science and technology > science



Contents ·No. 1 ·kē xué ·No. 3 ·No. 4 ·No. 5 ·No. 6 ·Science Overview ·The source of the word science ·Basic definition of science ·"Science" journal ·"Ci Hai" to "scientific" explanation ·Interpretation of science as an adjective ·And science-related courses ·No. 14 ·Categories ·Source ·The purpose of science ·"Science" journal ·Introduction ·Scientific definition ·The source of the word science ·Various definitions of the term science ·Scientific understanding of the term ·Scientific method ·Scientific spirit ·The purpose of science ·Interpretation of science as an adjective ·"Science" journal ·Scientific definition ·Encyclopedia ·English Expression ·French Expression ·Thesaurus ·Related Phrases ·Containing Phrases ·Classification details ·More results... No. 1 　　① reflect the natural, social, thinking, and so the objective laws of the division of knowledge. ② ~ farming in line with scientific Your not telling ~ ~ Your spirit and attitude of the revolutionary combination. Translated by Google kē xué 　　Was found to accumulate and accepted the use of universal truth or universal theorem, have been systematized and formulated the knowledge Translated by Google No. 3 　　Examination of the school. Song Chenliang "Uncle Zuzhu Jun send book order Gaoyao state": "Since the science of Xing, the World of the persons who are trapped in the process of paper a day, or even die of old age and the opportunities." Translated by Google No. 4 　　Reflect the natural, social, thinking, and so the objective laws of the division of knowledge. Mao Zedong, "the Chinese Communist Party National Conference Speech": "People have adopted the analysis and study of phenomena in order to understand the essence of things, so the need for science." Gong Liu, "home of the Sun": "This tragic situation, not my power of one person can change, the fundamental problem is to do education, called the people to accept the science. " Translated by Google No. 5 　　Tezhi Science. Cao Yu, "Peking Man" Act II: "free, white to drink, white live, study science, study fine arts, research literature, research each of them the favorite for the Chinese, for human well-being." Translated by Google No. 6 　　Out of science; reasonable. Ding Ling "s Diary": "I do not believe that love is so sensible, so the science." Ke Rock "Letters captain fantastic": "How fine, how scientific! Entirely logical scientist!" Translated by Google Science Overview 　　Disaggregated human knowledge. 　　Science is the human perception of natural phenomena through observation, abstraction, individual tutoring discourse summary form, and then form a common causal system of religious doctrines, and then by _set_ting the experimental environment to prove the genuineness of religious discourse, the formation of a causal system, the scientific character Conclusion, and then form a common system of scientific cause and effect conclusions, thus the formation of a causal system with experimental findings can be replicated common knowledge, this is science. 　　Science is the mother of technology. Science is knowledge. Science is not productive; but it can increase productivity. For example, the famous scientific conclusions "leverage" the same. It is not productive; but it can increase productivity. 　　Science is in the "scientists" use "clear", "specific", "actionable", "The data", "a method", "responsibility" and "power" and its "time", "location", " People, "" event "," content "," meaning "good" technical "conditions and" material "under the conditions of the" experimental behavior "and by experiment" scientific "and" technology "" conclusions. " 　　- Ni Chang noted, "science" the latest scientific research laboratory Translated by Google The source of the word science 　　The term science, English as a science, from the Latin scio, and later evolved into scientin, eventually became today's writing, its intention is "knowledge" and "knowledge." Famous Japanese master of scientific enlightenment Fukuzawa Yu Ji the "science" translated as "Science" [Zhang Shiping, Dean of the Hong Kong business: the category of "knowledge" and "knowledge"]. To 1893, Kang introduction and use of "scientific" word. Yan Fu in the translation of "Evolution and Ethics" and other scientific works, they use the "scientific" word. Since then, the "scientific" word will be widely used in China. 　　Why do you call it? The original meaning of science is a system of knowledge, I think perhaps that science in the nineteenth century is a very large body of knowledge, and it has share of very fine, and that is divided into many, many professional and not like other such professional knowledge knowledge that is not mutually connected. In addition to professional concepts, basic concepts are the same, the basic method is the same, "Division" means the meaning of categories or levels of well-organized, so I think that science from the corresponding "science" is quite appropriate. 　　Ancient China on the origin of science, such as various types of classic books are about science by exploring the law of the information record! Zu ancient mathematical pi, Zhang Heng's seismograph, a guide to the Han Dynasty cars and compass, Yellow Emperor is a typical medical Great! China's ancient masterpiece of social science! But the word of science, perhaps, or exotic! 　　Chinese saying "unknown" was actually told us all pass through and are all on the ancient Chinese scientific exploration of human society records! From Sima Qian began, according to the history compiled by the Historical Records transmission, recording all the pre-Han dynasty identifiable text message history! These are all natural and social sciences masterpiece! Translated by Google Basic definition of science 　　Basic definition - science is advocating the truth and the real people, and endless to explore, practice, tend to approach the truth periodically, periodically explain and reveal the truth of the stage, developmental, historical, dialectical, universality, particularity, information and other characteristics, as knowledge does not contain self-contradictory, and is a most favorable outcome for the benefit of the noble cause of human society. 　　Science should be five aspects: First, science is knowledge. Second, scientific knowledge is not generally fragmented, it is a theory, systematic body of knowledge. Third, science is a human and the scientific community, scientific community on the natural, social, human understanding of their regular activities. Fourth, in the modern society, science or a establishment. Fifth, science and technology are productive forces, science and technology are primary productive forces. 　　Bernard put the main features of modern science into six broad areas: a formed; a way; a tradition of accumulated knowledge; a maintenance or a major factor in the development of production; constitute our universe and of all faiths and the power of human beings is one of attitudes; There are various relationships with the community. 　　In layman's terms, science is an attitude, viewpoint and method! Meanwhile, science itself is something paradox! In other words, what different professional disciplines can easily be confused and think that is a contradiction! In fact, it reflects the scientific understanding of things more complex aspects of the different! 　　As long as the comrades working in science and technology are well aware, the concept of the beginning of the establishment and hypotheses and assumptions are very difficult! Therefore, the original concept for the science itself is, for any one of the world's top scientists, are very difficult! So, given the basic definition of science takes guts! Need courage! Also need to care deeply about the fate of the height of the human realm! 　　In fact, in the past, because there is no strict scientific definition of the term has never been, and will therefore lead to a series of confusion and unnecessary controversy. For example: there is no science in ancient China? Chinese medicine is a science? Science and Pseudoscience What is the difference? Science and religion What is the difference? And so on. And these issues are very, very interesting question. Therefore, given the times we are properly defined as early as possible in order to resolve these disputes. 　　The definition of "approximate truth does not contain self-contradictory as far as possible," the attribute is added to their own, and the reason is to clarify the meaning of science, that science is clear what kind of knowledge (so far I do not understand why a lot of books on Why not add it explicitly.) The "contradictions" of course refers to the logical contradiction. 　　Long been recognized that the science is a social benefit of humanity, but its meaning is further deepened with the times. This is also a lack of education of the people is not easy to understand. Knowledge representation in the books, how is a social activity? Can not be understood, can not be replicated by others, which in itself would not be called knowledge, why the emphasis on its social as well? This is because the understanding of scientific knowledge is much stricter than others aware of them. Regardless of the shamans, religious, civilian and scientists, the knowledge that a correct statement is, correct predictions that knowledge is the view that "truth." But scientists only look at it very strict "truth." Not only depends on its initial statement (often called axioms) is derived from intuition, experiment, or there are good reasons, but also closely review the derivation of any of the details and examine whether its conclusions of any export or life experience with the experimental phase conflict. The work of this series is not without scientific training of people can do, so we need education, we need a lot of scientists, joint work, also need the general public understanding and support from all quarters. With more and more advanced science, the higher the complexity of science, the stronger their social. 　　"Approximate truth" is to emphasize the nature of science, and other than the most emphasis on skepticism and scientific innovation, foresight does not exist because science is based on the premise. Science is also very stressed at the same time inheriting and learn! That all knowledge is human knowledge of the objective world, although the scientific pursuit of the unity of subjective and objective world, but after all the subjective and the objective world, there is not the same, then the right knowledge, only approximate descriptions of the world, rather than is the objective world. For example: ideal gas model is a very good description of it under normal temperature and pressure of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide and other gases, because the degree of the gas molecules is much smaller than the line the distance between them. The van der Waals correction to the ideal gas model is only approximate, as the true description of the gas as water vapor. Scientists are beginning to understand their theory is approximate, so they never expected the conclusions derived from theory and the real world without the slightest error. All knowledge is artificial, is the product of the subjective world, even if there is aliens, only people on earth may be more evolved than it, they will be wrong. Secrets of nature in nature itself, with its own variety of features of the natural world to express themselves, but not by a text form of the mouth of God, clearly expressed. Can be seen as "the most approximate truth" we have stressed the lexical items of scientific rigor, but also stressed the significance of scientific understanding of the world. 　　"Does not include self-contradictory as far as possible," the attribute reflect the scientific pursuit of perfection, there is also emphasis on the scientific process of growth. Ordinary people often make mistakes, the great man will make mistakes, like Newton, Einstein and Marx's most respected figures in such a wrong theory. Russell's work, often self-contradictory description of great men, for example, promote the use of birth control means to control the population within four years Tim Malthus three children; advocate inaction to honor the late Arthur Schopenhauer ecstatic; be called experimental science Bacon, the founder of medical treatment is not known Harvey for his invention of the blood of a cycle theory. Great man like this, then the _set_ of all the great wisdom of the scientific content in order to spare time without any contradictory point is very difficult, and the more difficult the larger system without error, especially the new discipline that requires the test of time. Have a maturity of any scientific process. In addition, with the development of the times, the original context of science may be under some kind of approximation, in the infinite contradictions that may arise when the promotion, and science will never pretended not to see, must go to solve this problem, make science to move forward. Caused by the relativistic Michelson experiment, caused by the blackbody radiation experiments, and the barber paradox of quantum mechanics due to mathematical revolution, it is excluded those developed after self-contradictory. Translated by Google "Science" journal 　　The magazine in 1880 invested $ 10,000 from the Edison founded in 1894 to become the largest U.S. scientific community, "AAAS" - american association for the advancement of science (aaas) official publications. 51 year period, the weekly, the global circulation of over 1.5 million copies. 　　Most readers of science and technology journals should be charged to the reviewer, comments, published related costs. But the "Science" magazine published manuscripts is free of charge. The magazine's sources of funding three parts: aaas membership fee, print and online subscription fees, advertising fees. 　　"Science" magazine is a comprehensive and scientific journal, its scientific news, review, analysis, book reviews and other parts, are authoritative science information, the magazine is also suitable for general readers. "The development of science, service society" is aaas is "Science" magazine's purpose. 　　In the world, "Science" magazine's main rival for the London "Nature" magazine, the magazine was founded in 1869, has published a number of Darwin, Huxley and other masters of the article. The first 4 years of the 21st century, the two arranged for the first publication of the map of the human genome and intense competition. 　　"Science" magazine editor in chief Donald Coney Di graduated from Harvard University, Ph.D., is the eighth president of Stanford University, the famous professor of environmental science. 　　"Science" magazine official web site: http://www.sciencemag.org science magazine, an international weekly science journal, is published by the american association for the advancement of science (aaas), with assistance of stanford university's highwire press. Translated by Google "Ci Hai" to "scientific" explanation 　　Science is the use of categories, theorems, laws and other forms of thinking reflects the real-world phenomena and laws of the nature of knowledge is one of social ideology. 　　According to the different subjects can be divided into natural sciences, social sciences and scientific thinking, as well as summary and throughout the three areas of philosophy and mathematics. 　　According to the different contact and practice can be divided into theoretical science, technical science, applied science and so on. 　　Science from social practice, service in social practice. It played a catalytic role in the history of the revolutionary forces. In modern times, science and technology are primary productive forces. Role in the development of science and by social conditions. Disciplines of modern science is highly differentiated along the direction of highly integrated and thriving. Translated by Google Interpretation of science as an adjective 　　In line with science. Example: ① This method is very scientific; ② scientific communism; ③ scientific concept of development; Translated by Google And science-related courses 　　Astronomy Biology Chemistry Geography Mathematics Physics of Medical Translated by Google No. 14 　　Science is the use of categories, theorems, laws and other forms of thinking reflects the real-world phenomena and laws of the nature of knowledge is one of social ideology. Science is the knowledge of mankind into different categories. 　　Science is the human perception of natural phenomena through observation, abstraction, individual tutoring discourse summary form, and then form a common causal system of religious doctrines, and then by _set_ting the experimental environment to prove the genuineness of religious discourse, the formation of a causal system, the scientific character Conclusion, and then form a common system of scientific cause and effect conclusions, thus the formation of a causal system with experimental findings can be replicated common knowledge, this is science. Translated by Google Categories 　　According to the different subjects can be divided into natural sciences, social sciences and scientific thinking, as well as summary and throughout the three areas of philosophy and mathematics. 　　According to the different contact and practice can be divided into theoretical science, technical science, applied science and so on. Translated by Google Source 　　The term science, English as a science, from the Latin scio, and later evolved into scientin, eventually became today's writing, its intention is "knowledge" and "knowledge." Famous Japanese master of scientific enlightenment Fukuzawa Yu Ji the "science" translated as "Science" [Zhang Shiping, Dean of the Hong Kong business: the category of "knowledge" and "knowledge"]. To 1893, Kang introduction and use of "scientific" word. Yan Fu in the translation of "Evolution and Ethics" and other scientific works, they use the "scientific" word. Since then, the "scientific" word will be widely used in China. 　　The original meaning of science is a system of knowledge, I think perhaps that science in the nineteenth century is a very large body of knowledge, and it has share of very fine, and that is divided into many, many professional and not like other such professional knowledge knowledge that is not mutually connected. In addition to professional concepts, basic concepts are the same, the basic method is the same, "Division" means the meaning of categories or levels of well-organized, so I think that science from the corresponding "science" is quite appropriate. 　　Ancient China on the origin of science, such as various types of classic books are about science by exploring the law of the information record! Zu ancient mathematical pi, Zhang Heng's seismograph, a guide to the Han Dynasty cars and compass, Yellow Emperor is a typical medical Great! China's ancient masterpiece of social science! But the word of science, perhaps, or exotic! 　　Chinese saying "unknown" was actually told us all pass through and are all on the ancient Chinese scientific exploration of human society records! From Sima Qian began, according to the history compiled by the Historical Records transmission, recording all the pre-Han dynasty identifiable text message history! These are all natural and social sciences masterpiece! Translated by Google The purpose of science 　　Science from social practice, service in social practice. It is a history of promoting the role of the revolutionary forces. In modern times, science and technology are primary productive forces. Role in the development of science and by social conditions. Disciplines of modern science is highly differentiated along the direction of highly integrated and thriving. 　　Abstract mathematical structure of science, but scientific concept is simple [Note I]. When einstein was surprised by the compass direction of the mysterious, he is only four years old, has not had time to read aristotle, also has not read kant. Later, people think that einstein was a genius, but when he was just a late-maturing children. He felt surprised because he did not know why things like; he later became a physicist because he wanted to know why things like this. Only simple ideas can and a four year old children have dim rational coupling, and I am sure a real simple philosophy is do not need hundreds of thousands of words to say clear. 　　The world is a logical evolution of the law, the abundance of many posture universe is a reason behind this is the premise of science exist, there is also a prerequisite for any intellectual. As to why the universe is a logical law, this is not a scientific category. We exist in a universe, which is a basic fact of experience [Note II]. 　　So what kind of understanding of natural phenomena that constitute the real sense of the simplified and must have a scientific prediction as well? Logical reasoning. The theoretical framework of science based on logical reasoning on top of an important source of its strength, but also a very scientific nature of religion is different from the characteristics. In a scientific theory from basic principles to the explanation of the phenomenon of logical reasoning is the way to convergence. Because the validity of logical reasoning is a near-universe priori the most basic facts, I believe that man far realized that the "logic" of this concept before their use in the instinctive logic of the elementary. Has great scalability logic and objectivity. From a scientific theory's basic assumption, the use of logical reasoning can be derived from near-infinite inference, and these inferences are very solid and is independent of the way the individual will exists. Once presented to a scientific theory in a completely serious and humble manner exist in academia. Anyone is entitled to its basic assumptions and logic for testing. If any such draw definite negative test result means that theory has been overthrown, or the limitations to be found. This feature of scientific theories is a philosopher of science popper elevated to a core position. popper wrote many voluminous books, one of the fundamental view that a theory becomes a scientific theory that a necessary condition is that this theory has falsifiability. That is a theory to be scientific theories, we must make clear the circumstances under which it can be overturned. At first glance this is surprising, because usually when people think of scientific theories often prove rather than from the point of view to be considered falsification. But guess what in fact is not difficult to understand, because a scientific theory of inference is endless, no amount of experiments can only enhance its credibility and can not prove its correctness. On the contrary, the scientific theory of logical reasoning and clear, to overturn it as long as there is a solid counter-example to it. 　　The weakness of human nature, scientists are human, and therefore no exception. Negligence, bias, or even deliberately falsified may bring fallacy. Science is able to explore the nature of the long journey to the wheat from the chaff, access to superior development, it has benefited from rigorous scientific theory of logic and the scientific community that justice, humility and rational manner, which is human intelligence Pride [Note III]. 　　In summary, the aim of science can be roughly described as: Science for the logic of natural phenomena is the most simple description. Translated by Google "Science" journal 　　The magazine in 1880 invested $ 10,000 from the Edison founded in 1894 to become the largest U.S. scientific community, "AAAS" (american association for the advancement of science, aaas) official publications. 51 year period, the weekly, the global circulation of over 1.5 million copies. 　　Most readers of science and technology journals should be charged to the reviewer, comments, published related costs. But the "Science" magazine published manuscripts is free of charge. The magazine's sources of funding three parts: aaas membership fee, print and online subscription fees, advertising fees. 　　"Science" magazine is a comprehensive and scientific journal, its scientific news, review, analysis, book reviews and other parts, are authoritative science information, the magazine is also suitable for general readers. "The development of science, service society" is aaas is "Science" magazine's purpose. 　　In the world, "Science" magazine's main rival for the London "Nature" magazine, the magazine was founded in 1869, has published a number of Darwin, Huxley and other masters of the article. The first 4 years of the 21st century, the two arranged for the first publication of the map of the human genome and intense competition. 　　"Science" magazine editor in chief Donald Coney Di graduated from Harvard University, Ph.D., is the eighth president of Stanford University, the famous professor of environmental science. 　　"Science" magazine official web site: http://www.sciencemag.org Translated by Google Introduction 　　Introduction to basic concepts of science and 　　Science is the study of any object. The infinite zoom with infinite zoom out. In the Unlimited with the shrinking process. To find the perfect theory of close to 100%. Come to value. Make a contribution. Look at your life now. See aircraft carrier. see the Internet and so on ........ these. ordinary meaning of science in human life. 　　Science is the use of categories, theorems, laws and other forms of thinking reflects the real-world phenomena and laws of the nature of knowledge is one of social ideology. Science is the wisdom of disaggregated human knowledge. Translated by Google Scientific definition 　　September 8 　　Initiate the definition of "science" by the disciplinary system composed of many disciplines in all areas continue to explore the unknown, research, discovery, invention formed in line with current law and fairly correct objective insights. 060,612 　　Science is constantly revealing the truth of the process, it can be divided into material science and non-physical sciences, two categories. Areas of material science is rational, with a repeatable verification, falsification of features, such as physics, etc.; non-material science is a concentric area with a difficult re-verify or not replicated, not the characteristics of falsification, such as sociology. 　　Science: Cultural eternal, universal, and unique is science. 　　Definition of science: the law under certain conditions, a summary of material changes. 　　Scientific characteristics: repeatable verification, falsification, no self-contradiction. 　　Science is short for popular science. 　　Talk about their arguments and conclusions, so that readers can themselves verify that this conclusion is the law of repetition (scientific) process, known as science. 　　Superstitions do not want listeners to verify, just want the listeners to accept the spread of ideas about form. 　　Accepted without verification methods, is superstition. Science is not necessarily the truth, but the purpose is the pursuit of scientific truth. There are two scientific research; First, everything in the universe reveals the characteristics and laws of nature, and second, the original state of things, the restructuring of certain properties to become The practice can meet the needs of the people some things. 　　Ability to understand or verify the absence of people talking about science, should be called elementary education, and more for basic science in children do not know when the authentication method, about scientific knowledge. This does not apply when the theory of confrontation, this time the main emphasis on evidence. School textbooks, is the stand the scrutiny and tests demonstrate that the standard of popular science books. 　　Superstition is not necessarily wrong, everyone is not all-rounder, will more or less superstitious authority of experts, to believe without verification. Superstition is not so terrible. But can not distinguish science and superstition, it could not tell science and false science. 　　Recognized, is recognized by both parties to talk, not virtual means. 　　For example: 8 planets generally accepted view, is the Scientific Assembly adopted a resolution, rather than on Earth most people know, or admit that the latter standard is not easy to verify. 　　But scientists also have the wrong time: for example, Aristotle, is his greatest scientists of that era, but his weight was found to be down that need to be amended. 　　Amended statement: experiments in free fall, if two objects are the same, and movement in the opposite direction of air resistance, other conditions identical, the heavier the object the first floor. 　　(Note: the original conclusions of falsification of weight off the best first experiment than two balls of different weights to experiment, but with a parachute and a small stone than the stone the first drop) 　　In 1888, Darwin gave a definition of science over the next: "Science is the order the facts, and found the law to make conclusions." Darwin pointed out that the scientific definition of the meaning, that the facts and law. Unknown people science to find the facts, and as a basis for seeking truth from facts, rather than pure thought divorced from the reality of fantasy. The law refers to the objective nature of things inevitable between the inner contact. Therefore, science is built on the basis of practice, practice testing and rigorous logical argument about the nature of things in the objective world and the movement of the knowledge system. 　　"Dictionary" 1979 edition: 　　"Science is about nature, society and thinking, of knowledge, it is to adapt people to struggle for production and class struggle and development needs, it is the crystallization of people experience." 　　"Dictionary" 1999 edition: 　　"Science: the use of categories, theorems, laws and other forms of thinking reflects the nature of real-world laws of the phenomena of knowledge. 　　France "Encyclopedia" 　　"Scientific knowledge is different from the first, science by category to find things among the organized. In addition, the scientific laws by revealing the dominance of things, in order to explain things." 　　Former Soviet Union "Encyclopedia" 　　"Science is an area of ​​human activity, its function is to summarize the knowledge about the objective world, and make it systematic. 'Science' concept itself includes not only activities to acquire new knowledge, but also the result of this activity." 　　"Introduction to modern science and technology" 　　"Simply that science is a natural law of things accurately reflects the system of objective knowledge." Translated by Google The source of the word science 　　The term originated in the ancient Chinese science Chinese, meaning "Imperial School", Song Chenliang "Uncle Zuzhu Jun state Gaoyao book to send order": "Since the science of Xing, the Bank of the persons who are often trapped in the day Cheng, or even die of old age and the case. "The Division, a separate classification, structured, project meaning, learning, compared with knowledge, learning, and hence into modern Japanese translation of Western books, when the English translation of science at the time, citing the Chinese ancient Chinese "scientific" term, meaning different types of knowledge and learning. 　　The term science, English as a science, from the Latin scio, and later evolved into scientin, eventually became today's writing, its intention is "knowledge" and "knowledge." Famous Japanese master of scientific enlightenment Fukuzawa Yu Ji the "science" translated as "Science" [Zhang Shiping, Dean of the Hong Kong business: the category of "knowledge" and "knowledge"]. To 1893, Kang introduction and use of "scientific" word. Yan Fu in the translation of "Evolution and Ethics" and other scientific works, they use the "scientific" word. Since then, the "scientific" word will be widely used in China. 　　The original meaning of science is a system of knowledge, I think perhaps that science in the nineteenth century is a very large body of knowledge, and it has share of very fine, and that is divided into many, many professional and not like other such professional knowledge knowledge that is not mutually connected. In addition to professional concepts, basic concepts are the same, the basic method is the same, "Division" means the meaning of categories or levels of well-organized, so I think that science from the corresponding "science" is quite appropriate. 　　Ancient China on the origin of science, such as various types of classic books are about science by exploring the law of the information record! Zu ancient mathematical pi, Zhang Heng's seismograph, a guide to the Han Dynasty cars and compass, Yellow Emperor is a typical medical Great! China's ancient masterpiece of social science! But the word of science, perhaps, or exotic! 　　Chinese saying "unknown" was actually told us all pass through and are all on the ancient Chinese scientific exploration of human society records! From Sima Qian began, according to the history compiled by the Historical Records transmission, recording all the pre-Han dynasty identifiable text message history! These are all natural and social sciences masterpiece! Translated by Google Various definitions of the term science 　　Basic definition - science is advocating the truth and the real people, and endless to explore, practice, tend to approach the truth periodically, periodically explain and reveal the truth of the stage, developmental, historical, dialectical, universality, particularity, information and other characteristics, as knowledge does not contain self-contradictory, and is a most favorable outcome for the benefit of the noble cause of human society. 　　Science should be five aspects: First, science is knowledge. Second, scientific knowledge is not generally fragmented, it is a theory, systematic body of knowledge. Third, science is a human and the scientific community, scientific community on the natural, social, human understanding of their regular activities. Fourth, in the modern society, science or a establishment. Fifth, science and technology are productive forces, science and technology are primary productive forces (Deng Xiaoping). 　　Bernard put the main features of modern science into six broad areas: a formed; a way; a tradition of accumulated knowledge; a maintenance or a major factor in the development of production; constitute our universe and of all faiths and the power of human beings is one of attitudes; There are various relationships with the community. 　　Meanwhile, science is the ethnic nature of human consciousness of the objective of a correct understanding, which is derived from the practice of (human understanding of nature and transform the nature of the activity) to guide a new round of human practice and accept the test of practice to carry out specific has continued the process of finishing the cycle. 　　In layman's terms, science is an attitude, viewpoint and method! Meanwhile, science itself is something paradox! In other words, what different professional disciplines can easily be confused and think that is a contradiction! In fact, it reflects the scientific understanding of things more complex aspects of the different! 　　In fact, in the past, because there is no strict scientific definition of the term has never been, and will therefore lead to a series of confusion and unnecessary controversy. For example: there is no science in ancient China? Chinese medicine is a science? Science and Pseudoscience What is the difference? Science and religion What is the difference? And so on. And these issues are very, very interesting question. Therefore, given the times we are properly defined as early as possible in order to resolve these disputes. 　　The definition of "approximate truth does not contain self-contradictory as far as possible," the attribute is added to their own, and the reason is to clarify the meaning of science, that science is clear what kind of knowledge (so far I do not understand why a lot of books on Why not add it explicitly.) The "contradictions" of course refers to the logical contradiction. 　　Long been recognized that the science is a social benefit of humanity, but its meaning is further deepened with the times. This is also a lack of education of the people is not easy to understand. Knowledge representation in the books, how is a social activity? Can not be understood, can not be replicated by others, which in itself would not be called knowledge, why the emphasis on its social as well? This is because the understanding of scientific knowledge is much stricter than others aware of them. Regardless of the shamans, religious, civilian and scientists, the knowledge that a correct statement is, correct predictions that knowledge is the view that "truth." But scientists only look at it very strict "truth." Not only depends on its initial statement (often called axioms) is derived from intuition, experiment, or there are good reasons, but also closely review the derivation of any of the details and examine whether its conclusions of any export or life experience with the experimental phase conflict. The work of this series is not without scientific training of people can do, so we need education, we need a lot of scientists, joint work, also need the general public understanding and support from all quarters. With more and more advanced science, the higher the complexity of science, the stronger their social. 　　"Approximate truth" is to emphasize the nature of science, and other than the most emphasis on skepticism and scientific innovation, foresight does not exist because science is based on the premise. Science is also very stressed at the same time inheriting and learn! That all knowledge is human knowledge of the objective world, although the scientific pursuit of the unity of subjective and objective world, but after all the subjective and the objective world, there is not the same, then the right knowledge, only approximate descriptions of the world, rather than is the objective world. For example: ideal gas model is a very good description of it under normal temperature and pressure of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide and other gases, because the degree of the gas molecules is much smaller than the line the distance between them. The van der Waals correction to the ideal gas model is only approximate, as the true description of the gas as water vapor. Scientists are beginning to understand their theory is approximate, so they never expected the conclusions derived from theory and the real world without the slightest error. All knowledge is artificial, is the product of the subjective world, even if there is aliens, only people on earth may be more evolved than it, they will be wrong. Secrets of nature in nature itself, with its own variety of features of the natural world to express themselves, but not by a text form of the mouth of God, clearly expressed. Can be seen as "the most approximate truth" we have stressed the lexical items of scientific rigor, but also stressed the significance of scientific understanding of the world. 　　"Does not include self-contradictory as far as possible," the attribute reflect the scientific pursuit of perfection, there is also emphasis on the scientific process of growth. Ordinary people often make mistakes, the great man will make mistakes, like Newton, Einstein and Marx's most respected figures in such a wrong theory. Russell's work, often self-contradictory description of great men, for example, promote the use of birth control means to control the population within four years Tim Malthus three children; advocate inaction to honor the late Arthur Schopenhauer ecstatic; be called experimental science Bacon, the founder of medical treatment is not known Harvey for his invention of the blood of a cycle theory. Great man like this, then the _set_ of all the great wisdom of the scientific content in order to spare time without any contradictory point is very difficult, and the more difficult the larger system without error, especially the new discipline that requires the test of time. Have a maturity of any scientific process. In addition, with the development of the times, the original context of science may be under some kind of approximation, in the infinite contradictions that may arise when the promotion, and science will never pretended not to see, must go to solve this problem, make science to move forward. Caused by the relativistic Michelson experiment, caused by the blackbody radiation experiments, and the barber paradox of quantum mechanics due to mathematical revolution, it is excluded those developed after self-contradictory. 　　We are talking about science, learning science, with science, in the use of "science" of this concept, we express what is the meaning? Necessary to make a clear explanation. 　　Science is the subjective and objective understanding of actual practice to achieve specific uniform is a bridge leading to the target is the bond linking reality and the ideal. Can also be said that science is so subjective knowledge with objective reality (the original appearance of objective things, including changes in real contact with the law) and the creation of line with the subjective understanding of objective reality (things, conditions, and environment) of practice. This is a scientific connotation. Science is the true property line with the objective reality, subjective knowledge and objective reality can be integrated to achieve specific properties (whether science, science refers to science.) The subjective knowledge with objective reality and explore the creation of consistent subjective and objective understanding of the actual practice of scientific research process; create a consistent understanding of objective reality and subjective (to achieve the desired objective) methods, measures and means of science and technology; create consistent with the subjective understanding of the objective reality of the practice is to use science; with objective reality of the subjective understanding of scientific knowledge; with objective reality is the universal law of scientific theory; for humans, the objective reality of things the first time revealed the contents of the original appearance of scientific discovery; change reality have never had to make it objective reality is a scientific invention; in accordance with the actual connection between objective reality and objective law of thinking is scientific thinking (logical thinking); the use of scientific methods to analyze things and think the problem is the scientific analysis; basis scientific analysis can be made to achieve the desired objectives of the decision-making is a scientific decision-making; through many repeated or widespread practice tests and scientific thinking, to see whether the objective reality of subjective understanding, the extent to which, in line with what kind of objective reality, can create a consistent subjective understanding of the objective reality, this attitude is a scientific attitude. Guide individual behavior with a scientific attitude and social practice, such thinking is a scientific awareness and scientific spirit. Scientist is a major breakthrough in the scientific practice of innovation (a major discovery or invention) of the people. This is the basic viewpoint of dialectical view of science. 　　Requirements of the scientific development approach to explore the scientific law of harmonious development, only the correct use of the harmonious development of the law and science and technology, to achieve the harmonious development of the desired objectives. 　　Since science contains a number of factors, scientific term is widely used, its meaning in different contexts are different, so people think that science can not use the words defined. Satellite launching and running track as if by a mathematical expression would be very difficult to reflect the complex and difficult to understand, if for different stages of their different trajectories to reflect on the mathematical expression may be more easily achieved. Now You can try to use this form to define science: 　　Refers to people engaged in scientific activities to explore the state of things exist and change, the reasons and patterns of practice and scientific knowledge, under the guidance of the theory of practice. 　　Scientific knowledge refers to the people through scientific activities, the resulting accurately describe the state of things exist and change, causes and understanding of the law. 　　Scientific system is that people by the relevant scientific knowledge, the logical combination of the theoretical system (knowledge system). 　　Scientific invention refers to people in the scientific knowledge, under the guidance of the theory, in the creation of human things that have never experienced the practice of activities and produces results. 　　Elements of scientific activity is pragmatic and follow the objective law, the real point is that scientific knowledge, scientific knowledge is the points system, a solid and rigorous logic. The essence of science is "true." 　　Human nervous system is highly developed science and development of material basis and premise. It provides a feeling, memory, association, imagination, induction, reasoning and other thinking function complete. The inherent scientific curiosity is generated, the driving force behind the development. 　　That man is engaged in scientific activities and the pursuit of scientific knowledge, is derived from people's capabilities is negligible for many things, is not to contend with, so only the flow, according to objective laws, so as to have gained survival and development. Translated by Google Scientific understanding of the term 　　In summary, most people in the "science" understanding of the word may be understood as "representative of humanity has found the truth of the reality of knowledge content" (specific scientific knowledge) or the "theory of scientific truth" (scientific theoretical system), it may be "how to find and distinguish scientific knowledge and scientific theory known as method" (the scientific method and scientific spirit), in the latter, may also contain the philosophy of science. 　　There is no standard of humanity may be lost; standard itself can not be hidden human error. Therefore, science is a right and wrong beyond their own social problems. Translated by Google Scientific method 　　To really understand the science, only clear definition of science is not enough. But not a lot of scientific knowledge in order to grasp the understanding of science, would like a shortcut to quickly understand the science, and that only by mastering some of the major scientific methods. 　　Science is the truth, that is, how to obtain true statements, the classical scientific method has two major categories, namely, experimental methods and rational methods, specifically, is mainly inductive and deductive method. 　　Complete induction induction points and incomplete induction, which is very small full range of applications of induction, because the vast majority of things, can be observed, are often endless. Therefore, induction of practical induction is necessarily incomplete. That it was divided into two simple enumeration method and scientific induction. Simple enumeration method is not reliable, can only get the probability of truth, the scientific discussion of induction is the center of the scientific method. 　　Exclude the so-called scientific induction ceremony known as induction, this induction does not necessarily have to increase the original statement, it can be applied to specific examples of those excluded from the possibility of hypothesis. Bacon's "Three Methods" and the Mill "five" are of this type. Mueller listed the following simple "five." Note that they are on the premise that there is only two types of phenomena, each class has only three elements, namely a, b, c (the phenomenon), and A, B, C (reason), and have only one first assumes that there a, ① Condition (reason), ② only A, B, C are possible conditions (reasons). 　　1, the fit method: a and AB appear together, also appear together with the AC. We can see, A is a sufficient condition. For example, Example 1: In the two N fertilizer on the ground wheat (A), a water (B), an application of calcium fertilizers (C), the results are increased production of (a). You can guess fertilization (A) is increased production of (a) reasons. 　　2, the difference method: a conjunction with the ABC, but did not appear together with the BC, we can see, A is a necessary condition. For example, Example 2: a piece of wheat on the ground both in nitrogen (A) and water (B) and application of calcium fertilizers (C), the results are increased production of (a); another piece of wheat in the ground water only (B) applied Calcium (C) is output unchanged. You can guess fertilization (A) is increased production of (a) reasons. 　　3, the fit between law: a and AB appear together, also appear together with the AC, but does not appear together with the BC. We can see, A is a necessary and sufficient conditions. For example, Example 3: In the two N fertilizer on the ground wheat (A), a water (B), an application of calcium fertilizers (C), the results are increased production of (a), while in others only a piece of wheat on the ground water (B ) application of calcium fertilizers (C) is output unchanged. Fertilization can be further confirmed (A) is increased production of (a) reasons. 　　4, the residual method: the known conditions of B is b (reason), C is the condition c (reason), abc and ABC appear together, we can see, A is a necessary and sufficient conditions. Example 4: The astronomers observed the orbits of Uranus has tilt (a, b, c), are known to tilt a, b is affected by two planets (A, B) to attract, so you can guess there is a planet (C) affect the inclination of an orbit of Uranus (c). 　　5, a total of Reform: A and a change in the same way, but BC is not change in this way. We can see, A is a necessary and sufficient conditions. Example 5: Change the pendulum of the pendulum length (A) the simple pendulum period (a) change accordingly, but put the ball to change the quality of (B) and put the ball material (C) the period unchanged. That the pendulum can swing length (A) determine the period (a). 　　Descartes seems to recognize this, so he was looked down on Bacon, by his efforts to finally establish a truly rational and practical building. He saw the power of mathematical deduction, the ancient Greek emphasis on rational thinking raised to unprecedented heights. Cartesian philosophy in the West is often called the father, the father of science, and I very much agree. Strictly scientific Since when, not from Copernicus, not from Bacon, not from the Galileo, but from Descartes. Strictly speaking, there is no science without math. Any science, there is no mathematics involved, it is difficult to say effectively, let alone to mature. 　　But mathematics is not often referred to as empirical science, sometimes referred to as metaphysical, because math is often the starting axioms deduced from several theoretical system. Such as "Geometry" only by the five axioms to deduce a thick book, but the fifth postulate the change of variable, and interpretation of the "Roche geometry" and "Riemannian geometry." From the axioms of mathematics are often intuitive, it is also often referred to as a priori science, in fact, experience it with the essence of science is not much difference, but the laws of empirical science in the theorem of relative mathematical axioms less intuitive Bale. "Euclidean geometry" is the real space research, of course, very easy to get a few intuitive axioms, and "algebra", "number theory" and is only a number and the equation of course, possible to build in a few intuitive rules axioms basis, but the "relativistic" space-time should have linked to research material, then the laws of the Theorem is not clear. Mathematics is considered the most abstract, but in fact it is only that the basis of its abstract, the more specific factors involved in the study more. Why is a scientific basis for geometry, it is because all things are space, algebra is the basis for the reason is because all the concepts necessary in order to be accurately quantified research. Abstraction has two meanings, one side of things, a description of a second is hard to understand hard to imagine. Of course, many cases this has two meanings, because of the incomplete description of things is not specific, and also hard to imagine. But the abstract theory is useful precisely because the specific things we always like part of the description and processing part. So often the basis of the abstract. Descartes clearly recognizes this, and further put forward the scientific research necessary to comply with some of the principles: 　　① only those presented very clear in my mind before, so I can not doubt the things in my judgments; 　　② the problem is decomposed into small parts as possible, until it can be satisfactorily resolved; 　　③ Press from the simplest, most easily understand the object began to rise little by little understanding of the complex object 　　④ to all cases enumerated as completely as possible to look generally to ensure that no omissions. 　　In addition to these principles first ignored the role of the experiment, but is very insightful. The classic science established in accordance with these principles. While modern science and the scientific method to add a classic, but the classic scientific method is still more than the most basic scientific methods and the main method. The so-called analogy, simulation, experiment, analysis should be comprehensive and hypotheses, also belong to the classical scientific method, the system theory, information theory and cybernetics extraction of the function of the simulation, even if the black box method, and Information Act strong in computer processing power Today, the scientific method can only be regarded as complementary. From the whole to the details of this reversal of the cognitive process somehow does not become the mainstream method, only a last resort use. 　　Applied mathematics from the results of a science out of view, that interpretation can not get new things very obvious. In comparison, the interpretation more than the sum of active and free, because the interpretation of the initial axiom of free choice, freedom to develop interpretation of the rules, so that we can create a large number of theoretical system, the theoretical system if it is found for a certain part of the real world, immediately demonstrated its significant role, such as "Riemannian geometry" for the "Theory of Relativity", "Group Theory" for "particle physics" and so on. Also summarized in itself often requires interpretation, and the correctness of a statement reflecting the need to figure out, due to the addition greatly reduces the mathematical induction procedures, improve the efficiency of induction. For example, according to de Broglie wave-particle duality of light and detailed process of examining the development of physics, extending all the particles are likely to associate with the wave-particle duality, interpretation of this process is almost, but according to this hypothesis can be quantitatively electron diffraction to predict the results of the experiment recorded phenomena, recorded by the experimental results and theoretical statements derived quantitative comparison, figures from the consistent and effective hypothesis can generally know the correct level. Obviously the core of an effective theory of numbers is experimental, there are two significant figures match means that only a few percent error probability, there is only 8 bits match one-million probability of being falsified. So to make up for the quantitative experiment is actually incomplete induction of the defects. Several precise experiments to prove or disprove the hypothesis can be largely, or else as "general relativity" theory is difficult to observe this kind can not get people's recognition. 　　"There is no scientific method seems interesting, it is difficult to understand, but it is more than scientific discovery to be much more important." International science theorists believe that the scientific method is the most important scientific literacy in the content, the public understanding of science, the most important thing is scientific method to understand and apply these scientific methods to solve their own life and work in a variety of problems in real life, herd behavior of some people, but also with the lack of scientific methods. Especially in our country lack a rational basis for a more scientific way of thinking should be emphasis on learning. Translated by Google Scientific spirit 　　Because science and technology together often, so easy to forget that science is part of the superstructure, in particular, there is no reason behind the traditional society, people do not even know there is a large part of the scientific spirit. Few people really summed up the spirit of science, few promote the scientific spirit. For this reason, the impact of science on the backward countries is not large, at least not comprehensive. 　　① justice: looking at things in a fair position. I called the Copernican spirit of the scientific spirit. Some say the beginning of modern science from Copernicus, although I do not agree, but the great spirit of Copernicus was amazed. Not the spirit of Copernicus is no science, this sense is indeed the spirit of Copernicus, the precursor of modern science. As observed from their own point of view is always, therefore, in its natural state, it is difficult to imagine from the perspective of their own and think the phenomenon, so self-centered concept of the unconscious form, when the concept of rigid with age, is very not easy to stand in a certain height of view, and therefore not easy to grasp things. So justice is the foundation of scientific thinking. In fact more and more intensified development of science fair and awareness. The emergence of relativity, so that people realize that the earth is not only where we are the center of the universe, and the sun, not the center of the galaxy center of the universe. Marxist theory of the 19th century, the main flaw is that too much emphasis on the position, and social science classes are also required to break the framework of a unified system of non-contradiction should not be two antagonistic classes of social science theory. In fact the modern theory of self-organization has taken this step. 　　③ proved plus falsification: science is rigorous, it emphasizes the theory and practice consistent with the theory that any statement must be derived consistent with the observation, can experiment confirmed that the theory can not be falsified is not science. We call this the spirit of Popper. New theory of modern science there are many more experiments do not support the interpretation of man-made structures are often sources of such knowledge systems, as long as there is an observed, it should be overturned. But empirical science, experience before theory, you should not easily believe that the falsification, even if a statement was falsified, it should consider amending, or more inclusive theory of the old theory. 　　④ reasonable doubt: science is the best approximation of truth, the real truth of things only thing he knows, are man-made structure of any system of knowledge, scientific doubt, including special emphasis on their suspicions, but three hundred years since the scientific Nobu with suspicion by numerous the spirit of the scientists very carefully the development of many fields of science nearly mature, it was suspected that needs some rational basis. The two most influential scientific figures in the history of Descartes and Marx are spontaneously to "doubt everything" as their motto. As people of faith but why ignore the communism of Marx's skepticism, too believe that dogma, in order to alert this point, I call it the spirit of Marxism. Although today's scientific reliability than the times of two great men is much more reliable, but science can be suspected of the same, only the blind can not doubt the lack of scientific training, and when you want to suspect that a scientific conclusion, you have to know know yourself, and if enough on the level of suspicion has long been suspected because of the simple countless times. In particular some of the classic theories, such as Euclidean geometry, algebra, kinematics and other theories, which is rarely composed of axioms and laws. Such as Euclidean geometry, the five axioms very intuitive, and no one from the experiment, on top of this interpretation of the theory by the validation of thousands of millions of people, it can be said to be fully reliable theory. The reliability of kinematics, too, but the principle of kinematics, there are experimental laws (such as the composition of velocities Parallelogram rule), so the reliability as Euclidean geometry. Why the theory of experimental laws but weak reliability it? This is because the experimental laws is subject to experimental conditions, often for temporary unclear about the conditions, such as Newton's law is summed up in the low speed test case, so when people think that it is generally applicable when an error occurs an infinite extension. From this sense of empirical science but not pure science and reliable. Complete theory of man-made structures together, easy to do no logical contradiction. Just such a theory to be found in the real world is not easy to fully correspond to that of pure scientific reliability of the inverted pyramid is not in its application. Skepticism is often used in life, fast-paced world, you have to keep your eyes open to identify what is science and what is not about science, skepticism is mainly used for non-scientific content of the doubt, wise to think a lot of thinking, not blind obedience. In China, the blind worship, old-fashioned lack of innovation and the traditional forces are too large, it can be said that due to the lack of skepticism. College entrance examination system is suspected of killing the spirit of education model, the examination questions are always asked questions are the only answer, and any doubts on the subject itself is redundant and will affect the score, the students agreed not to make any " extra "thinking. Education is a phenomenon around the test should cause us to think deeply. 　　⑤ controversy and Incentives: science is artificial, and thus the quality of people on the arguments and incentives can rapidly improve the quality of people, so science needs people to discuss the environment and maintaining enthusiasm for science. I think this is the most outstanding scientists in Boulder, so called Bohr spirit. By the Bohr and Schrodinger's heated debate, and he was the center of the collective contribution to the Copenhagen School, Double Dutch general quantum mechanics finally established, it is a human miracle. Bohr and Einstein also argues for a lifetime. In contrast, the academic atmosphere of our environment to bad, the discussion is so small, a little controversy to hurt feelings, how can such a fragile temperament does contribute to science? Modern science has been entirely a social cause, far from being able to accomplish something personal independence, and why so many small German philosopher, why little Cavendish Laboratory of so many famous scientists? Why Bell's invention of Microsoft there are so many? All this shows that science is too important to the environment. A society is to truly focus on science is first of all note the creation and maintenance of environmental science. The level of primary and secondary schools to foster debate, the University should be more academic activities, academic authority should be more to the Einstein study, efforts to discover and recommend new, pay attention to cultivating scientific ethics, contempt and combat plagiarism and scientific fraud, intellectual property protection . 　　The number of scientific spirit in the end, and everyone to discuss, I think, summed over the five scientific spirit, and the five named after famous scientists can better highlight the characteristics of science can help, we scale popularization of scientific thought, to create the spirit of civilization. 　　Fifth, the difference between science and technology 　　Technology (technology) is willing to term carpenter, carpenter in ancient times perhaps the most skill in the exigencies of artisans. Definition of technology in the production activities of people, all kinds of specific skills, experience and specific knowledge. 　　I think that is a study to explore a variety of natural phenomena and to find the law into one of its subjects, need your spirit of exploration. 　　"Science" is a reflection of nature, society, the objective laws of thought such as the division of knowledge. Translated by Google The purpose of science 　　The purpose of science is twofold: first, given the new way to solve the problem; the second is to try a more simple understanding of natural phenomena. 　　The world is a logical evolution of the law, the abundance of many posture universe is a reason behind this is the premise of science exist, there is also a prerequisite for any intellectual. As to why the universe is a logical law, this is not a scientific category. We exist in a universe, which is a basic empirical fact. When humans every time a new understanding of natural phenomena are the original theory and methods of varying degrees of denial, it must involve scientific authority and social ideology of change, requiring hard evidence. This point, only to look at the "Celestial Bodies theory" can be understood in three well-known comment: 　　Engels evaluation of Copernicus's "Celestial Bodies": the 　　Natural Sciences and to declare its independence seems to be a repeat Luther burned didactic revolutionary act is to Copernicus that the publication of this monumental work, he used this book (though timidly, and can be said to be only in the last moments) respect to the natural things to challenge the authority of the church, from the natural science began to be freed from the theological. 　　W. Heisenberg evaluation of Copernicus's "Celestial Bodies": the 　　Nie Wentao evaluation of Copernicus's "Celestial Bodies": the 　　This is a completely object for mathematical research, or as purely logical. Copernicus in "Celestial Bodies of" opening, said: "those who do not understand geometry not enter." Every man most revolutionary progress, scientists are relying on deep thinking and logic operations, the majority of the so-called observation only the test of logic. So convincing survey is very limited. Human beings should restore confidence in intelligence, not just the eyes. 　　So what kind of understanding of natural phenomena that constitute the real sense of the simplified and must have a scientific prediction as well? Logical reasoning. The theoretical framework of science based on logical reasoning on top of an important source of its strength, but also a very scientific nature of religion is different from the characteristics. In a scientific theory from basic principles to the explanation of the phenomenon of logical reasoning is the way to convergence. Because the validity of logical reasoning is a near-universe priori the most basic facts, I believe that man far realized that the "logic" of this concept before their use in the instinctive logic of the elementary. Has great scalability logic and objectivity. From a scientific theory's basic assumption, the use of logical reasoning can be derived from near-infinite inference, and these inferences are very solid and is independent of the way the individual will exists. Once presented to a scientific theory in a completely serious and humble manner exist in academia. Anyone is entitled to its basic assumptions and logic for testing. If any such draw definite negative test result means that theory has been overthrown, or the limitations to be found. This feature of scientific theories is a philosopher of science Popper elevated to a core position. Popper has written many tomes of books, one of the fundamental view that a theory becomes a scientific theory that a necessary condition is that this theory has falsifiability. That is a theory to be scientific theories, we must make clear the circumstances under which it can be overturned. At first glance this is surprising, because usually when people think of scientific theories often prove rather than from the point of view to be considered falsification. But guess what in fact is not difficult to understand, because a scientific theory of inference is endless, no amount of experiments can only enhance its credibility and can not prove its correctness. On the contrary, the scientific theory of logical reasoning and clear, to overturn it as long as there is a solid counter-example to it. 　　The weakness of human nature, scientists are human beings, it is no exception. Negligence, bias, or even deliberately falsified may bring fallacy. Natural science is able to explore the long journey to the wheat from the chaff, access to superior development, it has benefited from rigorous scientific theory of logic and the scientific community that justice, humility and rational manner, which is human intelligence pride. Translated by Google Interpretation of science as an adjective 　　In line with science. Many cases as an adjective, its meaning is: "right." Example: ① This method is very scientific; ② scientific communism; ③ scientific concept of development. Translated by Google "Science" journal 　　"Science" is published in the best original research papers, and review and analysis of current research and science policy in the peer-reviewed journals. 　　The magazine in 1880 invested $ 10,000 from the Edison founded in 1894 to become the largest U.S. scientific community, "AAAS" (American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS) official publications. 51 year period, the weekly, the global circulation of over 1.5 million copies. 　　Most readers of science and technology journals should be charged to the reviewer, comments, published related costs. But the "Science" magazine published manuscripts is free of charge. The magazine's sources of funding three parts: AAAS membership fee, print and online subscription fees, advertising fees. 　　"Science" magazine is a comprehensive and scientific journal, its scientific news, review, analysis, book reviews and other parts, are authoritative science information, the magazine is also suitable for general readers. "The development of science, social services," is the AAAS is "Science" magazine's purpose. 　　In the world, "Science" magazine's main rival for the London "Nature" magazine, the magazine was founded in 1869, has published a number of Darwin, Huxley and other masters of the article. The first 4 years of the 21st century, the two arranged for the first publication of the map of the human genome and intense competition. 　　"Science" magazine editor in chief Donald Coney Di graduated from Harvard University, Ph.D., is the eighth president of Stanford University, the famous professor of environmental science. 　　"Science" magazine official web site: http://www.sciencemag.org 　　"Science" nine-year compulsory education textbooks, the three - sixth grade use. 　　The difference between science and superstition 　　Science is the human perception of natural phenomena through observation, abstraction, individual tutoring discourse summary form, and then form a common causal system of religious doctrines, and then by _set_ting the experimental environment to prove the genuineness of religious discourse, the formation of a causal system, the scientific character Conclusion, and then form a common system of scientific cause and effect conclusions, thus the formation of a causal system with experimental findings can be replicated common knowledge, this is science. The most basic features of science is repeatability; scientific spirit is the core of innovation. In fact, as science has never been a strict definition of the word, so I will cause a series of confusion and unnecessary controversy. For example: there is no science in ancient China? Chinese medicine is a science? Science and Pseudoscience What is the difference? Science and religion What is the difference? And so on. And these issues are very, very interesting question. Therefore, given the times we are properly defined as early as possible in order to resolve these disputes. Here I take a look at some of the authority under the existing textbooks and the definition of significant improvement on a very strict definition of self that, then come talk about their exact meaning, for there is a coherent academic identity. The superstition is mainly do not speak according to the inference, such as Chen Shuai Buddha. Shao Weihua Feng Shui fortune-telling theory. 　　Branch of science 　　1, the Human Sciences 　　Archeology 　　Economics 　　Ethics 　　2, Natural Science 　　Physics 　　Chemistry 　　Biology 　　Astronomy 　　Geology 　　Meteorology 　　Architecture 　　Earth Science 　　Medical 　　Psychology 　　Informatics 　　3, Literary Arts 　　Aesthetics 　　Literature Translated by Google Scientific definition 　　September 8 　　Initiate the definition of "science" by the disciplinary system composed of many disciplines in all areas continue to explore the unknown, research, discovery, invention formed in line with current law and fairly correct objective insights. 　　Science is constantly revealing the truth of the process, it can be divided into material science and non-physical sciences, two categories. Areas of material science is rational, with a repeatable verification, falsification of features, such as physics, etc.; non-material science is a concentric area with a difficult re-verify or not replicated, not the characteristics of falsification, such as sociology. 　　Science: Cultural eternal, universal, and unique is science. 　　Definition of science: the law under certain conditions, a summary of material changes. 　　Scientific characteristics: repeatable verification, falsification, no self-contradiction. 　　Science is short for popular science. 　　Talk about their arguments and conclusions, so that readers can themselves verify that this conclusion is the law of repetition (scientific) process, known as science. 　　Superstitions do not want listeners to verify, just want the listeners to accept the spread of ideas about form. 　　Accepted without verification methods, is superstition. Science is not necessarily the truth, but the purpose is the pursuit of scientific truth. There are two scientific research; First, everything in the universe reveals the characteristics and laws of nature, and second, the original state of things, the restructuring of certain properties to become The practice can meet the needs of the people some things. 　　Ability to understand or verify the absence of people talking about science, should be called elementary education, and more for basic science in children do not know when the authentication method, about scientific knowledge. This does not apply when the theory of confrontation, this time the main emphasis on evidence. School textbooks, is the stand the scrutiny and tests demonstrate that the standard of popular science books. 　　Superstition is not necessarily wrong, everyone is not all-rounder, will more or less superstitious authority of experts, to believe without verification. Superstition is not so terrible. But can not distinguish science and superstition, it could not tell science and false science. 　　Recognized, is recognized by both parties to talk, not virtual means. 　　For example: 8 planets generally accepted view, is the Scientific Assembly adopted a resolution, rather than on Earth most people know, or admit that the latter standard is not easy to verify. 　　But scientists also have the wrong time: for example, Aristotle, is his greatest scientists of that era, but his weight was found to be down that need to be amended. 　　Amended statement: experiments in free fall, if two objects are the same, and movement in the opposite direction of air resistance, other conditions identical, the heavier the object the first floor. 　　(Note: the original conclusions of falsification of weight off the best first experiment than two balls of different weights to experiment, but with a parachute and a small stone than the stone the first drop) 　　In 1888, Darwin gave a definition of science over the next: "Science is the order the facts, and found the law to make conclusions." Darwin pointed out that the scientific definition of the meaning, that the facts and law. Unknown people science to find the facts, and as a basis for seeking truth from facts, rather than pure thought divorced from the reality of fantasy. The law refers to the objective nature of things inevitable between the inner contact. Therefore, science is built on the basis of practice, practice testing and rigorous logical argument about the nature of things in the objective world and the movement of the knowledge system. 　　"Dictionary" 1979 edition: 　　"Science is about nature, society and thinking, of knowledge, it is to adapt people to struggle for production and class struggle and development needs, it is the crystallization of people experience." 　　"Dictionary" 1999 edition: 　　"Science: the use of categories, theorems, laws and other forms of thinking reflects the nature of real-world laws of the phenomena of knowledge. 　　France "Encyclopedia" 　　"Scientific knowledge is different from the first, science by category to find things among the organized. In addition, the scientific laws by revealing the dominance of things, in order to explain things." 　　Former Soviet Union "Encyclopedia" 　　"Science is an area of ​​human activity, its function is to summarize the knowledge about the objective world, and make it systematic. 'Science' concept itself includes not only activities to acquire new knowledge, but also the result of this activity." 　　"Introduction to modern science and technology" 　　"Simply that science is a natural law of things accurately reflects the system of objective knowledge." 　　It has long been equate science with materialist, this is actually wrong. Science is the law of the performance of the objective world, and we used to think that materialist is right, in fact, not necessarily for the materialist. Translated by Google Encyclopedia 　　kexue 　　Science 　　science 　　Facts and phenomena of observation, classification, induction, deduction, analysis, reasoning, calculation and experiment, to discover the laws and rules to be verified and the quantitative formulation of knowledge. The task of science is to reveal the objective law of development of things, seek truth, as a guide for people to change the world. Science Originated in the ancient practice of social needs. It began to form 16 to 17 century (as represented by Francis Bacon), and in the process of historical development into productive forces. According to the traditional view, science is divided into two major natural science and social science classes. With the development of science, but also to mathematical science, system science, thinking, science and human science associated tied into six categories, and the technical sciences divided into three classes with them side by side. All this reflects the different periods of the different classification system of science understanding, from the 17th century, the scope of scientific activity about every 10 to 15 years to double. In the course of scientific development, the accumulation period and the revolutionary period alternating with each other. Scientific revolution that occurred during the revolution. Scientific Revolution led to scientific structure, understanding the principles, scope and methods, and scientific organizations in the form of change. So far in human history have been many scientific revolution. The most influential in the natural sciences is Copernicus's heliocentric revolution of the geocentric theory, Newtonian mechanics in the 17th century represented revolution, revolution in the early 20th century physics, a natural science as the guide of the revolution in the field of deep and extensive . Most influential in the social sciences is the 17th and 18th century bourgeois social science in all areas of feudalism revolution, the 19th century marked the birth of Marxist social science of the most profound and widespread revolution. 　　(Sanqiang) 　　　　 Translated by Google English Expression n.:  ology,  science,  organized knowledge, esp when obtained by observation and testing of facts, about the physical world, natural laws and society,  study leading to such knowledge,  scientific knowledge,  scientific French Expression n.  science Thesaurus scientific studies Related Phrases culture coeducation Machinery discipline Wikipedia Daquan notion physics math cyclopedia natural science astronomy universe astronomical dynamics artlessness exist off Home Appliances aircondition maintain organism head information speciality in great demand speciality Biology nutrimental fatty acid mess abstract computer function mole economics encyclopaedia psychics More results... 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