Living thing, with growth, development, reproduction capacity, metabolic function through material exchange with the surrounding environment. Animals, plants, microbes are living things
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森林生物
Forest biological
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生物
Only a few eagle hovering in the high-altitude, near invisible creatures. - "Great wall"
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物体
Refers to the natural world in all living objects. "Book of Rites": "Earth is tempting short vegetation, the water was probably tired of the small bio-gas decline is fail." Tang Yuan Zhen "style evening with" Poems: "biological natural career, security can be more than stone." Brief Introduction to the "on" Life Daily> General answer the question ":" As you will understand that all living things can not leave the environment to survive. "
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指活的动物
Refers to live animals. "Zhuangzi Human World": "You are raising a tiger is almost unknown husband, not to biological with its kill Wrath also." Qing Li Dou "Pleasure boats small Qinhuai recorded": "normal market, saw the creatures, out of money to buy up the. such as money, then clap your hands together prayer, tailor not only see the creatures, must put it as a wish. "
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生长万物
Growth of all things. "Propriety": the "days to biological, can not distinguish objects too; to be able to carry passengers, not rule people." Han Dong, "Chun Qiu Fan Lu Bei Yin Yang respect": "love gas to biological and strict air in successful, happy gas to health, sadness and mourning gas to the end, days-chih. "" History of the Ming Okinawa has spread to 4 ":" Heaven and earth as the center of biological, emperors are almost human beings can never! "also refers to growing crops. Ming Song should sing "Heavenly Creations forging": "Where the rule in biology, with a hoe, Bo the case."
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未经煮熟之物
Things are not thoroughly cooked. Song Yu Wen Bao "blowing sword outside the set of recorded": "Don Yagimoto degrees in 80 and strong, people asked, they said, but not to warm the cold sea air thing, cooked biological ... ... cover are creatures without fireworks."
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物体
With an inanimate object in nature, including plants, animals and microorganisms three categories. Individuals have carried out bio-material and energy metabolism, growth and development can make their own; according to certain laws of heredity and variation for breeding, so that race can reproduce and evolve. The main components of organisms with the genetic information of nucleic acids and proteins.
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The collection whose elements include
生物 集合，其元素包括
Biology is a collection of objects, whose elements include: Under natural conditions, generated by a chemical reaction with the survivability and reproductive capacity of the objects of life and from it (or them) have generated through the propagation of life for future generations.
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Bio What is it?
Usually, you can not distinguish what is struggling creatures, rather than anything biological, but really let you use language or words to express what is the creature, it is no longer so simple. In fact, to give a scientific definition of biological next is extremely difficult, before the man has failed to solve the problem. Some people think that biology is a living object. Indeed, everything is living, then, in turn, is the object of life is biological it? The answer is no! Because the creature has not only lives but also can have a part of biological life. For example, a green leaf, to transplant the heart, the blood of the red blood cells and white blood cells. However, these are inanimate objects, people do not think they belong to organisms. Therefore, the object of life is not necessarily biological. So, the concept of how biological definition? We found that animals from each specific person, pigs, tigers, sparrows and mosquitoes and other components, therefore, animal itself is a collection of objects. Similarly, plants, microorganisms and organisms are a collection of objects. Therefore, we can define the concept of a collection of creatures. Biology is a collection of objects, whose elements include: Under natural conditions, generated by a chemical reaction with the survivability and reproductive capacity of the objects of life and from it (or them) have generated through the propagation of life for future generations. The definition is neither the worker bees will be no reproduction, Pianniu and mules and other animals out of the creature outside the scope nor will there is life, but not a green leaf creatures, to transplant the heart, blood in the red blood cells and white blood cells, sperm and eggs and other objects into the biological areas.
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Biological characteristics
1, a common material and structural basis 2, a metabolic phenomenon 3, stress 4, there is growth, development, reproductive phenomena 5, the characteristics of genetic variation 6, able to adapt to a certain environment and changing the environment 7, the biological needs of nutrition 8, bio-energy to breathe 9, bio-waste to get rid of the body
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the biosphere on Earth all living, namely, animals, plants, microorganisms, and they have the gene and the living environment. It consists of three levels: genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity. Simply put, biodiversity is the performance of thousands of species. On Earth live in tropical rain forest species of more than half of the world (about 5,000,000 kinds), so, where biodiversity is most abundant. High biodiversity value, which not only provide raw materials for industry, such as rubber, oil, aromatic oil, fiber, etc., can also provide a variety of specific human genes, such as cold resistance gene, to cultivate new plants and animals species possible. A lot of precious wild animals and plants or herbs, for the treatment of difficult cases possible. With environmental pollution and destruction, such as deforestation, destruction of vegetation, indiscriminate hunting and fishing, at present, the world's biological species is the rate of dozens a day away. This is a great loss to the Earth's resources, because the species are gone, will never regenerate. Disappearance of the human species will not only lose a natural resource, but also through the food chain caused the disappearance of other species. Today, human beings are calling for conservation of biological diversity and worth action.
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Biological classification
The general biological classification of levels: community, doors, classes, orders, families, genera and species The specific level of biological classification: total industry (superkingdom), industry (kingdom), door (phylum), Amon (subphylum), Master (superclass), classes (class), subclasses (subclass), Head (superorder), Head (order), suborder (suborder), General Division (superfamily (-oidae)), Section (family (-idae)), subfamily (subfamily (-inae)), is a (genus), subgenus (subgenus) , species (species), subspecies (subspecies). Biology is a prokaryotic, eukaryotic form, that is, animals, plants, microorganisms, their metabolism can be characterized. Plants algae, lichen, ferns, seed plants (herbs are seed plants), micro-plants; Animals are mammals, amphibians, marine animals, micro-animals; Microorganisms are fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, spirochetes, actinomycetes, viruses. The basic material and the main biological structure (other than HIV) The basic material of biological cells are: water, nutrients, mitochondria, DNA, and plants, chlorophyll. The main structure of living cells: membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and plants, cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole (blastocyst).
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Eukaryotes
Formed by the eukaryotic cell biology. Including native biological, Fungi, plants and animals. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the main difference: ① from the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells, nucleoli, nuclear fluid, consisting of bilayer membrane such as the nucleus; prokaryotic cells without nuclear membrane, nucleolus, so no real nucleus, only to be formed by the nuclear DNA concentration. ② eukaryotic transcription in the nucleus for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm were, and prokaryotic cells co-transcription and protein linked to turnover. ③ eukaryotic cells the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and other organelles, prokaryotic cells do not. ④ some lower eukaryotes, in addition to groups (such as dinoflagellates, etc.) outside the cell, chromosomes are 5 or 4 kinds of groups and dna binding proteins to form nucleosomes; in prokaryotes not. ⑤ in the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells have a special copy of the dna (s period); prokaryotic cells do not, and its dna replication is often carried out continuously. ⑥ eukaryotic cell mitosis is not prokaryotic cells. ⑦ eukaryotic cells have developed micro-management system, its flagella (cilia), centrioles, spindle microtubules and so on, prokaryotes do not. ⑧ eukaryotic cells by the actin, myosin and other form of micro-fiber system, the latter with the cytoplasmic circulation, closely related to phagocytosis; and prokaryotes but not such a system, and therefore no circulation and phagocytosis of cytoplasmic . ⑨ eukaryotic cells for the 80s ribosomal type, prokaryotic type for the 70s, both in the chemical composition and morphology has a distinct difference. The most primitive eukaryotes is likely to be a direct ancestor of prokaryotes unusually large, the body has made from the fold as the plasma membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum as the membrane system and the original micro-fiber system that can be deformed Sports and phagocytosis. Part of the system after the membrane surrounding the chromatin, so he formed the original nucleus. Endometrial rest of the system were developed Golgi apparatus, lysosomes and other organelles. According to the U.S. and other scholars re l. Margulies's "within the symbiotic said," (see cell origin), the mitochondrial origin of intracellular symbiotic in oxidative phosphorylation could be the true bacteria, and chloroplasts originated in intracellular symbiosis can photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
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Prokaryotes
The biological composition of the original cells. Including cyanobacteria, bacteria, archaea, actinomycetes, rickettsia, spirochetes, mycoplasma, and Chlamydia. Has the following characteristics: ① between nucleus and cytoplasm without nuclear membrane and cytoplasm, thus forming the nucleus-free. ② genetic material is a non-histone ring with double helix DNA (dna) silk, does not constitute a chromosome (and some of its major genes in prokaryotes, there is a smaller group, and out of cells can be plasmid dna). ③ a simple way to reproduce the second division, no mitosis or meiosis. ④ flagellum is not constituted by the microtubules, but no "9 +2" structure, consisting of only a few spiral or parallel composition of protein filaments. ⑤ cytoplasmic ribosomes and not only mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuoles and plastids (plants), the central grain and other organelles, the ribosome sedimentation coefficient of 70s. ⑥ Most prokaryotes have a unique cell wall composition and structure and so on.
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How the benefit of mankind biological
1, the latest biotechnology In recent years, biotechnology has made great progress in the development, gene isolation, amplification, recombination and somatic cell cloning technology have been achieved, a structure of the protein and co could have been proved. Rapid propagation of virus-free, tissue culture, embryo transfer, embryo technologies such as cutting and monoclonal antibodies have entered the practical stage, the output value in 2000 is expected to be over 100 billion U.S. dollars. According to the Associated Press reports, U.S. scientists have used a mouse to grow biotechnology Sheshi an elephant egg, the technology can help save the world in the future on some of the endangered animals. Mice can be used to manufacture other animal egg "factories", these eggs after fertilization, pregnancy can be used to make endangered animals. 2, the Human Genome Project completed in the beginning of this century Human Genome Organization to complete the project in the beginning of this century, which will greatly promote the research activities in the field of medicine, change the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the manner that is conducive to people's health. Imperial Cancer Research Fund, a research scientist, Professor Carlo La Anglesey, said: "In the next 50 years, the main lethal killer may be destroyed. Within a few decades, genetic bar code will have a more profound significance. Once the scientists learned more about the biological causes of cancer or stroke way to predict that the bar code will become the future "crystal ball." Dna in the cutting chain, DNA barcode would be possible to identify one possible future disease, and people suffering from these diseases. 3, bio-technology enables the effective prevention and treatment of many diseases The completion of the genome project and the progress of biotechnology in the future cancer patients do not experience pain during treatment, they will use to develop according to genetic screening and treatment. Genetic analysis may allow doctors to assess at the molecular level, both chemotherapy kill healthy cells in patients with the problem and kill cancer cells and that they may be specific conditions for different patients to be corrected. Scientists are gradually solve cancer, vascular congestion and Alzheimer's disease biochemical pathways, they can put new genes into the body, treatment of disease. Crimes against humanity in many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS, diabetes, etc., will be effective prevention, treatment and control. Dozens of U.S. companies have used "rational drug design" method designed super drugs, this approach to biotechnology and chemical closely together, to heal the current drugs can not cure cancer, AIDS and multiple sclerosis and other deadly diseases, to have entered the human testing stage. Experts expect this kind of research will be genetic mechanisms, development mechanisms and learn more about the immune system not only helps to treat some genetic diseases, but also for the understanding of biological processes but also of great significance. Scientists eventually may be found to prevent heart disease and cancer. 4, human cloning will enter the era Field of biotechnology, cloning technology is a major landmark technological breakthroughs, as in the UK cloning "Dolly" the sheep was born, causing great attention around the world, scientists think it signals "the 21st century, mankind will enter cloning era. " Dolly has been successful in April this year, the birth of its first lamb, which indicates that a mature cells from the cloned sheep can be conceived and full-term pregnancy, a healthy lamb output. Who helped clone Dolly the sheep ppl pharmaceutical companies also cloned a calf this year. Cloning technology also can bring medical breakthroughs. Cloned "Dolly" the sheep, scientists said that if the ethical and legal permission of cloned babies for infertile couples do eventually appear. Dolly the cloned sheep breeders 伊恩维尔穆 Hunter said: "Many things in life has two sides. Now, I have no doubt that the potential benefits of this technology is far greater than the potential harm. On human cloning said the study will greatly extend the human life. " 5, biotechnology, computer technology combined with Biotechnology and computer technology, biotechnology is becoming a new trend. Bio-chip computer being developed, the United States 艾菲梅特里 Fox announced the successful use of dna made of bio-chip can be used to read the living tissue genes evolved with the surging flow of information, which is bio-technology and computer the crystallization of technology convergence. Motorola, Patrizi Instruments and the U.S. government's Argonne National Laboratory have announced that they have formed a partnership to mass production of bio-chips. Biochip for medicine and agriculture has a broad meaning, it is time in seconds can be thousands of biological reactions. Bio-chip "micro-gel" technology, which, in an area the size of the glass microscope loading on-chip micro-structure - the number is as many as 10,000 or more - play the role of micro-tube. The chips work faster speed than conventional methods. Bio-chip plan might lead to a market of several billions of dollars in new industries. 6, extensive use of bio-technology field of environmental protection The scientists are still a lot of use of biotechnology in environmental protection to curb the trend of environmental deterioration. The main technologies currently in development: biological methods of sewage treatment, air pollution prevention and control with microbial desulfurization, removal of pollutants by bacterial degradation, with pollution-free biological pesticides to control crop pests, pest-resistant crops and foster the development of practical biodegradable plastics.
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Bio Glossary
Introduction * 1 Stress: Any organism to external stimuli can happen a certain response. Favorable trend of stimulation, to avoid negative stimuli. * 2, reflecting: people and animals in the nervous system with the participation of the external environment of the body and to stimulate reactions that occur regularly. The chemical composition of cells 3, protoplasts: a matter of life within the cell. It is the main component of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Cells are formed by the protoplasm. This constitutes a small group of cells to differentiate into the cell membrane and protoplasm, cytoplasm and nucleus and other parts. 4, combined with water: water in the cells exist in two forms. Intracellular part of the combination of other substances, called bound water. Water is a cellular structure with the composition. 5, free water: Most of the free form, free movement, called free water. * 6, the condensation of: amino acid molecules to one another as the way is: a carboxyl group of amino acids (-cooh) and other amino acids in the amino (-nh2) is connected, while losing part of the water, this combination method is called condensation. * 7, the peptide bond: connecting two amino acids that bond (-nh-co-) called a peptide bond. 8, two peptides: amino acids by the condensation of two compounds, called dipeptide. 9, peptide: condensation of amino acids by a number of multiple peptide bond-containing compounds, called peptides. 10, nucleic acid: nucleic acid was originally extracted from the nucleus, and acidic, so called nucleic acids. 11, DNA: DNA can be divided into two categories: one is with deoxyribose, called DNA, referred to as the dna. 12, RNA: the other is contained ribose, called RNA, referred to rna. Structure and function of cells * 13, the microstructure: the ordinary optical microscope, the cells can be observed in the structure. * 14, submicroscopic structure: also known as the microscope. Refers to the ordinary optical microscope can not distinguish a variety of fine structure within the cell. 15, cell: also known as plasma membrane or plasma membrane, the cell division of protoplast formation, and in the outer surface layer of thin film structure. 16, membrane proteins: a cell membrane structures of various protein components. 17, carrier proteins: membrane structure and physical transport of a transmembrane protein. The membrane transport proteins have specific binding sites, the material on the highly _select_ive binding, only with the specific characteristics of substances with similar enzymatic reaction with the substrate. When a carrier protein, the surface of the outer end of the binding site and specificity of binding material, the carrier protein molecule to the conformation change, the molecular functioning of the material to the inner surface of the membrane, followed by release into the cytoplasm. * 18, the cytoplasm: in the cell membrane within the protoplasm outside the nucleus, called cytoplasm. In living cells observed under light microscope, you can see a clear jelly cytoplasm, including cytoplasmic matrix and organelles. * 19, cytoplasmic matrix: the cytoplasm was part of the liquid matrix. * 20, organelles: cytoplasm, with a specific function in the various sub-cellular structures in general. * 21, chromatin: distribution in the nucleus of some basic dyes easily dyed dark substances that are formed by the dna and protein. In the period between cell division, these substances become thin wire, woven into a network, these filaments is the chromatin. * 22 chromosome: the cell division, the nucleus of a high degree of long helical filaments of chromatin, shorter and thicker, the result can be seen under the optical microscope, the chromosomes. Cell division * 23, the cell cycle: continuous dividing cells, from the beginning on the completion of the first division to the next until the completion of the first division, which is a cell cycle. A cell cycle consists of two phases: interphase and mitotic division. 24, split between the period: from the cell after the last division prior to the next division is the division between the period. 25, split the period: the split between the period after the end to enter mitosis. Overview of metabolism * 26, metabolism: organism and the external environment and energy exchange between the material and the biological body of material and energy transformation process, called metabolism. * 27, assimilation (anabolism): In the metabolic process, the organisms into the environment from the outside intake of nutrients into the composition of their own material, and store energy, which is called assimilation. * 28, dissimilation (catabolism): organisms to form their own part of the material to be decomposed, releasing the energy of which, and the excreted end product of metabolism, which is called catabolism. * 29, the enzyme: The enzyme is produced by living cells with the catalytic ability of a special class of proteins. Water metabolism * 30, Water metabolism: a plant for water absorption, transport, use and loss process. * 31, osmosis: water molecules (or other solvent molecules) through the proliferation of semi-permeable membrane is called osmosis. 32, penetration of water: absorption of water by osmosis process, called the penetration of water. * 33, protoplasm layer: including the cell membrane, vacuole membrane and the cytoplasm between the two films. 34, plasmolysis: protoplast layer and cell wall separation phenomenon called plasmolysis. * 35, Transpiration: water plants, in the form of water vapor loss through the leaf stomata to the atmosphere in the process, called transpiration. Mineral Metabolism * 36, mineral metabolism: a plant for the absorption of mineral elements, transport and use of the process. * 37, mineral elements: generally refers to addition to c, h, o other, mainly absorbed by the roots from the soil elements. Photosynthesis * 38, photosynthesis: a chloroplast of green plants through the use of light energy, carbon dioxide and water, save energy, organic matter and release oxygen. Respiration * 39, biological respiration (also known as bio-oxidation): in vivo organic matter in the cell after a series of oxidation and decomposition, the resulting carbon dioxide or other products, and the total energy release process. * 40, aerobic respiration: is the participation of cells in the oxygen through the enzyme catalysis, the sugars and other organic matter completely oxidized and decomposed to produce carbon dioxide and water, while releasing large amounts of energy in the process. Aerobic respiration is the respiration of higher plants and animals the main form. * 41, anaerobic respiration: generally refers to the anaerobic conditions, through the enzyme catalysis, plant cells break down the sugars and other organic matter into the product of incomplete oxidation, while the release of a small amount of energy. This process is called the anaerobic respiration of higher plants and animals. 42, fermentation: generally refers to the anaerobic conditions, through the enzyme catalysis, plant cells break down the sugars and other organic matter into the product of incomplete oxidation, while the release of a small amount of energy. If used for micro-organisms, known as the fermentation habits. Metabolism * 43, the Food and digestion: that in the digestive tract, the structure of complex organic molecules do not dissolve in water, change into the simple structure, small molecule organic compounds dissolved in water. * 44, the absorption of nutrients: is including water, inorganic salts and other nutrients, including a variety of epithelial cells through the digestive tract into the blood and lymph process. Energy metabolism * 45, energy metabolism: the energy storage means the organism, release, transfer and utilization process. 46, the breathing: the body within the environment of all cells from the inhalation of oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide, and oxygen utilization in the cell physiological processes. 47, external respiration: the body of oxygen from the external environment and discharge of carbon dioxide inhalation of physiological processes. Basic types of metabolism 48, self-support model: the role of organisms in the process of assimilation, from the external environment can be directly transformed into their own intake of the composition of inorganic material, and store the energy, this type is called autotrophic metabolism. 49, heterotrophic: organisms in the assimilation process, can not directly use inorganic into organic matter, only the intake of ready-made from the outside world into Zishen the composition of organic matter, and store the energy, this type of metabolism called heterotrophic type. 50, aerobic type (aerobic respiration type): the role of organisms in the process of alienation, we must continue the intake of oxygen from the external environment to oxidation and decomposition of the composition of their own material to release energy and emit carbon dioxide, which is called metabolic type aerobic type. 51, anaerobic (oxygen breathing type): the role of organisms in the process of alienation, in hypoxic conditions, relying on the action of enzymes that break down organic matter in order to obtain the energy required for life activities, this type of metabolism called anaerobic. Reproductive and developmental biology 52, the reproductive biology: organisms that produce their own offspring in the process, called bio-reproductive. * 53, asexual reproduction: this refers to the combination without germ cells, directly by the parent to produce a new individual mode of reproduction. 54, division of reproductive: also known as fission, is the biological mother by a split into two sub-body mode of reproduction. 55, spores and spore reproduction: Some organisms, the body grow into the future, to produce a cells, which do not after two or two combined to form new individuals directly. Such cells called spores, this mode of reproduction known as sporogony. 56, budding: budding known, is in a certain area by the parent body of students budding mode of reproduction. Buds gradually grow to form the same individual with the parent, and detached from the parent down, a complete new individual. * 57, nutrition, reproductive: vegetative organs by the plant (roots, stems, leaves) to produce a new individual mode of reproduction. * 58, sexual reproduction: the reproductive cells is through a combination of gender, resulting zygote, the zygote develops into a new individual mode of reproduction. This is a common mode of reproduction in the biological world. 59, reproductive gametes: sexual reproduction produced by the parent body cells - gametes, between two matched pairs, with each other, as zygote, zygote then develops into a new mode of reproduction of individuals, called reproductive gametes. 60, egg: During sexual reproduction, some cells grow large, loss of flagella and can not swim, this large gametes called eggs. 61, sperm: some cells are able to produce large amounts of small cell and small cell to have two flagella, able to swim, this small gametes called sperm. 62, egg-type reproduction: egg and sperm in the reproductive method is called egg-type reproduction. * 63, Meiosis: the process of sexual reproduction is carried out in special mitosis and cell division during the two successive divisions, and chromosome and dna copied only once. Division of reproductive cells produced by the number of chromosomes and dna is only half of primordial germ cells. * 64, homologous chromosome: the process of meiosis, the two paired chromosomes Federation, are generally the same shape and size, one from the father and one from the mother party. Called homologous chromosomes. 65, Association: meiosis, homologous chromosomes paired phenomenon, called the Association. * 66 tetrads: the process of meiosis, the Federation paired with each of the four chromatids of homologous chromosomes, called a tetrad. 67, fertilization: sperm and egg combine to become the process of zygote, called fertilization. * 68, the individual biological development: fertilized egg through the cell division (mitosis), tissue differentiation and organ formation, develop into sexually mature individual until the process is called biological ontogeny. 69, angiosperm: Ovules are all coated with the ovary, a fruit bag to be the seed plants, called angiosperms. 99, embryo development: refers to the fertilized eggs develop into larvae. 70, embryonic development: refers to the larvae hatch from the egg membrane, or from mother born and develop into sexually mature individuals. 71, abnormal development: larvae and adults vary widely, and the morphological change is concentrated in a short time, this kind of embryonic development is called metamorphosis. Regulation of life activities 72 directional movement of plants: a plant body by a single direction caused by external stimuli directional movement. * 73, Plant hormones: certain parts of plants produced on the plant metabolism, growth and development regulate the life activities such as special trace chemicals. 74, the duality of auxin: refers to the low concentration of auxin can promote plant growth, while high concentrations of auxin can inhibit plant growth, or even kill the plants. (Concentration of the high and low is the optimum concentration for the purpose) 75 top edge: plant growth and bud terminal bud priority inhibited the phenomenon. 76, humoral regulation: that certain chemicals (such as hormones, carbon dioxide) through the transmission of body fluids on the physiological activities of human and animal regulation. * 77, animal hormones: in animals produced by the glands of the animal's metabolism, growth and development regulate the life activities such as special trace chemicals. 78, feedback regulation: Under the influence of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus through the pituitary, regulation and control of some endocrine glands in the synthesis and secretion of hormones; and hormones into the blood, and can in turn regulate the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones in relation to the synthesis and secretion. 79 Synergy: refers to the physiological effects of different hormones all play the same role, so as to achieve enhancement of the results. 80, Antagonism: refers to the different physiological effects of hormones on a play opposite effect. * 81, the hormone: from insect secretion of endocrine organs. Insect growth and development of its growth and development and other activities of life plays a regulatory role. * 82, outside the hormone (pheromone): normally secreted by the glands of insects to the external surface of a class of volatile chemicals. At the same kinds of chemical information transfer between individuals, so called pheromone. Heredity and Variation 83, genetic phenomenon: the biological parent and offspring, between the shape, structure and function are often similar to the phenomenon. 84, Variation: organisms between parent and offspring, among offspring of different individuals, there is always more or less different phenomenon. Genetic is relative, absolute variation, genetic variation in biological evolution, and equally important. * 85, the genetic nucleus: nuclear genetic means the genetic material from the nucleus in the control of genetic phenomena. 86, cytoplasmic inheritance: refers to the cytoplasm (mitochondria and chloroplasts) in the genetic control of the phenomenon of genetic material. Meng Daer nuclear genetic follow the laws of inheritance, cytoplasmic inheritance, do not follow. Are both genetic material dna. * 87, Character: organism in shape, structure, physiology and other fields have distinctive features. * 88, dna replication: refers to the parent molecule as a template to synthesize dna dna offspring process. 89, semiconservative replication: refers to the process of dna replication, dna molecule offspring retained the original one strand of dna molecule. * 90 gene: biological traits to control the functional units of genetic material and structural units, there is a genetic effect of dna fragments. Genes arranged in linear chromosomes, each gene can contain hundreds of oligodeoxynucleotides. * 91, genetic information: the order of genes on behalf of deoxynucleotide genetic information. * 92, Transcription: refers to the nucleus to one strand of dna as a template, in accordance with the principle of complementary base pairing, the process of synthesis of rna. * 93, translation: refer to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, and the messenger rna as a template, a transfer rna as the means of delivery, in accordance with the principle of complementary base pairing, the synthesis of certain amino acids in the protein sequence of the process. * 94, the central dogma: the genetic information passed from the dna rna, and then passed to the protein from rna transcription and translation processes, and genetic information passed from the dna dna replication process. Found that some viruses can also turn the decision rna dna, for the RT. Is the "central dogma" and added and improved. * 95, codon: messenger rna decide on a base of three adjacent amino acids, called codons. * 96, relative traits: traits with different biological performance of the same type, called the relative traits. 97, dominant trait: the genetics, the f1 hybrid that appeared out of the parents called the dominant character traits. 98, recessive trait: the genetics, the f1 hybrid is not apparent that the parents called the recessive character traits. 99, SEGREGATING: appeared in the progeny of different traits phenomenon called character separation. 100, dominant gene: control dominant trait genes, called the dominant gene. 101, recessive genes: control of gene recessive trait, is called recessive genes. * 102 allele: a pair of homologous chromosomes in the same position, and control the relative character of the gene, called alleles. (Dd) * 103, the same gene: a pair of homologous chromosomes in the same position, the control of the same genetic traits, called the same gene. (Dd or dd) 104, phenotype: is the biological traits shown by the individual. 105, genotype: phenotype refers to a relationship with the genetic composition. * 106 homozygotes: the gametes contain the same combination of genes into the zygote from the individual development. Progeny homozygous trait separation does not occur. * 107 heterozygotes: the combination of gametes with different genes into the zygote from the individual development. Heterozygous progeny traits separation to occur. 108, test cross: let hybrid seed generation and the recessive type of intersection, used to determine the genotype of f1. * 109, gene separation law: the time during meiosis, alleles with the separation and the separation of homologous chromosomes, respectively to the two gametes, the gametes independently as to their offspring, and this is genetic segregation law . * 110, an ensemble of genes law: the f1 produces gametes, the separation of the alleles at the same time, non-homologous chromosomes behave as free non-allele combination of genes is called the law of the free combination of law. 111, SEGREGATING: The hybrid offspring, while showing a dominant trait and recessive trait phenomenon. 112, karyotype (also called core-type): refers to all organisms in a particular chromosome number, size and morphology. * 113, Sex determination: generally refers to the biological determines the sex of dioecious way. 114, sex chromosomes: the decision to gender-related chromosomes. 115, autosomal: nothing to do with the sex-determining chromosome is called. 116, sex-linked genetic: Sex chromosome genes, which control the genetic traits associated with sex, this is called sex-linked genetic inheritance pattern. * 117, gene recombination: a gene that control different traits re-combination. * 118, gene mutations: is the change in gene structure, including additions dna base pairs, missing or changed. 119, natural mutations: occurrence under natural conditions the gene mutation. 120, induced mutation (artificial mutation): In human terms, the use of physical and chemical factors to deal with biological, genetic mutation making it happen. 121, mutation breeding: the human condition, the use of physical and chemical factors to deal with biological, genetic mutation making it happen, from breeding new varieties of bio-breeding methods. * 122, chromosome variation: the natural factors or human factors, the chromosome structure and number of changes caused by mutation, called chromosome variation. 123 genome: cell morphology and function vary, but all carry the control of a biological growth and development, genetic variation of all the information a _set_ of non-homologous chromosomes. 124, diploid: all body cells contain two genomes of individuals. 125, polyploid: all body cells contain more than three individual genome. * 126, haploid: cells containing the mean chromosome number of gametes of the individual species, the species is called haploid. 127, artificially induced polyploidy: refers to the use of artificial means to become polyploid organisms chromosome doubling. 128, polyploid breeding: refers to the use of artificial means to become polyploid organisms chromosome doubling, from breeding of fine varieties of breeding methods. 129, human genetic disease: usually refers to changes in the genetic material of human diseases. The origin of life and biological evolution * 130, Old Biology: Biology is the study of the occurrence of geological history, development, classification, evolution, distribution and other laws of science, its object of study is preserved in the strata the remains of ancient organisms, remains or relics - fossils. * 131, embryology: the study of plants and animals the process of embryo formation and development of the science. * 132, comparative anatomy: is all kinds of organs and systems of vertebrates and comparative study of anatomical science. * 133, homologous organs: the origin is the same, similar to the structure and location, and morphology and function of different organs. * 134, the struggle for existence: biological individual (homogeneous or heterogeneous) for the struggle between, as well as biological and inorganic natural conditions (such as drought, cold) and the struggle between the individuals which survive and reproduce to maintain the natural phenomenon of racial . 135, natural _select_ion: the struggle for survival, the survival of the fittest, not those out of the process called natural _select_ion. 136, Adaptation: Biological and environmental performance appropriate for the phenomenon. The relationship between biological and environmental 137, Ecology: The relationship between biological and environmental science, is called ecology. * 138, the ecological factors: the environment of biological morphology, physiology and distribution factors, is an ecological factor. 139, sun plants: in the light of relatively strong growth well before the plants. 140, Shade plants: in the light of weak growth well before the plants. 141, long-day plants: the need for a longer flowering plants to sunlight. 142, short-day plants: the need for a longer flowering plants to sunlight. : 143, intraspecific relationships: with different kinds of biological relationships between individuals or groups. 144, species within the mutual assistance: the same place between biological predation or defense which are conducive to the behavior of predators. 145, the struggle within species: the same as between different individual organisms compete for food, resources, conflict with spouse and other phenomena. 146, interspecific relationship: is the relationship between different organisms, including symbiosis, parasitism, competition, predation and so on. 147, kinds of mutual help: different kinds of biological or between the parties mutually beneficial behavior. 148, species struggle: between different kinds of biological resources of the contention, space, paradox occurred. * 149, symbiosis: two species live together, interdependence, mutual benefit; if separated from each other, the two sides or one side can not be viable (- mutual benefit, can not be separated.) * 150, total habitat: two can live an independent life, animals, beneficial to both sides benefit one side or the other party is also friendly (- mutual benefit, or benefit one side, can be separated.) 151, parasites: staying in a biological organism's body or another surface, absorb nutrients from there to sustain life, this phenomenon is called parasitic. * 152, the competition: two organisms live together, due to competition for resources, space, combat the phenomenon occurs, called the competition. 153, Predator: refers to a biological to another organism for food phenomenon. 154, protective color: animal habitats and adapt to the environment has a similar color and body color (- beneficial predators prey or defense). * 155, a warning color: some are foul or Stinger the animals have bright colors and stripes (- warning the role itself has). * 156, mimicry: the evolution of some biological process in the formation of surface shape or color of spots, and other biological or non biological abnormalities similar to the state. 157 species: means a distribution of certain natural areas, has a morphological structure and physiological function, and can interact in a natural state breed and produce fertile offspring in a group of individual organisms. * 158, population: in a certain time and natural areas within the same sum of individual organisms (- all the same kinds of biological entities). * 159, biological communities: in a certain time and natural areas of mutual relations between all directly or indirectly, the sum of individual organisms (- sum of all species). * 160, the ecological system: at a certain time and natural areas, and between various biological environments of biological and inorganic matter cycling and energy flow through the interaction of the organic unity of form (natural system) is an ecological system (- - the role of biological communities and the inorganic environment pose.) 161, population density: is the unit space, the number of a group of individuals. 162, age composition: refers to a population of individuals of all ages the ratio of the number of (- form a growth-oriented, stable, recession-type). 163, sex ratio: refers to the population in the number of female and male reproductive capacity in the proportion of the population (- females more than males, males more than females, male and female very III type). 164, the birth rate: the number of units is the population of individuals in unit time the number of newly generated individuals. 165, the mortality rate: the number of units is the population of individuals per unit time of death in the number of individuals. 166, biological community structure: refers to the biological community in a variety of configurations in space, including vertical and horizontal structure, and so on. 167, producer: refers to the eco-system in autotrophic organisms (- including green plants, non-green plants and autotrophic microorganisms.) 168, the consumer: organisms that can only use the existing animals. 169, decomposers: mainly refers to bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms living saprophytic camp, they bring the bodies of animals and plants, litter and other waste and contained residual organic matter, decomposing into simple inorganic, return to the inorganic environment In re-green plants use to produce organic matter. * 170, the food chain: in the ecosystem, a variety of relationships among living things formed as a link, called the food chain. * 171, food webs: In an ecosystem, many of the food chain connected to each other cross-cutting relationship between the complexity of nutrition, called the food web. * 172, energy flow: refers to the eco-system energy input, the process of transfer and loss (- the starting point of energy flow, the total energy and flow channels). * 173, the material cycle: refers to the composition of the basic elements of living organisms, constantly engaged in the environment from inorganic to biological communities, biological communities and from cycle to the inorganic environment. This refers to the eco-system of the biosphere, with a worldwide circulation of their material, also known as biogeochemical cycles. * 174, the carbon cycle: carbon to form carbon dioxide into the biological communities from the inorganic environment to organic form in the biological community passed between the various components, and ultimately back to inorganic form of carbon dioxide Youyi environmental process. Carbon cycle and energy flow is always together. * 175, the ecological balance: the ecosystem develops to a certain stage, it's producers, consumers and decomposers in a long time in between to maintain a dynamic balance (it's energy flow and nutrient cycling can be a long time maintain the dynamic balance), this balance is called the ecological balance. 176, natural factors: mainly refers to the abnormal changes occurring in nature, or already exist in nature and biological harmful to human factors. 177, human factors: mainly refers to the irrational use of natural human, agricultural and industrial development has brought environmental pollution. Environmental Protection 178, in situ conservation: refers to the conservation of biological diversity, protection of objects that contain a certain area, including land or by water out of the protection and management. In situ conservation of objects: including a representative of the natural ecosystems and rare and endangered animals and plants naturally concentrated areas. Mainly refers to the establishment of in situ conservation of nature reserves. * 179, Reserve: To protect nature and natural resources, especially the protection of rare animal and plant resources, protection of natural areas representing different natural environment and ecosystem, the state _set_ aside to protect a certain area, called the conservation of these areas area. 180, ex situ conservation: refers to the conservation of biological diversity, the living conditions no longer exist because the number of species rare or hard to find a mate and other reasons, the survival and reproduction of the species is seriously threatened to move out in situ, into the zoo, botanical gardens , aquarium and endangered animal breeding center, special protection and management. Ex situ conservation are complementary in situ conservation, in order to provide about to extinct the last chance of survival. 181 Bioconcentration: refers to the number of pollutants in the environment (such as heavy metals, chemical pesticides), a large number of in vivo through the food chain accumulation process. Bioconcentration With the extension of the food chain continue to strengthen. 182, eutrophication: that due to nitrogen and phosphorus and other essential mineral elements of plant too much, causing algae blooms, etc., and cause deterioration of water quality and aquatic apoptosis. 183, algal blooms: eutrophication of ponds and lakes, due to the excessive growth of certain algae that form the surface layer of green algae; cyanobacteria release toxins to kill fish and shellfish, and to water body odor, which phenomenon is called water bloom. 184, red tide: the water eutrophication, due to the rapid reproduction of certain tiny creatures, causing water discoloration, deterioration of water quality, and to a large number of dead fish and shellfish, known as red tide phenomenon. * 185, Biological purification: refers to the organism by absorption, decomposition and transformation of the role of the ecological environment in the concentration of pollutants and toxic reduction or disappearance of the process. Biological purification process, green plants and microorganisms play an important role. * 186, green: means the production of specific production methods, identified by the specialized agencies and licensing, use of clean green food mark, safe, high-quality nutritious food.
1. Biology has a metabolism. 2. Biological able to respond to external stimuli: the lower animals as stress response. Senior animal reaction called "reflection." 3. Biological able growth, reproduction and development. 4. Creatures of heredity and variation characteristics. 5. In addition to other viruses, organisms are formed by the cells. 6. Bio will be breathing.
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The basic unit of biological
Cells are the organism's basic unit of structure and function. Prokaryotic cells - without forming the nucleus of a class of cells, the nucleus of a proposed nuclear. The DNA is not with the protein binding, coiled folds in the cell, there is no film package. Almost no organelles (ribosomes excluded). General way to the proliferation of fission. Are: bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, and Chlamydia. Eukaryotic cells - a class of cells with intact nuclei. The DNA and protein binding, a film package. There are several specific features of cell organelles. Cell proliferation by means other than non-mitogenic manner, there are mitosis and meiosis (the formation of gametes). The third class of creatures - marine life, the gene 2 / 3 is different creatures we see. Microstructure of cells: you can see the structure under the light microscope, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole. Cell ultrastructure: cell structure under the electron microscope to see. Chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrosomes, organelles such as peroxisomes and the nucleus of the concrete structure and a variety of biofilms. They have a common origin, function related to each other, and each transformation.
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The chemical composition of biological
All life activities and is closely related to the chemical composition of cells. Protoplasm is the life of the cell material, the main component of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Protoplasm differentiated into cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus and other parts of the cell wall is not protoplasm. Constitute a large number of cell elements C, H, O, N, P, S, k, Ca, Mg, etc. Some of these elements in the composition of the cell material, and some cells in normal life activities is to maintain the necessary material. For example: C, H, O and N are all essential elements to constitute the substance of life, and they are constitutes a necessary component of proteins. Protein is the main composition of protoplasm, we can say there is no life without protein, P and S are also important cellular components of living matter. Nucleic acids and phospholipids contain these important compounds, P, P is also involved in cellular energy metabolism. The chemical composition of cells constitute the major cells of various compounds. These compounds include inorganic and organic matter. Generally refers to hydrocarbon compounds containing organic compounds and their derivatives is called. Various substances in living cells in the content from less to more normal sort is: nucleic acids, inorganic salts, proteins, water The spiral structure of biological In the biosphere, the spiral structure is one of the basic form of biological structures, both macro-animals, plants or micro-organisms; both chromosomes, or biological macromolecules such as DNA and proteins have helical structure
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Biological hazards
Or part of a direct or potential hazards with infectious agents, through direct transmission or indirect damage to the surrounding environment harm people, animals and plant the normal development process. Main sources of biological hazards in the following four aspects. Secondly, from the invasion of alien species. Although there are many in the history of the introduction of alien organisms to the precedent of the local people benefit, but there are many outside of the introduction of alien species in the region due to crop and livestock deaths, and reduced or loss of biological diversity, and thus seriously harm the environment the case of biosafety, a phenomenon known as biological invasion, it was also called "biological pollution." As international trade, technology exchange, the increase in educational exchanges, frequent personnel exchanges, it is very likely to have been no infectious diseases into the domestic country. Third, from genetically modified organisms, a potential hazard. With the development of modern science and technology, the world appears more and more genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms is through recombinant DNA techniques of modern biotechnology foreign genes into organisms, so in a sense is alien organisms genetically modified organisms. As nuclear technology, genetically modified technology can benefit mankind and can harm humans, there is a certain GMO risk. Some scientists believe that genetically modified organisms on human health, agricultural biotechnology and environmental biotechnology pose a great impact. Fourth, from bio-terrorism event. The tree still while the wind blows, half-century after World War II, regardless of how the human cause of peace, the world of local wars or conflicts on a daily basis. In recent years, increasingly rampant terrorist activities, has become the world's pollution, and even become the fuse large-scale war. Engage in terrorist activity by pathogenic microorganisms, causing public confusion, so as to achieve their own political purposes, is currently an important means of terrorists. Bioterrorism and chemical terrorism is also often combined, which makes a lot more difficult to increase prevention efforts.
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Biosafety
Biotechnology development may be based on adverse effects, it is proposed the concept of bio-security. Biosafety refers to the so-called general technology development and application of modern biotechnology could result on the ecological environment and the potential human health threats, and their adopted a series of effective prevention and control measures. Bio-safety issues caused by the broad international attention in the mid 80s of last century, in 1985 by UNEP, WHO, UNIDO and FAO jointly formed an informal ad hoc on Biosafety Working Group, began to focus on biosafety issues. International work on bio-safety legislation is of particular importance was held in 1992, after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the General Assembly, the two signed a programmatic document "Agenda 21" and the "Convention on Biological Diversity" are specifically mentioned in the biotechnology security issues. Since 1994, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the "Convention on Biological Diversity" (CBD) Secretariat has organized 10 working meetings and intergovernmental negotiations, to develop a comprehensive "Biosafety Protocol" to prepare, in order to as soon as the preliminary draft Protocol, also held 4 times on the "Biosafety Protocol" and "ad hoc expert working group" meetings. February 1999 and January 2000 has held the "Convention on Biological Diversity" and the special session of the Conference of Parties, "resumed", more than 130 countries have sent delegations to the meeting to discuss the issues, including the EU-15 the most active, the environment Minister of all to the meeting, U.S. Undersecretary of State attended the meeting. After much discussion and revision, "<Convention on Biological Diversity> Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety" finally in May 15, 2000 to 26 in Nairobi, opened for signature, then from June 5, 2000 to 2001 June 4 opened for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York.
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Biotechnology
Individual identification of biological In recent years, the progress of human genome research advances, and constantly improve the technology of molecular biology, genomic research to various disciplines with the continuous infiltration of the progress of these subjects reached an unprecedented height. In forensic science, STR loci and single nucleotide (SNP) locus are the second and third-generation DNA analysis of the core, is the second RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism) VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism) of the developed detection technology. As the most cutting-edge criminal biotechnology, DNA analysis of forensic evidence examination provides a scientific, reliable and efficient means by which evidence identification from the individual excluded from the transition to a can for the same certified level, DNA testing can be directly identified crime as homicide, rape, murder, chopping the case, rape, pregnancy and other major cases detected in difficult cases to provide accurate and reliable basis. With the development and application of DNA technology, DNA testing will be marking systems important means and ways of detecting them. This method as a paternity test is already very mature, and it is the best internationally recognized methods.
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Origin and evolution of biological
Chemical evolution theory proposed, the origin of life on the primitive Earth conditions, from inorganic to organic, from the simple to the complex series of chemical evolution. Cosmic germ that is that the first life on Earth from the space beyond Earth, but later it developed on Earth. Chemical evolution that Biological molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins is the material basis of life, the origin of life is key to the origin of these life substances, that in the absence of the original life on Earth, due to natural causes, non-living matter through chemical action, produces a variety of organic compounds and biological molecules. Therefore, the first is the original origin of life origin and early evolution of organisms. The role of chemical evolution is to create a kind of chemical material, chemical material composition of these amino acids, sugars and other generic "building blocks", nucleic acids and proteins and other vital substances to this end from the "building blocks" of the combination. In 1922, biochemists Aoba Lin first proposed a hypothesis can be verified that some of the original earth minerals, in from the lightning, the energy of sunlight under the influence, became the first organic molecules . The first time in 1953 after 31 years, the United States permit the chemist Aoba Lin Miller first experiment of this hypothesis. His impersonation of the original composition of the atmosphere on Earth, hydrogen, methane, ammonia and water vapor through the heating and spark discharge synthesis of amino acids in the organic molecules. Following Miller, many primitive earth conditions by simulating experiments. And composition of the synthesis of other life on the important biological molecules, such as purine, ethyl _set_, ribose, deoxyribose, nucleosides, nucleotides, fatty acids, porphyrins and lipids. 1965 and 1981, China has the world's first synthetic insulin and yeast alanine transfer RNA. The formation of proteins and nucleic acids from non-living life to the turning point. The two successful synthetic biological molecules, and began life by synthetic material to study the origin of life a new era. In general, the chemical evolution of life consists of four stages: formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules; the formation of small organic molecules from organic molecules; from organic molecules formed self-sustaining stability and development of multi-molecular system; from multiple Molecular evolution of the original life. That the universe germ Past and present, have proposed a number of species that belong to the hypothesis that the universe embryos, as in July 1993 at the Tenth International Conference on the origin of life, it was suggested that "the resulting chemical reaction and lead the life of organic produce, there is no question Ying comet collision with Earth caused, "also concluded that a collision with the Earth in which a comet with a" life of the embryo, "through the universe, just to stay in the birth of the earth on which With life on Earth. A few years ago, a space physicist and an astrophysicist has to be interpreted as the origin of life on Earth: the source of life on Earth 4.0 billion years ago may come from a fall in the ocean or the number of comets, they also believe life on Earth is the birth of comets provides the raw materials needed (they will be the so-called "class of biological life").. Despite these scientists had strong objections to the hypothesis (they think: "comets brought some of the material, but they are not decisive, the material necessary for life exist on Earth"). Although some of the points such as these need further proof, but by meteorites, comets, interstellar dust clouds, and other organic molecules on the planet to explore and research. Understand the formation and development of organic molecules that the law and its organic molecules on Earth were compared, all for the origin of life on Earth for more information. Genetic theories Genes from their parents, almost the same life, but because of genetic defects, some people are naturally prone to certain diseases, certain genotypes that the existence of the human body will increase the risk of a disease risk, which genes called disease susceptibility genes. As long as know what the human body susceptible to disease genes, to infer which aspects of people susceptible to disease. However, how can we know what the disease susceptibility genes? This requires genetic testing. Genetic testing is how it? Stick with a special sampling of those from the test on the oral mucosa cells scraped off by advanced equipment, the researchers from these exfoliated cells can be measured in the DNA of those samples, DNA sequencing of these samples and the SNP mononuclear nucleotide polymorphism detection, you will know exactly who tested gene sequencing and others What are the different, and have found through many types of diseases, genetic samples were compared to those of the DNA test can be found there What are the disease susceptibility gene. Medical genetic testing is not equal to medical diagnosis, genetic test results can tell how high your risk of developing a disease, but does not mean that you are suffering from a disease, or in the future will suffer from this disease . Through genetic testing, can provide people with personalized health advice service, personalized service and personalized medication guidance to medical guidance. Before the disease can occur years or even decades, accurate prevention, rather than blindly health; people can adjust the dietary, lifestyle changes, increasing the frequency of medical examination, treatment and other methods to receive early and effective to avoid the diseases of environmental factors. Genetic testing can not only tell us in advance how high risk, and may guide us clearly correct medication, to avoid the damage of drugs on us. Will change the traditional passive in the chaos of medical drugs, ineffective drugs and harmful drug use and health situation of the blind. The meaning of the origin of life Study is to clarify the origin of life billions of years of history of the birth of life, but its meaning is far more than traced, but also because you can understand life and the environment, whole and part of the structure and function, the micro and macro, individual development and system development to the main material and energy and information so that relations between the defense, can further clarify the genetic variation, growth and differentiation, copy reproduction, metabolism, movement sensors and adjust the control mechanisms of life activities, which recognize and clarify the essence of life, in order to achieve human control and transformation of life goals.
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Bio Glossary
Introduction * 1 Stress: Any organism to external stimuli can happen a certain response. Favorable trend of stimulation, to avoid negative stimuli. * 2, reflecting: people and animals in the central nervous system involvement, and the external environment of the body to stimulate reactions that occur regularly. The chemical composition of cells 3, protoplasts: a matter of life within the cell. It is the main component of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Cells are formed by the protoplasm. This constitutes a small group of cells to differentiate into the cell membrane and protoplasm, cytoplasm and nucleus and other parts. 4, combined with water: water in the cells exist in two forms, in part with the combination of other substances within the cell, called bound water. Water is a cellular structure with the composition. 5, free water: Most of the free form, free movement, called free water. * 6, the condensation of: amino acid molecules to one another as the way is: a carboxyl group of amino acids (-COOH) and another amino acid molecules of the amino (-NH2) is connected, while losing part of the water, this combination method is called condensation. * 7, the peptide bond: connecting two amino acids (-NH-CO-) called a peptide bond. 8, two peptides: amino acids by the condensation of two compounds, called dipeptide. 9, peptide: condensation of amino acids by a number of multiple peptide bond-containing compounds, called peptides. 10, nucleic acid: nucleic acid was originally extracted from the nucleus, and acidic, so called nucleic acids. 11, DNA: DNA contains deoxyribose, called DNA, referred to as DNA. 12, RNA: containing ribose nucleic acid, called RNA, referred to as RNA. Structure and function of cells * 13, the microstructure: the ordinary optical microscope, the cells can be observed in the structure. * 14, submicroscopic structure: also known as the microscope. Refers to the ordinary optical microscope can not distinguish a variety of fine structure within the cell. 15, cell: also known as plasma membrane or plasma membrane, the cell division of protoplast formation, and in the outer surface layer of thin film structure. 16, membrane proteins: a cell membrane structures of various protein components. 17, carrier proteins: membrane structure and physical transport of a transmembrane protein. The membrane transport proteins have specific binding sites, the material on the highly _select_ive binding, only with the specific characteristics of substances with similar enzymatic reaction with the substrate. When a carrier protein, the surface of the outer end of the binding site and specificity of binding material, the carrier protein molecule to the conformation change, the molecular functioning of the material to the inner surface of the membrane, followed by release into the cytoplasm. * 18, the cytoplasm: in the cell membrane within the protoplasm outside the nucleus, called cytoplasm. In living cells observed under light microscope, you can see a clear jelly cytoplasm, including cytoplasmic matrix and organelles. * 19, cytoplasmic matrix: the cytoplasm was part of the liquid matrix. * 20, organelles: cytoplasm, with a specific function in the various sub-cellular structures in general. * 21, chromatin: distribution in the nucleus of some basic dyes easily dyed dark substances that are formed by the DNA and protein. In the period between cell division, these substances become thin wire, woven into a network, these filaments is the chromatin. * 22 chromosome: the cell division, the nucleus of a high degree of long helical filaments of chromatin, shorter and thicker, forming the optical microscope can see the chromosomes. Cell division * 23, the cell cycle: continuous dividing cells, from the beginning on the completion of the first division to the next until the completion of the first division, which is a cell cycle. A cell cycle consists of two phases: interphase and mitotic division. 24, split between the period: from the cell after the last division prior to the next division. 25, split the period: the split between the period after the end to enter mitosis. Overview of metabolism * 26, metabolism: organism and the external environment and energy exchange between the material and the biological body of material and energy transformation process, called metabolism. * 27, assimilation (anabolism): In the metabolic process, the organisms into the environment from the outside intake of nutrients into the composition of their own material, and store energy, which is called assimilation. * 28, dissimilation (catabolism): organisms to form their own part of the material to be decomposed, releasing the energy of which, and the excreted end product of metabolism, which is called catabolism. * 29, the enzyme: The enzyme is produced by living cells, a class of organic catalysis. Water metabolism * 30, Water metabolism: a plant for water absorption, transport, use and loss process. * 31, osmosis: water molecules (or other solvent molecules) through the proliferation of semi-permeable membrane is called osmosis. 32, penetration of water: absorption of water by osmosis process. * 33, protoplasm layer: including the cell membrane, vacuole membrane and the cytoplasm between the two films. 34, plasmolysis: protoplast layer and cell wall separation phenomenon called plasmolysis. * 35, Transpiration: water plants, in the form of water vapor loss through the leaf stomata to the atmosphere in the process. Mineral Metabolism * 36, mineral metabolism: a plant for the absorption of mineral elements, transport and use of the process. * 37, mineral elements: generally refers to the addition to C, H, O other, mainly absorbed by the roots from the soil elements. Photosynthesis * 38, photosynthesis: a chloroplast of green plants through the use of light energy, carbon dioxide and water, save energy, organic matter and release oxygen. Respiration * 39, biological respiration (also known as bio-oxidation): in vivo organic matter in the cell after a series of oxidation and decomposition, the resulting carbon dioxide or other products, and the total energy release process. * 40, aerobic respiration: is the participation of cells in the oxygen through the enzyme catalysis, the sugars and other organic matter completely oxidized and decomposed to produce carbon dioxide and water, while releasing large amounts of energy in the process. Aerobic respiration is the respiration of higher plants and animals the main form. * 41, anaerobic respiration: generally refers to the anaerobic conditions, through the enzyme catalysis, plant cells break down the sugars and other organic matter into the product of incomplete oxidation, while the release of a small amount of energy. This process is called the anaerobic respiration of higher plants and animals. 42, fermentation: generally refers to the anaerobic conditions, through the enzyme catalysis, plant cells break down the sugars and other organic matter into the product of incomplete oxidation, while the release of a small amount of energy. If used for micro-organisms, known as the fermentation habits. Metabolism * 43, the Food and digestion: that in the digestive tract, the structure of complex organic molecules do not dissolve in water, change into the simple structure, small molecule organic compounds dissolved in water. * 44, the absorption of nutrients: is including water, inorganic salts and other nutrients, including a variety of epithelial cells through the digestive tract into the blood and lymph process. Energy metabolism * 45, energy metabolism: the energy storage means the organism, release, transfer and utilization process. 46, the breathing: the body within the environment of all cells from the inhalation of oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide, and oxygen utilization in the cell physiological processes. 47, external respiration: the body of oxygen from the external environment and discharge of carbon dioxide inhalation of physiological processes. Basic types of metabolism 48, self-support model: the role of organisms in the process of assimilation, from the external environment can be directly transformed into their own intake of the composition of inorganic material, and store the energy, this type is called autotrophic metabolism. 49, heterotrophic: organisms in the assimilation process, can not directly use inorganic into organic matter, only the intake of ready-made from the outside world into Zishen the composition of organic matter, and store the energy, this type of metabolism called heterotrophic type. 50, aerobic type (aerobic respiration type): the role of organisms in the process of alienation, we must continue the intake of oxygen from the external environment to oxidation and decomposition of the composition of their own material to release energy and emit carbon dioxide, which is called metabolic type aerobic type. 51, anaerobic (oxygen breathing type): the role of organisms in the process of alienation, in hypoxic conditions, relying on the action of enzymes that break down organic matter in order to obtain the energy required for life activities, this type of metabolism called anaerobic. Reproductive and developmental biology 52, the reproductive biology: organisms that produce their own offspring in the process, called bio-reproductive. * 53, asexual reproduction: this refers to the combination without germ cells, directly by the parent to produce a new individual mode of reproduction. 54, division of reproductive: also known as fission, is the biological mother by a split into two sub-body mode of reproduction. 55, spores and spore reproduction: Some organisms, the body grow into the future, to produce a cells, which do not after two or two combined to form new individuals directly. Such cells called spores, this mode of reproduction known as sporogony. 56, budding: budding known, is in a certain area by the parent body of students budding mode of reproduction. Buds gradually grow to form the same individual with the parent, and detached from the parent down, a complete new individual. * 57, nutrition, reproductive: vegetative organs by the plant (roots, stems, leaves) to produce a new individual mode of reproduction. * 58, sexual reproduction: the reproductive cells is through a combination of gender, resulting zygote, the zygote develops into a new individual mode of reproduction. This is a common mode of reproduction in the biological world. 59, reproductive gametes: sexual reproduction produced by the parent body cells - gametes, between two matched pairs, with each other, as zygote, zygote then develops into a new mode of reproduction of individuals, called reproductive gametes. 60, egg: During sexual reproduction, some cells grow large, loss of flagella and can not swim, this large gametes called eggs. 61, sperm: some cells are able to produce large amounts of small cell and small cell to have two flagella, able to swim, this small gametes called sperm. 62, egg-type reproduction: egg and sperm in the reproductive method is called egg-type reproduction. * 63, Meiosis: the process of sexual reproduction is carried out in special mitosis and cell division during the two successive divisions, and chromosome and DNA replication only once. Division of reproductive cells produced by the number of chromosomes and DNA is only half of primordial germ cells. * 64, homologous chromosome: the process of meiosis, the two paired chromosomes Federation, are generally the same shape and size, one from the father and one from the mother party. Called homologous chromosomes. 65, Association: meiosis, homologous chromosomes paired phenomenon, called the Association. * 66 tetrads: the process of meiosis, the Federation paired with each of the four chromatids of homologous chromosomes, called a tetrad. 67, fertilization: sperm and egg combine to become the process of zygote, called fertilization. * 68, the individual biological development: fertilized egg through the cell division (mitosis), tissue differentiation and organ formation, develop into sexually mature individual until the process is called biological ontogeny. 69, angiosperm: Ovules are all coated with the ovary, a fruit bag to be the seed plants, called angiosperms. 99, embryo development: refers to the fertilized eggs develop into larvae. 70, embryonic development: refers to the larvae hatch from the egg membrane, or from mother born and develop into sexually mature individuals. 71, abnormal development: larvae and adults vary widely, and the morphological change is concentrated in a short time, this kind of embryonic development is called metamorphosis. Regulation of life activities 72 directional movement of plants: a plant body by a single direction caused by external stimuli directional movement. * 73, Plant hormones: certain parts of plants produced on the plant metabolism, growth and development regulate the life activities such as special trace chemicals. 74, the duality of auxin: refers to the low concentration of auxin can promote plant growth, while high concentrations of auxin can inhibit plant growth, or even kill the plants. (Concentration of the high and low is the optimum concentration for the purpose) 75 top edge: plant growth and bud terminal bud priority inhibited the phenomenon. 76, humoral regulation: that certain chemicals (such as hormones, carbon dioxide) through the transmission of body fluids on the physiological activities of human and animal regulation. * 77, animal hormones: in animals produced by the glands of the animal's metabolism, growth and development regulate the life activities such as special trace chemicals. 78, feedback regulation: Under the influence of the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus through the pituitary, regulation and control of some endocrine glands in the synthesis and secretion of hormones; and hormones into the blood, and can in turn regulate the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones in relation to the synthesis and secretion. 79 Synergy: refers to the physiological effects of different hormones all play the same role, so as to achieve enhancement of the results. 80, Antagonism: refers to the different physiological effects of hormones on a play opposite effect. * 81, the hormone: from insect secretion of endocrine organs. Insect growth and development of its growth and development and other activities of life plays a regulatory role. * 82, outside the hormone (pheromone): normally secreted by the glands of insects to the external surface of a class of volatile chemicals. At the same kinds of chemical information transfer between individuals, so called pheromone. Heredity and Variation 83, genetic phenomenon: the biological parent and offspring, between the shape, structure and function are often similar to the phenomenon. 84, Variation: organisms between parent and offspring, among offspring of different individuals, there is always more or less different phenomenon. Genetic is relative, absolute variation, genetic variation in biological evolution, and equally important. * 85, the genetic nucleus: nuclear genetic means the genetic material from the nucleus in the control of genetic phenomena. 86, cytoplasmic inheritance: refers to the cytoplasm (mitochondria and chloroplasts) in the genetic control of the phenomenon of genetic material. Meng Daer nuclear genetic follow the laws of inheritance, cytoplasmic inheritance, do not follow. Both the genetic material is DNA. * 87, Character: organism in the form, structure, physiology and other fields have distinctive features. * 88, DNA replication: refers to the parent DNA molecule as a template to synthesize progeny DNA process. 89, semiconservative replication: refers to the process of DNA replication, progeny DNA molecules have retained the original DNA molecule in a chain. * 90 gene: biological traits to control the functional units of genetic material and structural units, there is a genetic effect of the DNA fragments. Genes arranged in linear chromosomes, each gene can contain hundreds of oligodeoxynucleotides. * 91, genetic information: the order of genes on behalf of deoxynucleotide genetic information. * 92, Transcription: refers to the nucleus to one strand of DNA as a template, in accordance with the principle of complementary base pairing, the process of RNA synthesis. * 93, translation: refer to the ribosome in the cytoplasm, and the messenger RNA as a template, a transfer RNA as a means of delivery, in accordance with the principle of complementary base pairing, the synthesis of certain amino acids in the protein sequence of the process. * 94, the central dogma: pass genetic information from DNA to RNA, and then passed to the protein from the RNA transcription and translation processes, and to pass genetic information from DNA to the DNA replication process. Found that certain viruses can also turn the decision in the RNA DNA, to reverse. Is the "central dogma" and added and improved. * 95, codon: messenger RNA determines an amino acid of the three adjacent bases, called codons. * 96, relative traits: traits with different biological performance of the same type, called the relative traits. 97, dominant trait: the genetics, the F1 hybrids that appeared out of the parents called the dominant character traits. 98, recessive trait: the genetics, the F1 hybrids that are not apparent trait is called recessive parental traits. 99, SEGREGATING: appeared in the progeny of different traits phenomenon called character separation. 100, dominant gene: control dominant trait genes, called the dominant gene. 101, recessive genes: control of gene recessive trait, is called recessive genes. * 102 allele: a pair of homologous chromosomes in the same position, and control the relative character of the gene, called alleles. (Dd) * 103, the same gene: a pair of homologous chromosomes in the same position, the control of the same genetic traits, called the same gene. (DD or dd) 104, phenotype: is the biological traits shown by the individual. 105, genotype: phenotype refers to a relationship with the genetic composition. * 106 homozygotes: the gametes contain the same combination of genes into the zygote from the individual development. Progeny homozygous trait separation does not occur. * 107 heterozygotes: the combination of gametes with different genes into the zygote from the individual development. Heterozygous progeny traits separation to occur. 108, test cross: let hybrid seed generation and the recessive type of intersection, used to determine the genotype of F1. * 109, gene separation law: the time during meiosis, alleles with the separation and the separation of homologous chromosomes, respectively to the two gametes, the gametes independently as to their offspring, and this is genetic segregation law . * 110, an ensemble of genes law: When in the F1 gametes produced in the separation of alleles at the same time, non-homologous chromosomes behave as free non-allele combination of genes is called the law of the free combination of law. 111, SEGREGATING: The hybrid offspring, while showing a dominant trait and recessive trait phenomenon. 112, karyotype (also called core-type): refers to all organisms in a particular chromosome number, size and morphology. * 113, Sex determination: generally refers to the biological determines the sex of dioecious way. 114, sex chromosomes: the decision to gender-related chromosomes. 115, autosomal: nothing to do with the sex-determining chromosome is called. 116, sex-linked genetic: Sex chromosome genes, which control the genetic traits associated with sex, this is called sex-linked genetic inheritance pattern. * 117, gene recombination: a gene that control different traits re-combination. * 118, gene mutations: is the gene structure changes, including adding DNA base pairs, missing or changed. 119, natural mutations: occurrence under natural conditions the gene mutation. 120, induced mutation (artificial mutation): In human terms, the use of physical and chemical factors to deal with biological, genetic mutation making it happen. 121, mutation breeding: the human condition, the use of physical and chemical factors to deal with biological, genetic mutation making it happen, from breeding new varieties of bio-breeding methods. * 122, chromosome variation: the natural factors or human factors, the chromosome structure and number of changes caused by mutation, called chromosome variation. 123 genome: cell morphology and function vary, but all carry the control of a biological growth and development, genetic variation of all the information a _set_ of non-homologous chromosomes. The origin of life and biological evolution * 130, Old Biology: Biology is the study of the occurrence of geological history, development, classification, evolution, distribution and other laws of science, its object of study is preserved in the strata the remains of ancient organisms, remains or relics - fossils. * 131, embryology: the study of plants and animals the process of embryo formation and development of the science. * 132, comparative anatomy: is all kinds of organs and systems of vertebrates and comparative study of anatomical science. * 133, homologous organs: the origin is the same, similar to the structure and location, and morphology and function of different organs. * 134, the struggle for existence: biological individual (homogeneous or heterogeneous) for the struggle between, as well as biological and inorganic natural conditions (such as drought, cold) and the struggle between the individuals which survive and reproduce to maintain the natural phenomenon of racial . 135, natural _select_ion: the struggle for survival, the survival of the fittest, not those out of the process called natural _select_ion. 136, Adaptation: Biological and environmental performance appropriate for the phenomenon. The relationship between biological and environmental 137, Ecology: The relationship between biological and environmental science, is called ecology. * 138, the ecological factors: the environment of biological morphology, physiology and distribution factors, is an ecological factor. 139, sun plants: in the light of relatively strong growth well before the plants. 140, Shade plants: in the light of weak growth well before the plants. 141, long-day plants: the need for a longer flowering plants to sunlight. 142, short-day plants: the need for a longer flowering plants to sunlight. : 143, intraspecific relationships: with different kinds of biological relationships between individuals or groups. 144, species within the mutual assistance: the same place between biological predation or defense which are conducive to the behavior of predators. 145, the struggle within species: the same as between different individual organisms compete for food, resources, conflict with spouse and other phenomena. 146, interspecific relationship: is the relationship between different organisms, including symbiosis, parasitism, competition, predation and so on. 147, kinds of mutual help: different kinds of biological or between the parties mutually beneficial behavior. 148, species struggle: between different kinds of biological resources of the contention, space, paradox occurred. * 149, symbiosis: two species live together, interdependence, mutual benefit; if separated from each other, the two sides or one side can not be viable (- mutual benefit, can not be separated.) * 158, population: in a certain time and natural areas within the same sum of individual organisms (- all the same kinds of biological entities). * 159, biological communities: in a certain time and natural areas of mutual relations between all directly or indirectly, the sum of individual organisms (- sum of all species). * 160, the ecological system: at a certain time and natural areas, and between various biological environments of biological and inorganic matter cycling and energy flow through the interaction of the organic unity of form (natural system) is an ecological system (- - the role of biological communities and the inorganic environment pose.) 161, population density: is the unit space, the number of a group of individuals. 162, age composition: refers to a population of individuals of all ages the ratio of the number of (- form a growth-oriented, stable, recession-type). 163, sex ratio: refers to the population in the number of female and male reproductive capacity in the proportion of the population (- females more than males, males more than females, male and female very III type). 164, the birth rate: the number of units is the population of individuals in unit time the number of newly generated individuals. 165, the mortality rate: the number of units is the population of individuals per unit time of death in the number of individuals. 166, biological community structure: refers to the biological community in a variety of configurations in space, including vertical and horizontal structure, and so on. 167, producer: refers to the eco-system in autotrophic organisms (- including green plants, non-green plants and autotrophic microorganisms.) 168, the consumer: organisms that can only use the existing animals. 169, decomposers: mainly refers to bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms living saprophytic camp, they bring the bodies of animals and plants, litter and other waste and contained residual organic matter, decomposing into simple inorganic, return to the inorganic environment In re-green plants use to produce organic matter. * 170, the food chain: in the ecosystem, a variety of relationships among living things formed as a link, called the food chain. * 171, food webs: In an ecosystem, many of the food chain connected to each other cross-cutting relationship between the complexity of nutrition, called the food web. * 172, energy flow: refers to the eco-system energy input, the process of transfer and loss (- the starting point of energy flow, the total energy and flow channels). * 173, the material cycle: refers to the composition of the basic elements of living organisms, constantly engaged in the environment from inorganic to biological communities, biological communities and from cycle to the inorganic environment. This refers to the eco-system of the biosphere, with a worldwide circulation of their material, also known as biogeochemical cycles. * 174, the carbon cycle: carbon to form carbon dioxide into the biological communities from the inorganic environment to organic form in the biological community passed between the various components, and ultimately back to inorganic form of carbon dioxide Youyi environmental process. Carbon cycle and energy flow is always together. * 175, the ecological balance: the ecosystem develops to a certain stage, it's producers, consumers and decomposers in a long time in between to maintain a dynamic balance (it's energy flow and nutrient cycling can be a long time maintain the dynamic balance), this balance is called the ecological balance. 176, natural factors: mainly refers to the abnormal changes occurring in nature, or already exist in nature and biological harmful to human factors. 177, human factors: mainly refers to the irrational use of natural human, agricultural and industrial development has brought environmental pollution. Environmental Protection 178, in situ conservation: refers to the conservation of biological diversity, protection of objects that contain a certain area, including land or by water out of the protection and management. In situ conservation of objects: including a representative of the natural ecosystems and rare and endangered animals and plants naturally concentrated areas. Mainly refers to the establishment of in situ conservation of nature reserves. * 179, Reserve: To protect nature and natural resources, especially the protection of rare animal and plant resources, protection of natural areas representing different natural environment and ecosystem, the state _set_ aside to protect a certain area, called the conservation of these areas area. 180, ex situ conservation: refers to the conservation of biological diversity, the living conditions no longer exist because the number of species rare or hard to find a mate and other reasons, the survival and reproduction of the species is seriously threatened to move out in situ, into the zoo, botanical gardens , aquarium and endangered animal breeding center, special protection and management. Ex situ conservation are complementary in situ conservation, in order to provide about to extinct the last chance of survival. 181 Bioconcentration: refers to the number of pollutants in the environment (such as heavy metals, chemical pesticides), a large number of in vivo through the food chain accumulation process. Bioconcentration With the extension of the food chain continue to strengthen. 182, eutrophication: that due to nitrogen and phosphorus and other essential mineral elements of plant too much, causing algae blooms, etc., and cause deterioration of water quality and aquatic apoptosis. 183, algal blooms: eutrophication of ponds and lakes, due to the excessive growth of certain algae that form the surface layer of green algae; cyanobacteria release toxins to kill fish and shellfish, and to water body odor, which phenomenon is called water bloom. 184, red tide: the water eutrophication, due to the rapid reproduction of certain tiny creatures, causing water discoloration, deterioration of water quality, and to a large number of dead fish and shellfish, known as red tide phenomenon. * 185, Biological purification: refers to the organism by absorption, decomposition and transformation of the role of the ecological environment in the concentration of pollutants and toxic reduction or disappearance of the process. Biological purification process, green plants and microorganisms play an important role. * 186, green: means the production of specific production methods, identified by the specialized agencies and licensing, use of clean green food mark, safe, high-quality nutritious food.
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Biology
Biology is the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment a discipline, a branch of natural science. Study of biological structure, function, occurrence and development of the law. Under study, divided into zoology, botany, microbiology, cell biology, molecular biology; Based on the content, divided into taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, genetics, ecology and so on. Is the study of all levels of the type, structure, function, behavior, development and evolutionary origin and biological relationship with the surrounding environment, such as science. Man is a kind of study is biology. Related Extensions Botany, plant physiology, palynology, taxonomy, Zoology, molecular biology, taxonomy, ethology, Microbiology, bacteriology, microbial physiology, microbial genetics, soil science, Cytology, cell biology, cell chemistry, human anatomy, animal physiology, cytogenetics, Physiology, immunology, embryology, eugenics, gnotobiotic biology, Genetics, molecular genetics, ecology, bionics, Biophysics, bio-mechanics, bio-energetics, bio-acoustics, biochemical, biological mathematics.
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English Expression
n.: being, biology, bios, creature, existence, life, animate being, living things, organism, living creature, living being, esp an animal, biological, living being
pref.: bio-
French Expression
n. être vivants;
biologie
Thesaurus
Biological field, cyton, head, viability, organism, Individual, Head body, (of small animals) a poor creature, economy, economy Being Neighborhood, being Community
Nimda