First, Kant's "United Nations" Thought Immanuel Kant in the "perpetual peace" in the idea: the human society to move towards permanent peace; First, each country should become a republic; and then re-entered into the world by these citizens of the Republic of France, to reach a free country alliance. Second, international law, international organizations and the emergence and practice of the League Third, the Second World War and the "United Nations" concept proposed Fourth, the establishment of the United Nations 1946 年 10 January to 14 February, the first phase of the first session of the United Nations General Assembly meeting held in London. 51 founding members attended the meeting, the United Nations system of organizations put into operation.
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The purposes and principles of the United Nations
"UN Charter" Chapter I: Purposes and Principles Article The purpose of the United Nations: First, the maintenance of international peace and security; and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, to stop acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace; and to peaceful means, and the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or enough to undermine the peace _set_tlement of international disputes or situations. Second, the development of the international community to respect the principle of equal rights and self-determination based on the friendly relations and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace. Third, to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character of the international issues, and regardless of race, sex, language or religion, promoting and encouraging respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms. To be a center of coordination of the actions of nations in order to achieve these common ends. Article In order to achieve the Purposes stated in Article I of the Organization and its Member States should observe the following principles: I. Preparation of the Organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of Member States. Second, Member States should in good faith, to fulfill its obligations assumed under the present Charter to ensure that all Member States joined the Organization by the interest incurred. Third, the Member States shall _set_tle their international disputes by peaceful means, are not endangered international peace, security and justice. Fourth, Member States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force, inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations or any other method, any Member State or States against the territorial integrity or political independence. Fifth, the Member States the provisions of the United Nations under the present Charter to take action, should make every effort to assist the United Nations for any country is taking preventive or enforcement action, Member States shall provide assistance to the country. Six of the organizations in maintaining international peace and security to the extent necessary, Member States shall ensure compliance with the principles of the United Nations. In the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, and does not require Member States to draw such matters to _set_tlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the applicable .
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The United Nations and International Law
See also: international law, treaty law
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Charter
The fundamental law of the United Nations is "the United Nations Charter."
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United Nations system
United Nations system, the United Nations system organization chart (United Nations System) is a legal sense than the larger United Nations system, an international organization, including the United Nations and with which they have special ties of some independent inter-governmental international organizations (such as the United Nations specialized agencies) and other external agencies. 〖Of the United Nations principal organs and other subsidiary bodies〗 According to the "UN Charter" the provisions of Article VII of Chapter III of the United Nations with the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the United Nations Economic and Social Council, the United Nations Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice and the United Nations Secretariat, the 6 major United Nations agencies (mainly the United Nations authority). (Note: The United Nations Human Rights Council is now a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly, directly to all United Nations Member States.) First, the United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly, referred to as "the General Assembly", by all Member States. It is the deliberative organ of the United Nations. Hold a regular session each year to provide each third Tuesday of September the opening, usually until mid-December, each regular session usually for 3 months. If not discussed the agenda is completed, can continue until spring next year, but must be closed before the opening of the next regular session. During the meeting, the Assembly decided to adjourn, and resume later. The General Assembly on "important issues" the resolution by 2 / 3 majority; for the "general problems" of the resolution adopted by more than half can be. The General Assembly adopted a resolution, not legally binding, but enough of the Member States have wide political implications. In addition to regular outside should be Member States or more than half of the Council request the General Assembly also held a special meeting within 15 days, 24 hours in the emergency special session. In accordance with the provisions of the Charter, the General Assembly have the right to discuss any issue within the Charter to Member States and the Council with recommendations. The General Assembly and its agencies to receive and consider the report of the Council; elections permanent Security Council members, Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council; with the Security Council with the election of the International Court of Justice; according to the Council recommend approval of the admission of new members and the appointment of the Secretary long. United Nations budget and assessed contributions of Member States are required to be discussed and decided by the General Assembly. Each regular meeting, countries tend to send foreign ministers or other ministers, led a delegation to attend, a number of Heads of State and Government made a speech to the meeting. The General Assembly a President and 21 Vice-Presidents, the regular meeting of geographical distribution of all elected members of the Security Council five permanent vice chairman of the Assembly, of course, but also subject to election. Second, the United Nations Security Council United Nations Security Council, referred to as "the Council" by China, France, Russia, Britain, the United States five permanent members and 10 non-permanent form. Geographical distribution of non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly the principles of two-year term and can not re-elected. "Charter" provides that the Security Council in maintaining international peace and security, the primary responsibility for functions: According to the Charter, all Member States have an obligation to accept and implement the regulations; investigate any international disputes or might lead to international friction or dispute any , concluded that threats to peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression and to take economic, diplomatic or military sanctions against aggression; responsible for preparing plans for arms control; to the General Assembly recommended the new Member States and the Secretary-General. Council's action to "five permanent members of the same" principle (the so-called "big power consensus principle"), based on five permanent members have veto power on the substantive issues. The Security Council resolution is binding on Member States. The Security Council is only entitled to the United Nations for international peace and security agencies to take action. It has the right to investigate and mediate international disputes, can take the arms embargo, economic sanctions and other coercive measures, but also be able to send UN peacekeepers to help ease tensions in a region. The United Nations Security Council, as the core of international collective security mechanism has become recognized as the most authoritative and multilateral security system, the legitimacy of the institutions. Third, the United Nations Economic and Social Council The United Nations Economic and Social Council in accordance with "the United Nations Charter" established, is to coordinate the 14 United Nations specialized agencies, 10 functional commissions and five regional commissions of the economic, social and related work in the territory. The Council also funds and programs under the jurisdiction of 11. Council to discuss the international economic and social issues and the development on such issues for the Member States and the United Nations system, policy recommendations, provide the central forum. It is responsible for promoting higher standards of living, full employment and economic and social progress; solving international economic, social and health issues; to promote international cultural and educational cooperation; advocate for all human rights and fundamental freedoms universally respected. It is authorized to engage in or sponsor research on these issues and reports. It also authorized to help prepare and organize the economic, social and related fields of major international meetings, coordinating follow-up to these meetings issues. The Council has a broader mandate, and its authority throughout the United Nations system of human and financial resources, seventy per cent. From 54-member Council, elected by the General Assembly for a term of three years. Fourth, the United Nations Trusteeship Council United Nations Trusteeship Council by the five Security Council composed of five permanent members of the People's Republic, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. As the United Nations Trust Territory of Palau, the last gained independence, the Council on November 1, 1994 officially ceased operation. The Council amended its rules of procedure, cancel the provisions of each meeting, and agreed to the decision of the Council or the President of the Council, or the majority of the members of the Council or the General Assembly or the Security Council's requirements, depending on the need to hold meetings. Fifth, the International Court of International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, according to June 26, 1945 in San Francisco signed a "Charter" established to achieve one of the main purposes of the United Nations: "to peaceful means, and the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or _set_tlement breach of the peace of international disputes or situations. " International Court of Justice pursuant to "the Statute of International Court of Justice" and its own "rules" work. "Statute" is the "Charter" part. International Court of Justice began work in 1946 to replace the League in 1920, established under the auspices of the Permanent International Court of Justice. International Court of Justice Peace Palace in The Hague. The six principal organs of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice is the only institution in New York outside. International Court of Justice has a dual role: in accordance with international law to _set_tle legal disputes submitted to States and to formal recognition of United Nations bodies and specialized agencies on the provision of advice on legal issues. International Court of Justice by the fifteen judges by the executive assistance of the Registry. International Court of Justice in English and French as official languages Sixth, the United Nations Secretariat United Nations Secretariat is the executive secretary of United Nations agencies affairs agencies. United Nations Secretary-General appointed by the President. Secretary-General of the United Nations administrator, as a major international political responsibility. Secretary-General by the General Assembly and the Security Council recommended a term of 5 years. Secretary-General of the United Nations in international affairs, appeared on behalf of the qualifications on behalf of the Member States and the United Nations and other international organizations to contact, you can appear on behalf of the United Nations to the areas of international conflicts and disputes to understand and mediation. Secretariat by the Secretary-General and United Nations staff members, whose duty is to service the United Nations and its agencies and those agencies responsible for the implementation of programs and policies. Secretary-General of the United Nations administrator, the current implementation of the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for the Korean people. In addition, the United Nations has also established a number of necessary variety of various boards, committees or other organizations.
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United Nations emblem, flag and the United Nations song
Emblems: the official emblem of the United Nations is a world map from the North Pole looks around with an olive branch pattern around the ring. United Nations Flag: The background is light blue United Nations flag, the center of the pattern is a white emblem of the United Nations. In 1945, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services, held in San Francisco, "the United States Conference on International Organization," designed a United Nations "National Emblem." North of the emblem is a pole as the center, the azimuth plane equidistant projection map of the world. Land on the map as a light blue, white water, the eight extended to the latitude longitude 60 °, latitude expressed by the five concentric circles. Pattern consists of two cross-state the golden olive wreath consisting of, a symbol of world peace. "National Emblem" there is still the name of the United Nations abbreviation "UN". Annex: World Flag Little-known "World Flag" is created by the French poet, let Yi Laer, he spent 20 years to complete "World Flag" design. This surface "World Flag" is blue, that the universe the sky; Central has two stars, that men and women; outside a six-axis rays, the color is white, black, red, yellow and so on, that coexistence of different ethnic origin. "United Nations Song" "The United Nations Song" is a 1945 American poet M · J · VACCINES According to the former Soviet composer Shostakovich's "Meet the song" melody, lyrics by the United Nations Charter and the spirit of re-_set_. "United Nations Song" lyrics: Sun and stars listed the sky, the earth filled with magnificent singing, singing humans with high hopes and praise the birth of the New World. Bound to rise to lift my country, the people in the dark forces of oppression roar, roar like thunder, light as water as ruthless. Inevitably greet the morning sun, rivers naturally flow into the ocean. Humanity in the new century has arrived, and I honor sons more freedom. Unity of the United States forward, fluttering banner of righteousness, for the victory, the freedom of the New World, Together.
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United Nations funds
United Nations agencies to be funded in two ways: member dues and donations. The United Nations and its agencies biennial budget contributions from member states. United Nations General Assembly review of the United Nations funds, and to determine the amount of national dues. Main contributions of States in accordance with national economic strength and other factors to decide. Contributions from the regular budget, peacekeeping and international court costs and costs of three parts. United Nations General Assembly established the principle that funding for the United Nations should not be over-reliance on any country. Contributions for each financial year end with the United Nations "cap" price, the provisions of the Member States the highest price paid by contributions. 2000, part of the agreement provides that the contributions of individual Member States accounted for the highest amount of recurrent budget from the original 25% to 22%, which currently limit U.S. funding commitment, and contributions of all other members of the lower limit 0.001%. Assessments be adjusted once every 3 years. According to the proportion of 2000-2003, other United Nations regular budget is mainly responsible for state-owned Japan (19.63%), Germany (9.82%), France (6.5%), United Kingdom (5.54%), Italy (5.09%), Canada (2.5 %) and Spain (2.53%). China is 3.189%. 2004-2006, Japan 19.46%, respectively, a permanent member of the United Kingdom 6.1%, France 6%, 2.05% Republic of China, Russia 1.1%. In 2005, the United Nations total budget of 18.28 billion U.S. dollars. 2007-2009, the contribution ratio of 16.6% from high to low for Japan, Germany 8.6%, UK 6.6%, France 6.3%, Italy 5.1%, Canada 2.98% Spain 2.97%, China 2.667%, Mexico 2.3%. Russia 1.2%. Peacekeeping and cost-sharing situation is somewhat similar, but a higher percentage of the permanent members. United Nations regular budget is not in special projects within the member countries of these projects is through donations to operate. Much of contributions required for the countries of agricultural products, but mainly financial support.
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Members of the United States
Member States conditions: A. Be accepted is a peace-loving country B. Accept the obligations under the Charter C. Recommended by the Council D. By the General Assembly to allow 2 / 3 majority, up to now 192 Member States Asia (47) Afghanistan (1946.11.19) Bahrain (1971.9.21) Bangladesh (1974.9.17) Bhutan (1971.9.21) Myanmar (1948.4.19) * China (1945.10.24) Cyprus (1960.9.20) * India (1945.10.30) Indonesia (1950.9.28) * Iran (1945.10.24) * Iraq (1945.12.21) Israel (1949.5.11) Japan (1956.12.18) Jordan (1955.12.14) Cambodia (1955.12.14) Kuwait (1963.5.14) Laos (1955.12.14) * Lebanon (1945.10.24) Malaysia (1957.9.17) Maldives (1965.9.21) Mongolia (1961.10.27) Nepal (1955.12.14) Oman (1971.10.7) Pakistan (1947.9.30) * Philippines (1945.10.24) Qatar (1971.9.21) * Saudi Arabia (1945.10.24) Singapore (1965.9.21) Sri Lanka (1955.12.14) * Syria (1945.10.24) Thailand (1946.12.16) * Turkey (1945.10.24) United Arab Emirates (1971.12.9) Yemen (1947.9.30) Vietnam (1977.9.20) Brunei (1984.9.21) Korea (1991.9.17) North Korea (1991.9.17) Armenia (1992.3.2) Kazakhstan (1992.3.2) Kyrgyzstan (1992.3.2) Uzbekistan (1992.3.2) Georgia (1992.7.31) Tajikistan (1992.3.2) Azerbaijan (1992.3.2) Turkmenistan (1992.3.2) East Timor (2002.9.27) Africa (53) Algeria (1962.10.8) Angola (1976.12.1) Benin (1960.9.20) Botswana (1966.10.17) Burkina Faso (1960.9.20) Burundi (1962.9.18) Cameroon (1960.9.20) Cape Verde (1975.9.16) Central Africa (1960.9.20) Chad (1960.9.20) Comoros (1975.11.12) Congo (1960.9.20) Côte d'Ivoire (1960.9.20) Djibouti (1977.9.20) * Egypt ( 1945.10.24) Equatorial Guinea (1968.11.12) * Ethiopia (1945.11.13) Eritrea (1993.5.28) Gabon (1960.9.20) Gambia (1965.9.21) Ghana (1957.3.8) Guinea (1958.12.12) Guinea-Bissau (1974.9.17) Kenya (1963.12.16) Lesotho (1966.10.17) * Liberia (1945.11.2) Libya (1955.12.14) Madagascar (1960.9.20) Malawi (1964.12.1) Mali (1960.9.28) Mauritania (1961.10.7) Mauritius (1968.4.24) Morocco (1956.11.12) Mozambique (1975.9.16) Namibia (1990.4.23) Niger (1960.9.20) Nigeria (1960.10.7) Rwanda (1962.9.18) Sao Tome and Principe (1975.9.16) Seychelles (1976.9.21) Senegal (1960.9.28) Sierra Leone (1961.9.27) Somalia (1960.9.20) * South Africa (1945.11.7) Swaziland (1968.9.24) Tanzania (1961.12.14) Togo (1960.9.20) Tunisia (1956.11.12) Uganda (1962.10.25) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1960.9.20) Zambia (1964.12.1) Zimbabwe (1980.8.25) Sudan (1956.11.12) European countries (45) Andorra (1993.7.28) Austria (1955.12.14) * Belgium (1945.12.27) * Denmark (1945.10.24) Finland (1955.12.14) * France (1945.10.24) Germany (1973.9.18) * Greece (1945.10.25) Iceland (1946.11.19) Ireland (1955.12.14) Italy (1955.12.14) Liechtenstein (1990.9.18) * Luxembourg (1945.10.24) Malta (1964.12.1) Monaco (1993.5.28) * Netherlands (1945.12.10) * Norway (1945.11.27) Portugal (1955.12.14) San Marino (1992.3.2), Spain (1955.12.14) Sweden (1946.11.19) * UK (1945.10.24) Albania (1955.12.14) Bulgaria (1955.12.14) * Belarus (1945.10.24) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992.5.22) Croatia (1992.5.22) Czech Republic (1993.1.19) Estonia (1991.9.17) Hungary (1955.12.14) Latvia (1991.9.17) Lithuania (1991.9.17) * Poland (1945.10.24) Macedonia (1993.4.8) (strongly oppose its use because of the Greek "Macedonia" as the name of the country and substituting "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, FYROM)" name) Moldova (1992.3.2) Romania (1955.12.14) Slovakia (1993.1.19) Slovenia (1992.5.22) * Ukraine (1945.10.24) * Russia (1945.10.24) * Serbia (1945.10.24) Montenegro (2006.6.28) Switzerland (2002 .9.10) North American countries (23) * U.S. (1945.10.24) * Canada (1945.11.9) Antigua and Barbuda (1981.11.11) Bahamas (1973.9.18) Barbados (1966.12.9) Belize (1981.9.25) * Dominican Republic (1945.10.24) Dominica (1978.12.18) * Costa Rica (1945.11.2) * El Salvador (1945.10.24) Grenada (1974.9.17) * Guatemala (1945.11.21) * Haiti (1945.10.24) * Honduras (1945.12.17) Jamaica (1962.9.18) * Mexico (1945.11.7) * Nicaragua (1945.10.24) * Panama (1945.11.13) Saint Lucia (1979.9.18) Trinidad and Tobago (1962.9.18) * Cuba (1945.10.24) Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983.9.23) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1980.9.16 ) South America (12) * Argentina (1945.10.24) * Bolivia (1945.11.14) * Brazil (1945.10.24) * Chile (1945.10.24) * Colombia (1945.11.5) * Ecuador (1945.12.21) Guyana (1966.9.20) * Paraguay (1945.10.24) * Peru (1945.10.31) Suriname (1975.12.4) * Venezuela (1945.11.15) * Uruguay (1945.12.18) Oceania (14) * Australia (1945.11.1) Fiji (1970.10.13) * New Zealand (1945.10.24) Papua New Guinea (1975.10.10) Solomon Islands (1978.9.19) Vanuatu (1981.9.15) Samoa (1976.12.15) Marshall Islands (1991.9.17) Palau (1994.12.15) Micronesia (1991.9.l7) Kiribati (1999.9.14) Nauru (1999.9.14) Tonga (1999.9.14 ) Tuvalu (2000.9.5) Note: Overview of regime change ☆ founding member of the United Nations, the Republic of China, October 1, 1949 founding of the PRC's legitimate seat in the United Nations has been occupied by Chiang Kai-shek. In 1971 the so-called "Republic of China" replaced by the PRC of seats. ☆ Czechoslovakia, a founding member of the United Nations, January 1, 1993 into the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the two countries. McNair, Sri Lanka on January 19, 1993 while the United Nations. ☆ Egypt and Syria are the founding members of the United Nations (1945.10.24), February 21, 1958, Egypt and Syria into the United Arab Republic, to become a member. October 13, 1961, Syria restore independent statehood, while restoring the United Nations membership. September 2, 1971, was renamed the United Arab Arab Republic of Egypt. ☆ Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic on September 18, 1973 while the United Nations. East Germany in October 3, 1990 joined the Federal Republic of Germany, the two merged into a sovereign state of Germany - Germany. ☆ Indonesia on January 20, 1965 announced its withdrawal from the United Nations. September 19, 1966, Indonesia decided to participate in United Nations activities. September 28, 1966, Indonesia's return to his seat in the UN General Assembly. ☆ Federation of Malaya on 17 September 1957 the United Nations. September 16, 1963, in the acceptance of Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak added, renamed the Federation of Malaysia. August 9, 1965, Singapore independence. September 21, 1965, Singapore joined the United Nations. ☆ Soviet Union, a founding member of the United Nations (1945.10.24). December 24, 1991, Russia inherited the Soviet Union in the Security Council and other United Nations bodies membership. ☆ Tanganyika on December 14, 1961 to the United Nations, Zanzibar on 16 December 1963 the United Nations. April 26, 1964, Tanganyika and Zanzibar, United Republic became a member, November 1, 1964 renamed the United Republic of Tanzania. ☆ 1990 年 5 22, the Yemen Arab Republic (accession date: 1947.9.30) and the Democratic People's Republic of Yemen (accession date: 1967.12.14) peace to become a member, called "Yemen." ☆ 2000 年 9 5 February, Tuvalu, the United Nations. ☆ Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is a founding member of the United Nations (1945.10.24), established in the following countries and subsequently joined the new member states after the collapse: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Yugoslavia Federal Republic. November 1, 2000, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the United Nations. May 3, 2006, Montenegro from Serbia and Montenegro declared a sovereign state. Republic of Serbia, then Serbia and Montenegro state community inherited from the original status as subjects of international law as a sovereign state. ☆ renamed Benin in 1975, used before, "Dahomey" in the name of the United Nations. ☆ Burkina Faso was renamed in 1984 before the use of "the V delta" in the name of the United Nations. ☆ initially Republic of the Congo, "Congo (Leopold Town)" in the name of the United Nations. ☆ Myanmar (Myanar) was renamed in 1989 before the use of English names "Burmar" in the name of the United Nations.
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United Nations observers
As of 2007, the United Nations a total of 64 observers. Which contains an observer countries, 5 observer entities, and 58 observer organizations. Members of the United Nations, but also has observer system to invite international organizations, non-governmental organizations, entities involved in UN affairs. Observers have the right to speak at the United Nations General Assembly, but not allowed to participate in the meeting vote. The following list are in alphabetical order. Non-Member States Observers regarded as sovereign political entities, ready to present a petition in accordance with freedom of decision to apply to become a full member of the United Nations countries, such as Switzerland September 10, 2002 as a full member in 1948 prior to 2002 is also the United Nations permanent observers. It should be noted that the United Nations, as the Knights of Malta as a Palestinian and an entity, not a sovereign country. Vatican ─ ─ 1964 年 4 月 6 日 Entity There is no clear definition of the status of many sovereign entity by the United Nations as an observer invited to participate in the UN General Assembly. Palestinian ─ ─ 1974 年 11 月 22 日 ICRC ─ ─ 1990 年 10 月 16 日 (A/RES/45/6) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ─ ─ 1994 年 10 月 19 日 (A/RES/49/2) Inter-Parliamentary Union ─ ─ 2002 年 11 月 19 日 (A/RES/45/6) Jerusalem, Rhode Island and independent military hospital of St. John of Malta Knights (the Knights of Malta) ─ ─ 1994 年 8 月 24 日 (A/RES/48/265) Intergovernmental organizations Many organizations are invited to become observers to the UN General Assembly, participation in the UN General Assembly. Some in the United Nations Headquarters in New York has permanent offices in the United States, others are not, however, this does not affect their status in the United Nations. Maintaining a permanent office African Union ─ ─ 1965 年 10 月 11 日 (A/RES/2011 (XX)) Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization ─ ─ 1980 年 10 月 13 日 (A/RES/35/2) Caribbean Community ─ ─ 1991 年 10 月 17 日 (A/RES/46/8) Central American Integration System ─ ─ 1995 年 10 月 19 日 (A/RES/50/2) Commonwealth Secretariat ─ ─ 1976 年 10 月 18 日 (A/RES/50/2) European Community (now European Union) ─ ─ 1974 年 10 月 11 日 (A/RES/3208 (XXIX)) ─ ─ International Criminal Court International Criminal Police Organization ─ ─ 1996 年 10 月 15 日 (A/RES/51/1) International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 12 ─ ─ 2003 年 月 9 日 (A/RES/58/83) International Organization for Migration ─ ─ 1992 年 10 月 16 日 (A/RES/47/4) OIF ─ ─ 1978 年 11 月 10 日 (A/RES/33/18) International Seabed Authority ─ ─ 1996 年 10 月 24 日 (A/RES/51/6) International Tribunal for the Law ─ ─ 1996 年 12 月 17 日 (A/RES/51/204) International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 12 ─ ─ 1999 年 月 17 日 (A/RES/54/195) League of Arab States ─ ─ 1950 年 11 月 1 日 (A/RES/477 (V)) OIC ─ ─ 1975 年 10 月 10 日 (A/RES/3369 (XXX)) Population and development partners ─ ─ 2002 年 11 月 19 日 (A/RES/57/29) No permanent offices African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States ─ ─ 1981 年 10 月 15 日 (A/RES/36/4) African Development Bank ─ ─ 1987 年 10 月 28 日 (A/RES/42/10) Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean 年 10 月 ─ ─ 1988 17 日 (A/RES/43/6) Andean Community ─ ─ 1997 年 10 月 22 日 (A/RES/52/6) Asian Development Bank ─ ─ 2002 年 11 月 19 日 (A/RES/57/30) ACS ─ ─ 1998 年 10 月 15 日 (A/RES/53/5) ASEAN ─ ─ 2006 年 12 月 4 日 (A/RES/61/44) Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization ─ ─ 1999 年 10 月 8 日 (A/RES/54/5) Collective Security Treaty Organization ─ ─ 2004 年 12 月 2 日 (A/RES/59/50) Common Fund for Commodities ─ ─ 2005 年 11 月 23 日 (A/RES/60/26) Independent States ─ ─ 1994 年 5 月 24 日 (A/RES/48/237) CPLP ─ ─ 1999 年 10 月 26 日 (A/RES/54/10) Sahel - Saharan States ─ ─ 2001 年 12 月 12 日 (A/RES/56/92) European Commission ─ ─ 1989 年 10 月 27 日 (A/RES/44/6) Customs Cooperation Council ─ ─ 1999 年 3 月 23 日 (A/RES/53/216) East African Community 12 ─ ─ 2003 年 9 月 日 (A/RES/58/86) ECCAS ─ ─ 2000 年 12 月 12 日 (A/RES/55/161) Economic Community of West African States ─ ─ 2004 年 12 月 2 日 (A/RES/59/51) Economic Cooperation Organization ─ ─ 1993 年 10 月 13 日 (A/RES/48/2) Eurasian Economic Community, 12 ─ ─ 2003 年 9 月 日 (A/RES/58/84) ─ ─ 2003 年 GUAM 12 月 9 日 (A/RES/58/85) Hague Conference on Private International ─ ─ 2005 年 11 月 23 日 (A/RES/60/27) Ibero - American Conference ─ ─ 2005 年 11 月 23 日 (A/RES/60/28) Indian Ocean Commission ─ ─ 2006 年 12 月 4 日 (A/RES/61/43) Inter-American Development Bank ─ ─ 2000 年 12 月 12 日 (A/RES/55/160) International Centre for Migration Policy Development ─ ─ 2002 年 11 月 19 日 (A/RES/57/31) International Development Law Organization ─ ─ 2001 年 12 月 12 日 (A/RES/56/90) International Hydrographic Organization ─ ─ 2001 年 12 月 12 日 (A/RES/56/91) Latin American economies ─ ─ 1980 年 10 月 13 日 (A/RES/35/3) Latin American Integration Association ─ ─ 2005 年 11 月 23 日 (A/RES/60/25) Latin American Parliament ─ ─ 1993 年 10 月 13 日 (A/RES/48/4) OPEC Fund for International Development ─ ─ 2006 年 12 月 4 日 (A/RES/61/42) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ─ ─ 1998 年 10 月 15 日 (A/RES/53/6) Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe ─ ─ 1993 年 10 月 13 日 (A/RES/48/5) Organization of American States ─ ─ 1948 年 10 月 16 日 (A/RES/253 (III)) OECS ─ ─ 2004 年 12 月 2 日 (A/RES/59/52) Pacific Islands Forum ─ ─ 1994 年 10 月 17 日 (A/RES/49/1) Permanent Court of Arbitration ─ ─ 1993 年 10 月 13 日 (A/RES/48/3) Shanghai Cooperation Organization ─ ─ 2004 年 12 月 2 日 (A/RES/59/48) SAARC ─ ─ 2004 年 12 月 2 日 (A/RES/59/53) Southern African Development Community ─ ─ 2004 年 12 月 2 日 (A/RES/59/49)
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UN and China
In 1945 the Republic of China sent delegations to the San Francisco Conference, representatives of the Communist Party of China wu attended the delegation and the "UN Charter" was signed by the words. October 25, 1971, the 26th UN General Assembly adopted the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758, decided to "restore all the rights of the People's Republic, the recognition of its government representatives to China's sole legitimate representative of the United Nations Organization and immediately Chiang Kai-shek's representatives from organizations in the United Nations and in all the bodies in the seats occupied illegally expelled. "
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United Nations language and translation
The United Nations official language is only 6, in alphabetical order of Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish. 6 languages equally effective, deputies can use any one of them. The working languages of the Secretariat for everyday use, there are English and French, in fact, English is more widely used. All official United Nations meetings, the speeches must be at the scene with Arab, Chinese, English, French, Russian, West 6 languages "simultaneous." Official documents, including the important statement, to be printed in 6 languages, so each formal meeting must be arranged in 6 languages translation, without any omissions. In order to complete the arduous task of translation, the United Nations Secretariat has a large translation team, governed by the Department of Conference Services. Interpretation and translation separately, the two add up to 470 people, respectively, under the Ministry of interpretation by the Division and the translation of the Conference Division. "General Assembly" hall and various meeting rooms are equipped with simultaneous interpretation. Each language, there is a known "box" of the simultaneous studio. 6 languages there are six "boxes." Meeting, each "box" is usually sitting three translators, each translator are wearing headphones to listen to his head to speak, turns Duizhuohuatong translation. The venue, every seat is equipped with 6 simultaneous machine, delegates can hear the knob to choose their own language.
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UN Secretary-General
Functions and powers Secretary-General, United Nations agencies to participate in the meeting, with world leaders, government officials and others held talks went all over the world, so that people can be members of the United Nations agenda on a clear understanding of the many things worthy of international attention. Each year, the Secretary-General should report on the work for the United Nations to evaluate the work of the United Nations, pointed out that the focus of future work. UN Secretary-General is also Chairman of Administrative Committee on Coordination. The Committee consists of the United Nations Foundation, the Department and other specialized departments, meets every two years, the United Nations system, all the important issues facing the management of affairs and to seek further coordination and cooperation. UN Secretary-General is one of the most important play of his "positive functions", the spirit of independence, impartiality, integrity and principle, public or private, to take measures to prevent the emergence of international disputes, intensified and spread. Each term of office of Secretary General in his middle age at the time the situation will be determined according to their own priorities. According to the "UN Charter", recommended by UN Secretary-General of the Council appointed by the General Assembly. Former UN Secretary-General ("N." denotes any n) 0. Gladwin Jebb (United Kingdom) In 1945-1946 served as the initial phase of the United Nations Deputy Secretary-General. 1. Trygve Lie (Norway, Europe) from February 1946 to November 1952 10 in any (1896.7.16-1968.12.30 alive) February 1, 1946 was elected the first Secretary-General of the United Nations. 1951 re-election, due to support the United Nations military intervention in the Korean War, was forced to November 10, 1952 from the United Nations Secretary General. 2. Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden, Europe) April 10, 1953 to September 18, 1961 in office (1905.7.29-1961.9.18 alive) April 10, 1953, at age 47, became the second United Nations Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold. September 1961 in Africa, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in the plane crash killed (suspected of political murder). 3. U Thant (Myanmar, Asia) November 3, 1962 to December 31, 1972 in office (1909.1.22-1974.11.25 alive) November 3, 1961, U Thant as Secretary-General of the United Nations agency. November 30, 1962, he was elected Secretary-General of the United Nations third in 1966 re-election. January 1, 1972 upon expiry of retirement. 4. Kurt Waldheim (Austria, Europe) 1 January 1972 to December 31, 1981 in office (1918.12.21-2007.6.14 alive) September 1971 to 1981, the Secretary-General two consecutive terms. Waldheim served as UN Secretary-General during the period, with China has established a profound friendship. Waldheim in 1972, 1977, 1979, five visits to China. 5. Javier Perez de Cuellar (Peru, South America, January 1, 1982 to December 31, 1991 in office (1920.1.19 birth) 1981-1991 12 月 31 and Japan Secretary General. Under the leadership of the de Cuellar, the United Nations in dealing with the end of the Iran-Iraq war, end the occupation of Afghanistan the Soviet army, independence of Namibia, Cambodia peace agreement, when major events such as the Lebanese hostage outstanding performance. 6. Boutros Boutros - Ghali (Egypt, Africa) from January 1992 to December 1996 31 in any (1922.11.14 Birth) December 3, 1991, the General Assembly the appointment of Boutros Boutros - Ghali the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations five-year term. The United Nations history as the first African to hold this office. After being elected UN Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali's work attracted a lot of controversy. People criticized him for genocide in Rwanda in 1994, failed to play the role of the United Nations, the other during the civil war in Angola, Boutros-Ghali failed to mediate a unified United Nations. The role of the United Nations and the United States at the United Nations on issues such as the status, Gary was a more severe challenge. Although his supporters put the blame on the United Nations action against the United States, but Gary has gradually become an empty symbol of the United Nations. Led to three African countries (Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Botswana) of the 10 UN Security Council members proposed that Boutros Boutros - Ghali to stay a second five-year term until 2001. However, the U.S. opposed. Although the United Kingdom, Poland, South Korea and Italy also supported the stay at first, but in the United States that it would exercise the veto, the four countries to no longer support Ghali. Although not the first time Ghali Secretary-General was rejected, but he is still first in the history of the United Nations could not serve two consecutive terms of the Secretary-General. December 31, 1996 retirement. Ghali's successor, Kofi Annan, this is because Gary did not re-elected, his successor shall be elected from the representative of Africa. 7. Kofi Annan (Ghana, Africa), January 1, 1997 to December 31, 2006 in office (1938.4.8 birth) After the 1990 Gulf War, Annan is responsible for negotiations with Iraq, the United Nations and other international organizations, the release of the staff hostage. Since then, he led the team with Iraq was the United Nations "oil for food" negotiations. Annan in March 1993 as the United Nations for Peacekeeping Affairs, Deputy Secretary-General in charge of United Nations peacekeeping operations around the world. As for the former Yugoslavia has been the United Nations Special Envoy for the Secretary-General Special Envoy and went to NATO to coordinate relations between the countries concerned. December 17, 1996, the 51st UN General Assembly the appointment of the seventh United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan. January 1, 1997, he inaugurated a period of 5 years. June 2001, the General Assembly through the Secretary-General of the Council Timingannan election to serve until December 31, 2006. Kofi Annan as Secretary-General, went to Baghdad in 1998 to mediate and resolve the Iraqi crisis. October 2001, Annan and the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize by the year. March 2005 by former Fed Chairman Volcker's Independent Inquiry Committee released a report that Annan in Iraq "oil for food" program implementation process, there is no corruption. Kofi Annan is an experienced diplomat, well versed in English, French and several African languages. He spoke gentle, straightforward character, others honest, calm, sense of humor. 8. Ban Ki-moon (South Korea, Asia) January 1, 2007 office (1944.6.13 birth) Republic of Korea, the former foreign minister and politician. Ban Ki-moon in 1970 by the Seoul National University, BA in International Relations. In 1985, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Master of Public Administration. Mr. Ban on many national and international prizes, was awarded various medals and honors. Given his contribution to the motherland in 1975, 1986 and 2006 was awarded the Medal of the Republic of Korea the highest diligence. Mr. Ban was born June 13, 1944. He and his wife (PAN), Ms. Yoo Soon-taek in 1962 met in high school, have one son and two daughters. In addition to Korean, the Ban Ki-moon also spoke English and French. Elected as Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, its duty is to the Republic of Korea Minister of Foreign Affairs. His long tenure in the Department, worked in New Delhi, held positions in Washington and Vienna, a senior wide calendar, including the president's foreign policy adviser to the president's chief national security adviser, policy planning minister meeting, and the Americas Bureau. Throughout his career, his ideal is to create a peaceful Korean peninsula, the cost in the region and the world to promote peace and prosperity in the increasingly important role to play. Mr. Ban has also been actively involved in inter-Korean relations. Following the adoption of the historic "the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, the joint declaration", he held in 1992 South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission Vice-Chairman. September 2005, as foreign minister, he also play a leading role in bringing peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula issue another landmark agreement adopted by the six-party talks to resolve North Korean nuclear issue on the "Joint Statement."
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United Nations peacekeeping operations
See: United Nations peacekeeping operations, United Nations peacekeeping force
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Career achievements and contributions to the United Nations
For decades, the United Nations after the changing international situation, the road twists and turns grow, peace and prosperity of mankind has made important contributions. Its global decolonization, safeguarding world peace and security, promoting social and economic development has made remarkable achievements. As of June 2006, the United Nations Member States by the creation of 51 to 192, has become a contemporary sovereign states of the most universal and authoritative intergovernmental organization. According to materials released by the United Nations, since 1948, the Council authorized a total of more than 60 peacekeeping operations. In addition, the United Nations has never formulated the proliferation of nuclear weapons to peaceful uses of outer space, hundreds of international treaties. The United Nations and its agencies in upholding and implementing the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights," the aim has played a central role. The United Nations for some countries the transition to democracy assistance, including supervision and assist in the free and fair elections, improving the quality of the judicial system, drafting a constitution, training human rights officials. United Nations agencies, the democratization of the world made a great contribution. The United Nations also supported the improvement of women's rights. Since 1985, United Nations began the idea of gender mainstreaming, the intention is to encourage women to actively participate in one of the country's political, economic and social life. December 20, 2005, the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council agreed to establish a new agency, "United Nations Peace-building Commission" to help countries emerging from war avoid a relapse into conflict. March 9, 2006, the United Nations held a ceremony to formally launch the Central Emergency Response Fund, the United Nations immediately after a natural disaster funds to carry out relief activities guaranteed.
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Agenda for the 21st century and the challenges facing the United Nations
See: United Nations Millennium Development Goals
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The limitations of the United Nations
1. The distribution of power and democratic mechanisms: The United Nations was originally conceived as safeguarding world peace and the implementation of the "same powers" and "democratic principles." However, the veto power which may be abused. For example, in the Cold War (The Cold War) period, the United States and the political conflict between the Soviet Union, the use of the veto in both parties, that have been very obvious. 2. The lack of strong security measures to safeguard world peace Example 1: The Korean War New York time at 3:00 on June 25, 1950, the Korean War broke out. Day, the UN Security Council held an emergency meeting for this. Under the control of the United States, the Council adopted the South Korean army to save the decline of the three resolutions, and in the third specifically requested all Member States to North Korea to the United Nations shall provide all forms of assistance, thus forming a "United Nations Army "laid the foundation. During the Korean War, "United Nations" forces of aggression against Korea and reached up to 93.26 million, subject to the "United Nations" command South Korean forces 59 million people, a total of 1.52 million people. Which the United States sent troops to first place, force of 30 million people; the UK in second place, force of 14,000 people; Canada ranks third in strength of 6,100 people; Turkey in fourth place, force of more than 5400 person; order of the number of troops remaining in Australia, the Philippines, New Zealand, Thailand, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Colombia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, South Africa. Example 2: Rwanda genocide If timely intervention that year the United Nations forces, the massacre in fact only 5,000 well-equipped United Nations force of explicit authorization would end. But the contradictions of the international community caused by the disorder and the inability of the United Nations retardation film in the peacekeeping force in Rwanda, soldiers could do nothing but said: "We are not responsible to create peace, we are only responsible for the maintenance of peace." Example 3: Kosovo War In 1999, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia Autonomous Province of Kosovo Albanian separatist forces in conflict, the United States led NATO in Kosovo, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia declared that "ethnic cleansing" or "massacre", the first play of the "human rights above sovereignty "under the cover of bypassing the UN Security Council, troop movements, bombing Yugoslavia. Example 4: Iraq War In 2003 the proceedings of the United States bypassing the United Nations, decided to invade Iraq unilaterally, the United Nations can only be ex post facto.
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United Nations reform
World leaders at the 2005 World Summit requested several reports. The first report presented in March 2006: "Investing in the United Nations: for a stronger Organization worldwide." This report outlines the next three to five years the grand vision of the Secretariat management reform. Second half of 2006, there are three reports issued, made this vision in detail, these three reports are: on the "comprehensive review of governance and oversight," the report, "United Nations internal justice system to re-design team," the report and "United Nations System-wide Coherence in High-Level Panel," the review report. Public administration by a Steering Committee composed of renowned experts in July to the Secretary-General submitted a comprehensive review of governance and oversight reports. Report recommended a series of improvements, will be in the coming years on the existing management and governance structure impact. Many of the recommendations, including the establishment of a strong independent Audit Advisory Committee, the Office of Internal Oversight Services and enhance the operational independence - has far-reaching implications, the sixty-first session by the General Assembly need to be carefully considered. Also in July 2006, by an external judicial experts "to re-design team," submitted to the United Nations internal justice system review. The Redesign Panel considers that the existing internal justice system "outdated, dysfunctional, ineffective, lack of independence", it is proposed to design a "new judicial system", to make it "professional level, with independence, the implementation of separation of powers. " Secretary-General welcomes this report, in 2007 to the General Assembly resumed the first to submit a response to this report. If these three reports can lead to concrete and meaningful reform will be possible to improve the effectiveness of the organization, making it better to respond to the needs.
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Theoretical basis for UN reform
Contemporary scholars, thinkers, strategists Mr. Zhang Ronghuan in June 2007 issued a "people thought the literary significance of the reform of the United Nations" that: today's world, making concrete proposals on UN reform, the main countries of the world, the new imperialism theorists, global governance theory and the people of this international researchers. Vision of political globalization, there are four main points: The first view is that political globalization will lead to the emergence of the world's countries; The second view is that globalization will lead to the political empire under the leadership of world order; The third view is that political globalization will lead to global governance; The fourth view is that political globalization will lead to international peace and human development (Mr. Zhang Ronghuan "human development view of the international peace," the author and advocate.) Zhang Ronghuan as a "person of the art" of who the "people of the international" new view that political globalization will lead to international peace and human development, and therefore to safeguard national sovereignty and will of people between countries in this belief and its corresponding the ethical spirit of the legal order on the first United Nations reform, the interests of all sectors of the international community to open the right to freedom of expression to the social truth that the real public expression, to enhance the UN's ability to maintain and respect. If his "human dignity" in that country as a member of the international community of nations, the better the degree of personality can only be a product of society; a new personality, personality is the new results of new ecological harmony together. Human liberation and development in the road to genuine democracy to reflect modern social state and social existence of people of high intelligence is absolutely necessary, it represents the country in coordination with the peace and development trends. The meaning is: "to" people of the art "thinking on the significance of United Nations reform? Give rise to world politics for all mankind that the United Nations reform and the direction of the path of the Renaissance!" United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 Two thousand seven hundred fifty-eight (xxvi). Restore the legitimate rights of the PRC in the UN General Assembly Recalling the principles of the Charter Considering that the restoration of the legitimate rights of the People's Republic and the United Nations for the protection of the Charter must be under the Charter are essential in the business, recognizing the People's Republic of China on behalf of the Government of the United Nations as the only legitimate representative of China People's Republic is one of five permanent members of the Security Council. Decision: restore all the rights of the People's Republic to recognize the representatives of her government of China to the United Nations and the only legitimate representatives of Chiang Kai-shek's representatives immediately from it all to the United Nations and its affiliated institutions in the occupied seats on the expulsion of illegal out. October 25, 1971, First ninety-seven six plenary meetings.
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Encyclopedia
Lianheguo United Nations United Nations After World War II to the maintenance of international peace and security established by international organizations. After the establishment of January 1, 1942, in the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, and other representatives of 26 anti-fascist alliance, signed in Washington, "Declaration by United Nations" to ensure that continues to Germany, Japan, Italy and other Axis coordination. "United Nations" word in December 1941 during the drafting of the declaration by U.S. President FD Roosevelt's. The United States believes that only a few big countries to establish an international security institutions at the core of the single, universal international organization, in order to maintain the post-war world order and international peace. October 30, 1943, in the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and the four countries in Moscow issued a "Declaration of general security," and proposed the need for a universal international organization. 8 October 1944, the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States on behalf of and in the three countries, Britain, the United States has three representatives in the Dumbarton Oaks in Washington for talks, discussions and recommendations of the United Nations development organizations. April 25, 1945, from 50 countries (Poland, for some reason did not participate in) the 282 representatives in the United States at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco. June 26, representatives of 51 countries signed the "UN Charter" (Poland after the retroactive). Charter of the United Nations Security Council to take decisions on substantive issues "power line" rule, namely, France, Soviet Union, Britain, the United States has 5 permanent members of the "veto." October 24 the same year, the United Nations was formally established. Charter 51 signatories to the founding Member States. China is one of the founding members of the United Nations, but because of U.S. obstruction, the legitimate rights of the PRC in the United Nations until October 1971 only to be restored. (See color pictures of Deng Xiaoping at the United Nations special session of the 6th plenary session of the statement (10 April 1974)) Institutions and their role has six main organs: ① the General Assembly: United Nations main deliberative body, from all Member States. Charter, the General Assembly within the scope of the Charter the right to discuss political, economic, social, hosting, legal issues, Member States or the Security Council to make recommendations. ② Security Council: the duty to uphold the primary responsibility for peace and security institutions. United Nations agencies, only the Security Council the right to make the Member States under the Charter, the decision must be implemented. Central Council, France, Soviet Union, Britain, the United States five permanent members and 10 non-permanent form. Permanent members on substantive issues have "veto power." ③ Economic and Social Council: The General Assembly, under the authority responsible for the coordination of United Nations and the specialized agencies to study the international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and other matters, and on these issues to the General Assembly, Member States and specialized agencies recommendations. ④ Trusteeship Council: responsible for overseeing the management of the Trust Territory to promote the Trust Territory of the direction of self-government or to the independent progressive development. ⑤ International Court of Justice: the United Nations principal judicial organ. ⑥ Secretariat: Task services for other United Nations bodies and agencies to develop implementation plans and policies. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General by the General Assembly of the Council recommended the appointment. "UN Charter" Signing Ceremony Organ of the United Nations headquarters and headquarters in New York, United Nations European Office in Geneva, Switzerland. The General Assembly, the Security Council and other bodies, usually at Headquarters. Headquarters organ of the "United Nations Monthly Chronicle", "United Nations Yearbook," and so on. As of June 1986, the United Nations 159 Member States (Table 2 Members of the United States.) Bibliography fice of PublicInformation, Everyman's United Nations, United Nations, New York, 1968 (Text has ren)
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English Expression
: internationalorganization of many countries working for peace throughout the world, UN), UN United Nations
n.: trust territory, the U-Nations, the United Nations
country