"Computer hardware" for short. "Software" symmetry. Computer system components and equipment to all entities collectively. Such as computing, controller, memory, input and output devices.
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yìng jiàn
Usually refers to the computer system physical plant and equipment, general
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Overview
"Computer hardware" for short. And "software" relative. All entities in the computer system components and equipment collectively. Speaking from the basic structure, the computer can be divided into five parts: arithmetic unit, memory, controllers, input devices, output devices. Generally, we see the computer are made: the host (main part), the output device (monitor), input devices (keyboard and mouse) Big Three composition. Is the main body of the host computer, in the main chassis are: motherboard, cpu, memory, power supplies, graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, hard drives, floppy drives and other hardware. Among them, the motherboard, cpu, memory, power supply, video card, hard disk is necessary, as long as the host of work, these things are indispensable. Below we will step by step to uncover their mystery.
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Chassis
First, let's take a look at the chassis, the chassis in addition to the appearance of the image of a computer system, but also other accessories for the computer system to provide mounting brackets. In addition, it can reduce electromagnetic radiation from outside the chassis, pollution, and protect the user's health and other equipment normally used, arguably known as the parts on a computer "home." Mainstream products currently on the market structure is the use of vertical atx chassis, at the structure of the chassis has been eliminated. The internal side of the chassis front panel to install the hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy drive bay, the upper side of the rear panel has a location to install the power supply, in addition, the Ministry also accompanied by some of the wind leads for connection to power button rest keys, pc speakers, and some indicators.
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Motherboard
Motherboard (English name mainboard or motherboard) is the largest piece of the computer system board, board called the motherboard, system board, or motherboard, which is installed in the chassis, is one of the most important components computer, its type and grade decide the type and grade of computer systems. It can be divided into at motherboard and atx motherboard. Board is composed of various interfaces, expansion slots, sockets and chip _set_ components. Motherboard to buy the basic strategy: speed, stability, compatibility, scalability, ability to upgrade the motherboard in the motherboard chip_set_ constitute the core of its role in the bios and the operating system under the control of technical standards and specifications prescribed by the Main Board Computer system cpu, memory, graphics card and other components to establish a reliable and correct installation, operating environment, for a variety of ide / sata interface, storage, and other external devices to provide convenient, reliable connection interface.
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cpu
cpu (central processing unit, central processing unit) is one of the most important components of the computer. Is the core of a computer, the equivalent of the human brain, its internal structure is divided into the control unit, logic unit and storage unit of three parts. Currently, there are two types of cpu main interface: one is the intel lga775 (also known as socket t), the other is amd's socket940 (socket am2). cpu key performance indicators: frequency, FSB frequency, l1 and l2cache capacity and speed, supported instruction _set_ extensions, cpu core voltage address bus width and so on. cpu manufacturers now are intel, amd two, in which intel cpu market share the company's highest. The mainstream of the cpu on the market today are: intel company conroe series, pentiume series, celeron series; amd's Yi Long series, athlon64 x2 series, the Athlon series and so on.
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Memory
Memory refers to the computer system data and instructions stored in semiconductor memory cells. Their use can be divided into the main storage and auxiliary storage devices. Divided by the working principle rom and ram. can be divided into read-only rom rom, erasable programmable rom and programmable rom. The ram can be static and dynamic ram ram. Memory (ram) is soil fertility cpu processing information, which unit is megabytes mb, or million bytes. 1 byte and the 8-bit (bit) binary number (0,1) component. Store a letter need to occupy one byte (byte) space. The characters you need to store a total 2 bytes space. D05 early computer systems and the main run dos programs. At that time the price of memory is very expensive, dos is not high on the memory requirements, only 640kb (1kb = 1024b), so that time was not great with computer memory, 1mb or 2mb to very good. Significantly reduced memory prices now, because now the windows system and some new applications need to be greedy for memory, the memory the greater the better it works, so now the juice 512n computer memory has been regarded as the minimum configuration, If funded, even coupled with 1g 2g also not be overstated. The relatively well-known brand hyundai (modern factory), kingstone (Jin Shi Dayton), Apacer, kingmax (Kingmax), samsung (Samsung), adata-DATA and ceil (GeIL) and so on.
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(E) hard
HDD (hard disk) is an important computer system storage devices, its performance directly affects the computer's overall performance. Hard disk is a Fixed storage devices, and its storage media is the disk number of steel sheet, characterized by: speed, capacity, reliable and high reliability wear almost non-existent problem. Currently there are three common hard disk interface, the interface were sata, ide interface and scsi interface. Seagate hard drives have a good reputation (seagate), ibm, Western Digital (western digtal) and so on.
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CD-ROM drive
CD-ROM drive (cd-rom) is a tool to read the data on the disc, and CD-ROM features: large capacity, high speed, compatibility, low cost discs. With the mainstream as 52 times before the ide interface to drive.
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(G) floppy drive
Floppy disk drive (floppy disk) is the computer an indispensable part, when necessary, it can be for us to start the meter machine, but also use it to transfer and backup a number of smaller files. Now generally use 3.5-inch, 5.25-inch with the age old, and now we do not sell to buy people.
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Graphics
Communication with the host graphics card is the display control circuit and interface, its role is to host the digital signals into analog signals and displayed on the monitor. The basic role is to control the graphics output of graphics, it works between the cpu and display its main components are: graphics chip, ramdac, display memory, bios chips and sockets, connectors and other features. Three important indicators of the graphics card: the refresh rate, resolution, color depth. Types from the bus, show card pci, agp, pci-e three. Now pci-e graphics card is very common.
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Sound Card
Sound card, listen to music can be without it, the computer is sent through this stuff, oh the sound to the speakers. The main card is a multimedia computer
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(J) monitor
... Display by the monitor (monitor) and Display Adapter (commonly known as the graphics adapter) 2 parts. There are many types of displays such as cathode ray tube (cathode ray tube, crt), LCD (liquid crystal display, lcd), plasma display panel (ddp), field emission displays (ped) and so on. But the most practical and commercialization of the crt and lcd. 1) crt monitor key performance indicators: a. Resolution; b. Scanning frequency; c. Bandwidth; d. tco certification. 2) lcd monitor key performance indicators: a. Response time; b. Viewing angle; c. Pitch; d. Resolution; e. Refresh rate; f. Brightness; g. Contrast. 3) Display card: also known as the graphics adapter. Personal computer using the current graphics card and the agp pci video card, usually with 3d acceleration
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Keyboard
Keyboard (keyboard) I think we should not be strange, I simply make some introduction. The keyboard is the most common and most important input devices, the keyboard can be letters, numbers, punctuation and other input to the computer, issue commands to the computer, the input data. Since its inception in ibm pc, experienced a 83 key keyboard, 84 keys, and 101/102 key, windows95 was published, on the basis of the 101 improvements into the keyboard The 104/105 keyboard, an increase of two windows keys. In order to make people more comfortable to operate a computer, so a "human keyboard", the keyboard fits the shape of the placing of hands posture, the operation is particularly easy.
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Mouse
The hardware is not specific to generalized computer hardware, but rather refers to a number of facilities, equipment, materials and other tangible and intangible spirit of the material substance. Hardware: PC material constituted entity, known as the hardware. As host, monitor, keyboard, mouse.
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Overview
"Computer hardware" (referred to language in mainland China and Hong Kong and Taiwan for the hardware). And "software" relative. All entities in the computer system components and equipment collectively. Speaking from the basic structure, the computer can be divided into five parts: arithmetic unit, memory, controllers, input devices, output devices. Generally, we see the computer are made: the host (main part), the output device (monitor), input devices (keyboard and mouse) Big Three composition. Is the main body of the host computer, in the main chassis are: motherboard, CPU, memory, power supplies, graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, hard drives, floppy drives and other hardware. Among them, the motherboard, CPU, memory, power supply, video card, hard disk is necessary, as long as the host of work, these things are indispensable. Below we will step by step to uncover their mystery. (A) of the chassis in addition to the appearance of the image of a computer system, but also other accessories for the computer system to provide mounting brackets. In addition, it can reduce electromagnetic radiation from outside the chassis, pollution, and protect the user's health and other equipment normally used, arguably known as the parts on a computer "home." Mainstream products currently on the market structure is the use of vertical chassis ATX, AT chassis structure has been eliminated. The internal side of the chassis front panel to install the hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy drive bay, the upper side of the rear panel has a location to install the power supply, in addition, the Ministry also accompanied by some of the wind leads, for connecting POWER button REST button, PC speaker, and some indicators.
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CPU
CPU troubleshooting repair 1, the case of noise: Symptom: CPU computer after the upgrade, particularly when the noise each boot. However, after using a voice back to normal. Failure Analysis and Treatment: First, check whether the fixed CPU fan, chassis work and structure of some low-quality good, easy to work in the boot caused by resonance, increasing the noise, the other can give CPU fan, chassis fan motor Oil the try. If the box is because the chassis caused by a single book, the best replacement chassis. 2, the temperature rises too fast: Symptom: When a computer running the CPU temperature rises quickly, turn the temperature up by only a few minutes or so up to 31 ℃ 51 ℃, 53 ℃ for however to stabilize, and no longer rise. Failure Analysis and Treatment: In general, CPU surface temperature can not exceed 50 ℃, otherwise it will appear the phenomenon of electron transfer, thereby reducing CPU life. For the CPU temperature is too high for the next 53 ℃, and prolonged use could easily lead to system instability and hardware damage. According to the phenomenon of analysis, heating too fast, stable temperature is too high should be the CPU fan, you just replace a CPU fan can be of good quality. 3, summer dust-induced crash failure: Symptom: Your computer fails, the phenomenon of using the average of once every 20 minutes it will crash, reboot again after a few minutes will crash. 4, CPU pin bad cause the computer to not start: Symptom: Intel CPU of a computer, usually used has been normal, Recently problems. Failure analysis and processing: first estimate is the video card failure. After checking with the substitution, but sometimes normal. Finally, disconnect the plug on the motherboard's CPU, carefully observe the no burn marks, but found the CPU's pins are black, hair green, with traces of oxidation and rust (CPU's pins for the copper material, the outer layer of gold-plated), pins on the CPU do cleanup work, the computer power and can work. 5, CPU crash caused by: Symptom: after boot a computer after a crash in memory self-test passed. Failure Analysis and Treatment: Press [Del] key to enter the BIOS _set_up, carefully check the _set_tings no problem, then read the default BIOS parameters, restart crash still exists. Replace the hard disk and detected by a variety of boards, the results of all the hardware are normal. Estimation problem may be in the motherboard and CPU, the CPU operating frequency down a little bit to start the computer again, everything is normal. 6, CPU fan led to the crash: Symptom: a computer CPU fan in the rotation unsteadiness, while using the computer will crash. Failure Analysis and Treatment: Now that most of the ordinary fan is to use the ball fan, you need to lubricate the ball and bearing lubrication, this phenomenon is estimated CPU fan lubricant between the ball and there is no bearing, causing fans to increase rotational resistance, Turn the difficulty to unsteadiness. CPU fan can not be sustained due to strong winds provided the CPU cooling, CPU temperature rise eventually lead to crashes. Added to the CPU fan in the oil crash after the party CPU fan rotation disappears. 7, CPU frequency display is not fixed: Symptom: Every time you start a computer when the CPU frequency display high low. Failure Analysis and Treatment: It might be the battery on the motherboard without electricity caused. As long as the replacement of the same type of battery, then re-_set_ the parameters in the BIOS, CPU frequency display can be back to normal. 8, CPU caused by ultra-screen display a black screen: Symptom: CPU overclocking a computer, the boot display blank screen appears. Failure Analysis and Treatment: This failure should be the typical failure caused by overclocking. The CPU frequency is _set_ too high, resulting in CPU does not work, and cause the monitor point does not shine into the BIOS and can not be _set_. This situation requires the CMOS battery is discharged, and re-_set_ting to work properly. POST also a situation that is normal, but can not enter into the operating system, when entering the operating system crash, in which case just start and enter the BIOS will re_set_ CPU frequency can be changed back to the original.
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Memory
Memory refers to the computer system data and instructions stored in semiconductor memory cells. Their use can be divided into the main storage and auxiliary storage devices. Work is divided into ROM and by RAM. ROM can be divided into read-only ROM, programmable ROM and erasable programmable ROM. The RAM can be static and dynamic RAM is RAM. Memory (RAM) is the CPU processing information fertility, and its unit is megabytes MB, or Million Bytes. 1 byte and the 8-bit (bit) binary number (0,1) component. Store a letter need to occupy 1 byte (Byte) space. The characters you need to store a total 2 bytes space. D05 early computer operating systems and DOS main program. At that time the price of memory is very expensive, DOS is not high on the memory requirements, only 640KB (1KB = 1024B), so that time was not great with computer memory, 1MB or 2MB for good. Memory prices are now significantly reduced, due to the current Windows system and some new applications need to be greedy on the memory, the memory bigger, the better it works, so now the computer has been regarded as the minimum configuration of memory 512M, capital adequacy so, coupled with even the 2G 1G also not be overstated. The relatively well-known brands such as Hyundai (modern factory), Kingstone (Jin Shi Dayton), Apacer, Kingmax (Kingmax), Samsung (Samsung), ADATA A-DATA and GEIL (GeIL) and so on.
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CD-ROM drive
With the popularity of multimedia computers, compact discs (CD-ROM) used more and more popular, everyone on the multimedia CD-ROM software, increasing demand, therefore, in their own computer equipped with a CD-ROM can be said to be normal However things. Mechanical devices and floppy drives are similar, in which there are three motors, each controlling different functions. Drive to the top of a disc rotating motor, and a drive motor read laser needle, a third motor-driven disc responsible for the _insert_ion and exit devices. CD drive CD-ROM (CD) drive has become more popular, especially in the multimedia computer. Computer's CD drive and audio CDs is very similar to using a laser beam to read data, and data capacity to store information CD 700 MB. CD drive can be used to retrieve large amounts of data, or at work, play your favorite music CD. DVD drive The new DVD drive and the general appearance and operation of the CD drive is similar, but DVD discs more than seven times the capacity of the CD. (A single-sided single-layer DVD can store a full 2-hour movie.)
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(G) floppy drive
With the U disk, card reader, the popularity of mobile hard disk, floppy drive has no practical value.
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(J) monitor
... Display by the monitor (Monitor), and display adapter (commonly known as card Adapter) 2 parts. There are many types of displays such as cathode ray tube (Cathode Ray Tube, CRT), liquid crystal display (Liquid Crystal Display, LCD), plasma display panel (DDP), Field Emission Display (PED) and so on. But the most practical and commercialization of the CRT and LCD. 1) CRT monitor key performance indicators: A. Resolution; B. Scanning frequency; C. Bandwidth; D. TCO certification. 2) LCD monitor key performance indicators: A. Response time; B. Viewing angle; C. Pitch; D. Resolution; E. Refresh rate; F. Brightness; G. Contrast. 3) Display card: also known as the graphics adapter. Current personal computer using PCI graphics card and the AGP graphics card with 3D acceleration are generally
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Other hardware and equipment
Diagnostic Card Motherboard Also called POST card (Power On Self Test Power On Self Test) and its working principle is to use the motherboard BIOS internal procedures in the test results, through the eleven board diagnostic display card code, the code with the meaning of debug card lookup tables can soon to know where the computer failures. Especially in the PC machine can not boot the operating system, black screen, speaker is not called when using the card to better reflect its facilities more efficiently. Motherboard diagnostic card is powerful, far more than the ability to report errors through the BIOS itself the ability to ring error, both for personal use on computer enthusiasts can also be suitable for motherboard repair industry.
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Computer works
1, computer system components Micro-computer hardware system and software system. Hardware System: a computer that constitute electronic circuits, electronic components and mechanical devices, physical devices, which includes the host computer and external devices. Software system: refers to the process and procedures of technical documentation. Including computer systems needed to run their own software, applications and user files. Computer software is used to direct the specific work programs and data, is the soul of the entire computer. Computer hardware system is composed of computing, controller, memory, input devices and output devices such as five parts. 2, the computer works (1) von? Neumann principle "Stored program control" principle is the Hungarian-American mathematician 1946 by von? Linus out, it is also known as the "Von? Neumann principle." Established the principle of the basic components of modern computer work, until now, computer design and manufacturing is still down, "Von? Neumann" architecture. (2) "stored program control" the basic content of the principle ① binary representation of data and instructions. ② the program (data and instruction sequences) pre-stored in main memory (program storage), so that the computer at work to automatically remove the high-speed instruction from memory, and implemented (process control). ③ by the operator, controller, memory, input devices, output devices composed of five basic parts of computer hardware architecture. (3) computer work process (see below) The first step: the program and data through the input device into memory. Step Two: Start running, the computer program instructions from memory to the controller to identify, analyze the instructions to do. The third step: the meaning of the controller according to instructions issued by the appropriate command (such as addition, subtraction), the storage unit sent out to manipulate the data stored in the ALU operation, then the memory operation results back to the specified unit. Step four: When computing task is completed, the results can follow the instructions output by the output device.
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How to protect computer accessories?
Hard - very sensitive to vibration Shipping can not be simply a computer with a hard carrying them to a place, pay attention to prevent the generation of large shock. Because the hard disk is a complex mechanical device, installed inside the computer, tolerance is limited. A shock will hit the disc on the head assembly, causing the hard disk drive read-write head scratched the surface, this may damage the disk surface, there is the potential to destroy the data on the hard disk (your hard work yo!), May also be more serious damage to the read-write head, the drive can not be used permanently. Therefore, we must take the disk read-write head placed in the safe area, before moving; in the process of moving the action must be light; If you plan to car to transport it, put it in the best position of the rear compartment on; If by mail, place it well wrapped up. Motherboard - very sensitive to static and deformation Static electricity may be loss of BIOS chip on the motherboard and data, damage to a variety of interface-based gate mos transistors, they are a bad, all the "users" (plug in the card or device on it) can not find each other, because their contact is by bus, the control chip _set_, the control circuit to coordinate and achieve. So, as far as possible with a soft, anti-static package board items, pay attention to touch it, first touch the conductor, so that the hands of the electrostatic discharge, and then gently. In addition, the motherboard may cause the circuit board deformation faults, component sealing off, the circuit board, but close enough, you simply can not find fault. So try not to let the motherboard carrying other items on the board above, it is best to carry the box into the motherboard; to install the motherboard, it must be carefully installed in the chassis a smooth, not one side higher; in _insert_ card, sound card or other card, note the pressure must be moderate and balanced force. Memory - very sensitive to overclocking Because memory and CPU have a direct link, so CPU speed is the most difficult to solve the memory bottleneck. The higher the FSB, the faster the work of the same time, the memory need to work in the same CPU under the FSB, so when the CPU overclocking, the memory is consistent with the FSB, is the key to successful overclocking, the most important Once overclocked to reach the required frequency of memory, prone to black, or even heat damage. CPU - very sensitive to high temperature and high voltage Although a small CPU fan protection, but with the current increase in consumption of heat generated also increases, so that the CPU's temperature will rise. High temperature tends to the electron transfer within the lines, resulting in frequent computer crashes and shorten the life of CPU, high voltage is dangerous, it is easy to burn your CPU. Prevent the occurrence of the above, the method has installed auxiliary cooling fan, cooling fan to keep clean, regular preventive maintenance; thunder rain, do not open the computer, and will be allocated under the computer's power plug; equipped with a regulator; overclocking Do not use as far as possible to help improve the core voltage overclocking, because it is worth the candle. CD-ROM drive - very sensitive to dust, vibration, and poor CD Slow down to read the disk drive there or not read the disk failure, a problem mainly due to the laser head. In addition to the laser head and its reasons for the limited life span, the pervasive impact of the dust is also a major factor in the life of the laser head. Dust not only affects the quality of the laser to read the disk head and life, internal optical drive will also affect the precision mechanical parts. So to maintain the cleanliness drive is very important. Mechanical components for general use drive wipe a cotton swab of alcohol, but alcohol and laser head can not use other cleaning agents, you can use the Alignment laser head blow off the dust bag. From the foregoing, the dust is the laser head of the "killer", but also make the head shake, "Disc", damage to the head. Therefore, we choose the earlier drive, the shock is also an important reference for the size factor, while the installation CD-ROM drive, try to drive the screws are fastened on both sides and let the chassis, but also can reduce the vibration. Another poor drive is the enemy of the disc, it will increase the burden of head servo circuit to accelerate the movement of the wear and tear, to speed up the aging of the laser tube. Do not know what you believe it or not, and now the market is a popular DVCD drive the most dangerous enemy because it is the distance light design standards and common drive much smaller dot pitch, drive like a sighted person to read it as difficult to see tiny small print, Maybe someday on the "blind out." Keyboard - very sensitive to moisture, dust, pull Now most of the plastic membrane keyboard switch, that switch is constituted by three lines of plastic film, the middle one is a hole in the insulating film, film coated on both sides of the metal lines and contacts, wet corrosion, dust and dirt will cause the keyboard touch bad point, the operation is not working. Found that this situation should be very careful to open the back cover of the keyboard with a brown brush or vacuum cleaner to clear out dirt. Drag and drop easy to make the keyboard line break, so the keyboard is faulty. Therefore, we must try to keep the workplace clean and tidy, especially the edge of the keyboard to clean; not to smoke near the computer; do not eat near the keyboard; Do not drink the cup around on the keyboard; do not live to plug keyboard; regularly cleaned with pure alcohol, keyboard; use the keyboard, try not to drag the keyboard; keyboard when not in use, to close the protective cover. Mouse - very sensitive to dust, glare, pull Most people are now using the mouse or trackball-based, these mice are cheap, easy to use, but there is the biggest problem is easy to dirty, ball and roller coated with dust on the operation of mechanical parts will not mouse spirit. In addition, the light will interfere with photocell received signal, will pull the same "rat tail" fracture, failure of the mouse. Therefore, we must regularly clean the mouse ball and rollers; try to use a dedicated mouse pad, regularly clean the mouse pad, mouse pad to choose different materials according to different cleaning agents, can be used to solve the problem of water is best; to avoid the sun open, use the mouse. Monitor - very sensitive to high temperature, high pressure Display is the interface to communicate with people, but also the entire computer system in the power-hungry, are the most easily damaged parts. It is very sensitive to shock, high temperature, high pressure, dust, high brightness and contrast, etc., as CRT is very precise, instant impact will damage it, such as broken filament-prone, crack pipe neck, leakage and other problems; temperature easy to make Power switch is damaged, the higher the temperature the more likely breakdown damage to the switch, so it's great heat sink; dust easy to make high-voltage ignition circuit. High brightness and contrast will reduce the life of the phosphor so that the display a few years will "face no light", the color dark. So we use the computer, try not to frequent start, shutdown, because the cold tube filament resistance is very small, just getting on the impact of current large machines, often not conducive to the protection of the filament power, the other extreme of the tube also affect the shade; to avoid the sun light, direct exposure to high-intensity electro-optic displays, because they will increase the temperature of the monitor, accelerated aging CRT monitor, monitor, please use drop cloths when not in a good cover; such as long-term need, should be regularly driven tidal power to prevent a sudden power-generation high-voltage ignition , resulting in burned component failure; monitor should be placed in a place with good ventilation, the top vents do not put other items.
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