A large class of microbes. No chlorophyll, to form parasitic or saprophytic life. Very few are single cell organisms, such as yeast, most cells from the multi-tubular hyphae. Cells have obvious nuclear membrane, are eukaryotes. Widely distributed in nature, increasing soil fertility and the natural world plays an important role in material cycle.
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zhēn jūn
真菌 zhēn jūn
真菌 zhēn jūn
Composed of members of fungal doors, many of which are mainly saprophytic or parasitic, the lack of true chlorophyll, by spores. Such as: yeast, mushroom, etc.
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孢子进行繁殖
真菌 孢子进行繁殖
真菌 孢子进行繁殖
真菌 孢子进行繁殖
真菌 孢子进行繁殖
真菌 孢子进行繁殖
Lower plants in one, not chlorophyll, to sexual or asexual spores for reproduction, a wide range, usually parasitic on other objects, is widely distributed in nature. Such as wine or leavened dough with yeast, fungus used in manufacture of penicillin, can be used for food or drugs, mushroom, pine mushroom, mushrooms, edible fungus, white fungus, Poria, etc., but some can also cause the spread of plant and animal and human Disease, or to forestry products, textiles, industrial equipment and other mold rot deterioration.
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Overview
真菌 概述
真菌 概述
真菌 概述
Fungus (fungus; eumycetes) is a eukaryotic and heterotrophic biological cell wall. Many species have been reported up to 1 million or more is to plant more than 100,000. The low vegetative types except for a few single cells, mostly composed by a slender tubular hyphae mycelium. Undivided low fungal hyphae, the hyphae of higher fungi have a diaphragm, the former is called non-mycelial compartment, which is called a separated hyphae. In most fungal cell walls is the most characteristic with chitin, followed by the cellulose. Common fungal organelles are: nucleus, mitochondria, microbodies, ribosome, vacuole, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, flagella, etc.; common with glycogen inclusions, crystal, resin body and so on. Fungi are usually divided into three categories, namely, yeast, mold and mushroom (large fungi), they belong to different sub-door. Fungus is able to form a large fleshy or gelatinous fruiting bodies or sclerotia, most belonging to Basidiomycotina, a few belong to ascomycetes Amon. Common large-scale fungi mushroom, straw mushroom, mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, mushroom, edible fungus, white fungus, bamboo fungus, morel and so on. They are both an important class of fungi vegetables, food and pharmaceutical industry is an important resource.
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True Yin vegetative
真菌 真茵的营养体
真菌 真茵的营养体
When the mycelium and the host cell wall or plasma contact, the relationship between nutrients into the hyphae due to osmotic pressure in vivo. Some fungi, such as living biological invasion of host nutrition, the mycelium formed in the host cell a special body to absorb nutrients called haustoria (haustorium). Haustorium different shapes, vary by type, such as powdery mildew haustoria as palmate, downy mildew filamentous fungus for the finger-like, white rust is a small ball. Some of the growth of fungal mycelia to a certain stage, can form loose or tight tissue body. Miao wire main body of sclerotia organization (sclerotium), child seat (stroma) and rhizomorph (rhizomorph) and so on. Sclerotia is closely interwoven hyphae sleep body, the inner layer is sparse silk tissue, the outer is intended parenchyma, epidermal cell wall thickness, color depth, more hard. The main function of the resistance of sclerotia adverse environment. But when the conditions are right, the germination of sclerotia to produce new vegetative hyphae or from the top to form new propagules. Sclerotia quite different shape and size, usually like green beans, mouse droppings or irregular shape. Child seat is in the host mycelium under the skin surface or the formation of a woven mat-like structure, sometimes with a combination of the host organization. The main function of the child seat is the formation of spores produced in the body, but also through the adverse environmental effects. Rhizomorph is composed of mycelia Pingxing Shengsuo strip-like structure, shape and plant roots is somewhat similar, so the cable also known as root-like bacteria. Bacteria resistant to adverse environmental claims, but also help the spread of bacteria in the substrate. Some fungal hyphae or spores of some of the cells enlarged and round, condensed protoplasm, cell wall thickening and the formation of chlamydospores (chlamydospore). It can resist the adverse environment, when conditions are appropriate, and then germinated into hyphae.
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Fungal propagules
真菌的繁殖体
真菌的繁殖体
真菌的繁殖体
真菌的繁殖体
真菌的繁殖体
When carried to a certain period of life, nutrition, the fungus into the breeding season began, the formation of the fruiting bodies of various propagules (fruitingbody). Fungal propagules including the formation of asexual reproduction asexual spores and sexual reproduction produce sexual spores. 1. Vegetative propagation (asexual reproduction) Asexual reproduction is vegetative meiosis without nuclear distribution and reproduction of individuals to produce offspring. Its basic characteristic is the vegetative propagation is usually produced directly from hyphae asexual spore differentiation. There are three common types of asexual spores: (1) swimming spores (zoospore): formed in the swimming sporangium (zoosporangium) inside. Walks from the mycelium or sporangia swollen cyst stem from the top. Zoospores without cell walls, with 1-2 flagella, swimming in the water after their release. (2) cysts spores (sporangiospore): the formation of the cyst sporangium (sporangium) in. Sporangia stems from the cysts enlarged from the top. Spore cell wall cyst has no flagella, after the release of the wind flying. (3) conidia (conidium) produced in the hyphae formed meristem differentiation paozi Terrier (conidiophore), the apical, lateral, or cluster of shape, size, variety, single cell or multiple cells, no color or colored, mature stems from the robes come off. Some fungal conidial and conidiophore conidium also born fruit in the. There are two main types of fruit gown, or nearly spherical with a conidial orifice device (pycnidium) and goblet or discoid acervulus (acervulus). (1) egg spores (oospore): eggs sex bacteria spores. Ascus with two shaped by - male control and archegonia contact, the male device through the cytoplasm and nucleus insemination tube into the archegonia, and the egg nucleus with the ball, the ball finally fertilized eggs develop into thick-walled, double Ploidy oospores. (2) bonding spore (zygospore): Zygomycetes of the sexual spores. By two with ascus with ascospores as the way to integration into a cell, and in the cell nucleus with the mass distribution and after the formation of thick-walled spores. (3) ascospores (ascospore): ascomycetes of sexual spores. Usually with two shaped ascus - male control and produce cysts combined, the mass distribution, nuclear distribution and meiosis and the formation of haploid spores. Ascospores was born in the clear, colorless, rod-like or oval cystic structure of the ascus (ascus) in. The formation of each ascus generally 8 ascospores. Ascus usually produced in a coated fruit within the ascus. Ascus fruit are generally four types, namely a closed spherical capsule shell without holes (cletothecium), bottle-shaped or spherical shell wall and there is a real and fixed orifice perithecia (perithecium), dissolved from the seat, non- real shell wall and the fixed orifice of the sub-cavity (locule), and discoid or cup of ascus disk (9pothecium). (4) basidiospores (basidiospore): of basidiomycetes sexual spores. Usually directly from the mycelium to form dual-core "+","-" mycelium, after the top dual-core hyphae extended into rod cells of the burden (basidium). The burden of the dual-core by the nuclear distribution and meiosis, and finally the burden to generate four haploid basidiospores exogenous. In addition, some low bacteria and fungi such as chytrid fungus Plasmodiophora sexual spores are produced by the swimming gametes combine to form a zygote, and then developed by the zygote formed thick-walled dormant spores (restingspore).
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The origin and evolution of fungi
真菌的起源和演化
真菌的起源和演化
真菌的起源和演化
On the origin and evolution of fungi are mainly two schools of opinion. One maintains that fungi evolved from algae. These algae due to loss of pigments and heterotrophic from autotrophic into physiological changes caused morphological changes. In addition to bacteria from the eggs of other school that algae, other fungi from the original flagellar biology. Fungus is a wealth of natural resources. Annual consumption of a large number of human and animal cell and fruiting bodies of fungi; fungi are also important ingredients. Certain metabolic products of fungi in industry with a wide range of uses, such as ethanol, citric acid, glycerol, enzymes, sterols, fats, plastic, promoting antibiotics, vitamins and so on. And these things can be large-scale production. In the role of fungi in decomposition, it makes many important chemical elements can be recycled. Fungi, directly or indirectly affect the Earth's biosphere, the material recycling and energy conversion. Fungi are the following: Mildew Also known as "filamentous bacteria." Fungi. Lanes filaments, clusters, can produce various forms of spores. Many saprophytic. Many types are common Rhizopus, Mucor, Aspergillus and Penicillium and so on. Mold used to produce industrial raw materials (citric acid, methylene succinic acid, etc.), for food processing (soy sauce, etc.), manufacture of antibiotics (such as penicillin, griseofulvin), and the production of pesticides (such as "920", Beauveria bassiana) and so on. But can also lead to industrial raw materials and products, and agricultural and forestry products moldy. While a small portion of mold can cause disease in man and animals and plants, such as tinea capitis, ringworm, and sweet potato rot disease. Yeast Fungi. Takes the shape of round, oval or elliptic, within the nucleus, vacuoles and granular solid materials. Usually reproduce by budding; some points to the second division; some species produce ascospores. Widely distributed in nature, especially in grapes and other fruits and vegetables more. Fat is an important enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. Commonly used in the production of bread yeast, feed yeast, alcohol, yeast and wine yeast. Some medicine can be used for the synthetic hormone, but also for oil fermentation. Yeast (saccharomyces) Genus Saccharomyces. Cells were round, oval or elliptical. Reproduction by budding, can form ascospores. In the fermentation industry, used to produce alcohol or medicinal yeast fermentation, biomass utilization can also be extracted by the quality of coagulation, ergosterol, lecithin, coenzyme A and cytochrome C class products. Monascus adriamycin (monascuspurpureus) bacteria belonging to capsule classes, Aspergillus Section. Mycelium purple. Asexual reproduction, the Yin to the top wire to form a separate branch or a small string of spherical or pear-shaped conidial. When sexual reproduction to produce spherical, orange-red fruit closed capsule, endogenous ascospore ascus containing eight. Monascus red yeast rice can be prepared, brewing and production of red Rufu glucoamylase and so on. Candida (candida) One is able to form pseudohyphae, yeast does not produce ascospores. Many of the Candida can take advantage of n-alkanes as a carbon source for fermentation dewaxing oil and produce valuable products. Alkane oxidation ability which is the mostly Candida Candida lipolytica (c.lipolytica) or Candida tropicalis (c.tropicalis). Some species can be used as fodder yeast; individual species can cause human or animal diseases. Candida albicans (candidaalbicans) Or also known as "white Candida." An oval shape, line breeding budding Candida. Usually found in normal oral, intestinal, upper respiratory tract, etc., can cause thrush and other oral diseases or other diseases. Aspergillus flavus (aspergillusflavus) Geotrichum (geotrichumcandidum) Fungi. Colony surface diffusion, tissue light, soft, milky white. Mycelial growth to a certain stage, breaking into a split cylindrical conidial. Optimum cell growth temperature is 28 ℃. Commonly found in milk and dairy products (such as yogurt and cheese) and; in pickles and sauce, but also often Geotrichum. Used to make nuclear bitter acid, yeast tablets. Anti-bacteria Also known as "antagonist (Jie) antimicrobial." Can inhibit the growth of other species of microorganisms, microbes and even kill some other species of microorganisms. Some of them produce antibiotics, mainly actinomycetes and some fungi and bacteria. Produced by Streptomyces, such as streptomycin, penicillin production of Penicillium, Bacillus polymyxa spores produced polymyxin and so on. Pseudohyphal Some yeast such as Candida reproduction by budding, the daughter cells growing chain end, and a branch, known as pseudohyphae. Narrow junction between cells, such as multiple intersecting like, generally do not divide. Antibiotics Pathogenic fungi Common fungal culture are: Formula One Sa City (sabouraud's) medium Peptone, 20 g fat 10 Keqiong 1000 ml water 40 g maltose First peptone, agar, after adding water, heating, stirring constantly, until the agar dissolves, add 40 g maltose (or glucose), stirring so that it dissolved, then separate packaging, sterilization, reserve. This training is to train many types of fungi, bacteria are commonly used. Second potato sugar agar recipe Wash the potatoes peeled, take 200 Kocse into small pieces, add water 1000 ml, boil half an hour later, make up water. In the filtrate add 10 Keqiong fat, 20 grams of sugar dissolved in boiling (for cultivating fungi to join sucrose, glucose for the addition of yeast culture), make up water, packaging, sterilization, reserve. Transferred to this medium ph value of 7.2 to 7.4, the formula of sugar, such as the use of glucose can also be used to cultivate actinomycetes and Bacillus. Recipe three bean sprouts juice medium Bean sprouts 15 g fat 100 Keqiong 1000 ml water 20 grams glucose Wash bean sprouts, add boiling water for 30 minutes. With gauze and the filtrate added to the agar, dissolved into the heated sugar, stirring to make it dissolve, make up to 1000 ml of water, packaging, sterilization, reserve. Transferred to this medium ph value of 7.2 to 7.4, can be used to cultivate bacteria and actinomycetes. Recipe four pea agar 80 5 grams of pea agar 200 ml of water Take 80 dried peas, add water, boil 1 hour, filtered with gauze, the filtrate added to the agar, boil to dissolve, packaging, sterilization, reserve.
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Fungi and life
真菌与生活
真菌与生活
真菌与生活
Environment, recycling As fungi and microorganisms such as bacteria are decomposers that some organisms decompose dead organic creatures. For all types of fungi to inorganic biodegradable, so that soil fertility enhancement. Food and fungi Some fungi also become an important source of food. Edible mushroom has 200 kinds, such as mushrooms, straw mushrooms, edible fungus, cloud ear and so on. After the invasion and fungal Health (moving) objects shell, such as Cordyceps sinensis. Some fungi used in food processing, such as processing of yeast used in bread, wine also needs to fungi. Pathogenic fungi In agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, the fungi have harmful side. A variety of fungi can cause plant disease, resulting in huge economic losses. For example, the potato late blight in Europe in 1845 destroyed the popular 5 / 6 of the potato, wheat rust in China since 1950 and 1974, wheat and rice blast leaving the cut six billion kilograms. Fungi can also cause animals, plants and a variety of human diseases, in humans there are three types: ①. Fungal infection; ②. Allergic diseases; ③. Toxic diseases. Fungal disease resistance As a fortunate Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin fault. Once when he was away on holiday, to the laboratory in a dish of bacteria growing in it, Jhongjheng forgotten. 3 weeks later, when he was back to the lab, noted that long in a culture dish in a mold spots. Bacteria and mold spots all around the dead. What a powerful mold material leaking? Fleming called penicillin, and found that it can kill a lot of deadly bacteria. However, because penicillin mixed in vitro and serum soon after the inactivation, Fleming that it will not play a role in human and animals. The relationship between fungi and plant roots Some fungal hyphae to the plant roots long after, to make plants grow larger and more healthy. The mycelium from the underground drilling out the soil absorb water and nutrients. When more water and nutrients, plants can benefit from the fungi at, and fungi also secrete a substance that can promote plant growth.
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Overview
真菌 概述
真菌 概述
真菌 概述
Fungi (Fungus) Fungus Latin word originally mushrooms. Fungi are a large group in the biological world, the fungus has been described about 10,000 belong to 12 million species of fungi scientist Professor Dai Fanglan estimated that about 4 million. By Linnaeus (Linneaus) classification system of two circles, people often fungal door, the door is divided into sub-bacterial flagellum, Zygomycetes Amon, Amon ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and imperfect fungi Amon Amon. Among them, a group of Basidiomycotina variety of higher fungi, most species with edible and medicinal value, such as white fungus, mushroom, bamboo fungus, boletus, fungus, etc., but there are also leopard phalloidin, saddles, ghost pen and other toxic species of mushroom. In addition, imperfect fungi, about 300 sub-door is a disease of crops and forest pathogens, and some are a human and some animals can cause skin pathogens, such as rice blast fungus, can cause seedling blast, blast, and ri Festival plague and so on. (Fungus; eumycetes) is a nucleus and the cell wall of heterotrophic organisms. Many species have been reported up to 1 million or more is to plant more than 100,000. The low vegetative types except for a few single cells, mostly composed by a slender tubular hyphae mycelium. Undivided low fungal hyphae, the hyphae of higher fungi have a diaphragm, the former is called non-separated hyphae (coenocytic hypha), which called septate hyphae (septate hypha). In most fungal cell walls is the most characteristic containing chitin (chitin), followed by the cellulose. Common fungal organelles are: mitochondria, microbodies, ribosome, vacuole, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, flagella, etc.; common with glycogen inclusions, crystal, resin body and so on. Fungi are usually divided into three categories, namely, yeast, mold and mushroom (large fungi), they belong to different sub-door. Fungus is able to form a large fleshy or gelatinous fruiting bodies or sclerotia, most belonging to Basidiomycotina, a few belong to ascomycetes Amon. Common large-scale fungi mushroom, straw mushroom, mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, mushroom, edible fungus, white fungus, bamboo fungus, morel and so on. They are both an important class of fungi vegetables, food and pharmaceutical industry is an important resource. Fungal cells contain both chloroplast, no plastids, is typical of heterotrophic organisms. Them from animals, plants, living, dead bodies and their droppings, as well as snags, fallen leaves and humus in the soil to absorb and break down organic matter which, as their nutrition. Heterotrophic fungi are parasitic and saprophytic way. Often filamentous fungi and multicellular organisms, and its addition to a large vegetative bacteria, the differentiation is very small. Shape of higher fruiting bodies of large bacteria. With few exceptions, the cell walls of fungi have clear, often can not exercise to the way spore reproduction.
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Fungi and life
真菌与生活
真菌与生活
真菌与生活
真菌与生活
真菌与生活
真菌与生活
Environment, recycling As fungi and microorganisms such as bacteria are decomposers that some organisms decompose dead organic creatures. For all types of fungi to inorganic biodegradable, so that soil fertility enhancement. Food and fungi Some fungi also become an important source of food. Edible mushroom has 200 kinds, such as mushrooms, straw mushrooms, edible fungus, cloud ear and so on. After the invasion and fungal Health (moving) objects shell, such as Cordyceps sinensis. Some fungi used in food processing, such as processing of yeast used in bread, wine also needs to fungi. Pathogenic fungi In agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, the fungi have harmful side. A variety of fungi can cause plant disease, resulting in huge economic losses. For example, the potato late blight in Europe in 1845 destroyed the popular 5 / 6 of the potato, wheat rust in China since 1950 and 1974, wheat and rice blast leaving the cut six billion kilograms. Fungi can also cause animals, plants and a variety of human diseases, in humans there are three types: ①. Fungal infection; ②. Allergic diseases; ③. Toxic diseases. Fungal disease resistance As a fortunate Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin fault. Once when he was away on holiday, to the laboratory in a dish of bacteria growing in it, Jhongjheng forgotten. 3 weeks later, when he was back to the lab, noted that long in a culture dish in a mold spots. Bacteria and mold spots all around the dead. What a powerful mold material leaking? Fleming called penicillin, and found that it can kill a lot of deadly bacteria. However, because penicillin mixed in vitro and serum soon after the inactivation, Fleming that it will not play a role in human and animals. The relationship between fungi and plant roots Plant roots and fungi have a symbiotic relationship, roots and fungi called mycorrhizal symbiosis. Ectomycorrhizal (Arbuscular mycorrhizae): hyphae fungal hyphae in the root of the surface of the surface of the body wrapped in young roots, and sometimes invasive cortical cells, but not into the cell, this time to replace the root hairs mycelium function, an increase of the absorption area of roots, such as pine, etc.; VAM (endomycorrhizae): hyphae penetrated through the cell wall to the epidermis and cortex cells, to enhance absorption function, and promote transport of substances within the root, such as citrus, walnuts, etc.; VAM outside: there are not only wrapped in radicle mycelium but also deep into the surface of cells, known as internal and external mycorrhizal, such as apple, willow and so on. Hyphae absorb water, salts and other supply plant, generating plant hormone and vitamin B, promote root growth; supply of fungal plant sugars, amino acids and other organic nutrients. Able to form mycorrhizae than 2000 kinds of higher plants, such as arborvitae, white poplar, ginkgo, wheat, onions, etc.; Plants with mycorrhizal fungi in the absence of normal growth can not exist, so when planting required prior fungal inoculation and infection, to facilitate the success of wasteland afforestation. Minor release fungal】 【words Formed by the hyphae, no roots, stems, leaves the division, no chlorophyll, can not create their own nutrients, parasitic or saprophytic way to ready-made organic matter intake of lower plants independent groups. Fungi decompose organic or synthetic ability of many species can be used to obtain the vitamins, antibiotics, enzyme preparations, and some fungi can produce toxins, causing animal and plant poisoning sick. The toxins produced by the fungi to known fungal toxins. Fungi as a pathogen invades the human body and animals but also caused hair, skin, nervous system, respiratory system and other internal organs of the lesion. Such as dandruff and athlete's foot
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Containing
Amino acids and other nutrients Vegetative back catalog Apart from a few low single-cell fungi, the vast majority of fungal hyphae formed by. Mycelium is slender tubular body to form a cell, said all the mycelium mycelium. Undivided low fungal hyphae, the hyphae of higher fungi have a diaphragm, the former is called non-mycelial compartment, which is called a separated hyphae. Hyphal cells contain protoplasm, nucleus and vacuoles, and storage of protein, oil droplets and glycogen and other nutrients. Protoplasm is usually colorless and transparent, but some species with other pigments and showed for a variety of colors. Majority of fungi have cell walls, some lower fungal cell wall is cellulose, the cell walls of higher fungi, the main component of chitin. Common fungal organelles are: nucleus, mitochondria, microbodies, ribosome, vacuole, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, flagella, etc.; common with glycogen inclusions, crystal, resin body and so on. Adverse environmental conditions, some of mycelium or the breeding season, each mycelium dense knots of mycelium mycelium tissue metamorphosis into the body. Common are root-like bacteria Faso, child seat, and sclerotia. Propagule back catalog When carried to a certain period of life, nutrition, the fungus into the breeding season began, the formation of the fruiting bodies of various propagules (fruitingbody). Fungal propagules including the formation of asexual reproduction asexual spores and sexual reproduction produce sexual spores. Vegetative propagation (asexual reproduction) is the vegetative meiosis without nuclear distribution and reproduction of individuals to produce offspring. Its basic characteristic is the vegetative propagation is usually produced directly from hyphae asexual spore differentiation. There are three common types of asexual spores, chlamydospores, respectively, sections spores, swimming spores and conidia. Conidia Zoospores Section spores Chlamydospore Sexual reproduction (sexualreproduction) is a fungal growth to a certain period (usually the latter) to carry out sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is the result of combining the two cell nuclei after meiosis to produce a reproduction gown. Differentiation of fungal hyphae produced by the majority of organs that with ascus (gametangium), by male and female sex distribution in the capsule to form paozi. The whole process can be divided into mass distribution, nuclear distribution and meiotic stages. After sexual reproduction, fungi can produce four types of sexual spores. In addition, some low bacteria and fungi such as chytrid fungus Plasmodiophora sexual spores are produced by the swimming gametes combine to form a zygote, and then developed by the zygote formed thick-walled dormant spores (restingspore). Life history back to the directory From spores (asexual spores and sexual spore) germination, through growth and development stage, and finally all the spores have the same process. Moreover, some fungi, such as all of imperfect fungi, it is only observed in their vegetative stage, and no sexual stage, but just did not find, and can not explain their life cycle is asexual spores to vegetative spores. Origin and evolution of back catalog Fungal origin, evolution and phylogenetic studies, the first is based on comparative morphology and cellular data. Nearly 30 years, as science and technology development and wide application of new technologies, such as G-C content, cell wall polysaccharide composition and structure of the study, various types of fungi, the enzymes of tryptophan biosynthesis _set_tlement graphics, Lai acid biosynthesis and two different sequences of rRNA, have contributed to the origin and evolution of fungi. Fungal origin Fungi exist on Earth still not clear how long, the origin of the fungus has no exact conclusion. Some characteristics of fungi and plants are similar in some respects, however, and animals have similarities. In recent years, according to the comparative study of nutrition, fungi are not plants nor animals, but a separate biological groups - Fungi. ① origin of Pluralism: According to the genital morphology and mating that the fungi from the algae. Chytrid fungus algae evolved from the original project; Saprolegnia not separated from the algae project performed; Mucor sp bonding from the speech; ascomycetes and basidiomycetes evolved from red algae, which is pluralist view of fungal origin. ② flagellar biological origin theory: that the vast majority of fungi is derived from a primitive aquatic organisms - flagellar biology, single cell, with one to several flagella, some have chlorophyll and other pigments, and some non-pigmented, with the evolution of pigment as algae, fungi pigment evolution. Fungi and algae are derived from flagella organisms. The evolution of fungi ① lifestyle: a primitive type of aquatic fungi, the evolutionary process from aquatic to terrestrial, and also speculated in the evolution of aquatic habits may return. Thus considered more primitive flagellated zoospores, but not swimming spores are relatively static evolution. ② nutritional way: saprophytic way of life is the original type of parasitic saprophytic way of life than the senior lifestyle. Parasitic way of life and post-parasitic way of life than the senior, the most advanced way of life is parasitic way of specific expertise. ③ fungal structure: from simple to complex, then complex degradation and loss of special structure, to make the structure simple. Wide application of new technologies, the revised origin and evolution of fungi provides a scientific basis. Currently considered the main axis of fungal evolution line: flagellar bio - chytrid fungus - Zygomycetes - Ascomycetes - basidiomycete. Classification of history back to the directory First, the classification of foreign scholars 1, in Linnaeus (1735) classification system established by the two circles (animal and plant kingdoms), the fungus belongs to the plant kingdom. 2, in Hogg (1860) and Haeckel (1866) classification system has created the Three Realms (native biological, animal and plant kingdoms), the fungus is native biosphere. 3, in Copeland (1938) classification system established four community (bacteria community, native biological, animal and plant kingdoms), the fungus is native biosphere. 4, in Wittaker (1969)) established a five-sector classification system (prokaryotic community, native biosphere, plants, fungi and animal industry sector) in the fungal community as a separate treatment. This is the aspect of a more complete unified system, shown in the longitudinal aspect of the three stages of evolution, that is, without cell biology → → prokaryotic eukaryotic single-cell biological (single cell → multi-cellular) organisms. In the horizontal dimension shows the three main directions of biological evolution, the photosynthesis of plants, fungi absorb nutrients and feeding the animals. Second, the classification of scholars 1 Adherence (1965), the biological classification system is divided into two general community (the beginning of the total community and students cellular Chief Health sector), which, before Chief Health sector including viruses, intracellular total community, including students (bacterial community, slime molds circles, plants, fungi community and the animal kingdom.) 2, Shi-Xiang et al (1979) proposed a five-sector classification system, based on the main stage of the evolution of life history, namely, cell-free nuclear phase of the original phase → Eukaryotic → stage points. No cell stage, including viruses; former nuclear stage, including bacteria and algae, bacteria and algae in the formation of an ecosystem; eukaryotic stage by plants, fungi and animals to form ecosystems. Into three general community in three stages, the total industry sector consists of six: the virus world, bacterial community, algae community, Plantae, Fungi, animals. (1) Non-cell total community (non-cell stage) ① virus industry (2) the total prokaryotic community (formerly the nucleation stage) ② bacterial community ③ algae community (3) the total eukaryotic community (eukaryotic stage) ④ Flora ⑤ Fungi ⑥ animals With bacteria, viruses, the difference back to the directory Plants and animals are made up of cells, the cells have nuclei, and fungal microorganisms only have a real and complete nuclear organelles, it is also known eukaryotic microbial; only the original core structure of bacteria, no nuclear membrane and nucleolus, few organelles, microbial cells are prokaryotic; and the virus is no cell structure, belonging to the native microorganisms. So, although some fungi are very small, can make them sick, but it is bacteria and viruses are essentially different.
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Encyclopedia
真菌 百科辞典
zhenjun Fungi fungus Comparison of a class of cell structure integrity, have cell walls, a complete eukaryotic cell nuclear microorganisms. There is a small number of single cells. Most of the branched or unbranched filaments composed. Violations of the major pathogenic fungi at the site and the clinical manifestations can be divided into the surface of the cuticle fungal infections, skin and ringworm fungi, subcutaneous tissue infections and deep fungal infection fungal four categories.
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Medical Dictionary
真菌 医药词典
Hyphae formed by the bacteria, no roots, stems and leaves of differentiation, no chlorophyll, can not create their own nutrients to the parasitic or saprophytic way of life of lower organisms. Fungal hyphae were tubular, the majority of hyphae with the diaphragm, such as multi-cellular hyphae, there are holes in the central divide, so that the cytoplasm, the nucleus through. Some fungal hyphae without diaphragm, the multinucleated cells. Fungi with asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction in two ways. Many types of bacteria directly, sub-flagella bacteria, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, fungi and sub-group of five types of imperfect fungi, are widely distributed in nature, and human relations are very close.
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English Expression
n.: epiphyte, eumycete, fungoid, fungus, Fungi, any of varioustypes of plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring-matter, growing on other plants or decaying matter
Thesaurus
Columella class Mushroom
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