① through image building to reflect the lives, thoughts and feelings of the performance of a social ideology. Means and methods for the performance of different, often divided into: the performing arts (music, dance), the plastic arts (painting, sculpture), language arts (literature), and integrated arts (drama, film). ② creative ways and methods: talking points may pay attention to Art. ③ refers to the unique beauty and rich: the room layout, quite artistic.
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yì shù
Unique and beautiful shape
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No. 3
The room layout, quite artistic
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No. 4
Also as "cleverness surgery." 1. Refers to the number of Fang Liu Yi, as well as surgery and other technical skills. "Later Han Fu Cham Biography": "Yonghe the first year of King Chao Huang Yi Lang loudly and school books set in the Five Classics, the philosophers, dexterity operation." Li Xian Note: The "cleverness that book, number, radio, Royal, patients that doctors, Fang, divination divinatory. "" Book of Jin Art Biography Preface ":" Art Hing, origin still carry on. kings never hesitated yes, be good and bad, the survival of the trial, the provincial fortune. "Sun Song Woodland, "said Zhai children fulfill compiled the history of body text that Nanbei": "for the party after the Chinese operation, Wei as the party trick, Yan Jin Art." Qing Yuan Mei, "With the Park Essay Liang-Chen Kingdoms out <widely different" Record ":" YU less shoulder I do Otto, many art, try to empty big boo summer parlor, gas into the snow to do. "
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No. 5
艺术
Tezhi classics. Qing Fang Bao, "A written application Him Home": "Ancient Art Mo difficult, since the week, their masters were only ten men, their difficulties are known."
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No. 6
By shaping the image to reflect the reality of social life is more typical than a social ideology. Such as literature, painting, sculpture, music, dance, drama, film, folk art and architecture. Qing Wu Min-tree "and the papers sent Xiao Cen book": "a genre of art paper, this trend roughly cloud Seoul, during which phase teachers are not really effective." Mao "at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and speech": "In the world today all culture, literature and art belong to definite classes and are certain political line. "
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No. 7
Metaphor of creative ways and methods. Mao Zedong "<Communist> Foreword": "The party has created a strong armed forces, and therefore learn the art of war." Xu arms "West Line anecdotes" 8: "Yan Li, the art of managing younger brother and sister used to monitor switchboard job coming up. "
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No. 8
That the image of the unique and beautiful, content rich. Ding Ling, "Wei Hu" Chapter II: "Floating Life, her face to face meeting slander their life too monotonous, too artistic." Xiao Jun "in May of mine," Chapter VIII: "This is extremely artistic written word."
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The definition of art
After the reality of egoism "Mental> <behavior>" Language> expression and performance: are all Art
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Arts include
Art, music (vocal music, instrumental music, dance), radio host, performances, theater, etc. belong to the art, the art form of many, many. Divided into static and dynamic arts arts two categories. Art exam classes in schools like Beijing Kiyomi Arts School of Art, the annual art training candidates in this country of more than learning art training in 5000, has campuses nationwide, is now the largest arts education organization. Beijing Haidian Art Vocational School, 2006 Sea Art "playing division event" sensational, Haidian art schools, professional arts education.
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Explained
1. With the image to reflect the reality but the reality of a typical than the social ideology, including literature, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, drama, film, folk arts, and crafts. 2. Refers to the creative way. For example: leadership, Meixiang Han calligraphy and more. 3. Unique and beautiful shape. For art, you can usually come to know from the three levels. The first is from the spiritual level, the arts as an area of culture or cultural value, a form of it with religion, philosophy, ethics, etc. side by side. The second level from the active process to understand art, that art is the artist's self-expression, creative activities, or of reality simulations. Third, the results from the activity level, that art is art, emphasizing the art of objective existence. Generally believed that art is one way to grasp the real world, the arts are people to intuitive way to grasp the overall objective object, and on this basis to create some form of symbolic art of symbolic image of the spiritual practice. It is the ultimate form of works of art, this work of art both artists and reflect the understanding of the objective world, but also the artist's own emotions, ideals and values of the main factors, it is a spiritual product. Arts and other ideological difference is its aesthetic value, this is its most important, most fundamental characteristics of the art of dance. Artistic creation by the artists to express and communicate their aesthetic experience and aesthetic ideals, the viewer to get through the beauty of art appreciation, and to meet their aesthetic needs. Aesthetic aestheticism is the perfect play. In addition to aesthetic value, artistic but also with other social functions, such as cognitive function, education and molding capabilities, entertainment functions. Social function of art in which people understand nature through art activities, awareness of social, historical knowledge, understanding life, its function is different from scientific knowledge. Educational function of art is the people through the arts, by truth, goodness and beauty, and the influence of infection, and imperceptibly lead to thoughts and feelings, attitudes, values and other profound changes, which is different from moral education. Entertainment concept art through art activities for people to meet the aesthetic needs, access to the spirit of enjoyment and aesthetic pleasure, which is different from physical pleasure. Art is a special spirit of social ideology and special production patterns. Production practice, reflecting from the material world to the spiritual world, from the relations of production to the thinking of the overall relationship of human social life, the spirit to create beauty products to meet the aesthetic needs of the human spirit. Popular to say, art that is people's knowledge, feelings, ideals, ideas, organic synthesis products of mental activity, is that people in real life and the spiritual world the image of the performance. Art】 【 What is art? First, it is created. It is a symbol of progress, through a reference, a fair competitive world. Power under pressure, it is in life to break the convention and all the creatures. Through the process of hard work and full of innovative ideas for the future evolution of each combination of magic, creating a superior work of art. Fundamentally it is inspired by a desire to survive it, it is the product of survival of the fittest. Everyone will find a lot of "art", and each person's standards are not the same, and that in the end what is art? When the moment of arrival of human feet, he is full of curiosity, when his curiosity be great to meet the addition to using magic outside of indescribable Or thing in front of the scene when the effect is manifested in the artistic sense has gradually formed. Popular talk: things are dead, people are living, when people something to show by his ideas or talent, he is creating art. If the results create a sense of giving the public the perfect "vision or hearing to enjoy the meet," That is an absolute work of art. 【Art - On】 Who understand that art is the art of art. Not know who said that art is the art of trash .. How do you say to understand. This is a thinking problem. Why are there a lot of people do not understand where the beauty of art painting. . The paintings draw people really care about the feelings. For art, you can usually come to know from the three levels. The first is from the spiritual level, the arts as an area of culture or cultural value, a form of it with religion, philosophy, ethics, etc. side by side. The second level from the active process to understand art, that art is the artist's self-expression, creative activities, or of reality simulations. Third, the results from the activity level, that art is art, emphasizing the art of objective existence. Generally believed that art is one way to grasp the real world, the arts are people to intuitive way to grasp the overall objective object, and on this basis to create some form of symbolic art of symbolic image of the spiritual practice. It is the ultimate form of works of art, this work of art both artists and reflect the understanding of the objective world, but also the artist's own emotions, ideals and values of the main factors, it is a spiritual product.
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Art - Origin
The origin of art has always been academics known as the "Sphinx", mainly because people on early human history and know very little information on the arts. Nevertheless, the history of many academics in this area of the unremitting exploration and hard work made from a variety of different perspectives on the theory of artistic origin, including: Witch, Game, Labor said so. These theories from different angles reveals the occurrence of human art, and under certain conditions, to study art and to art education has an important value. Although the theory of the origin of art necessarily involves all aspects of human art, but the discussion on the origin of art is usually an important aspect of these theories.
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The definition of art
What is art, art and what the human nature of other cultures different? No one seems to give a clear answer. In this paper, the subjective behavior create functional areas and its cultural composition of paper tries to answer this question. First, the subjective behavior of the three essential functions In social life, subjective behavior, according to its basic functional areas are divided into three types: first is the most basic of social life in order to obtain the information are engaged in basic production work, such as searching, harvesting, capture and cropping food, build homes, make clothing and other daily need items, etc., are all basic production work. If you do not get the basic production and labor are the basic means of subsistence, the basic life activities can not be maintained. The second is to protect the most basic life activities for the basic social life, such as cooking and laundry, reproduction and rearing offspring, social interaction and the maintenance of social order, the other necessary daily activities, etc., are all basic social life. If you leave the basic social life, people's basic life activities are not health maintenance. The third category is to consume the body's own physical strength and energy to spare for entertainment and games, such as singing, dancing, writing poetry, listening to opera, play, etc., are all fun games. Entertainment games left, the basic life activities can still be properly maintained. Second, art is a way of entertainment games Third, what is art However, for all human activities, entertainment games, which can be explicitly described as one of art, which again the rest is not explicitly referred to as art? No one seems able to clearly answer. However, the problem is far more than that. For example, such fun games and activities for the painting, it is generally thought to call it art. However, the painting is not for all activities that can be called art? The same is painting, the artist's paintings will be able to as art, which seems to be no doubt. Random doodles of a child can be called art up, it seems a lot of people disagree. Only when the child's "doodles" to a "certain level", people will call it art. So, a child's "doodles" level reached before the extent of what can be called art? This is a difficult question to answer. It is said that a chimp the United States will "paint" people give it a pen and paper, it can "with interest" to make a lot of "interesting" and "painting" to. If the chimpanzee's "paint" also known as the arts, it seems, many people are not in favor of the. So, how should we distinguish between the theory of art and non-art? Or, in theory, what is art, what is the essence of art it? Fourth, people's subjective needs Subjective based on people's "self" form-based, human "self" is one form of the concept of cultural patterns as a basis. People to "self" form is generated based on the needs of objective things, acts, called the subjective needs. When the objective and subjective things to meet the needs of people, who will produce the subjective feeling of happiness; when the objective reality can not meet the subjective needs of persons, or damage to a person's subjective interest, will result in subjective pain feeling. In real life, people often because of the subjective needs are not objective things, and often in time to meet certain objective things which damage the interests of their subjective pain produced a lot of sense. Can be said that people of all acts of daily life content, is the pursuit of objective things to meet the needs of their subjective and objective things, refusing to avoid the damage of their own subjective interests. However, the pursuit of or refusal to avoid and often because of objective conditions but not to do so, which makes people in real life is always a result of the subjective can not do as many things, there are many defects, such subjective The total deficiency continuously immersed in the pain of people among the people always want to feel free. Fifth, the three major functional systems of human Practice in life, it was found that some recreational activities and games take only less social wealth to be able to produce enough organs emotional behavioral responses. For example, tell stories and listen to stories, to be able to spend only a few people's feelings of social wealth in real life organ produce behavioral responses of all organs. Sixth, the phenomenon of virtual culture Emotional communication, is people's emotional needs organ regular behavior. Heart, talk to others about the deficiency, the heart of joy statements to others about things and listen to others talk about some new thing, or to others about new things, people in their daily lives are necessary for emotional communication behavior. However, in real life, not always will be some "interesting" and "should talk about" the sad or happy things. In fact, the vast majority of people share content with each other, are each to listen to or view on other people's things, especially in a virtual way exaggerated and made up the plot twists and turns on the others, and content of wonderful stories. In real life, tell stories and listen to stories, with very good communication effectiveness and emotional comfort of the subjective effects of defects. Since ancient times, people are very much like to hear stories, like stories. Listen to stories of the people always want to hear more interesting new stories, stories of people who always want to compile the more interesting new story. Hear stories and stories, has already become very important people's lives subjective needs. Very naturally, listening to stories, and stories to the occurrence and development of a social life have become a unique cultural phenomenon. This cultural phenomenon, the main aspects of its function is designed to meet the deficiency in the comfort of people's subjective and emotional needs of the behavior of demand for organs, its nature and characteristics of cultural patterns is the virtual reality of people's lives. This cultural phenomenon, known as the virtual culture. This paper specifically designed to meet the subjective needs and shortcomings of the comfort needs of emotional behavior of organs to create a virtual cultural phenomenon, known as the art. All along, the art includes not been clearly defined, be concerned about each person on the arts has its own definition of art, it is because there is no generally accepted definition has been the art of objective criteria. This definition of art, on the one hand gives a clear objective criteria, on the other hand clearly defined the nature of art, from the theory of art with the general behavior of the entertainment game strictly separate areas, which can clearly guide people to practice the art of . This definition of art, perhaps in large part a departure from the "art" the original meaning of the word, this does not matter, because the parallels in theoretical circles have before. Happiness to people's spiritual reality, is very important to a culture of human creation. Creating this culture for the production of human social life, a very rich spiritual food. Although many people dream of living a virtual reality, but the dream is not a subjective act to create, can not dream of as art. Bian Xiahua fraud or intentional damage to other people's property interests of others, is also used virtual reality techniques, but the lie or deliberately harm the interests of property does not belong to fun games. So, can not be Bianxia Hua called art. Seven, the essence of art Art is entertainment games cultural aspects, is in order to meet their own needs for comfort subjective and emotional deficiencies behavior organ needs to create a cultural phenomenon, the essential characteristics of this cultural phenomenon is the human language to create a virtual reality life. Art is one of emotion and ideas of a cultural form, it is the language of emotions and ideas are based, so the art is based on the occurrence of human language. In people's artistic practice, art almost always happens to be completely by means of human language, what kind of language the human form, there will be what kind of art form generated. Many forms of human language, such as oral language, written language, painting, body language, music, language and modern language of film and television and so on. Meixiang Han pointed out that the art of calligraphy in the form will appear on the corresponding story, novel, poetry, painting, dance, music, movies and TV shows, etc. art forms. No language, there is no basis for the occurrence of Art; if the language barrier between people, art exchange can not be achieved. Illusion created by language arts events, to let others through the understanding of the language to feel unreal scenario events, feelings of scenarios in the process, people will get the corresponding subjective shortcoming appropriate comfort, human organs will be emotional produce active, intense behavioral responses. Defects in the comfort of people's subjective and emotional organ of behavior, and fully in social life is based on the subjective needs of certain objective things as a basis. Therefore, to create a virtual art event to be people in social life based on the subjective needs to be able to play a significant artistic effect. There is a proverb called "castles in the air", is the most vivid artistic interpretation: people feel the same as hunger, no cake, but to draw comfort from a big pancake, hungry to see art in this pancake, subjective able to get a little satisfaction, emotional organs also have a little joy. Fu ancients: that plum thirst quencher, and a little Ben Jing Su heart; castles in the air, less ambition Xie Xiang Teng. This is actually a theory of art and social function of the occurrence of the most vivid and brilliant exposition.
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Type of art
Wide variety of art, according to different classification criteria can be divided into the following types of art: Based on the existence of the artistic image, art can be divided into time art, space art and space art. Art is a kind of space art. Based on the aesthetic art image, art can be divided into auditory arts, visual arts and audio-visual art. Art is a visual art. Based on physical and chemical forms of art, art can be divided into static and dynamic art of art. Art is essentially a static art. Classified according to the aesthetic principles of Art, art can be divided into practical arts, plastic arts, performing arts, language arts and integrated arts. Art is a kind of plastic art. Based on the performance art image, art can be divided into performance art and reproduction art. The performance of both the Fine Arts, but also reproducibility. Should be noted that, on the "art" and "Art" has the meaning and scope, in the East and West is the existence of some differences. Understanding these differences will help us better grasp of their concepts and use them. In general, according to the different means and methods of performance art can be divided into Performing arts (music, dance, etc.) Visual arts (painting, photography, etc.) Graphic arts (sculpture, architecture, etc.) Visual arts (film, television, etc.) Language arts (literature, etc.) Integrated arts (drama, opera, etc.) Relatively new points system, then according to the nature of art is divided into time and space: Time Art Space Art Integrated Arts.
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Western Art Appreciation
Is a work of art "accept" - perception, experience, understanding, imagination, and creation of comprehensive mental activity and then, the image of people as objects of art works of art received by the spirit to meet the aesthetic and emotional pleasure activities. In 1997 the Ministry of Education issued a "high school art appreciation course syllabus," and asked a senior grade in the creation of high "art appreciation" course Western Art Appreciation How to appreciate fine art and sculpture Art appreciation, like the artist planted a flower, planting, growing, flowering and enjoy the flowers, first saw the flower itself, is how the delicate and charming, beautiful, then smell the fragrance of flowers to the depth of the like , will sigh a little seed from the flower to today's glamorous, is experiencing a kind of process ... Ancient Greek Art No Greek art, there is no Western modern art. From the beautiful "Mi Lo Island, the only NASDAQ" to the strong, majestic Doric columns, the beauty of Greek art, like an accidental discovery of the cave, waiting for your exploration and discovery ... Artistic achievements of the Renaissance Renaissance works of art shown is a free man who is an equal person, is a fraternity man. It must complete two tasks, the first task is to explore the art of transition from God to man, the second task is to two-dimensional work of art to create a perspective on the relationship in order to present a three-dimensional, three-dimensional people ... The story of Impressionism Impressionist art performance truly advocate natural light and color; also re-color, light shape, heavy feelings, rational light; and painting of the King. Impressionist Art gathered a group of young artists, Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley, Degas, and so, their efforts to explore a new path of artistic development ... The story of Russian Art Feiduotuofu, Podium Korolyov and Boluo Fu, these tour events before the birth of the artist painting school, creating realistic art criticism, they exposed the decadent aristocracy, ugly, reflecting the worker's poverty, misery, works of art in their expression of deep humanitarian feelings ... Post-impressionist art Not after the Impressionism Impressionism, but with the different nature of Impressionism, a generation after the Impressionist art of faction. "Father of Modernism" Cezanne "apples to oranges," Caravaggio "fruit basket", Kandinsky's "yellow red and blue," embodies all the factions of this new fundamental view of art - performance artists to be true subjective experience of objective things ... New Impressionist Art Impressionist generation, a wave rolled in the art boom. It affects almost the whole of Europe, and even affected the North and South America. Impressionist art of creating a new brilliant, but brilliant and sudden death. To Seurat, Pissarro, Xi Nieke represented by the new Impressionist artists began to explore a new art ... Da Vinci Art Da Vinci is an Italian Renaissance genius. Not only is he the greatest painters, but also a profound thinking, knowledgeable, talented scientists, philosophers, musicians, engineers and inventors. Today, the status of Leonardo da Vinci is also difficult to shake a half hours ... Michelangelo Art He is "omnipotent generalist," not only "a model of human art" and that he has "a real moral life, and sweet temperament." His life and works, are the world's "model", he is the representative of the Renaissance Michelangelo Sheng Si ... Rafael Art "Chair of the Virgin," "Garden of Our Lady," "Sistine Madonna", "Foli Niu of the Blessed Virgin," a shiny shiny like a pearl, with grand and delicate fresco "The School of Athens" This bright The one, strung together a short but very exciting Raphael's life ... Van Gogh Art Van Gogh, his life as he was also brilliant than the sun, "Sunflower", as the passion and freedom. Paucity of material not bound his spirit of freedom, even if the body was trapped in a mental hospital, he still passionately to create a "star night sky." Although his age can not be understood, but the name of Van Gogh, will be like stars in the sky, as bright and eternal ...
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Arts and Fine Arts
Should be noted that, on the "art" and "Art" has the meaning and scope, in the East and West is the existence of some differences. Understanding these differences will help us better grasp of their concepts and use them. In the West, "art" and "Art" are derived from Roman Latin "art", the original meaning is relative to "natural good fortune" and "artificial skill" refers to a variety of handmade works of art as well as with music, literature, drama, art was even broader, including clothing, culture, martial arts, medicine and other aspects of art. To ancient Greece, the concept of art is still with the skills, technical equivalent, but the ancient Greek painting and sculpture in the fifth century BC to the mature stage of development, has been basically established a _set_ of classical standards of beauty, artistic meaning for the future planted the seeds of evolution. Until the Renaissance, art was the "beauty" equated the mid 18th century art based on the concept of system of the United States had just formally established, art has become the main target of the aesthetic. Today, the English "art" is still only for the term "art" solution, but also as "art" solution, It can be used to refer to music, dance, literature, theater, film and other various arts disciplines, sometimes specifically used to be alleged, including painting, sculpture, crafts, architecture, including the visual arts. In many Western works, we even see, the authors said "art" in fact means only that we Chinese people are a part of art: painting. And their "the fine arts" (We are directly translated as "art"), still refers to the poetry, music, painting, sculpture and architecture. "Art" that the term is a new cultural movement in China, writers and artists and educators began to be widely used. Cai was the use of "art" when the term also includes poetry and music. Subsequently, China's literary and art circles, Jiao Yujie the "Art" and "art" concept gradually separated from the "art" is the general term for all kinds of art, it is a different visualization methods to reflect the natural and social performance a great human emotions humanities, which has included art, music, poetry, dance, drama, film, calligraphy, including clothing, gardens, and other great range. The "Art", is specifically used to refer to an important branch of art - the visual arts section. In short, in Chinese, we have "art" and "Art" two words, their meaning is different from the scope of allegations do not, but only in the English word "art", both used to refer to all kinds of art also used to refer exclusively to a part of all the arts disciplines - art, or even one aspect of Fine Arts - Painting. This is the East and West in the "art" and "Art" two words on the meaning and application of the difference. Art is the medium of physical materials, create considerable static, that take up or three-dimensional space of the artistic image of the art. Expression of thoughts and feelings of a social ideology, but also a production patterns. Usually refers to painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, architecture and art carried out in space, position, and appeals to the visual of an art. Seventeenth century, when Europe began to use the name, refers to has aesthetic significance of painting, sculpture, literature, music and so on. China's "May Fourth Movement" began around the universal application of the term, they have the equivalent meaning of the art. For example, interpretation of Lu Xun in 1913, "Art," the word, wrote: "Art for the English word translated from the love of ... ... Intuit. Love Intuit cloud, the original out of Greece, whose friendship for the Arts." Shortly thereafter, another country the "art" is translated as "love te", "Art" has become the term refers specifically to painting the name of the visual arts. Art gives us a great impact.
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Art - Culture Talk
The existing ten kinds of arts: painting, sculpture, crafts, architecture, music, dance, literature, theater, movies, games, Why are there a lot of people do not understand where the beauty of art painting. . The paintings draw people really care about the feelings. For art, you can usually come to know from the three levels. The first is from the spiritual level, the arts as an area of culture or cultural value, a form of it with religion, philosophy, ethics, etc. side by side. The second level from the active process to understand art, that art is the artist's self-expression, creative activities, or of reality simulations. Third, the results from the activity level, that art is art, emphasizing the art of objective existence. Generally believed that art is one way to grasp the real world, the arts are people to intuitive way to grasp the overall objective object, and on this basis to create some form of symbolic art of symbolic image of the spiritual practice. It is the ultimate form of works of art, this work of art both artists and reflect the understanding of the objective world, but also the artist's own emotions, ideals and values of the main factors, it is a spiritual product.
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Communication Arts
Art Communication refers certain material by means of media and means of communication, information or works of art passed to the receiver process. Refers in the dissemination of artistic acceptance, based on the works of art as object, to appreciate those as the main active dynamic consumption, appreciation and criticism activities. From the past, works of art to art appreciation, they use a simple, direct means of communication, the meaning of communication did not attract much attention, mainly because of the level of productivity level and the limitations of technology, resulting in backward propagation functions, not on the arts greater impact. In the past century, especially in recent decades, rapid development of world science and technology activities for the arts had a tremendous impact. Electronic technology, satellite technology, computer technology, the development of high technology and extensive application of the field of culture and the arts, modes of transmission and function of art significant progress. It not only visual arts become the most public of art forms, but also will be one of many forms and modes of transmission of the other art forms, the advantages of video technology features are fully reflected. Art of communication in the field of contemporary art activity, has shown an increasingly important role and status of the spread of the art form, scale, speed, cycle, proliferation capacity size, and accepted way for the recipient to enjoy the fun, and so, have great impact. Acceptance of art, including art consumption, appreciation and criticism, is the end of the arts, but also the intrinsic value of artists and art works to achieve the fundamental way to get the final. Art appreciation and criticism activities, the recipient has a strong meaning of subjectivity, both as works of art for aesthetic perception, interpretation and creation, but also the spirit of the artist exchanges and dialogue. Art accepted artists and even objects can also be spiritual world feedback, in order to achieve artistic activities connected with social activities, so that the arts and into the grand system of human social activities, and in the meantime the right to play great role. Is the category of art and philosophy, aesthetics, culture, sociology, psychology, communication studies, anthropology, comparative study, the combination of art historians and other disciplines. From an artistic nature, origin of art, artistic development, artistic creation, art appreciation, art and other aspects of communication to explore the genesis and development of human art, law, future direction and changes. Communication theory and art historical research is more focused on art direction in the field of mass communication research in the context of new media, art information and communication vehicle for the dissemination of the problems. Sculpture is an art form, also known sculpture is carved, engraved, plastic created three methods in general. Refers to the use of various plastic materials (such as plaster, resin, clay, etc.) or can be carved, Keke hard material (such as wood, stone, metal, pieces of jade, agate, etc.) (Yufu Workshop), to create a certain space, visual, touch the art image to reflect the social life, expressing the artist's aesthetic experience, aesthetic emotion, aesthetic ideal of art.
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Marxist theory of art
Marx and Engels did not propose a general aesthetic theory, they have not been to the arts and literature of any system. Marx on this issue, then so much the way that provides an explanation of certain principles, as it caused more controversy. In the "Outline" (Introduction) in the period often quoted words, Marx said: "About Art, you know, it's certainly the boom is by no means the same society, the general development of proportional and, therefore, is not with the material basis the development of direct proportion. " He then pointed out: on Greek art, although it can with the special form of social development together, but in certain aspects of it that we still "a standard template and impossibly high," and has "the charm of a permanent "(see" The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, "volume 46, No. 48,49 pages). This view also shows that, for whatever reason, some type of art is not strictly determined by the material basis of society, they have a permanent, super-historical value (in this case, Marx suggests a psychological interpretation), in other places (see "Theory of Surplus Value," Chapter IV, 16), Marx ridiculed those who "are Lessing's 18th century French satirical fantasy doctrine. Since we have so much more than the mechanics of ancient, why do we can also create epic it? "view of the above can make art" in the ideological superstructure has a special status "(see" References "⑤, p. 10), and that these views are in the 19th century with the Engels 90 era letters written by the foundation and superstructure on more extensive discussion of the relationship between consistent (see August 5, 1890 and October 27 To Kangshimite; September 21, 1890 To some * Bloch; July 14, 1893 To Fu Meilin; January 25, 1894 To Wabo Bhattacharjee Ouse). On the other hand, the social status of artists in the issue, Stirner, Marx criticized the "only person" concept, said: "The division of labor, artistic genius entirely focused on individual special person, and therefore, the art of the masses suppressed genius. ... ... in a communist society, not simply an artist, only to painting as their activities in a variety of activities of people "(" The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, "Vol 3, p. 460). Here, if the elimination of the division of labor according to Marx's general view of the importance of art in itself there as a special activity is a problem. "In communist society, no one specific range of activities, each person can in any sector development, social adjustment with the whole production, so that I could wish with my own Ganzhe Shi today, and tomorrow do that things, the morning hunt, afternoon, fishing, animal husbandry in the evening after dinner in the criticism, but it does not therefore make me a hunter, fisherman, shepherd or critic "(" _Select_ed Works of Marx and Engels "), Volume 1, No. 37 - 38). This idea is not only pure speculation, borders on "restaurant cook recipes for the future" and its meaning point of view, it is complex and technological development of any society is unrealistic, especially for artistic creation is. However, it showed a particularly run through the early writings of Marx on the important concepts of human nature (see the essence of man; practice of entries). From this concept, whether it is art or a development of the aesthetic sense, are the same as the language is generally regarded as a unique human ability; as Gramsci noted, although only assume some people in society the work of intellectuals, but all are intellectuals, therefore, can be said that all people are artists. With the pioneering work of Marxist Aesthetics by Merlin (in 1893) and Plekhanov (in 1912) writing. Merlin is the main concern of literature, rather than viewing art or music. Plekhanov is to develop a strict determinism, he said: "In my opinion, any people's art is always closely related with their economic causal link" (see "References" ⑦, the first 57). From this point of view, his analysis in primitive societies, dance is to express the pleasure of working (eg, hunting), while the music is a labor of assistance (through the rhythm). However, he described work, the general relationship between games and art, said: Although the arts have a material source of utilitarian needs, but the aesthetic pleasure of the grounds with its own joy. Appears in the Plekhanov, in addition to the original social, economic class distinctions and class only by rule of the role played by intermediaries to indirectly influence the decision arts. For example, he talked about the 18th century when the French theater and that they show a "graceful aristocratic style" victory. However, late in the century, with the aristocracy by the bourgeoisie of the challenges, Boucher and Gele Zi's art of the "revolution in painting, David and his school paled before" (ibid., p. 157). On the other hand, proletarian art (or culture) of the concept by some of the Bolshevik leaders (they have Trotsky) criticism, and cultural organizations to reach out to the proletariat as the Party's opponents and potential counter-revolutionary organizations level. However, in a relatively long period of time, that the proletariat needs a class of its own art, that the artist should first of all is the "party spirit," a concept that played a big impact, and in Stalin and Zhdanov forced to become the Soviet Union "socialist realism" Aesthetics is an important part of the dogma. In such a system is not about a radical in the art or the avant-garde movement test, so one kind of dull mediocrity of the wind will prevail. But even in this case did not completely rule out the art of novel ideas, Leaf Hitz (who worked with Marx and Engels, Lukacs Institute in Moscow to work) in addition to Marx and Engels edited the first collection of essays on art outside (the book was published in 1937), is still a lot to refer to Marx's notes and on the basis of earlier work, published on a very interesting works on Marxist Aesthetics (see "References" ⑥). But in 30 years of this century and, later, the Marxist theory of art is the main contribution to make in the West. Brecht made his own "epic drama" to socialist realism with confrontation, he is so evaluation of Lukacs and colleagues in Moscow: "frankly, they are creating enemies, they Do not create their own, (but) playing the role of runners and the exercise of control over others "(see" References "②, p. 97). Brecht's point of view profoundly influenced Benjamin's aesthetic theory, he considered how to make epic drama art form and means of moving towards a socialist direction to transform the mode (see "References" ① .) Brecht with the debate between Lukacs, in fact, the content is a part of a broader debate that occurred in the "socialist realism" (that is enriched with new contents up the 19th century bourgeois realism) advocates and the "modernist" (especially German Expressionism, and the three-dimensional art nouveau and surrealism) a debate between the supporters; "modernist" supporters in addition to Bu Laixi Special and Benjamin, there Bloch and Adorno (see "References" ②, ⑨). Ministry of Raphael that contains three papers on the sociology of art works (see "References" ⑧), is 30 years of this century the Marxist theory of art is another major contribution, but only in recent years was widely people know. In a Marxist theory of art on paper, the author of Marx's "Outline" (Introduction) to conduct a detailed analysis of the original _set_, to build a sociology of art, in order to overcome the dialectical materialism "at best, the issue of individual arts some uncertain, fragmentary research "existing weaknesses (ibid., p. 76). Raphael Marx emphasized the economic basis of Greek mythology and Greek art the importance of the idea of an intermediary, and proposed a series of myths and the general relationship between art and new problems. He also inspected the relevant material production and the art of "uneven development" issues, and finally he criticized Marx Greek art of the "eternal charm" explanation, that it is "fundamentally incompatible with historical materialism" (ibid., p. 105). Therefore, for the Greek art of its period in European history with a number of art "standard value", own interpretation of Raphael is: Every time economic and social change makes the whole cultural experience of crisis, there will be "retro" phenomenon. The third of these papers, the Raphael is that the art of Picasso, the most typical examples of modern and pointed out that modern capitalism, free enterprise is now turned on monopoly capitalism. In the past 20 years, Marxist works of art significantly to the methodology of the main (ie, the development of a suitable abstract art of the Marxist concept), only a few of the studies involved some substantial. A notable exception is 克林詹德尔 to the art of the industrial revolution made outstanding research on the topic (see "References" ④), where he paid particular attention to the interaction between art and technology, and "new man" the power of the impact of growth on the role of arts; his study completed earlier, but recently re-published. Another notable exception is Wei Liete of Weimar Germany in painting, architecture and music by the modernist movement examined in detail (see "References" ⑨). As for the recent theoretical study, are concentrated in the following two themes: (1) art is ideology, (2) Art is a basic expression of human creativity. These two themes arising from the very beginning the attention of Marxist thinkers, its roots lie in Marx's own different views of art. On the one hand, that art is an analysis of ideology is bound to go to shows, there is a ruling class in a special artistic style of the historical period (including the form and content) in the whole ideology of class occupies a special position. This must, like the literary creation Goldman has argued (see "References" (11)): First, to establish a style of artistic creation and the structure of the inner meaning, and then determine the structure of a certain mode of production This class relations in the broader structure of the position occupied. Plekhanov, whether or Raphael, the studies mentioned in the above work, have tried to do so. On the other hand, because of the arts can be seen as fighting for the liberation of the oppressed class struggle ideological weapon, so realism and modernist controversy has surrounded a large extent "revolutionary art" and the inherent characteristics of analysis. Recently, the Marxist ideology of art as a meaningful aspect of thinking, is a popular arts and the "culture industry" (see cultural items) and the growing interest, some members of the Frankfurt School (such as Ador Novo Marcuse) work, in this respect is particularly prominent, according to their point of view, in the era of advanced capitalism, the arts, not only because of mechanical reproduction and the spread and introduction of degradation, but also encourage each other disputes the stability of class and group has a large joint force; the same time, radical innovation likely to be dominated by absorption by the body of ideas, any impact on the ideology of revolutionary art was weakened. However, Benjamin holds the opposite view; in his view, the primary role of mechanical reproduction is the destruction of elite art, "halo" is a "traditional Cuikulaxiu" (see "References" ①, p. 223) and created the proletariat and the new cultural forms (film) linkages. The theme of art as it is a sign of creativity, which made the analysis of aesthetic value (see aesthetics entries) and human (see psychology entries)'s a very complex issue. In these two aspects, not only until recently from the Marxist ideology that is still relatively very development, but in the past 20 years a growing number of Marxist thinkers, works also reflect the profound differences between the. However, from a sense of social practice, the arts as a universal expression of human creativity and a view of the liberation forces (although this view could eventually be used to summarize theoretical terms), means that in the socialist Art society attitude towards Marxism has two principles: The first principle is that art (the same as the general spirit of life) should be free to develop, a "hundred flowers bloom", not necessarily going to meet the requirements of a certain artistic dogma, especially a kinds of political power to impose a dogma; second principle is that with the above-mentioned Marx's "German Ideology" in the general idea expressed in line, that is, allow the good genius of the "Spring Snow" development, to be more wide range of creative activities to the art of human needs and as a general source of pleasure to be nurtured and encouraged. (TBB) Bibliography ① Walter Benjamin; "era of mechanical reproduction of art", in "registered blind", 1968 English. ② with Ernst Bloch et al: "Aesthetics and Politics", 1977 English. ③ Manfred Kerry Farm series: "Marx and Engels Literary and Art", 1968 German. ④ Francis D · 克林詹德尔: "Art and the Industrial Revolution" (1947), 1968 English. ⑤ David Rahn: "Marxist theory of art," English in 1978. ⑥ Mikhail Hurley Fuxi Ci: "Karl Marx's Philosophy of Art" (1933), 1973 English. ⑦ Gewa Plekhanov: "Art and Social Life" (1912), 1953 English. ⑧ Max Raphael: "Proudhon, Marx, Picasso - the three papers on the sociology of art" (1933), 1980 English. ⑨ 约翰威列特: "In 1917-1933 the new cool thinking - Weimar art and politics," English in 1978. ⑩ Ibid author: "Art and Revolution" (1980), Hobsbawm and others _set_ compiled "Marxist History", 1983 English. (11) 卢西安戈尔 Goldman: "Hidden God" (1956), 1967 English.
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Finally:
Heidegger in this article, at the out_set_ and he said: "The term here refers to the origin is a thing come from, what it is by what it is and, as it is. ... ... A piece of something but the nature of the origin of the source of this thing "; and suggested that since the origin of works of art and artists each other, then both parties must seek a" third party ", that" art "as the common origin of both," Art in another way, beyond a reasonable doubt to become the artists and works of origin "(p. 1). However, as "art" abstract word, it means "I am afraid that only the reality of work and artists on the basis of existence" (ibid.), he promised that he would "no doubt from the reality in art the role of local search for the essence of art "(p. 2). Judging from this, the reader will think that he will be both artists and works of art to discuss the nature of the problem of art itself. But then, he has been talking about is the question of what art is, and how to reflect on the art of the origin of the artist's problem disregarded. In his view, art is an independent self-existence of "purely physical" as "thing" (Ding), it is "things with" (dingt, or translated "things up"); of course, "works by the artist to enter the purely self-reliance, "but" it is in great art (we only talk about this art), is insignificant compared to artists and works, in order to produce the work, he is like a self-destructive in the creation of the channel "(page 24). This "works of art without the artist's" point of view of the later hermeneutic phenomenological aesthetics and aesthetics? Postscript Yang Tau intestinal worm reef guided Stanford haze bite tray Yu Huang Shi Guo Dong Nai Department of troubled tangled straw returned to kill the patellar sodium capsule account trampling sink file camel blue basket Um Zhong Shi Fan sink file accounts trampling Mu Lan Cong plays Shi Suan F Yi Qiang Wei patellar fat cover shoot rock garden brag account trampling shift Cang Huang Huai Lan Zhang Nao line and eight penalty patellar浼 sink lying Fei Tam ┦ Overseas string together silly mode vinegar harness this health ammonia favorite Song Huai Bao ℅ eschaffensein, can also be translated as "being creative"), after all, is also an important issue not open to write. Heidegger has since conceded: "It seems almost even, in our pursuit of purely as works of their own self-grasping, we completely ignore the one thing that works is always the work - is said to be a rather created things "(p. 40)," No matter how much we sincerely ask the works themselves, if we do not understand a work of art is finished, you will not find it ... ... the reality of the work factor works is that it given by the artist to be creative existence, "" in the fact that the forced, we have in-depth understanding of the activities of artists in order to achieve the origin of works of art. totally works under the works to describe the works of their own existence, which a practice has proved to be unworkable "(pages 41-42). However, Heidegger's description of all the arguments are, he is still based on the position of works of art to discuss with the artist's problem. "Creation is the essence of the decision by the nature of the work" (p. 44). He did not ask: who created the art? The only way to be dynamically Q: How is the creation of works of art? He says simply: "emerge from the work of creation there are not that famous master of this work must come from the hand. Creative works are masterpieces that can be used as its creator whether such projects are looking for the congregation, which is not the crux of the problem. The key is not to find out the name of the unknown. ... ... It is in works of artists and the advent of the process, conditions are no one knows when the momentum was there for this creative 'things '(ie Daβ, the Chinese translation for "this", meaning not clear, it might be translated as "things" or "circumstances") had been in the works appeared in the most purely "(p. 49). The problem seems to relate only to the author of "fame" this trivial matter. But in fact, the artist of an artist, not because he is famous, but because he Why and how to create his artistic works. After all, even if the artist does not appear in his works, even "anonymous", we have seen in the works I am not an artist, what is it? Heidegger is committed to in the article on the one hand throughout the art and the "apparatus" to distinguish the production, on the other hand made the work born of truth ("Covering" or "revelation") and the usual "Truth "concept (" meet ") to distinguish. But what is "good" (great) works of art and "bad" art is the difference? Is it only because "good" works of art in the "apparatus" factor less, or "truth" factor more? If the former, it is only a matter of attitude, the more sincere (without the apparatus of the ground) create the more good works, and a child's doodles is undoubtedly the most sincere (most "good"), the works of ; If the latter, then more people know what to do with attitude, because he did not give us a measure of truth, "how much" standard. Ask, what is "revelation"? How to be called "open"? As long as they have the determination and courage (Rilke called "Ping-gas Brave" and not "greedy business interests", see Heidegger: "What is the poet?", In "forest road" p. 281) will be able to germinal truth ? Thousands of Germans (including Heidegger himself) who have _set_ up the Nazi's "country" and to "essential sacrifice" (p. 45), was not found themselves subject to a maximum of Auschwitz "fooled" it? Who can guarantee the art will not be the same situation? Van Gogh and Holderlin he _select_ed for his "great artists" example, to what extent is the reason because of their fame? Van Gogh's "agricultural shoes" and any other painting a pair of shoes, and even photos in the end a pair of shoes What's the difference? Obviously, when Heidegger in order to own and humanistic (and connected with this "existential", "Romantic") distinguish the position from the phenomenological subject is on the artists and put "brackets "go, he had blocked the road to answer these questions. The standard of art (including art and non-art standards and good art and bad art standards) can only be the standard of humanity, leaving people to talk about art (art) is bound to fall into empty talk. Heidegger, of course, not completely put aside, he also talked about the nature of his art in the definition of "Art is truth _set_ting itself into the works", the "who" or the manner in which the "_Set_tings" is a "not always requirements but may require the "problem, so which" implies the existence and nature of the associated person "(p. 70); but he put people (artists) just as the art itself, to realize their" work "of the tool ( As the "Here" is just peep the absolute "existence" of the "window"); the existence of works of art by means of the artist, though "there was created", but simply to say who the artist is not, nor in other people body, but otherwise independent lies. This is a super on the person's "presence" in people over the "truth" and exceeding people's "history": "art is a fundamental sense of history" (p. 61), the "truth" itself "History." Grasp this point, is the understanding of Heidegger's overall aesthetics of the entrance. Art is a vague and redundant words Usually need to be more vague language to describe the word, resulting in artistic people know the word, but do not know specifically what is meant by artistic, not a unified concept, century human perceptual system is not uniform basis for the word also led to the relatively limited nature of art.
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Computer art
Computer art is based on computer technology, art and the combination of computer technology, a new means of artistic creation. Any and all computer-related art ~ also called CG, CG, including two-dimensional, three-dimensional, static picture, animation (movie), from free writing, fashion design, industrial design, TV commercials (CM) to web design, can be described as all-inclusive.
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English Expression
n.: art, artistry, stage attitude, conforming to good test, artistic, instances of this
French Expression
n. art;
habileté, talent
Thesaurus
art, creation or expression of sth beautiful, esp in a visual form, eg painting, sculpture, etc art Community
dance