Linguists generally believed that, if not directly call between two kinds of words, then these two words can be defined as two different languages; if there is between the large or small difference, but you can direct calls, the two can defined as the same language in two different dialects. According to this classification, basic Cantonese, Mandarin can not talk now, should be separately classified as two different languages. However, some think that (especially those subject to political influence), this is not the only language classification standards, such as Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, although you can talk, but as three different (political) language; and Cantonese are also and other dialects of Chinese have a written language and use the same unity of ethnic groups, western alphabet languages which there is a big difference. Although the self-written in Cantonese, not necessarily to Putonghua / Mandarin way of writing, such as the Hong Kong Journal reported directly to regular written in Cantonese, but still used in writing Chinese characters, which, like Mandarin and other Chinese dialects, and the general context and Mandarin also similarities, the two have always been the same origin of modern Chinese branch, rather than separate languages. Chinese language has its own unique standards, can not be a simple classification of the western division of the language. The idea that the same Chinese characters with the Latin alphabet, can be used for different languages, such as Japanese, old Korean, the language of the old Vietnamese are also widely used Chinese characters, can be directly north of China generally understand the context. Can not believe that Chinese characters are used to write Cantonese Mandarin is now the north is the same language. However, only use part of the Japanese character, and the inclusion of a large number of pseudonyms, is not a complete expression system of Chinese characters, the context can not understand the basic way by the Chinese, as the Korean, Vietnam, passed ahead of itself in the characters have their own language, only later Chinese characters for some time to borrow the expression, which is entirely in ancient China in the East Asian regional political and cultural position of strength of the decision, as many countries in the world today, English is the official language, more is the trend of the times, and with the properties of the language itself nothing. The situation is not comparable and Cantonese. Language / dialect differences are many reasons for the formation. Social differentiation of political and economic aspects of the language often leads to differentiation, the formation of dialects (or thus the formation of related languages), in any society, its political, economic and cultural aspects of development will not be balanced, and some advanced some, and some behind Some are reflected in the language to speed the development direction of development appears inconsistent, the results on the formation of a dialect / new language. Dialect / language of the new language can be said that uneven development reflects the characteristics of the most prominent. The relationship between Cantonese and other dialects will also have a migration of population differentiation of language, such as Hakka, Gan formation, with the history of the population caused by the war Great Migration has a direct close relationship, such as the history of our country in the Western Jin Dynasty Yongjia Late Rebellion, the mid-Shih Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty's Jingkang difficult, have attracted a large number of population across the border in northern China, southern China to form the various languages / dialects. The internal evolution of the language divide caused by the language, the language of the external contacts of the components result in different language systems from here, superimposed co-existence of relative differences, such as northeast China, affected by the Manchu language, and some names that also left traces such as Harbin, Qiqihar; a great influence on China's Hong Kong by the English, so there are many dialects of English signs, for example, "ball" is called "wave", and there is often spoken English with the situation. Geographical barriers also contributed to the reasons for differences in dialect, mountain rivers of the barrier, affecting people's relations with others, affect language communication, in this relatively closed environment, language development in different directions, has the effect of differences in the formation of dialects. Of course, the geographical aspect of a barrier, but also the communication side, such as rivers, on the one hand blocking communication, interpersonal communication on the one hand, as it developed for the water transport to create the conditions so as to enhance off-site links, enhance communication, off_set_ regional differences may be caused by language differentiation. Although the reasons for the formation of many dialects, but the root cause lies with the language of the community. Language is a product of society, combining sound and meaning of language is often arbitrary, accidental, not inevitable, the nature of (there may be exceptions), which determines the language with the possibility of development and change, language is the role of the community With the development of social development, as society changes, the relationship between sound and meaning any linguistic theory, can be said to explain the theoretical basis of language development and change. Dialect is the language of social development in a certain historical period, the product of uneven development characteristic of language reflects the reality. The same kind of language, its development is not the same everywhere, all go hand in hand, so there is no dialect / created a new language. The reality is, the phenomenon of the same language in different regions, the speed and direction of its development may be different, a change in some areas, do not change in some areas; in some areas such change, in some areas that change. Thus a regional dialect, resulting in a dialect and the dialect differences between this or that, but this difference and social development is closely associated.
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Cantonese correctly defined
粤语 广东话正确定义
Cantonese is the only dialect originated in the Guangdong region, also in Guangdong province in the mainstream of the dialect, it said in Cantonese, the United Nations in 2008 has been officially defined as a language. Spoke Cantonese, the birthplace of most of the general academic experts are considered to be originated in Guangdong Province Fengkai (belonging to the jurisdiction of Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, a county). Academic, Cantonese is not the same as the Guangdong dialect. Cantonese refers to the Han language originated in the Xia Dynasty, which is Cantonese. However, the Cantonese have a lot of users are from the north or the nearby Fujian and other places over the relocation to Guangdong after a lot of people have access to the local dialect - Cantonese. However, because they are outsiders, more difficult to accept the local accent, should learn to associate the words is not easy, so the emergence of regional speech differences between today's Cantonese, but with the Standard Cantonese - Cantonese or less. That is why the line has become so close to one hundred million users today, with the Cantonese. Refers to the Guangdong dialect is popular in the Guangdong dialect, including the Hakka, Min, Mandarin, and some minority languages. In recent years, many foreigners have migrated to Guangdong, so in Guangdong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities there are some people in English. Cantonese, the vernacular, Cantonese and Hong Kong, the correct understanding of words Guangdong, referred to Guangdong. The Cantonese are "people living in this place spoken language, a matter of course known as 'Cantonese'." This is only meant literally, but can not say that it is wrong. This is with the "Arabic numerals" is not invented by the Arabs, but it is also known as "'Arabic' numbers," the truth is the same. Cantonese in Guangdong province due to popularity, and in the mainstream, so called "Cantonese" is scientific. In fact, in Cantonese population, civil society call for such language as "vernacular" to do at the time used in classical studies. This is the language people speak on his own terms, I think this is by far the most appropriate expression of Cantonese. Cantonese, Yue from the mixture of language and ancient Chinese, this probably is not indisputable facts. This is why even the Thai Cantonese and Zhuang have obvious relatives (because we have ancient Yue language gene). As Cantonese is a "language" or a "dialect", which is purely a political division of method and direction of the problem. Linguistic point of view alone, we can only speak two languages similar degree of variation between the number of (usually out from the basic vocabulary of statistics), while not scientific to draw a line, said this line is language, on-line is less than dialects. The division of dialects and languages, largely a social problem, is a political issue. For example, Serbian and Croatian in Europe, there is the same, but because of bad relations between the two peoples, so as the two languages, it is not our language dialect should be made by reference to examples? This is not political interference in academic, but the dialect of the language is often divided into groups based on the user's language of self awareness. Used to say, to discuss "dialects", "language" by the academic issues, political and social factors must take into account the situation a bit like social linguistics. But all the political components of the issue say is political interference in academic scholarship, but also a little too far to the. The Cantonese and Northern Chinese language / dialect differences between the great, the Cantonese dialect of Chinese language program, not everyone can accept. As for Cantonese origin, with the repeated demonstration and enthusiasts to find information to draw conclusions are: originated in Wuzhou, and Guangzhou as the orthodoxy. Wuzhou area is reached first when the Han Chinese in the Qin Dynasty stationed in the Lingnan region and the south for some time been the center of Chinese culture. South Vietnam led the country until the time of Panyu, the upper class at that time believed to have been the Han, the more bilingual parallel, while the time that they use today Cantonese Chinese ancestors. Cantonese in the modern left traces of the ancient Chinese. Such as Guangdong, people "do not" talk to "no", he (she) speaks of a "channel", saving about a "possible" and so, this is the usage of the ancient Chinese ("save" intended to mean, then come out of savings mean. such as: saving money - Song refers to the inferior material thin coins. Modern Cantonese means saving money.), is proof of that. Reason to believe that Cantonese is the Chinese ancient Yue people to switch from large-scale, not a place first to use Chinese, and then slowly made its spread as the standard. Its situation as a large-scale learning English all over the world are now produced a "World Englishes", as a region or a large-scale switch to Mandarin Mandarin as a result of the region. That being said, Where is the first to use Cantonese to be a valuable question. We can say that Cantonese is not a single source, but similar in different regions have been a variant of a combination of slowly. Of course, in terms of time, Wuzhou the earliest. But the ancient Cantonese Wuzhou but they hardly have spread to other places. Instead, now Wuzhou vernacular, and even other parts of the spread of the vernacular is from Guangzhou, about the time in the late treaty ports open. This is with "the origin of soccer is China, and modern football is spread from Europe comes from" the truth is the same. As in western Guangdong Zhanjiang, Maoming area, people say, "I do not," people do not like the Pearl River Delta, said "I do not go," but said "I did not go." This confused the "no" and "no" usage. This can be a variant of Cantonese. Cantonese of Guangzhou as the center circle around the four (especially the west) as the radius of expansion, the farther away from the center, the pronunciation, the greater the difference in terminology. PRD circle of people out to other places in Cantonese, the local people may not be able to listen to understand spoken Cantonese. In fact, even in Guangzhou city, different city, different age groups of people, spoken Cantonese accent is different. Also mentioned below is another branch of Cantonese - Hong Kong Tel. In addition, the Hong Kong people are not "learning Cantonese," but after the first Opium War and moved to Guangzhou, Hong Kong, nine out of ten are, especially during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to flee from the city of Guangzhou, Guangzhou people. Prior to this, the main indigenous inhabitants of Hong Kong Island is Dan family, Hakka and so on. But since the beginning of the founding of the city they do not have the economic and political power, so their language has not become the main language in Hong Kong, but later immigrants from Guangzhou Cantonese successfully "transplanted" to Hong Kong, and "unified" so far. Since its inception from 1841 to 1949 during the liberation of Hong Kong and Guangzhou has maintained close political and economic relations, so both the Cantonese language variation has been carried out at the same pace. In fact, before the border closure in 1950, the general view of Hong Kong citizens as the true home of Guangzhou. This can be words from the old Hong Kong, the "go to Guangzhou" as the "back to Guangzhou", "back to the provincial capital," to prove. In general, if the return to other parts of China, would only say "to Beijing", "go to Shanghai," "over Macau", "off the South Seas", this and the "back" Guangzhou emotionally there is a certain difference. (Incidentally, the house of a friend of mine went to Guangzhou as "the Guangzhou", but put to Shanghai as the "back to Shanghai", indicating that although they had assimilated a people of Hong Kong, but still retain some of the feelings of the home country, They also showed a little bit of the mainstream of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hong Kong people and ethnic origin, Hong Kong, respectively.) dialect and Cantonese in Hong Kong is different mainly occurred in the liberation of the 1950-1979 border Hong Kong and China blocked a period of time . If today we look back at the early fifties of the Hong Kong Cantonese films, or to ask more than seventy years old Hong Kong, you will find that their accent is closer to the early forties, and acts subject to the Huang Xiling Guangzhou sound "Cantonese phonological sinks ". In the 50's, due to the exchange of Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Canton interrupted, so the two started to have differences of language variation is no longer synchronized. If the characteristics of Hong Kong is more of a vowel "eo", nasal "ng" off, aspirated "kh" and unaspirated "k" regardless and so on. Reasonable to say that this variation is normal, and people do not understand the essence of Chinese culture clearly does not matter, but the fallacy of writing or to something else. Similarly, the Guangzhou Cantonese in these 30 years have variations. This is mainly to move closer to the Mandarin. This is a large number of Hong Kong and then to the English words borrowed the same situation.
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"Early in the Guangzhou Cantonese center is not widely believed," the theory of
Guangdong International Trust and is the cultural center of the early South. Eastern Han Dynasty, a large number of literary scholars here for the position, cultural activities, the disciples who in building customer feedback. One of the most prominent is the scribes, and Chen Yuan, who sup. Chen Yuan as the "Master of Confucian learning Ling Hai", widely believed old age back to school to become one of the pioneers of Lingnan culture. Xie Prefecture on 40 years as the Cochin, but once "Seven County Board Governor", and many of the Chinese literati came to admire its name attached to them and from Cochin, wide letters and other places to give lectures for the industry. Central Plains in the dissemination of these scholars use when Chinese culture, of course, there is a record of Chinese characters as symbols of the elegant language. Aboriginal culture and characters in the learning time of the Han, it was elegant language learning. These indigenous languages have been worse million do not dry, can not talk to each other, no words, so in addition to the use of elegant language exchanges with the Han Chinese, the interaction between tribes also spontaneously using elegant language. This way, elegant language has become the common language of the indigenous tribes, like the exchanges between the various warring states during the Spring and Autumn are using elegant language, like the formation of bilingualism in their own tribe to use their mother tongue, foreign exchanges, use elegant language. Fengchuan words voiced stops: the living fossil of the early Cantonese Cantonese preserves many elements of ancient elegant language, you can in Cantonese and "Qieyun" sound system of control confirmed. "Qieyun" is the earliest a phonology book, written in the Sui Dynasty, is _set_ Lu Jing "Yun Collection", Jaap de Hoop the "rhyme a little," Yang off the "rhyme a little," Zhou thinking words "Melody", Li season " sound spectrum, "Du Qing Taiwan" a little rhyme, "etc, have good interaction. Fu Jiangdong take special rhyme and Hebei. Because of "non-South, past and present through force", wants to cut more refined Jun election, in addition to cutting respite. This rhyming dictionaries that are north and south dynasties was the language used in the above mix of the phonology to be written to "Qieyun" sound system with seven major Chinese dialects were compared today, we can see, save more for the Cantonese phonological , Taiwanese, Hakka. Entering the ancient example, the northern Chinese dialects as the rapid development of language evolution and rapid, universal plug from the consonant, so now this - people with no idea how the thing Tone. While other Chinese dialects preserve some of Tone, but not complete. Cantonese and the Central Plains as isolated, in the high mountains of the semi-wild state emperor is far away, so there is no "into the school three times" this variation, so the full _set_ of preserved ancient Tone, neatly correspond with the nasal consonant. Wuzhou in Cantonese to the vicinity of the formation of the ancient elegant language phonology preserved more obvious factors. "Qieyun" sound system voiced stops in a _set_ of initials, this _set_ of initials in Chinese voiced stops have disappeared in most dialects of Cantonese Cantonese today have no survival. However, this cold tone voiced consonants in Cantonese in Wuzhou intact. Even more note: in Wuzhou Cantonese, not only in the "Qieyun" in the study for the voiced stops "and", "scheduled", "group" mother's words are still read as voiced stops, and some in the "Qieyun" in the has been read for the voiceless plosive "help", "end", "see" the mother of the word read as voiced stops. We know that, "voiced Thanh Hoa," is a law of evolution of Chinese initials. According to this rule, the more advanced voiced stops consonants, the more it's long. Some people say, Wuzhou Cantonese voiced stops than "Qieyun" sound system developed, that it holds more than "Qieyun" into the book's earlier sound system, that is, the Han Dynasty elegant language phonology. Therefore, it is a rare living fossil of ancient elegant language, but also a living fossil of early Cantonese is widely believed Cantonese formed in the ancient testimony.
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Cantonese development schedule
Qin and Han Dynasties Since ancient times, living in the Lingnan region is more than the original tribal people living in the Central Plains region of the Huaxia tribe Pan-called South Vietnam. Emperor south to invade "Bai Yue", the Huaxia people came to the Lingnan region, the tribe fled to the mountains of South Vietnam or in areas further south, when the language began to spread Huaxia Lingnan region. After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, Guilin, South China Sea, M Zhao Tuo Wei County County County, and as king, established a temporary state of South Vietnam. In the heyday of the Han Dynasty, Huaxia fusion was turned into the surrounding Han Chinese ethnic groups. The embryonic period is the period occurred in Cantonese. Southern and Northern Dynasties In the Wei and Jin Dynasties period, again in a long civil war in the Central Plains, the North fall into alien hands for the first time that people fled to South Central Plains region, the Lingnan region a significant increase in the Han population, which is the population of south China's history, the first time in the Central Plains peak. Central Plains was formed before the incoming of the ancient Chinese and Cantonese mixed, closer to the ancient Chinese in Cantonese and the difference between the Central Plains. This period is the period of growth in Cantonese. Tang and Song Dynasties The early period of Ming and Qing In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols moved the capital to the sixteen states in Yanyun the most (formerly known as Yanjing, later renamed Beijing), and the local language as an official language, then the Central Plains and Middle Chinese and Cantonese Chinese is the difference then stop larger: At that time the Central Plains has been a sharp Chinese Mandarin to the direction of Beijing, Beijing Mandarin tone IV rapid disappearance (that is -p/-t/-k coda loss, such as "entry at the North," the words in the medieval and modern Chinese Cantonese are with different entry Endings), there was not a "level up into the" traditional four tones of whispered tones; already fixed effects Cantonese are not subject to independent development of the Yuan Dynasty. Mid-Ming Dynasty to the Qing, Zhongyuan Mandarin coda further disappear (the only remaining -n/-ng modern Mandarin coda,-m-n tail and tail combined.) Another connection i / ü Finals g / k / h is fully consonant palatalization into j / q / x initials (such as "Kat its Xi" words in both Middle Chinese and modern Cantonese with g / k / h initials, In modern Mandarin tones were completely jaw into j / q / x initials); Cantonese is smooth and slowly into a modern Cantonese, the most obvious is no longer tell z / c / s initials and j / q / x initials, but also by Cantonese vowel length of the Yin Yin Tone Tone sent into both the upper and lower (such as "color of tin," two female entering characters each with short and long vowels, the former sent Entering into sharp on the negative, the latter being Approximate Yang sent into deep vaginal Tone Tone-like). During the late Qing Dynasty in Since the Qing Dynasty seclusion, leaving only the Guangzhou trade with other countries as. Therefore, after a considerable number of foreigners come to China to master the Chinese language is Cantonese rather than Mandarin, and many officials in the capital to do business with foreigners are often exposed procedure Cantonese, Cantonese for the first time makes the reverse spread to the Central Plains. During this period a large number of Guangdong people have migrated to the Americas, Australia and throughout Southeast Asia, Cantonese begun to spread around the world. Modern Republic of China was established, though useful, a formal written northern vernacular replace the classical position, but the actual use of Cantonese, not subject to any restrictions. But after the establishment of the PRC, in the comprehensive "Putonghua" campaign in Cantonese unprecedented restrictions position as before. Cantonese was the increasing influence of the North Chinese, so that distribution in mainland China, Cantonese, many of the younger generation do not understand some of the specialized terminology of the Cantonese pronunciation. As national policy, schools should be teaching Mandarin, the younger generation under long-term growth in Mandarin, some children can become fluent in Mandarin and communicate with outsiders, but to not understand Cantonese, which The emergence of the situation makes many Cantonese speaking people started to have a native sense of crisis, so all parts of China for the protection of native language and culture in recent years, the voice gradually began to grow. Meanwhile in Hong Kong, Macao and overseas, due to policy constraints from Mandarin, Cantonese in Hong Kong and Macao are widely used in education, administration, courts, news media, entertainment, music, movies, TV which to develop unique modern Cantonese Pop culture, on the southern Guangdong, the Cantonese culture and played a significant role in protection. With Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao to benefit from the long years of economic liberalization and the development of popular culture, these results have left many with a Cantonese vocabulary source to be spread. However, some schools in recent years has been the use of Putonghua to teach Chinese language, that contribute to learning Mandarin Chinese. However, as implemented by the Chinese University of Hong Kong, "Orthographic project," Hong Kong people are generally thought that Cantonese is the living fossil of Chinese Tang Dynasty, which slowly move closer to the ancient Chinese, Cantonese, Taiwanese and Dong in the demise of the master copy also. [Original research] now because of the old immigrant from the Guangdong and Guangxi in the economy and culture of overseas Chinese communities gradually decline, while those from mainland China and Taiwan immigrants gradually occupy the main body of the new Chinese immigrants, and because of its economic capacity and level of education than the former is excellent, now in overseas Chinese communities use Cantonese showed decline trend. Status Cantonese with the current global population of about 67 million, the use of extensive areas. Cantonese, not only in overseas Chinese communities are widely used, but also supports the local culture and cultural center of southern Guangdong, the Cantonese culture, which makes the Cantonese have a strong influence, can be said to have strong vitality of the world's languages. Australia now has become the fourth largest in Cantonese language, Canada's third largest language of the United States the third largest language. In addition, Cantonese is the only independent research in foreign universities of Chinese dialects (Cantonese or Chinese dialects, such as Kids in the words of one), is the only official language of the system is not a big language.
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Cantonese and Ancient Chinese Vocabulary
Keeping more of the ancient Chinese term Retained a considerable number of ancient Cantonese word meaning ancient and modern Cantonese monosyllabic words still have a higher tendency to use. Some users are seen as a popular word in Cantonese speech can be found in the ancient sources, but have disappeared in Mandarin is no longer in use. The first and second person to use "I", "you", and Mandarin the same, but Cantonese tone, "I" (ngo5) also retained the Middle Chinese Tang Yin (* ngɑ̌) of the suspected mother (ng-). Third person not "he", but inherited the use of Southern Dynasties, with Wu as using the "channel", the modern Cantonese writing "channel." No person plural "we", but goes back to the side lines homologous to the form of [taʔ] or [ti] (modern Cantonese writing "Die", the word "other"). Cantonese with "system" instead of "is" to represent a positive answer, "system" is the word commonly used in the Ming and Qing fiction, the Cantonese Pronunciation (hai) with the Japanese pronunciation of the word a positive reply (hai) basically similar. Cantonese will also be extended to borrow an old saying, evolved into a new meaning. "Teeth smoke" (is writing "wide cliff") meaning "wide edge of the cliff" ("wide" is the house, nothing to do with the simplified characters), the latter interpreted as dangerous. "Walk" the original intention of the word "run" (feet cross quickly leap forward), but has escaped in Mandarin as "walking." Cantonese, the "line" is to walk, and "walk" is to retain the ancient Chinese "run" means. Another example is the Mandarin as "eat (food) / drink", with more ancient Cantonese "food / drink" (in northern Guangdong is also useful to "eat" or write "yeah"), usage and the "Analects of Confucius. School and "in the" Gentleman food without seeking full "line. Verb "to" Cantonese will use "hand" (often written "Li"), that is, "Welcome" and "come." Another example is "playing Bian furnace" (to eat hot pot, often writing "hot pot"), "Bian furnace" is an ancient cooking utensils; everyday cooking Cooking with the semi-circular, ancient times was called "kettle", Cantonese and Hakka then use the "blame" Mandarin with "pot", Min with "Ding." Cantonese with "they enjoy the Ai" stands for chat, chat, use the ancient Chinese, in "Lie Zi", "Zhuang Zi" and other classics can be found listen. ("They enjoy the Hai" is often a result of writing "Chatting", some said the monks preaching from the "talk Foji.")
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Syntax
Cantonese and Modern Standard Chinese grammar is mainly reflected in the difference between the order of words, function words, adverbs and some adjectives, auxiliary and its placement, the complex modal particle is essential a feature of Cantonese. Although Cantonese and Mandarin in these areas there are significant differences in the syntax, but the syntax is basically the same subject, are the main - that - Bin languages, belonged to the analysis of language, there are still over 60% of the overall similarities. Inversion Post adjective Cantonese adjectives are words used to modify the center of the words on the back, in terms of relative formation of the so-called Mandarin flip morphological structures, such as Northern Chinese "cock" in Cantonese is "Rooster" and "Coconut" refers to the "green coconut." The subject placed the adjective after the Thai and Vietnamese syntax in both Zhuang widespread. This is a remnant of the ancient South Vietnam in Cantonese grammar. Adverbial post Cantonese usually adverbs modify verbs or adjectives are placed after the word modified, and sometimes even on the end of the sentence, such as: Position after the verb Modern Standard Chinese Cantonese food and more duties. Eat some. Thank You Sai you. Thank you very much. Bimaiqumi. All of them. What the following adjectives do not attempt to delay the Air. Not look good. Department of bad drainage and was stagnation. He is also too times. Nuisance above your head with money. Too much useless. End of the sentence give her three tiny Tim. Give it three dollars. Formation reverse order Many other structures are Cantonese words with the opposite word order of Modern Chinese. Such as "swing" in Cantonese is "future", "supper" in Cantonese is "supper", "crowded" in Cantonese is "crowded", "bear" in Cantonese is "critical." Flip sentence This inversion also produces many special sentence cases, for example, in the northern dialect, "No wonder", written in Cantonese, "Do not strange that" "Do not blame the too" or "Do not blame the too." Another example is in the northern dialect, "I go first"; Cantonese for "I can first." Directional Verbs Cantonese verbs tend to directly access the object, not the modern standard Chinese. Cantonese Cantonese tend to use of the verb between Modern Standard Chinese I Die recite the customary day to live in Anchor Street. We would like to visit this afternoon to the street. We want the afternoon to go shopping. Modern Standard Chinese can not be used "to Street" The words of Li I use channel degrees. He said he would come to me. Li vs I degree Come to me Parallel Verbs Cantonese can be a verb form of two parallel body of the verb, to "tight", "Zo", "End", "off", "down" plus the verb in the middle of the two side by side. Modern Standard Chinese must be translated into the corresponding word or words placed on the front or the back of a single verb. Such as "break under the interest rate", "Learning tight" in Modern Standard Chinese are "rest", "is learning." "There are" + verb Widespread use of Cantonese, "a" + verb grammar, for emphasis. Modern Standard Chinese Cantonese I have the Air. I really looked at. Special usage of quantifiers Classifiers in Cantonese in a specific usage. Cantonese Classifiers Classifiers for the definite article can be added directly before the noun for the sentence components, quantifiers do not demonstrative or numeral before the limit, play a role similar to the syntax of articles, similar to English "the" or French " le "/" la ", for example: The role of modern standard Chinese, Cantonese grammar book, a few Haodi. (See the discussion of a present or the present) books look good. The car is especially ah! (See front of a vehicle) car was great! Especially Qutazochou Pu Tizi. He ate (the speaker knows both sides of a string) grapes. I especially hoarseness Sai. I'm completely hoarse voice. (There is no corresponding word does not appear) from block face Bengqi La stressed face (there is no corresponding word does not appear) stressed the Den next shoe to shoe knock me (there is no corresponding word does not appear) stressed Cantonese classifier used alternative means an amount of particle means a particle alternative words such as "the" "the", but such a classifier role in the sentence is still direction item belongs. Logical significance of modern standard Chinese, Cantonese to explain my pen my pen is my pen. ("I" is the pen owner) T of the measure word is "support" channel his car is a car of his car. ("He" is the car owner) car quantifier is the "Department" you a bag. Your bag is your bag. ("You" is the owner of the bag) bag of the quantifier is "a" a bag you really mean to have your bags, but here's one no longer a quantifier, and will know the vernacular in western Guangdong, "a" is "the" means, and standard Chinese can equal. Vice words Comparison of Syntax in Cantonese is "higher than the channel you", and Mandarin would say "you taller than him." Cantonese saying "you is greater than channel", Modern Standard Chinese saying, "you than him." In recent years, due to the impact of the standard Chinese language, this situation also appears to change. "You are big than channel", "Egebia girl high" that the syntax of modern standard Chinese, Cantonese, have gradually been absorbed. In some adverbs, such as "first", which in Cantonese is also used after the verb, such as "you go first" as the Cantonese would say, "You OK first." Modal particle Modal particle in Cantonese means of expression in the statement has a very important role in grammar, modal particles rich, with complex, a single type, the second overlay, three overlay and multi-overlay form: Single type, such as "La", "Wai", "Baa" and: "Come." "Department not?" "Department of Gua." Second, the overlay is abundant, such as "Lo Fan," "generous Gel" "Ah Well" and: "not ah you?" "Li Rights Hello!" "Department of slightly Wai!" three overlay is also frequently used, such as "generous Lo Fan," "ga Rights scared" and: "a so generous in the Department of Law Fan Link. "multi overlay, such as" generous friends scare Wow. " Appearance in the expression of mood and have a pivotal role, are often essential, or the.
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Access area in China
In mainland China, Cantonese spoken in Guangdong, Guangxi province, then as the center of Guangzhou. With a population of about 50 million. Access areas as follows: Cantonese passage Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region there are 24 cities and counties, namely, Nanning, Heng, Guigang, Guiping, Pingnan, Tengxian, Wuzhou, Yulin, north flow, Rong, Bobai, Lu Chuan, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Hepu , Pubei, Mountain, North Sea, Cangwu, Cenxi, Zhaoping, Monsanto, Hezhou, Zhongshan. In addition, overseas Chinese and ethnic Chinese in the Cantonese dialect as mother tongue are also many, they are mainly distributed in Southeast Asia, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. American overseas Chinese and ethnic Chinese 90 percent% of almost all native Cantonese dialect area. Hong Kong and Macau: Hong Kong SAR and the Macao Special Administrative Region of the territory to use Cantonese. Cantonese Region located in most parts of Guangdong, Hainan Danzhou words - a step, then - if the egg home, Guangxi Eastern - Southern, Hong Kong and Macau. Bose - Nanning - Guiping - Wuzhou - Zhaoqing - Guangzhou this line is the Golden West River shipping channel, passage Cantonese. Hainan: access Mandarin and Cantonese. Dialect Guangdong dialect (Standard Cantonese) Cantonese: also known as Cantonese, it will be the accepted standard Cantonese accent. Cantonese words themselves are constantly changing development. 1949 years ago, relatively quaint Cantonese words, by the northern dialects of less. Divided into the following categories: Fan Shun Southern dialect: Guangzhou Panyu itself by the South China Sea and part of the composition, so the southern Cantonese dialect in fact can be regarded as a special case of Fan Shun dialects. Guangzhou, Panyu and Nanhai dialect fairly close, but the pronunciation of the word in Shunde with many other different areas, such as: "concave" do not read [lap] and read [nap]; "eat" is not called "meals" and called "yeah [yɑ: k] rice." Lo Kwong dialect: located in Zhaoqing, four, Luoding, Quang Ninh, Huaiji, Fengkai, Deqing, Yunan, Yangshan, even the county, Hill and other cities and counties. If represented in Zhaoqing. While all voice and vocabulary with the Cantonese dialect in the film are closer, but still retains the tone early on the characteristics of the old saying. If the high-falling tone Yinping tune with the high level tone significantly different, IVA tune of repeaters (similar to adjusting the value of the fourth tone in Mandarin.) Guangdong dialect almost lazy tone prevalent in the film, such as all non 【i】 vowel at the beginning of the word, were crowned initials [ng], Ke [ngo1], low [ngai2], Asia [ngaa3], love [ ngoi3], evil [ngok3]; [n], [l] sound clear (Modern) Hong Kong dialect: 1949 years ago, Hong Kong, as the main, off mixed, so the Hong Kong Cantonese dialect off with a very strong accent mixed (ie, that the Hakka dialect Hakka Cantonese words by the tone and vocabulary of and vice versa). Kam Tin, represented among these words, but the accent today is only the older Hong Kong people to find. However, 80 years before the mass media still try to avoid appearing in radio and television programs lazy tone, even today, part of the Hong Kong Cultural lazy linguists also add audio and repeatedly attacked, and that "pronunciation" activities, but the sound seems to have for the lazy the characteristics of Hong Kong Cantonese, in most mass media, singers, the lazy sounds more be regarded as "trend," "Pops," the accent. But in general, Hong Kong and Guangzhou dialect dialect is still unusually close. English in Hong Kong, more widely, together with the past more than the mainland in Hong Kong are usually the first contact with new things outside, past the lower class will not fluent in English with Cantonese spelling of English words everyday, so the English words in Hong Kong Cantonese is very common. For example, "Foreman sites," called "UNESCO" foreman), "brakes" called "force power" (brake), "bearing" is "beer orders" (bearing), "Strawberry" is called "Strawberry" (strawberry) and so on. Many elderly people are still the "stamp" as "with Tam" (stamp), "insurance" is called "Yan comb" (insurance) and so on. These terms may make the field of authentic Chinese users incomprehensible. Four Counties dialect films (Toishanese) Four Counties dialect refers to the new Council, Yun Ping, Kaiping, Taishan dialect, which is representative of the Taishan dialect. Half of Zhuhai, the Four Counties dialect speakers (especially Doumen area), while other regions use the Xiangshan film Cantonese. Four Counties dialect and Cantonese sounds quite different. Gao Yang dialect films Gao Yang dialects mainly in Maoming, of the state, Gaozhou, the letter advised, electric white, Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Yangjiang, spring, Leizhou Peninsula, northern area. Southern Guangxi made film (Cancerese) Mainly distributed in southeastern Guangxi. Of congratulations to the county to the northeast of Guangxi in Southern Guangxi Nanning City, Pingxiang City is dividing line. Cantonese-speaking southeast of the main line, accounting for almost one-third of the total area of Guangxi; line of said Northwest mainly Mandarin. Guangxi is similar to Cantonese and Cantonese, can understand each other. But there are also residents in the early part of the Cantonese mixed ethnic minority areas to move to absorb the minority language elements, such as the formation of such Goulou Cantonese and Cantonese dialect differences larger. Yong Xun including Cantonese, Wuzhou Cantonese, Goulou Cantonese Cantonese and Chin Lim. As follows: Yong Xun Cantonese (Nanning, then): Cantonese, with close to Wuzhou. Mainly popular Yong Zhou, Xun state cross town traffic convenience, such as Nanning and Yongning, Chongzuo County, Ningming, Heng, flat, and Liuzhou City County and other parts of the county. Nanning City as the representative point. Cantonese Wuzhou (Wuzhou words): and Cantonese is very close. Mainly located in Wuzhou City, County Da Ping, Tan Chuk, martial arts 3 town, county and gold Guiping franca, Cangwu county, the county town of He (now Hezhou) and nearby. Internal differences is minimal. Wuzhou is represented by words, voice system of 21 consonants, 46 vowels. Goulou Cantonese (North Stream words): Yulin and Guigang mainly distributed in two regions of 13 counties (except for Ping County, Guiping county outside). North flow in the Yulin area, the north, the Cantonese words Goulou typical of ancient places belong to the north, Gou Lou, Rong words with the north, then the most similar in comparison with the Yulin dialect is closer to North flow of Cantonese words . Phonological complexity, tone 10. The other in Cantonese dialect rare b, d voiced initials. Many word coda loss, such as the two read as [lar]. And the words are very characteristic. Vary greatly with the Cantonese, speak language for dialogue communication difficulties. Qin Lian Cantonese (Chin Lian any): Yong Xun Cantonese with basically the same, the internal differences small. Main points Buqin City, Hepu County (formerly Lianzhou), Pubei County, anti County, Lingshan, and Beihai. Wuchuan words: distributed in Wuchuan City, Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang City. Tanka words: eggs, home is the water Cantonese to themselves. Tanka, then water, then known as generally spoken in Guangdong and Guangxi in the boat dwellers. Qing Yang Tel: Qingyuan Yangshan is mainly distributed, the Anglo-German. And Guangzhou close. To individual sounds bad. Such as "I" is read "sad" sound. Mostly because of the Hakka people. Part of the syllable and the Hakka dialect is also mixed.
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Tone
粤语 声调
粤语 声调
Total is divided into nine Cantonese sound: IA, IIA, IIIA, Yang Ping, IIB and IIIB, IVA, the IVB Their own voice on behalf of Nine: Poetry test things when the City of tin food color In fact IVA, the IVB tone pitch, and IA, IIIA and IIIB is the same, but with the-p,-t,-k tail of the entering tone words to rhyme distinction. Since the definition of tone is included circumflex (ie the actual pitch), and frustrated sexual. Entering Endings-p,-t,-k is the impact of its frustrated. Therefore, even if only 1 to 6 mark, we still say it is nine tones, or the "nine six-tone sound", can not be called only six tones. Plotted to visualize the tone of a chart, make you more easy to imagine the six tones, respectively. In the chart, the left can be equal to the number of scale do re mi fa so, for each combination of tone scale changes can be simulated. The charts were more useful to familiar music.
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Language definition
Cantonese is the only dialect originated in the Guangdong region, also in Guangdong province in the mainstream of the dialect, it said in Cantonese, the United Nations in 2008 has been officially defined as a language. Spoke Cantonese, the birthplace of most of the general academic experts are considered to be originated in Guangdong Province Fengkai (belonging to the jurisdiction of Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province, a county). Academic, Cantonese is not the same as the Guangdong dialect. Cantonese refers to the Han language originated in the Xia Dynasty, which is Cantonese. However, the Cantonese have a lot of users are from the north or the nearby Fujian and other places over the relocation to Guangdong after a lot of people have access to the local dialect - Cantonese. However, because they are outsiders, more difficult to accept the local accent, should learn to associate the words is not easy, so the emergence of regional speech differences between today's Cantonese, but with the Standard Cantonese - Cantonese or less. That is why the line has become so close to one hundred million users today, with the Cantonese. Refers to the Guangdong dialect is popular in the Guangdong dialect, including the Hakka, Min (Teochew, Hokkien, then Leizhou it), Mandarin, and some minority languages. In recent years, many foreigners have migrated to Guangdong, so in Guangdong, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities there are some people in English.
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Cantonese positioning
Guangdong, referred to Guangdong. The Cantonese are "people living in this place spoken language, a matter of course known as 'Cantonese'." This is only meant literally, but can not say that it is wrong. This is with the "Arabic numerals" is not invented by the Arabs, but it is also known as "'Arabic' numbers," the truth is the same. Cantonese in Guangdong province due to popularity, and in the mainstream, so called "Cantonese" is scientific. In fact, in Cantonese population, civil society call for such language as "vernacular" to do at the time used in classical studies. This is the language people speak on his own terms, I think this is by far the most appropriate expression of Cantonese. Cantonese, Yue from the mixture of language and ancient Chinese, this probably is not indisputable facts. This is why even the Thai Cantonese and Zhuang have obvious relatives (because we have ancient Yue language gene). As Cantonese is a "language" or a "dialect", which is purely a political division of method and direction of the problem. Linguistic point of view alone, we can only speak two languages similar degree of variation between the number of (usually out from the basic vocabulary of statistics), while not scientific to draw a line, said this line is language, on-line is less than dialects. The division of dialects and languages, largely a social problem, is a political issue. For example, Serbian and Croatian in Europe, there is the same, but because of bad relations between the two peoples, so as the two languages, it is not our language dialect should be made by reference to examples? This is not political interference in academic, but the dialect of the language is often divided into groups based on the user's language of self awareness. Used to say, to discuss "dialects", "language" by the academic issues, political and social factors must take into account the situation a bit like social linguistics. But all the political components of the issue say is political interference in academic scholarship, but also a little too far to the. The Cantonese and Northern Chinese language / dialect differences between the great, the Cantonese dialect of Chinese language program, not everyone can accept. As for Cantonese origin, with the repeated demonstration and enthusiasts to find information to draw conclusions are: originated in Guangxi Wuzhou, and Guangzhou as the orthodoxy. Wuzhou area is reached first when the Han Chinese in the Qin Dynasty stationed in the Lingnan region and the south for some time been the center of Chinese culture. South Vietnam led the country until the time of Panyu, the upper class at that time believed to have been the Han, the more bilingual parallel, while the time that they use today Cantonese Chinese ancestors. Cantonese in the modern left traces of the ancient Chinese. Such as Guangdong, people "do not" talk to "no", he (she) speaks of a "channel", saving about a "possible" and so, this is the usage of the ancient Chinese ("save" intended to mean, then come out of savings mean. such as: saving money - Song refers to the inferior material thin coins. Modern Cantonese means saving money.), is proof of that. Reason to believe that Cantonese is the Chinese ancient Yue people to switch from large-scale, not a place first to use Chinese, and then slowly made its spread as the standard. Its situation as a large-scale learning English all over the world are now produced a "World Englishes", as a region or a large-scale switch to Mandarin Mandarin as a result of the region. That being said, Where is the first to use Cantonese to be a valuable question. We can say that Cantonese is not a single source, but similar in different regions have been a variant of a combination of slowly. Of course, in terms of time, Wuzhou the earliest. But the ancient Cantonese Wuzhou but they hardly have spread to other places. Instead, now Wuzhou vernacular, and even other parts of the spread of the vernacular is from Guangzhou, about the time in the late treaty ports open. This is with "the origin of soccer is China, and modern football is spread from Europe comes from" the truth is the same. As in western Guangdong Zhanjiang, Maoming area, people say, "I do not," people do not like the Pearl River Delta, said "I do not go," but said "I did not go." This confused the "no" and "no" usage. This can be a variant of Cantonese. Cantonese of Guangzhou as the center circle around the four (especially the west) as the radius of expansion, the farther away from the center, the pronunciation, the greater the difference in terminology. PRD circle of people out to other places in Cantonese, the local people may not be able to listen to understand spoken Cantonese. In fact, even in Guangzhou city, different city, different age groups of people, spoken Cantonese accent is different. Also mentioned below is another branch of Cantonese - Hong Kong Tel. In addition, the Hong Kong people are not "learning Cantonese," but after the first Opium War and moved to Guangzhou, Hong Kong, nine out of ten are, especially during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to flee from the city of Guangzhou, Guangzhou people. Prior to this, the original inhabitants of Hong Kong Island, the family is mainly Dan, Hakka and so on. But since the beginning of the founding of the city they do not have the economic and political power, so their language has not become the main language in Hong Kong, but later immigrants from Guangzhou Cantonese successfully "transplanted" to Hong Kong, and "unified" so far. Since its inception from 1841 to 1949 during the liberation of Hong Kong and Guangzhou has maintained close political and economic relations, so both the Cantonese language variation has been carried out at the same pace. In fact, before the border closure in 1950, the general view of Hong Kong citizens as the true home of Guangzhou. This can be words from the old Hong Kong, the "go to Guangzhou" as the "back to Guangzhou", "back to the provincial capital," to prove. In general, if the return to other parts of China, would only say "to Beijing", "go to Shanghai," "over Macau", "off the South Seas", this and the "back" Guangzhou emotionally there is a certain difference. (Incidentally, the house of a friend of mine went to Guangzhou as "the Guangzhou", but put to Shanghai as the "back to Shanghai", indicating that although they had assimilated a people of Hong Kong, but still retain some of the feelings of the home country, They also showed a little bit of the mainstream of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Hong Kong people and ethnic origin, Hong Kong, respectively.) dialect and Cantonese in Hong Kong is different mainly occurred in the liberation of the 1950-1979 border Hong Kong and China blocked a period of time . If today we look back at the early fifties of the Hong Kong Cantonese films, or to ask more than seventy years old Hong Kong, you will find that their accent is closer to the early forties, and acts subject to the Huang Xiling Guangzhou sound "Cantonese phonological sinks ". In the 50's, due to the exchange of Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Canton interrupted, so the two started to have differences of language variation is no longer synchronized. If the characteristics of Hong Kong is more of a vowel "eo", nasal "ng" off, aspirated "kh" and unaspirated "k" regardless and so on. Reasonable to say that this variation is normal, and people do not understand the essence of Chinese culture clearly does not matter, but the fallacy of writing or to something else. Similarly, the Guangzhou Cantonese in these 30 years have variations. This is mainly to move closer to the Mandarin. This is a large number of Hong Kong and then to the English words borrowed the same situation.
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English Expression
n.: Cantonese, form of Chinese spoken in southern China and in Hong Kong
French Expression
n. cantonais (langue)
Thesaurus
Canton words
Related Phrases
hongkong
movie
jingli
cliffhang
colloquialism
tongue
dialect
cantonese, spoken in Guangdong
show off
dazzle
vocabulary
Chinese
penal code; criminal law
station
emotion
anchor
phrase
Guangdong
culture
idiom
become book containing listsof words and phrases grouped according to their meanings
cantonese, spoken in Guangdong