Fronds of plants sub-sector (Thallobionta) some of the generic term for organisms containing chlorophyll
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No. 2
藻类
藻类
藻类
藻类
藻类
藻类
About Algae zǎo lèi (A) the basic characteristics of algae Ancient and modern concepts on different algae. Of ancient books, said: "Zao, plants are, or as algae." Visible algae mentioned in ancient China is the general term for aquatic plants. In our modern botany, will still be some water in the name of higher plants consistent with "algae" words (such as C. demersum, Hydrilla verticillata, Mainz algae, Myriophyllum, etc.) may also come from this. In contrast, people tend to some of the water or damp floors and walls to the individual small, slimy green plants collectively referred to as moss, in fact, this is not now talking about the moss, but mainly algae. According to modern understanding of algae, algae is not a natural taxonomic group, but they have the following common characteristics: 2. Can be generally light mineral nutrition of algae and green cells in addition to containing the same photosynthetic pigments of higher plants, some groups also have special pigments were not green, but also more, so they called chloroplasts plastid or contain special chromosome. Algae of nutrition is also varied. For example, some low single-cell algae, in certain conditions can also be organic light nutrients, inorganic or organic nutrients can be nutrition. But for the vast majority of algae, higher plants, like it, can in the light conditions, the use of carbon dioxide and water, organic matter, inorganic light for nutrition. 3. Reproductive organs of higher plants and more production by single cells that produce gametes or spores in the sporangia of the antheridium and archegonia are normally composed of multiple cells. Such as bryophytes and ferns have egg in the archegonium and antheridium produce sperm outside the sterile cells are composed of a layer of wall. However, in algae, except for very few species, but their reproductive organs are formed from a single cell. 4. Zygotic embryos is not the mother of higher plants develop into male and female gametes formed by the zygote after fusion (zygote), are more than mother cells within the embryo develop into only after from the mother to continue to develop into new individuals. However, algae are not within the zygote in the womb to develop into embryos, but from the mother only after cell division and growth of the new entity. If zoological terms, higher plants are viviparous, and algae is oviparous. In short, algae is a plant kingdom there is no real root, stem, leaf differentiation, energy self-support life-line, composition and reproductive organs by single-cell embryo development without a large class of groups. (B) the classification of algae 2. Xanthophyta (xanthophyta) few species of seafood, mainly in fresh water, or born in the wet ground, tree trunks and walls. Lower in the water spring. Single plant cells, group or cell body. Contained pigments and algae assimilate the door with the same gold, but, except chlorophyll a, but still contain chlorophyll e, mostly yellow-green. Motile cells with two different lengths and structure of the flagella of different, so the group is also known as range Flagellates (heterocontae). Reproduction nutritious reproduction, reproductive and sexual spores, but with the kind of different, have different propagation methods. Common is the naked eye into a plant genus of filamentous green algae yellow (tribonema) and algae-free interval is (vauchcria). 3. Bacillariophyta (bacillariophyta) widely distributed in seawater and freshwater, multi-line planktonic life. Constituted by the single-cell plants or groups connected to each other. Cell wall consists of two _set_s of co-valve film is made with the pattern above, the composition containing pectin and silica, which does not contain cellulose. Cells with one to several golden brown chloroplasts. Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a, c, and large amounts of carotene and lutein, the main photosynthetic products are lipids. Diatom cell division can be carried out using vegetative propagation, but after several generations pass through the junction of gametes or spores from a large complex with the formation, line sexual reproduction. 6. Rhodophyta (rhodophyta) except for a few genera and species, the vast majority produced in seawater, solid line of life. Apart from individual plants and species, but are more cells, usually filamentous, sheet, or dendritic. Body of mostly red or purple pigment, which in addition to containing chlorophyll, carotene and lutein, but also contains a lot of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. Assimilation product is similar to starch of red algae starch. Not in the life history of red algae with flagella of motile cells. Sexual reproduction are the type of reproductive eggs. Female genital mutilation is similar to the fruit cell oocysts. If fertilized cell is called on the wire with a hairy body. After fertilization to produce a special spore, called the fruit spores. Are common Porphyra (porphyra) and agar are (gelidium). 8. Chlorophyta (chlorophyta) was born in fresh water and more, fewer types of seafood, business floating, sessile or epiphytic life, and a few species are parasitic or symbiotic. A single cell or plant groups, there are many cells in filaments or sheet body. The shape and number of chloroplasts with the kind often different photosynthetic pigment composition contains, content, and assimilate and higher plants are similar. Motile cells with two more, four or more equal length, apical flagella. There are all kinds of reproduction, some species have alternation of generations in the life history phenomena. In green algae, such as plants in a single cell chlorella is a (chlorella), Groups of Scenedesmus (scenedesmus), More cells into filamentous Spirogyra genus (spirogyra) And the genus Cladophora (cladophora) are all common species in fresh water. 9. Charophyta (charophyta) widely distributed in fresh or brackish water, are in camp sessile. Plants are composed by a number of cells, and have similar roots, stems, leaves the differentiation, much like higher plants in the form of wood thieves and hornworts. In vitro were by a large number of calcium, so there are stone known as the grass. Photosynthetic pigment composition and storage properties are the same with the green algae, but the genital structure and life history special. Chara in the life history, do not produce asexual spores are egg-type sexual reproduction. Archegonia L out of 5 with spiral cell coat, the top also has a 5 or 10 by the crown of cells in the crown. Outside of Tibet is a fine device consists of 8 (rarely 4) shield cells from the outer wall mosaic, which is composed of many components of the sperm sacs of sperm sac and some of the sterile filaments head cells. This fact is made of fine Tibetan male reproductive organs and infertility in many cell aggregates formed, so the ball can call it seminal vesicle, which is also called archegonia oocysts ball. Chara Although the vegetative and reproductive structures are complex, but no alternation of generations in the life cycle, plants are haploid, but also in the zygote germination, after protonema can develop into adult stage. Our common are Chara (chara), Nitella (nitella) and nest GENUS (tolypella). (C) of the algae living habits Most algae are aquatic, are produced in marine algae; also born in the mainland of freshwater algae in the water. In aquatic algae, there is expansion of body surface area (such as single cells, groups, and flat, with a horn or thorn, etc.), the smaller the proportion of the body material storage, or students have to adapt to pelagic living flagellated phytoplankton; have been there in vitro glial, gave birth to the base or rhizoid holdfasts, the growth substrate in the bottom of the benthic algae; also grow in the snow on the glacier ice algae; there are more than 80 ℃ in temperature of up to life in hot springs in the algae. Algae is not completely submerged in water are also a lot of algae, algae, some of which are directly exposed to some or all of the gas in the atmosphere algae; also some growth in the soil surface or soil below the soil surface algae. The growth of algae and other organisms on the relationship, there are attached to the animal and plant life, algae surface; also grown in animals or plants endophytic algae; there are camps and other organisms living in symbiosis symbiotic algae. In short, the algae living habits are diverse, is also very strong adaptability to the environment, almost all down at the presence of algae. (D) of algae in the meaning of human life China's use of algae as food, not only has a long history, the type and method of eating as much, but also world-famous. According to preliminary statistics, China produced by at least 50-60 large edible algae species, often sold as a commodity is the edible marine algae, mainly algae such as reef membrane (monostroma nilidum), Ulva (ulva lactula), kelp (laminaria japonica) , Undaria (undaria pinnatifida), seaweed (porphyra sp.), agar (gelidium amansii) and so on. Goods have to eat freshwater algae fungus (nostoc commume) and seaweed (nostoc commume var.flagelliforme). Jinghong in Yunnan region of China Dai compatriots consumption and export of Myanmar and other countries of the "island" and the "solution" is to use fresh water algae in the sponge (spirogy-ra) and Cladophora (cladophora) processed into. In single-cell algae, rich in nutrients, but also breed quickly, the characteristics of high yield, large area single-cell algae cultivation as the essence of human consumption or livestock feed, has long attracted attention, and some (such as small ball algae, Scenedesmus) has been promoting the use at home and abroad. Algae for medicine and agriculture are also very close relationship. Either directly as a medicine, such as brown algae and seaweed, Undaria, Sargassum fusiforme (sargassum fusiforme), which have the effect of goiter prevention. Partridge red algae in the food (caloglos-sa leprieurii) and the sea grass (digenea simplex) get rid of roundworms can be used as medicine. Extracted from brown algae algin acid, mannitol and agar extracted from red algae are also widely used in medicine, for example, alginate salts can be used as pharmaceutical manufacturing, dental wax and hemostatic materials; mannitol have to eliminate brain edema and diuretic performance, Agar except as a laxative treatment of constipation symptoms, can also be used as drug manufacturing cream base, including clothing and medicine powder coagulant bacterial culture medium. Algae not only the accumulation of soil organic matter can stimulate microbial activity, increasing the oxygen content of the soil to prevent loss of salt, reduce soil erosion, some cyanobacteria also free of fixed nitrogen in the air, improving soil fertility play an important role. In addition, the algae is the basis of the food chain of fish, fish, natural food, generally, directly or indirectly, from the planktonic algae, so in freshwater fish farming, and more by fertilization, breeding algae, provide food for fish. However, when phytoplankton blooms occur when the spray, due to oxygen depletion or toxic substances, often causing massive death of fish. Algae as raw materials of the products, especially alginate salts, has been widely used in industrial production. Agar in the food industry for example, can be made with a coagulant and sugar candy, made of bags of sugar and starch together with the rice paper, the system can make bread by adding agar to maintain long-term soft bread, add sherbet in can be made of frozen fruit juice; system of fish, canned meat are added to agar, can keep fish, meat, prototype, will not disperse in transit; in Japan and Europe and the United States, also use agar as a brewing wine, vinegar, soy sauce clarification agent. In the construction industry, in addition to alginate acid, paint the walls, cement reinforcement, coated wood, metal products and machine tools, but also can be made into a substitute check board and linoleum. In the textile industry, there are about 30,000 kinds of algae can be mainly distributed in fresh or salt water. Plant size varied, with a single cell, group (formed by a number of single-cell aggregation, cells did not close physical contact), multi-cellular filaments and thalli. Algae have a simple advanced tissue differentiation. Plants (referred to as algae) very different sizes, small, only a few microns, can be seen under a microscope; larger visible, the maximum body length of up to 100 meters. Algae (algae) Algae generally possess photosynthetic pigments to inorganic synthesis of organic compounds using light can; for their own needs, is able to live in a class of self-support of the original explants plant (autotrophic thallophyte). Algae plants are vastly different in shape, small, only a few microns, can be seen under a microscope; shape the larger visible; maximum body length of up to 60 meters above the algae structure is also more complex, differentiated a variety of organizations, such as the giant growth of algae in the Pacific (macrocystis). While algae are large, small, simple, complex differences, but they basically have no roots, stems, leaves plants differentiation of the original implant. Most are single-celled reproductive organs, although some higher reproductive organs are multicellular algae, but the reproductive organs are directly involved in every cell of the reproductive role; form gown or gametes, and its outer layer of cells surrounded and no infertility. Algae zygote does not develop into multiple cell embryo. There is a small number of algae or heterotrophic heterotrophic time being, it can be according to their cellular structure and storage of nutrients, the original explants and plant heterotrophic (heterotrophic thallophyte) - fungi separately. Pertaining to fabrics, pulp, such as silk, such as silk production in China, Guangdong is to use as a slurry made of plastic Hai Luo. Diatoms on the use in industry is very broad, such as adding nitroglycerin to prevent an explosion, can be used as manufacturing refractory bricks, filters, tooth powder raw materials. With the increasing depth understanding of algae, the use of the range has been expanded, the preliminary results from the current view, can be expected prevalence of algae in solving mankind's lack of food, energy crisis and environmental pollution problems will play an important effect.
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About Algae
Chinese name: algae Pinyin: zǎo lèi English name: algae, single number for the alga. Algae are a class of native biological eukaryotes (some also for prokaryotes, such as algae Cyanophyta). Mainly aquatic, non-vascular, capable of photosynthesis. Body sizes as small as 1 micron long single cell flagellate, ranging up to 60 meters of large brown algae. Some leading experts continue to plants or plant-like algae classified as biological, but the algae did not really root, stem, leaf, and no vascular bundle. This is consistent with bryophytes (bryophyte) the same. Algae may be one or a few cells, many cells can be aggregated into a tissue-like structure. Filaments can branch (such as Sticheoclonium case), do not branch (cotton is a water〕 〔Spirogyra), some algae are unicellular flagellates (eg Oochromonas case), while others algae (such as gate GENUS Scenedesmus〕 〔) are aggregated into groups. Pine green algae are algae (Codium) woven by the numerous branches of filaments wound together, in different parts of the filaments form and function are different. Although mainly aquatic algae, but everywhere, range from temperate forests to polar tundra. Some varieties can live in soil, can tolerate dry conditions for long-term; others living in the snow, a few species can thrive in the hot springs of growth. Algae, like other eukaryotes, have nuclei, there is a vacuolar membrane and organelles (eg mitochondria), most of the algae in the course of life need oxygen. Chloroplast with a variety of molecules (such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, etc.) for photosynthesis. 90% of photosynthesis on the earth by the algae, it is believed the early history of the Earth in the creation of oxygen-rich environment, algae play an important role. Marine planktonic algae is a very important part of the food chain, all the higher survival of aquatic organisms ultimately dependent on the presence of algae, in addition, since the days of prehistoric algae from a hand drawing of algae. Directly be used as livestock feed and human food. Algae have a wide range of commercial uses. Algae, including 70 kinds of products made from agarose red algae (such as agar). Agar used for canning fish, cooked fish, packaging, textile sizing and film adhesives and advanced manufacturing, but also for soup, sauces, jellies, cakes, etc. in the icing sugar. Made by the carrageenan carrageenan, and agar-use the same, but also including sodium, potassium, calcium. Brown algae alginate is a component, can be made can be spun like silk alkali metal salts. Algae can be vegetative propagation (via cell division or break), asexual reproduction (through the release of spores or zoospores) or sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction usually occurs in the life cycle of the difficult times (such as at the end of the growing season or in adverse environmental conditions). Approximate formula of algae for C106H263O110N16P (algal protoplasm)
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The basic characteristics of algae
藻类的基本特征
Ancient and modern concepts on different algae. Of ancient books, said: "Zao, plants are, or as algae." Visible algae mentioned in ancient China is the general term for aquatic plants. In our modern botany, will still be some water in the name of higher plants consistent with "algae" words (such as C. demersum, Hydrilla verticillata, Mainz algae, Myriophyllum, etc.) may also come from this. In contrast, people tend to some of the water or damp floors and walls to the individual small, slimy green plants collectively referred to as moss, in fact, this is not now talking about the moss, but mainly algae. According to modern understanding of algae, algae is not a natural taxonomic group, but they have the following common characteristics: 2. Capable of light mineral nutrition. In addition to normal cells of algae and green contain the same photosynthetic pigments of higher plants, some groups also have special pigments were not green, but also more, so their special called chloroplasts plastid or chromophores. Algae of nutrition is also varied. For example, some low single-cell algae, in certain conditions can also be organic light nutrients, inorganic or organic nutrients can be nutrition. But for the vast majority of algae, higher plants, like it, can in the light conditions, the use of carbon dioxide and water, organic matter, inorganic light for nutrition. 3. Reproductive organs from a single multi-cells. Sporangia produce spores of higher plants produce gametes or sperm archegonia devices and are generally composed by a number of cells. Such as bryophytes and ferns have egg in the archegonium and antheridium produce sperm outside the sterile cells are composed of a layer of wall. However, in algae, except for very few species, but their reproductive organs are formed from a single cell. Several representative algae 4. Zygotic embryo development is not the mother. Higher plants, male and female gametes formed by fusion of the zygote (fertilized egg), are in the mother's body develop into multicellular embryos only after from the mother to continue to develop into new individuals. But the algae within the zygote in the mother does not develop into embryos, but from the mother only after cell division and growth for the new individual. If zoological terms, higher plants are viviparous, and algae is oviparous. In short, algae is a plant kingdom there is no real root, stem, leaf differentiation, energy self-support life-line, composition and reproductive organs by single-cell embryo development without a large class of groups.
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Classification of algae
3. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) widely distributed in seawater and freshwater, multiple lines of planktonic life. Constituted by the single-cell plants or groups connected to each other. Cell wall consists of two _set_s of co-valve film is made with the pattern above, the composition containing pectin and silica, which does not contain cellulose. Cells with one to several golden brown chloroplasts. Chloroplasts containing chlorophyll a, c, and large amounts of carotene and lutein, the main photosynthetic products are lipids. Diatom cell division can be carried out using vegetative propagation, but after several generations pass through the junction of gametes or spores from a large complex with the formation, line sexual reproduction. .) (In some recent classification scheme of foreign Chrysophyta the door as a key link.) 6. Rhodophyta (Rhodophyta) except for a few genera and species, the vast majority produced in seawater, solid line of life. Apart from individual plants and species, but are more cells, usually filamentous, sheet, or dendritic. Body of mostly red or purple pigment, which in addition to containing chlorophyll, carotene and lutein, but also contains a lot of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. Assimilation product is similar to starch of red algae starch. Not in the life history of red algae with flagella of motile cells. Sexual reproduction are the type of reproductive eggs. Female genital mutilation is similar to the fruit cell oocysts. If fertilized cell is called on the wire with a hairy body. After fertilization to produce a special spore, called the fruit spores. There is a common seaweed (Porphyra) and agar are (Gelidium). 9. Charophyta (Charophyta) widely distributed in fresh or brackish water, are in camp sessile. Plants are composed by a number of cells, and have similar roots, stems, leaves the differentiation, much like higher plants in the form of wood thieves and hornworts. In vitro were by a large number of calcium, so there are stone known as the grass. Photosynthetic pigment composition and storage properties are the same with the green algae, but the genital structure and life history special. Chara in the life history, do not produce asexual spores are egg-type sexual reproduction. Archegonia L out of 5 with spiral cell coat, the top also has a 5 or 10 by the crown of cells in the crown. Outside of Tibet is a fine device consists of 8 (rarely 4) shield cells from the outer wall mosaic, which is composed of many components of the sperm sacs of sperm sac and some of the sterile filaments head cells. This fact is made of fine Tibetan male reproductive organs and infertility in many cell aggregates formed, so the ball can call it seminal vesicle, which is also called archegonia oocysts ball. Chara Although the vegetative and reproductive structures are complex, but no alternation of generations in the life cycle, plants are haploid, but also in the zygote germination, after protonema can develop into adult stage. Our common are Chara (Chara), Nitella (Nitella) and nest GENUS (Tolypella). (Some material in this classification scheme, as green algae door a door outline.) 10. Cyanophyta (Cyanophyta) widely distributed in fresh water and sea water, wet and dry soil and rocks, tree trunks and leaves, and hot springs, snow, even in the brine pool, rock joints, etc. can survive, and some can also penetrate the calcium rock or calcareous crusts (such as through calcium algae) life, has great adaptability. In tropical and subtropical habitats neutral or slightly alkaline grown particularly strong. Many species are universal nature, such as terrestrial Nostoc (Nostoc commune), not only in tropical, subtropical and temperate, boreal and even in Antarctica have discovered.
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Algae living habits
Most algae are aquatic, are produced in marine algae; also born in the mainland of freshwater algae in the water. In aquatic algae, there is expansion of body surface area (such as single cells, groups, and flat, with a horn or thorn, etc.), the smaller the proportion of the body material storage, or students have to adapt to pelagic living flagellated phytoplankton; have been there in vitro glial, gave birth to the base or rhizoid holdfasts, the growth substrate in the bottom of the benthic algae; also grow in the snow on the glacier ice algae; there are more than 80 ℃ in temperature of up to life in hot springs in the algae. Algae is not completely submerged in water are also a lot of algae, algae, some of which are directly exposed to some or all of the gas in the atmosphere algae; also some growth in the soil surface or soil below the soil surface algae. The growth of algae and other organisms on the relationship, there are attached to the animal and plant life, algae surface; also grown in animals or plants endophytic algae; there are camps and other organisms living in symbiosis symbiotic algae. In short, the algae living habits are diverse, and adaptability to the environment is also very strong, almost everywhere the presence of algae.
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Algae in the meaning of human life
China's use of algae as food, not only has a long history, the type and method of eating as much, but also world-famous. According to preliminary statistics, China produced by at least 50-60 large edible algae species, often sold as a commodity edible algae are mainly marine algae, such as the reef membrane (Monostroma nilidum), Ulva (Ulva lactula), kelp (Laminaria japonica) , wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), laver (Porphyra sp.), agar (Gelidium amansii) and so on. Consumption goods are Nostoc freshwater algae (Nostoc commume) and Nostoc (Nostoc commume var.flagelliforme). Jinghong in Yunnan region of China Dai compatriots consumption and export of Myanmar and other countries of the "island" and the "solution" is to use fresh water algae in the sponge (Spirogy-ra) and Cladophora (Cladophora) processed into. In single-cell algae, rich in nutrients, but also breed quickly, the characteristics of high yield, large area single-cell algae cultivation as the essence of human consumption or livestock feed, has long attracted attention, and some (such as small ball algae, Scenedesmus) has been promoting the use at home and abroad. Algae for medicine and agriculture are also very close relationship. Either directly as a medicine, such as brown algae and seaweed, Undaria, Sargassum (Sargassum fusiforme), which have the effect of goiter prevention. Partridge red algae in the food (Caloglos-sa leprieurii) and the sea grass (Digenea simplex) get rid of roundworms can be used as medicine. Extracted from brown algae algin acid, mannitol and agar extracted from red algae are also widely used in medicine, for example, alginate salts can be used as pharmaceutical manufacturing, dental wax and hemostatic materials; mannitol have to eliminate brain edema and diuretic performance, Agar except as a laxative treatment of constipation symptoms, can also be used as drug manufacturing cream base, including clothing and medicine powder coagulant bacterial culture medium. Algae not only the accumulation of soil organic matter can stimulate microbial activity, increasing the oxygen content of the soil to prevent loss of salt, reduce soil erosion, some cyanobacteria also free of fixed nitrogen in the air, improving soil fertility play an important role. In addition, the algae is the basis of the food chain of fish, fish, natural food, usually directly or indirectly, from the planktonic algae, so in freshwater fish farming, and more by fertilization, breeding algae, provide food for fish. However, when phytoplankton blooms occur when the blooms, due to oxygen depletion or toxic substances, often causing massive death of fish. Algae as raw materials of the products, especially alginate salts, has been widely used in industrial production. Agar in the food industry for example, can be made with a coagulant and sugar candy, made of bags of sugar and starch together with the rice paper, the system can make bread by adding agar to maintain long-term soft bread, add sherbet in can be made of frozen fruit juice; system of fish, canned meat are added to agar, can keep fish, meat, prototype, will not disperse in transit; in Japan and Europe and the United States, also use agar as a brewing wine, vinegar, soy sauce clarification agent. In the construction industry, in addition to alginate acid, paint the walls, cement reinforcement, coated wood, metal products and machine tools, but also can be made into a substitute check board and linoleum. In the textile industry, there are about 30,000 kinds of algae can be mainly distributed in fresh or salt water. Plant size varied, with a single cell, group (formed by a number of single-cell aggregation, cells did not close physical contact), multi-cellular filaments and thalli. Algae have a simple advanced tissue differentiation. Plants (referred to as algae) very different sizes, small, only a few microns, can be seen under a microscope; larger visible, the maximum body length of up to 100 meters.
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Algae (Algae)
Algae generally possess photosynthetic pigments to inorganic synthesis of organic compounds using light can; for their own needs, is able to live in a class of self-support of the original explants plant (autotrophic thallophyte). Algae plants are vastly different in shape, small, only a few microns, can be seen under a microscope; shape the larger visible; maximum body length of up to 60 meters above the algae structure is also more complex, differentiated a variety of organizations, such as the giant growth of algae in the Pacific (Macrocystis). While algae are large, small, simple, complex differences, but they basically have no roots, stems, leaves plants differentiation of the original implant. Most are single-celled reproductive organs, although some higher reproductive organs are multicellular algae, but the reproductive organs are directly involved in every cell of the reproductive role; form gown or gametes, and its outer layer of cells surrounded and no infertility. Algae zygote does not develop into multiple cell embryo. There is a small number of algae or heterotrophic heterotrophic time being, it can be according to their cellular structure and storage of nutrients, the original explants and plant heterotrophic (heterotrophic thallophyte) - fungi separately. Pertaining to fabrics, pulp, such as silk, such as silk production in China, Guangdong is to use as a slurry made of plastic Hai Luo. Diatoms on the use in industry is very broad, such as adding nitroglycerin to prevent an explosion, can be used as manufacturing refractory bricks, filters, tooth powder raw materials. With the increasing depth understanding of algae, the use of the range has been expanded, the preliminary results from the current view, can be expected prevalence of algae in solving mankind's lack of food, energy crisis and environmental pollution problems will play an important effect.
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Algae (fossil)
zao lei (huashi) Algae (fossil) The oldest on earth, and continuation of the times one of the longest fossil. Algae in geological time, through the role of the petrochemical complex, the algae or the local structure was retained, it is the geological remains of algae. The biostratigraphy of fossil algae and some sedimentary mineral resources research and the reconstruction of ancient environments play a major role, while, for exploring the origin of life and cells, the evolution of land plants and the formation of Earth's early atmosphere may provide direct or indirect evidence. Modern algae can be divided into about 10 gates (see algae). However, fossil algae in the organelles, protoplasts, pigments and other structures and material rarely preserved, so it is the basis of modern classification of algae significantly different. At present, fossil algae classification system more varied, the following classification is more common. Fossil algae fossil bones of these algae are characterized by cell wall calcification or mineralization. Most of the fossil bones from the calcium composition of algae, a few fossil bones from the siliceous algae, organic matter composition. Bone mineral composition of the algae from the support, fixed and protection. According to the form of fossil algae, structure, cells and filaments as well as the size and branch reproductive nest size, shape and location (mainly Rhodophyta) and other characteristics can be separated from the following fossils door. Rhodophyta coralline algae are common subjects, pores bare pine branches and algae fossils of algae Division. Chlorophyta algae common are pine branches and asperata fossil algae Division. Charophyta archegonia its common fossils. Chrysophyta common are fossils coccolithophorid families. Phaeophyta few species of algae for the bones. Diatoms from the siliceous cell wall composition of algae. For the small number of species of Cyanophyta algae fossils. Pyrrophyta common are fossil dinoflagellates, the cell wall is mainly organic matter. Non-skeletal algae fossils of algae cell wall components by the organic matter, not a mineral substance. These fossils of blue algae, green algae dominated the door, usually from a single cell, single cell composed of groups or filaments. Such non-skeletal algae algae often with debris particles capture and the ability to bond or by metabolic changes in medium pH and promote carbonate precipitation, the formation of the body of biological sedimentary structures such as stromatolites (Figure 1 columnar section of stromatolite morphology ), nuclear-shaped mouth, such as stone and clot. Another common classification is to be divided into calcareous algae fossils of non-calcareous algae and algae into two categories. The former mainly includes Charophyta, Rhodophyta algae in the pore Branch, bare pine branches and coralline algae algae Division; Chlorophyta pine branches and asperata algae algae Division, Golden Gate algae fossils in the stone ball and stromatolite . The latter includes Pyrrophyta, Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta in oculata Division Head alga fossils and acritarchs and so on. Fossils are mostly aquatic algae. According to the ecological environment of modern algae infer, influence algal reproduction, growth, distribution of the main factors light, temperature, salinity, pH, water sports, trace elements, sediment and growth density. In general, business planktonic lifestyle diatoms, coccolithophorids, dinoflagellates and some blue-green algae reproduce rapidly, the number of widely distributed, small individual cells. Fossil benthic algae camp life more attributable to the Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Cyanophyta. Chara and more live in freshwater or in semi-saline marshes. Algae Division Chlorophyta pine snag more in depth subjects algae less than 10 meters of sand at the end of life, showing erect growth. Rhodophyta algae, coral and grows hard bottom of the water. Such benthic algae on the limestone and fossil reefs play an important role in the formation. The earliest fossils of blue-green algae are about 35 billion years ago. About 14 million years ago, the green algae in the nucleus of some genera and species of fossils appear. Since then have been derived from other categories. The main distribution of algae fossils of geological history as shown in the main distribution of algae fossils of geological history. (Cao Rui Ji Zhao Wenjie)
Cyanobacteria