven" have excelled in the cutting-edge connected star Park Shin Hye played the role of Alice and Qiang love. I believe a strong cast make the movie "lizard" more exciting. Love the traditional film has a distinct difference between the movie "lizard", the script is the script from the Korean Film Council were _select_ed from the database. Film company to produce a high quality film, the choice of reference in the script the movie script database revitalization of the Committee's work. He eventually _select_ed Huangren Hao's work, "Alice Qiang kidnapping." Huang Renhao work was in the movie industry in general has been recognized, the film "the lost years 2km" there Huangren Hao's participation in the production. Able to produce a variety of styles and characters of the Huang Renhao innovative writer, his work in the film industry is definitely in the hot work. So when people see the film company responsible for the work, "Alice Qiang kidnapping" after he made love movies will be very new, we decided to discuss four days after the film. This is the Film Council to establish a database script the first time since the film works inside the event. Original intention is to create scripts database scripts and have the ability to tap a good writer, and film, this time shooting the film can be endowed with a lot of sense. Excavated from the script database works, by a dressing of time, while retaining the original script based on the color of a character more prominent role in the image. In order not to change the original author of the idea of finishing the script writer Huang Renhao are involved in the process of finishing atop. "Lizard" is the trimming process to rename the name of the final. In addition to filming the movie late 80's Alice and Qiang's elementary school, 90 high school age and adult age now, a movie in 20 years across, so the production team not only beautiful natural looking landscape to find a suitable time for each scene of an era. So, when looking for child Om production team searched the country hundreds of place, and ultimately choose the most appropriate Gyeongbuk Yongchuan Yun Fu Temple. To this end, the whole production team had dealings with both North and Gyeongbuk to filming the movie "lizard." After the scene there are the times _select_ed to face a new problem. That is the question the performance of the season. They first met in profusion in the spring of all things high school meet, is a brilliant summer, is the fall into adulthood. This means that 3 months of shooting in to the performance of 3 seasons. The end of September filming the movie in order to show the atmosphere of the summer production team exhausted all means, for example, on-street autumn flowering species of Cosmos moved elsewhere, even the leaves of the tree also dyed green. Production team labored scene in the movie "lizard" in the beautiful performance out of the audience will be impressed. Behind the Scenes Caocheng You sing the movie theme song of himself, "cried the day her first" love story about them By starred in the musical "jekyllnhyde", "hedwig" Caocheng You not only showed his acting potential has demonstrated his good music foundation. This time Caocheng You will sing the movie "lizard," the theme song. In fact, Caocheng You is not the first concert movie theme song, and in the movie "who are you" in front of him to play guitar in the heroine to sing a song, a scene that has captured the hearts of many female fans. A film "lizard" in the song sung by Cao Chengyou the late famous artist Jin Guangxi's song "the day of her first cry," This song is also Caocheng You read the script after the person _select_ed songs. There is a scene of the film is the Qiang bike with the process of Alice Alice singing to the scene, the production team what are the songs for the _select_ed time of distress, Caocheng You Qiang's position to play the song _select_ed songs. Expression of lyrics in the emotional feelings of the film is very similar in the Qiang, therefore, the production team are all very satisfied Caocheng You pick the songs. Interpretation with a guitar once sad love songs, has been welcomed by everyone, or so, if Caocheng You sang the song "She cried the first day," will bring you what the feeling? Caocheng You sang the song in addition to the story referenced in the film other than the movie "lizard" and mv the trailer will also be used in this song.
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No. 10
Lizard ("Jilin Chinese herbal medicine") 【Name】 different horse snake, Ma snake ("Jilin Chinese herbal medicine"). 【Source】 as lizards lizard species have all Eremias. 【Form】 animal Eremias argus Total length of about 13 cm. The back of the brown-green, there are obvious from front to back row of light-colored round eyes of six spots into a box-like arrangement; ventral light color, no spots. Head triangular, snout length shorter than the distance between eye and ear; nose a pair of scales around 2; chin scales 四 right. Dorsal scales small. Ventral scales smooth, arranged into a cross shape. Brawn, have 5 toes. Tail length, and its scales arranged in rings. Habitat in dry sand, the slopes and plains wheat fields nearby. Distribution of Northeast China and Gansu, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Qinghai and other places. 【Collection】 summer and autumn capture, crush, to wire to my head, drying, or drying. 【Indications】 Xiaoying function scattered scrofula. Governance lymph node tuberculosis. Usage and Dosage】 Oral: Yan Mo, 1. Topical: apply transfer Yan Mo, moderate. ①】 【election party rule lymph node tuberculosis: a horse snake, drying research side, the three eggs. One end of the open hole. The horse snake side three points, respectively, into the egg, the paper cementing, put charcoal burning, and research fine flour, and sesame oil dressing surface of the skin tone. ("Northeast Animal Drugs") ② wind governance sheep disease: a lizard. With tile drying, and research to fine. Blunt rice wine, served on time. ("Jilin Chinese herbal medicine") ③ difficulty in urination rule: three lizards, mole crickets seven (go head). Mashed, decoction, served twice. ("Jilin Chinese herbal medicine") 】 【Clinical treatment of chronic bronchitis
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Introduction
Lizard (Lizard) are cold-blooded reptiles, lizards, and it appears in the early Triassic period is very similar to the reptilian ancestors. Most reproduce by spawning, but some species have evolved into a direct give birth to young lizards. Lizard commonly known as "four-legged snake", some people call it "snake aunt," is a common reptiles. Lizards and snakes have a close genetic relationship, there are many similarities between the two, the whole body covered with horny scales derived from the epidermis, vent holes are a cross-colonization of anal fissure, the male has a pair of transfer devices, are oviparous (or some ovoviviparous species), side bone can be active, and so on. Sauria (Sauria) reptiles collectively. With relatives of the Serpentes (Serpentes) together accounted for the existing 95% of reptiles. Divided into 18 families, more than 3,000 species. The largest number of tropical species and. From the Arctic to southern Africa, South America and Australia Jieyou distribution. Lizards and snakes look like a horny scales similar ︰ male with a pair of transfer devices (semi-penis), bone side movable. Lizard's body shape and size of the largest difference in the reptile class. In length from 3 cm (1 inch, geckos) to 3 meters (10 feet, and monitor lizards). The lightest weight were less than 1 gram, more than 150 kilograms of the most severe. Body more slender, with long tail, and more with 4 limbs, in addition to the nose, mouth, eyes and cloacal opening, the surface covered with scales, some species in the head and body scales of bone within the dermis under the scales. Scaly surface covered with a layer of keratin. Organs of some lizards with scales, scales highlight the jagged edges of _set_ae, the Secretary may use the sense of touch. Many lizards, especially the chameleon (Chameleon) and well-being lizard, change the body color, from bright green to dark chocolate brown body on the line, with markings also flickering. Discoloration mechanism of melanin pigment granules in the movement of cells, particle concentration when the light color, dispersed color depth. Some lizards may stretch the neck with skin folds, angular head or helmet, or throat or spine creases and so on. The front of the skull and cartilage from the thin film composition. More movable eyelids, two are separated by thin vertical orbital interval scale orbital bone and bone formation after bone temporal pole has a hole. Palate can be compared to other parts of skull and exercise, well-bone, the mouth can be swallowed large sheet of easy prey. Daytime activities majority of lizards, geckos and more in the dusk to dawn between the event and a loud (and most lizards can not voice). Way to wait for a predator lizards or search. Many lizards can tail and cut the tail off quickly under the twist to spread the attention of predators, lizards to escape. Many lizards are territorial behavior (including the areas of performance) or the courtship performance. Many species have stock hole, the secretion of chemical substances may be used to attract the opposite sex. Lizards little economic sense for the people. Some iguanas edible, some can be leather. Gecko habitat in the room, you can catch insects, but may spread Salmonella. Lizard is an important biological research materials, and often for the fun of feeding animals. Sauria temporal fossa from the two-class, first appeared in the late Triassic. A total of about 3,000, with head in 2, 5 total families, 18 families. A, Ascalabota with projects. (1) Gecko General Division (Gekkonoidea): 1. Gekkonidae (Gekkonidae), 82 genera, 650 species, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical; 2.Pygopodidae families, 8 genera, 15 species; 3.Dibamidae Branch, 1 genus, 3 species; 4.Anelytropsidae Division, 1 species of limbless. (2) the total Iguana Branch (Iguanioidea): 1. Agamidae (Iguanidae), 15 genera, 600 species of movable eyelids; 2. Flying lizard families (Agamidae), 33 genera and 300 species. (3) Rhiptoglossoidea General Division, 1 Division ︰ chameleon Branch (Chamaeleontidae), 2 genera and 84 species. Second, Autarchoglossa with projects. (1) Scincomorphoidea ︰ 1.Scincidae Division General Division (cylinder lizards), about 50 genera and 810 kinds; 2.Cordylidae Branch, about 10 genera and 50 species; 3.Lacertidae families, nearly 20 genera, 150 species; 4. Teiidae families, 40 genera, 200 species. (2) Anguinomorphoidea General Division ︰ 1.Anguidae families, 7 genera, 67 species; 2.Anniellidae Branch (California limbless lizard), 1 genus, 2 species; 3. Different lizard families (Xenosauridae), 2 genera, 4 species; 4. Gila Division (Helodermatidae, the Gila monster and the beads Lizard); 5.Varanidae Branch (monitor lizards), 1 genus, 30 species; 6.Lanthanotidae Division, 1 genus, 1 species; 7.Xantusiidae Branch (night lizards) , 4 genera and 12 species. Earthworm Lizard suborder (Amphisbaenia) and Lacertillia relatives. Cylindrical body, a shallow trench. No external ear, eye degeneration. Cave. No hind legs, in addition to 3 is outside the front legs are missing. Mainly tropical. 15 genera and about 100 species.
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English Expression
n.: basilisk, lizard, reptile with a rough skin, four legs and a long tail