Aesthetics is the essence of beauty and significance of the theme of the subjects. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of art, but not the specific performance of art, but the philosophical problem of art, it is called "America's art philosophy." Basic issues of aesthetics essence of beauty, aesthetic sense of the relationship with the aesthetic object. Source term The term aesthetics comes from the Greek aesthesis. The original meaning is "to look and feel the feelings." By the German philosopher Alexander 戈特利布鲍 Mujia Deng for the first time use. His "aesthetic (Aesthetica)" marks the publication of the book as an independent discipline aesthetic production. Until the 19th century, Aesthetics in the traditional concept of classical art is usually defined as of "America" (Schönheit) doctrine. Modern Philosophy will be defined as awareness of aesthetic art, science, design and philosophy of cognitive theory and the philosophy of feeling. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beautiful" and "ugly", but to understand the type and nature of the object. History Aesthetics as an independent discipline is from the German of the eighteenth century Baomujiadeng start, but it has been produced based on ancient Greece, ancient thinkers on the theory of the United States above the aesthetic theory of the system is in the past, and science. The ancient Greek aesthetic theory since the study also established in people's aesthetic appreciation and creative activities on the basis of aesthetic, aesthetic activities for people philosophical reflection. Therefore, we must understand the aesthetic must be returned to its source to begin a U.S. trip. Why aesthetics associated with the perceptual knowledge? Baomujiadeng teacher's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz there is a vivid interpretation of this, he said: painters and other artists as to what good and what is not good, though very well aware that they often can not This aesthetic interest for them to find reasons, if someone asked them, they replied that the kind of work they do not lack a little joy, "I can not tell what." Know the work the United States or the United States, but could not say why, in Leibniz and Baomujiadeng seems to belong to a vague, confused perceptions. Baomujiadeng, the aesthetics of the development experience of the German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics, aesthetics of modern western three important stages. Stage in the German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel on the aesthetic contributions Zhuo formed Aesthetics since the first and third in the history of Western Aesthetics peak. Kant in his criticism of the three known to the world, in the "Critique of Judgement," in Kant's aesthetics proposed and demonstrated a number of fundamental issues, formed a relatively complete system of aesthetic theory. After Kant, Hegel, the German classical aesthetics pushed to the peak, a German classical aesthetics and Western Marxist aesthetics before a master of the aesthetic trends of thought. Although not specifically Marxist aesthetics has written books, but many of his other works discussed in a number of aesthetic problems, particularly his introduction of the experiment the Guandian aesthetic Yanjiu, so the study of beauty in the Subject and Object Syndrome Tong Yi Jian Li's Ji Chu on the aesthetics provides a new way of thinking. After the middle of the 19th century, aesthetic development of genres, but in general there is an important trend that is gradually detached from the "Beauty is what" pure philosophical discussion, which focused on "in aesthetic experience how our mental activities," such aesthetic psychological description, the description of aesthetic experience has gradually become a science. This is what the history of aesthetics from the "top down" to "bottom-up" historical transformation. 20th-century aesthetics is the formation of a strong tide of the anti-tradition. On the one hand is the traditional experience of metaphysical rebellion and empirical methods of publicity, on the other hand is a rationalist who rebel and non-rational unassuming, and gradually formed the basis of scientific aesthetics and humanism Aesthetic two thoughts. Modern Western Aesthetics and aesthetic thought the main representatives of German Fechner's "experimental aesthetics", the British Bell's "significant form", the United States Dewey's "aesthetic experience", the Italian Croce's "image of Intuition" , UK "Psychological Distance", the German Lipps's "Empathy", Freud's "libido" theory and the subsequent analysis of aesthetics, phenomenological aesthetics, existentialism, aesthetics, aesthetics accepted and so on. Study Although Baomujiadeng first time in history a clear object of study of aesthetics, but his comments did not get the same response in the academic community. Baomujiadeng, the "aesthetics of what exactly" has been a subject of lively controversy. But so far basically three kinds of tendentious comments: The first view, the aesthetic of the object is beautiful in itself. In the eyes of holding this view, aesthetic issues to be discussed is not a specific thing of beauty, but all the beautiful things in common with the the United States itself, all the beautiful things that make the underlying causes of why the United States. The second view, aesthetic object of study is art, aesthetics is the philosophy of art. This view has been in the history of Western Aesthetics recognition of a considerable number of aestheticians. A third view, aesthetic object of study is the aesthetic experience and aesthetic psychology. This view is the rise of psychology as the 19th century, advocating the views and methods of psychology and research to explain all aesthetic phenomena, psychological and aesthetic experience aesthetic placed in the center of aesthetics. In short, the above study on the aesthetics of various comments may have their certain sense, but also their shortcomings, and therefore are difficult to obtain academic recognition. We prefer the first view of basic, due to the U.S. itself as an aesthetic object of study to compare the aesthetic nature of the subject; Second, whether the interpretation of art or aesthetic experience, will depend on the interpretation of beauty itself. However, the traditional speculative aesthetics to put the United States own research subject and object confrontational mode of thinking, to use technical rational approach, which we can not agree. The end result will be as modern Western aesthetics as the crisis led to existentialism and digestion. Contemporary International Art Aesthetics more likely, and even called the art of aesthetic philosophy, because contemporary art can not be studied or explained, is to verify the validity of contemporary aesthetic one of the symbols of all kinds of contemporary art in particular has been entirely beyond the traditional definition of aesthetic meaning. "United States" is not the core concept of contemporary aesthetics as it is aesthetic needs attention, otherwise there will be the aesthetics of life to lead a game of words. Relationship with other disciplines Aesthetics and Philosophy: In the relevant disciplines and aesthetics, aesthetics and philosophy most closely. Aesthetics itself is a philosophical nature of the subject. This is because: The basic problem is an aesthetic philosophy of speculative nature. The formation and nature of any theory depends on its questions and questions are asked. Aesthetics in Plato asked: "What the United States?" Here to ask the United States, not the specific things of beauty, but to make all the beautiful things the root causes of why the United States. This man's attention from the complex natural phenomenon of the numerous lead Tongshe emotional nature of all the abstract, from the changeable things of beauty to lead the United States itself remained unchanged, clearly following the ancient Greek metaphysical tradition. Meanwhile, Aesthetics System also popular at that time the influence of philosophy, the academic framework, theoretical paradigms and ways of thinking all marks with a contemporary philosophy. There is also an interesting phenomenon in the history of almost all major aestheticians great philosopher, and less is the writers or artists. Finally, modern Western aesthetics and philosophy from the other aspects of the complex relationship proved difficult to separate aesthetics and philosophy of the relationship. Face of modern Western aesthetics reject philosophy, but it is only rejected the traditional Western philosophy, it is still attached to modern Western philosophy. Aesthetics and Ethics: The relationship between aesthetics and ethics is a good relationship with the U.S. determined. That truth is the ideal life by the state, which are indispensable. Historically, all objects of beauty is a good sense of ethics, which the United States, particularly in the social field performance. Social content in a sense the U.S. is to the United States to show good form. Despite the close ties the United States and good, but not to the same, the U.S. is not that good. For example, Hugo novel "Notre Dame de Paris" in the bell ringer, looks ugly, but all good. More focused on things of beauty spirit of the people's pleasure, so super utilitarian nature of the good and the people of Gong Li Duixiang Mudewangwang Zhijiexianglian. Aesthetics and Psychology: Liu Xie wrote: "Man on the mountain climbers will love watching the sea is intended to overflow in the sea"; English poet John Keats said: "America is a kind of eternal pleasure"; U.S. esthetician Santayana said: "Beauty is pleasure objectified in the form of, the objective of beauty is a pleasure"; Activities in people's aesthetic is always accompanied by a variety of mental activity - the emotions, joy, imagination, etc.. Li Bai's poem: "Han Shan Bi along the sad", where "cold", "sad", the copy is not purely objective, but rather the expression of feelings. In a sense we can even say that the U.S. can not do without the occurrence of psychological factors were involved. Which is closely related to aesthetics and psychology. 19th century Western aesthetic and psychological functions of the aesthetic experience of stress, the psychological impact of schools on the aesthetics, to some extent illustrates the aesthetics of the psychology of dependence. Aesthetics and Literature: Aesthetics and Literature with a common object of study, namely the literary arts. Therefore, they have some of the problems are often staggered, such as literary and artistic works shown aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic ideal, aesthetic creation and aesthetic appreciation of both the general rules of aesthetics such as art school is to be examined. However, the relative and Literature in terms of aesthetics, but also with the general, it is the origin of art and literature, for the latter to provide a theoretical model and way of thinking. The literature and art are more concerned about the specific experience and phenomena of literature and art, it can provide a wealth of experience in aesthetic research material. Research Task Research Methods Aesthetic Research is diverse. Speculative philosophy can be taken either way, you can also learn from other disciplines of today's research methods, such as description of experience and psychological analysis, methods of anthropology and sociology, linguistics and cultural studies of methods. Essence of Beauty What is the United States? This is from Plato's questions. It is this question, open all the history of aesthetics, as the basic theory of aesthetics, inspired ancient aestheticians, philosophy for their tireless efforts. The history of Western Aesthetics on the nature of the United States: 1. From the spirit of the essence of beauty From an objective spirit of: Plato, Pu Luoding, Hegel Of the subjective mental: Hume, Kant, some modern esthetician 2. From the material of the essence of beauty: Aristotle, Hogarth, stroke grams 3. From the spiritual and material harmonization of the essence of beauty: Diderot, Chernyshevsky Ancient China on the nature of the United States: Ancient China on the issue of more through the "Road", "qi" and "magic" of which reflected the strong speculative characteristics with the West, the Chinese ancient aesthetics more emphasis on the meaning and the universe itself the spiritual realm. Such as: "Peter said," that is, from different angles and imagination association between natural things and the shape of similar habits. Personification of the natural, moral-based, objective characteristics of people, naturalization. Zi Gong asked: "Gentlemen, see the flood than the concept of Yan, Why?" Confucius said: "Cardiff were water, the gentleman Peter Yan. Times and selfless, like Germany; clinics and those students, like Jen; the flow of dirty sentence through its management are arrogant, like justice; light were popular, deep are unexpected, like Chile; the valley to go 100 yards without doubt, like Yong; Cotton weak and micro-tat, like the police; be evil not to, like package; unclear to enter Mongolia, Xian Jie to out like Shanhua; to volume will be flat, like now, not for profit takes, like degree; its 10,000 will pack the East, like Italian: flood outlook is based on a gentleman see also Yan Er . " Confucius said: "Some are water, Others Mountain; the wise move, benevolent static; Knowing music, different people have different life." "Beauty is one of the greatest secrets of nature, we can see and feel all of its effects, but a common and clear opinion: it still belongs to the undiscovered nature of truth." Issues: the nature of the question whether the U.S. is a problem? Yes! How to Investigate? Not? Can I cancel? Characteristics of the United States First, the image of 1. Poetry New Moon made in the image: Chanzao forest the more quiet, more secluded mountain birds. Straight Solitary desert, river down the yen. More Lanna quiet, bad night, month out, such as flooding towers, showing the Qifeng faction. 2. Sculpture: "Laocoon" and so on 3. Paintings: "Mona Lisa", etc. 4.'s Work: "Pastoral," "Andante Cantabile", etc. 5. Fiction: "Dream of Red Mansions", "Journey to the West", "home", "Spring", "Autumn", etc. 6. Theatre: "Hamlet," "La Traviata", "Qu Yuan", "Sunrise", etc. 7. Natural Theory of beauty: Formulas, concepts, theories, etc. where the United States? (Lee and other discussions of the United States) They must view the world they portrayed, and the man perceived to be recognized as a beautiful object. (Zhao Xinshan the discourse) Second, infectious U.S. direct access to people's feelings, or love, or excitement, or reverence, people get in the spirit of one great pleasure and satisfaction: Poem Recital: [Hungary] Petofi "I do a torrent" [Russia] Simonov: "Wait for me ..." Music clip: Beethoven's "heroic" symphony, Tchaikovsky "June Barcarolle" The reason why what the United States has a strong appeal, is that he embodies the people's things, especially the expression of human emotional life. Third, objectivity All that beauty has an objective physical factors, these physical factors in the cause of people's aesthetic pleasure plays a crucial role. It determines why people choose this thing, not that things as objects of beauty. The Features Beauty is a product of human social practice is the object of human nature, the content is true and the good form with the harmonious unity, rich and unique, and can lead to people feeling the joy of life image. In general, the United States have several interrelated and inseparable features: (A) objectivity and social unity; (B) image of the unity of nature and reason; (C) the unity of truth and utility; (D) the content of the unity of beauty and formal beauty. Overview of modern aesthetics Ever since human society, the United States began to sprout, then, development, after hundreds of years. From the original ancient wounds Jianhen, earth tattoos, animal skins wrapped in a simple, to the neck covered with shells, animal teeth, his head was filled with pheasant feathers, all show that people in the productive labor and social practice of the United States . For the primitive tribal clothing. Ancient Greece is considered important in Western aesthetics birthplace of the ancient one. Esthetician Plato (Platon, a BC 347 BC 427 BC) in the "big Aspen," the article tells a story about the United States, which is the earliest human written records began thinking about the United States. Story took place at about 2400 years ago. Great philosopher Socrates to the Sophists Aspen to speak: "As long as God allows, you recite loudly, I must have ears. But I would like to ask you, what is beauty? What is ugly?" Hippias Williams looks a little arrogant, smug and said: "This issue is too small, almost negligible, the problem is much more difficult than that I can teach you, I can teach you everything rebut many excuses." sukla Bottom pretend very pleased: "So first you ask the United States in the end or what?" Aspen some carried away, it seems that people in the lesson: "I'll tell you what is the United States, please remember, the United States is a beautiful young lady. "Socrates, some almost to tears, but they pretended to agree by saying:" fantastic. but my opponent if you ask, any reason why the United States what the United States, whether there is a presence of the United States itself, only that those things for the U.S.? If I said, a young and beautiful lady of the United States, is to make all things for their beauty. Is that OK? "Aspen replied:" He dare you deny the beauty of a beautiful woman? "Socrates leave further asked:" So, a beautiful mare, a beautiful harp, a beautiful soup pot is beautiful is not it? "Aspen looks a little Zhaojiabuzhu: the" too more like it, and how can talk about serious topics, all these rude questions! "also murmured:" a beautiful young mare is still not as good as Miss America. "Socrates seize the thread of her conversation, pursued:" The most beautiful young lady is not ugly, compared with the Goddess it? "Aspen like a deflated balloon.
A branch of philosophy, discusses the beauty of the things the United States, especially the judgments of aesthetic taste
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No. 3
Philosophy of art or science; Tezhi describe and explain the theme of art, fine art and aesthetic experience and phenomena, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, art history and important scientific parties
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No. 4
Of the general rules and principles of the U.S. science. Mainly discusses the essence of beauty, the relationship between art and reality, art and other general laws.
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No. 5
Of the aesthetic relation between man and the reality of science. Subjects include: aesthetic objects, such as the origin and nature of the United States, the United States a variety of manifestations, the basic areas such as the United States; aesthetic experience, such as aesthetic activity, aesthetic experience, etc.; art, such as the essence of art, function, artistic creation, regularity of art appreciation. Because of the aesthetic relation between man and reality mainly in the arts, so it was the aesthetics called "Philosophy of Art", that is the philosophical study of art in question.
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The concept of aesthetics〗 〖
Aesthetics is the aesthetic relationship between man and reality start, as the main object of art, of beauty, the ugly, the noble and other aesthetic categories and human aesthetic sense, aesthetic experience, as well as the creation of the United States, development and the laws of science. Aesthetics is the essence of beauty and significance of the theme of discipline. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of art, but not the specific performance of art, but rather the philosophy of art in question is known as the "beauty of art philosophy." Basic issues of aesthetics essence of beauty, aesthetic sense of the relationship with the aesthetic object. Aesthetics is the study of diversity, (both can take the philosophical speculation of the way, you can also learn from other disciplines of today's research methods, such as the description of experience and psychological analysis, method of anthropology and sociology, linguistics and culture learning methods, etc.), - aesthetics only include "philosophical speculation" should not be "is a branch of philosophy." Moreover, the "beauty" itself is a human feeling, different people have different feelings to the United States, usually have no need to even speculation. Therefore, aesthetics is the study of the nature and significance of the United States independent of the subjects. (Actually Jiang Rui)
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Source〗 〖words
The term aesthetics comes from the Greek aesthesis. The original meaning is "a sense of the experience." By the German philosopher Alexander 戈特利布鲍 Mujia pass for the first time use. His "aesthetic (Aesthetica)" marks the publication of the book as an independent discipline aesthetic production. Until the 19th century, the aesthetic concept of the traditional classical art is usually defined as the study of "beauty" (Schönheit) doctrine. Modern philosophy is defined as the understanding of the aesthetic arts, science, design and philosophy of cognitive theory of feeling and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" and "ugly", but to understand the type and nature of the object.
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History〗 〖
Aesthetics as an independent subject of the eighteenth century from Germany Baum Jiadeng started, but its production has been built on the ancient Greek thinkers on the history of the United States on the theory, is the previous system of aesthetic theory and scientific. The ancient Greek aesthetic theory since the study also established in people's aesthetic appreciation and creative activities on the basis of aesthetic, aesthetic activities people philosophical reflection. Therefore, we must understand the aesthetics to be back to its source, and began a U.S. tour. Aesthetics and perceptions related to? Baum Jiadeng teacher's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz there is a vivid explanation of this, he said: painters and other artists about what good and bad, although it is well aware, they often can not This aesthetic taste for them to find out the reasons, if someone asked them, they would answer that they does not like the lack of the kind of work that "I can not tell what." Know the works of the United States or the United States, but can not say why, and Baum Jiadeng in Leibniz seems to belong to a vague, confused perceptions. Baum Jia Deng, the aesthetics of the development experience of the German classical aesthetics, Marxist Aesthetics, western three important stages of modern aesthetics. Stage in the German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel on the aesthetic contributions Zhuo, have formed since Aesthetics, and also the history of Western Aesthetics third peak. Kant in his Critique of the three known to the world, in the "Critique of Judgement", Kant proposed a series of aesthetic and demonstrate the fundamental problem, formed a relatively complete system of aesthetic theory. After Kant, Hegel, the German classical aesthetics pushed to the peak, a German classical aesthetics and Marxist aesthetics aesthetic thought the west before the synthesizer. Marx Though I've written a special aesthetic works, but many other works he addressed a large number of aesthetic issues, especially his introduction of the experimental point of view of aesthetics, thus bringing on the United States to explore the establishment of the basis of dialectical unity of subject and object on the aesthetic research provides a new way of thinking. After the mid 19th century, aesthetic development of genres, but in general there is an important trend that is gradually detached from the "beauty is what" pure philosophical discussion, and focus on "experience in the beauty of how our mental activity," this aesthetic psychological description, to describe the aesthetic experience of becoming a science. This is referred to the history of aesthetics from the "top down" to the "bottom up" history of transformation. Aesthetics of the 20th century is the formation of a strong anti-traditional trend. On the one hand is the traditional metaphysical rebellion and Empirical methods of publicity, on the other hand is the rationalism of the rebellion and irrational human publicity, and gradually formed the basis of scientific aesthetics and humanism Aesthetic two thoughts. Modern Western Aesthetics and the main representatives of German esthetics Fechner's "experimental aesthetics", the British Bell's "significant form", the United States Dewey's "aesthetic experience", the Italian Croce's "image of Intuition" , UK "Psychological Distance", the German Lipu Si's "Empathy", Freud's "libido" theory and the subsequent analysis of aesthetics, aesthetics of phenomenology, existentialism, aesthetics, aesthetics accepted and so on.
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〗 〖Study of aesthetics
Although Baum Jiadeng first time in history a clear object of study of aesthetics, but his comments were not unanimous in the academic response. Baum Jia Deng, the "aesthetics of what exactly" has been a hotly controversial issue. But so far basically three kinds of tendentious comments: The first one said: aesthetics of the object is beautiful itself. Who hold this opinion in view, the aesthetic issues to be discussed are not specific things of beauty, but common to all the beautiful things that the United States has itself all the beautiful things that make the root cause of why the United States. Second view: study of aesthetics of art, aesthetics is the philosophy of art. This view has been in the history of Western Aesthetics recognition of a considerable number of aestheticians. Third view: the object of study aesthetics aesthetic experience and aesthetic psychology. This view of psychology, with the rise of the 19th century, advocates the views and methods of psychology to explain and examine all aesthetic phenomena, psychological and aesthetic experience aesthetic placed in the center of aesthetic research. In short, the above study on the various views of aesthetics, although has its certain truth, but also their shortcomings, and therefore are difficult to obtain academic recognition. We basically prefer the first opinion because of the aesthetic principles of the United States itself as a aesthetics to study more in line with the nature of the discipline of aesthetics; and secondly, whether the interpretation of art or aesthetic experience, will depend on the interpretation of beauty itself. However, the traditional speculative aesthetics of the place of beauty itself subject and object in confrontation mode of thinking, rational approach to apply technology, which we can not agree. The end result will lead to as modern Western aesthetic discipline of aesthetics itself as a crisis and resolution. The International Contemporary Art aesthetics are more likely, and even called the art of aesthetic philosophy, because contemporary art is not for research or interpretation, is to verify the validity of contemporary aesthetic one of the hallmarks of all forms of contemporary art in particular has been the meaning is not completely beyond the traditional definition of aesthetics. "United States" is not the core concept of contemporary aesthetics as it is aesthetic need to pay attention, otherwise there will be the aesthetics of life to lead a game of words. If the study by category below: (1), United States, such as the United States, Development; essence of beauty, features, functions; natural beauty, social beauty, beauty of art forms such as the United States; the content of beauty, beauty of form factors such as the composition of the United States and its laws; (2 ), aesthetic, such as aesthetic psychology, aesthetic sense, the occurrence of aesthetic development, nature, characteristics and laws; (3), the creation of the United States, such as the reality of beauty, artistic beauty of the creation of law, the law of development, appreciation and other laws; ( 4), aesthetic categories, such as the ugly, the noble, tragic, comic, etc. The aesthetic characteristics of the law of development and its relations with the United States; (5), aesthetic education; (6), aesthetics itself.
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〗 〖Relationship with other disciplines
Aesthetics and Philosophy: In the relevant disciplines and aesthetics, aesthetics and philosophy most closely. Philosophy itself is an aesthetic nature of the subject. This is because: The basic problem is an aesthetic philosophy speculative nature. The formation and nature of any theory depends on its questions and the questions. Aesthetics in Plato asked: "What is beauty?" This is asking the United States, not a specific thing of beauty, but all the beautiful things that the root cause of why the United States. The man's attention away from the complex perceptual phenomenon of natural divergent toward unifying all of the abstract nature of the United States from the changeable things of beauty itself toward constancy, apparently followed the philosophy of ancient Greek metaphysical tradition. Meanwhile, the construction of aesthetic discipline system is also affected by the philosophy that time, the academic framework, theoretical paradigms and ways of thinking are imprinted with a contemporary philosophy. There is also an interesting phenomenon in the history of almost all major aestheticians great philosopher, and less a writer or artist. Finally, modern Western aesthetics and philosophy from the other aspects of the complex relationship proves aesthetics and philosophy inseparable relationship. Face of rejection of modern Western aesthetics philosophy, but in fact it is only reject traditional Western philosophy, it is still attached to modern Western philosophy. Aesthetics and Ethics: The relationship between aesthetics and ethics is the relationship between beauty and goodness of the decision. The Sound of Music is the ideal life, aspire to, which are indispensable. Historically, any object of beauty is in the good sense of ethics, which the United States especially in the social field. Social content in a sense, the United States is to the United States to show good form. Despite the close ties the United States and good, but not to the same, the U.S. is not that good. For example, Hugo novel "Notre Dame de Paris" in the bell ringer, the appearance of ugly, but the inner kind. A thing of beauty is more focused on the spiritual pleasure, which has a super-utility, and the good people of the utilitarian object and purpose are often directly linked. Aesthetics and Psychology: Xie said: "The situation is full of hiking in the mountains, sea is intended to overflow to the sea"; English poet John Keats said: "The U.S. is a timeless pleasure"; U.S. esthetician Santa Jena said: "Beauty is pleasure objectified in the form of, the objective of beauty is a pleasure"; Activities in people's aesthetic is always accompanied by various mental activities - emotion, pleasure, imagination and so on. Li Bai's poem: "Han Shan along the sad Bi", where "cold", "sad," the facsimile is not purely objective, but rather the expression of feelings. In a sense we can even say who the United States can not do without the occurrence of psychological factors involved. Which is closely related to aesthetics and psychology. The West since the 19th century aesthetics and the psychological function of aesthetic experience emphasis on the aesthetics of the psychological impact of schools, to some extent also shows that psychological dependence on aesthetics. Aesthetics and Literature: Aesthetics and literary theory have a common object of study, namely the literary arts. Therefore, they have some of the problems are often staggered, such as literary and artistic works shown in the aesthetic sense, aesthetic ideal, aesthetic creation and aesthetic appreciation of the general laws such as literature and art as Mei Xue is to be examined. However, the relative and Literature in terms of aesthetics, but also with the general, it is the origin of art and literature, for the latter to provide a theoretical paradigm and way of thinking. The literature and art are more concerned about the specific experience and the phenomenon of literature and art, it can provide a wealth of experience in aesthetic research materials.
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Research tasks〗 〖
Problems on the task of aesthetics, since aesthetics from Baumgarten to establish, there are different views and arguments. There are four main observations: Second, Hegel believes that the object is to study the aesthetic beauty of the art. He said: Aesthetics of the "object of beauty is a vast field of more accurate to say that the scope of it is art, or is rather, is beautiful art." He said the U.S. is not an ordinary real beauty, but art United States. He believes that the proper name of aesthetics is the "philosophy of art", more precisely, is "the art of beauty philosophy." Is based on aesthetics: "The U.S. philosophy of art," this name, put out of the natural beauty outside the field of aesthetic study. But Hegel also studied natural beauty, natural beauty of his reason, because natural beauty is the beauty of the soul that reflects the beauty of art forms. ------------------ From the "aesthetic principle" Yang Xin Gan Peking University Press
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〗 〖Methods
Aesthetic Research is diverse. Philosophical speculation can be taken either way, you can also learn from other disciplines of today's research methods, such as the description of experience and psychological analysis, the methods of anthropology and sociology, linguistics and cultural studies of the methods.
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〗 〖Essence of Beauty
What is beauty? This is from Plato's questions. It is this question, open all the history of aesthetics, aesthetics as the basic theoretical issues, inspired ancient aestheticians, philosophers make unremitting efforts. How to understand the nature of aesthetics? (1), aesthetics is a humanities. He is the study of human aesthetic phenomenon. (2), aesthetics are closely linked with people to study the aesthetic is inseparable from the aesthetics of human research, even in the study as an aesthetic object of beauty things, but also from the human point of view to be studied, not to A thing of beauty as an object with one independent study. (3), the aesthetic is inseparable from people, closely related to aesthetics and value of life issues, aesthetic issues and all aspects of human social life are closely linked. The history of Western Aesthetics Discussion on the essence of beauty: 1. Discussion from the spiritual essence of beauty From the spirit of objective: Plato, Plotinus, Hegel ... ... Spirit of the subjective: Hume, Kant, some modern aesthetes ... ... 2. From the material of the essence of beauty: Aristotle, Hogarth, Burke ... ... 3. From the harmonization of the spiritual and material essence of beauty: Diderot, Chernyshevsky ... ... Ancient China on the nature of beauty: Ancient China to explore more on this issue is through the "Road", "gas", "wonderful" of which reflected the strong speculative characteristics with the West, the Chinese ancient aesthetics more emphasis on the meaning and the universe itself the spiritual realm. Such as: "Peter said," that association and imagination from different angles between natural things and the shape of similar habits. Personification of the natural, moral, objective characteristics of people, naturalization. Zi Gong asked: "Gentlemen, see the flood than the concept of Yan, why?" Confucius said: "Husband of crops, the gentleman Peter Yan. Over and selfless, like Germany; reach of those students, like Jen; the flow of dirty sentence through its management are arrogant, like justice; inexperienced pop, deep are unexpected, like Chile; the valley to go to a hundred yards without doubt, like Yong; cotton weak and slightly up, like the police; by the evil not to, like package; Mongolia is unclear to enter, Xianjie to out, like Shanhua; to the volume will be flat, like now, the surplus shall not seek, like degree; will fold its million East, like Italian: Yan is a gentleman's view of Seoul can see the flood . " Confucius said: "The wise delight in water, the benevolent Leshan; wise move, the benevolent static; wise music, benevolent life." "Beauty is one of the greatest secrets of nature, we can see and feel all of its effects, but the views of a common and clear: it is undetected in nature but also the truth." Issues: the nature of the problem is the United States is a problem? Yes! How to Investigate? Not? Can I cancel? Philosophical thought in China that nature is the United States, the United States is the essence of nature. This is consistent with the natural law of things, which is the Chinese philosophy called "Road." Line is the beauty of nature, and vice versa was ugly. The standards of beauty, it not only for everything world, also applies to human society, social harmony and natural for the United States, who own the same performance of the harmony of natural beauty. Road to SR, Road to the United States.
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The characteristics of the United States〗 〖
First, the image of 1. New Moon made the image of poetry: Chanzao forest more quiet, more secluded mountain birds. Smoke in the desert straight down the long river yen. More À quiet, bad night, month out, such as flooding the house, revealing the Qifeng faction. 2. Sculpture: "Laocoon" and so on 3. Paintings: "Mona Lisa" and other 4. Music: "Pastoral," "Andante Cantabile", etc. 5. Fiction: "Dream of Red Mansions", "Journey to the West", "home", "Spring", "Autumn" and other 6. Drama: "Hamlet," "La Traviata", "Qu Yuan", "Sunrise" and so on 7. The beauty of the natural scientific theory: Formulas, concepts and theories of where the United States? (Lee and other discussion of the United States) They must picture of the world they depict, and the perceived man before becoming an object of beauty. (Zhao Xinshan related discourse) Second, infectious U.S. direct access to people's feelings, or love, or excitement, or reverence, people get in the spirit of one great pleasure and satisfaction: Music poetry reading: [Hungary] Petofi "I do a torrent" [Russian] Simonov: "Wait for me ..." Music clip: Beethoven's "Heroes" Symphony, Tchaikovsky's "June Barcarolle" The reason why what the United States has a strong appeal to people is that he embodies what, in particular, reflects the person's emotional life. Third, the objectivity And every object has the objective factors, these physical factors caused by human aesthetic pleasure plays a crucial role. It determines the people chose this thing, not that things as objects of beauty.
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Characteristics of the United States〗 〖
Beauty is the product of social practice, is the human nature of the object, the content is true and the good form of unity with the harmony, the rich and unique, and can cause feelings of pleasure people living image. In general, the U.S. has the following several interrelated and inseparable features: (A) objectivity and social unity; (B) the image of unity and rationality; (C) the unity of truth and utilitarian; (D) the content of the unity of beauty and formal beauty. Overview of modern aesthetics Ever since the human society, the United States began to sprout, and then produce, develop, after dozens of years. Jianhen wounds from the original ancient, earth tattoos, animal skins wrapped in a simple, to the neck covered with shells, animal teeth, his head was filled with pheasant feathers, has suggested that in the production of labor and social practice in the creation of the United States . For the primitive gear. Ancient Greece is considered to be important in Western aesthetic thought the birthplace of the ancient one. Esthetician Plato (Platon, a 427 BC 347 BC) in the "great hope Bailey Aspen," the article tells a story about the United States, which is the earliest human written records began thinking about the United States. The story took place about 2400 years ago. The great philosopher Socrates to launch an attack on sophists Greece Aspen Bailey said: "As long as God allows, you will listen when I recite the masterpiece. But I'd like to ask, what is beauty? What is ugly?" A shelter Greece Adams seemed to be somewhat arrogant, complacent, said: "This issue is too small, almost negligible, the problem is much more difficult than that I can teach you, teach you everything I can not refute those who looked down on." Suge La pretend happy end: "So ask the United States in the end, or to tell you what?" Aspen Bailey some hope carried away, it seems that people in the lesson: "I'll tell you what is beautiful, you remember, the United States is a beautiful young lady. "Socrates some dumbfounding, but pretended to agree with the way said:" fantastic. but my opponent if you ask, any reason why the United States what the United States, if there is a presence of beauty itself, it said those things for the United States? If I said, a beautiful young lady of the United States, is to make all things for the United States. Is that OK? "Greece Aspen Bailey replied:" He dares to deny that a beautiful woman, the beautiful? "Socrates further false asked:" So, a beautiful mare, a beautiful harp, a beautiful soup pot is beautiful is not it? "Greece were struggling to cope Bailey Aspen appears:" too more like it, and how can talk about serious topics, the issue raised these rude! "murmured also said:" The mare is a beautiful young lady as the United States. "grasp the thread of her conversation Socrates, pursued:" The most beautiful young lady and not also the goddess of ugly compared to it? "Greece Bailey Aspen as a deflated ball.
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〖Aesthetics and aesthetic development of the subject four stages〗
(1), embryonic stage. In primitive times, the original primitive start in labor to create original art, showing the natural, social, artistic sense of the original aesthetic, aesthetics begun to take the seeds. (3), the system development stage. From the late 18th century to the 19th century. Germany established the subjective idealism of Kant's aesthetic system. Establishment of objective idealism of Hegel dialectical aesthetic system. Russia Chernyshevsky the old materialism to the highest stage of aesthetic development. Marxist labor practice demonstrates the creation of aesthetic beauty, people-oriented nature, the human nature of the object, aesthetic consciousness and art is a reflection of the reality of the dynamic fundamental issues such as aesthetics, the aesthetics and gradually establish a truly scientific system, and increasingly mature.
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〗 〖Aesthetic significance of the existence
Aesthetics is the practice of human society, aesthetic practice, create a product of the United States practice, is a human individual, a Diachronic, Synchronic aesthetic, to create the theory of general practical experience the United States. It is for the promotion of social science, natural science, especially for the prosperity of literature and art, has important theoretical significance, for the conduct of aesthetic education, promotion of people to foster a correct aesthetic point of view, a healthy aesthetic taste and aesthetic, the ability to create beauty to transform the society, beautify, and improve human nature, has important practical significance.
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Encyclopedia
meixue Aesthetics esthetics Aesthetics aside, the definition of the specific object of aesthetic observation, scope and problems, you can see that, since ancient times in general no more than the following three aspects of aesthetics: on the philosophy of beauty and art, art criticism on the general principles of art theory and the sociology of on the aesthetic and artistic experience of psychology. The philosophical study in the history of aesthetics and logic often form the basis for parts. It includes the United States is, what is art, natural beauty of the nature of the relationship between the good and the beautiful or of the speculative issues. For example, Plato believed that beauty is not a particular beautiful lady, beautiful bowl of pot, the United States should be to become the United States all the beautiful things and nature of the kind of thing, that Beauty is. Again, D. Diderot that the relationship between the United States is, Hegel is the idea that the United States and emotional show. Analytic philosophy is that the aesthetics of literary criticism is used in the concepts, vocabulary, and statements to clarify their meaning, such as "art" what is the meaning of the word, how many different uses, and so on. All this can be said to belong to philosophical aesthetics. This aesthetic is often used as a philosophical system or a branch of philosophy or components. For example, I. Kant's aesthetics is a critical philosophy of his regard, J. Dewey's aesthetics is important to his philosophy of pragmatism extension. The Aesthetics of Marxist philosophy of Marxism is an important part. Remove the argument of analytical philosophy, the range of ages rather philosophical theories about the United States as the most general generalization, the theory can be divided into objective and subjective theory, subjective and objective unity of three. The objective of beauty that is the objective of the natural properties of material objects or laws, such as a certain proportion of things, order, harmony, unity, and the typical organic and so on. This is the materialist aesthetics. Objective is the object of advocating the United States reflects the spirit of a certain objective, management style, which is an objective idealist aesthetics. Subjectivism subjectivism there are many types and factions, but they believe that beauty is the object presents subjective feelings, ideas, consciousness, psychology, desire, happiness, and so, the United States by the people's sense of beauty, emotion, feeling and so created, This is a subjective idealist aesthetics. Theory emphasizes the subjective performance of many, into, emotional and spiritual expression vector must have a material or object, in this sense that the unity of the subjective theory is subjective, but the dynamic of the party generating the United States is still the subject of the spirit, psychology, so the scope is still subjective idealist. This theory holds that the unity of subjective and objective beauty is the subject of human social practice as the role of the objective results and products of the real world. It believes that this is what Marx talked about the "natural man of." Because human social practice is an objective physical reality activities, so that the unity of both objective and subjective theory is materialism. However, this school of thought has also been above the natural materialist opposition and criticism, they deny the "natural man" and a US-related. In short, the philosophical problem of the United States of no more than three directions or three of the final clue, or from human consciousness, mental, spiritual, or natural form from the material, property, or from human to seek beauty in practice the causes and nature. Essence of beauty in contemporary Western less discussion, some people think that this discussion can not solve the lack of meaning or, as in China, still a great many scholars and people interested in important issues, that is not to be had in Aesthetics This should be avoided or denied on the theory of the fundamental. Aesthetics Arts and Sciences is the second aspect of research on the general principles of art. West from Aristotle's "Poetics", China no later than from the "Music" began, drama, music and even the mention of the arts
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