Definition The environmental quality of human life and its protection and improvement of science. Environmental Sciences of the environment, based on the human as the main body of the outside world, that human survival and development of a comprehensive body of material conditions, including natural and social environment. The natural environment is directly or indirectly affecting human beings, all naturally occurring substances and their overall energy. Most of the Earth surface is highly human intervention, original natural environment is running out. Environmental science is the study of human social environment on the basis of the natural environment, a sense of community through long-term labor created by the artificial environment. It is the development of material civilization and spiritual civilization, a symbol, and with the development of human society and constantly enrich and evolve. Environment has many layers, a variety of structures, can be used for a variety of division. Environmental factors can be divided in accordance with air, water, soil and biological environment; by human activities can be divided into villages, cities, regional, global, space and other environments. Environmental science is the environment as a whole comprehensive study. There are four spheres of the Earth's surface, the air, hydrosphere, soil - stone circles, and the intersection of three circles suitable for biological survival of the biosphere. The four circles, mainly in the role of solar energy under the material circulation and energy flow. After the man appeared, through the production and consumption activities, access to subsistence resources from nature, and then turn through the transformation and use of natural objects, and various waste back to nature, to participate in the natural process of nutrient cycling and energy flow, constantly changing Earth's environment. In the transformation process of the human environment, the Earth's environment is still inherent in the law in motion, continue to react on human beings, they often cause environmental problems. In ancient times the environmental issues. Western Asia, Mesopotamia, China's Yellow River, the birthplace of human civilization. Since large-scale deforestation, land clearing, without attention to cultivating trees, causing serious soil erosion, resulting in the United States and gradually reduced to barren farmland soil. After the industrial revolution, the rapid development of social productive forces, the widespread use of the machine, created a vast wealth of mankind, and discharge of industrial waste has caused environmental pollution. Half of the 19th century, one of the world's largest industrial centers in London, have been frequent soot emissions caused by severe smoke events. In a small number of the world's population, the production is small, when the impact of human activities on the environment is not great, even if there is only localized environmental problems. By the twentieth century since the 50s, the social productive forces and science and technology advances, population explosion, human conquest of nature's ability to greatly enhance the environment will be increasingly strong reaction to be revealed, as people around the world global issues of common concern. To the 18th century, men discovered that only 20 kinds of chemical elements, now 94 kinds of natural elements have all been found, but also made a dozen man-made elements, artificial system of the type to take a variety of compounds also increase with age, According to statistics, currently over 800 million. In these chemicals, toxic chemicals output reached 400 million tons. Making a lot of artificial compounds including toxic substances into the environment, spread in the environment, migration, accumulation and transformation, continued to deteriorate the environment, a serious threat to the survival of humans and other organisms. 60 Thousands of the late Irish Sea seabirds dead body contains high levels of PCBs; vast no shortage of penguins of the Antarctic continent have also been detected in vivo DDT; Arctic Greenland ice sheet near the layer of lead and mercury content continues to rise; Japan experienced mainly by the cadmium pollution Itai-itai disease, caused by mercury and Minamata disease and more. All this has caused widespread concern around the world. Waste emissions from human activities, more than environmental self-purification capacity of the earth, which affects global environmental quality. 70 years, according to estimates released into the environment each year worldwide more than 3 billion tons of solid waste, waste water of about 6000 to 7000 million tons of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions, only the nearest 400 million tons. A lot of waste into the environment so that the composition of the atmosphere and water bodies has changed. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (by volume) from the 19th century to the present 0.028% 0.032%. Carbon dioxide plays a regulatory role on the Earth's climate. Scientific experiments confirmed that, if its content continues to increase, will inevitably lead to global climate anomalies. Western European countries a large number of sulfur oxide emissions, nitrogen oxides. Transmitted by air, landing with the rain, resulting in a number of freshwater lakes in Scandinavia acidity increased significantly. Some lakes in Sweden hydrogen ion concentration in water increased by almost 30 years than 100 times, fish production fell dramatically. In recent years the world every year because of ocean, coastal drilling and drilling for oil, accidents and waste spills oil into the sea and its products to more than 600 million tons. Marine pollution by oil, so that the survival of marine plankton under serious threat. It is estimated that the oxygen in the atmosphere now, a quarter of marine phytoplankton in the ocean generated through photosynthesis. Marine phytoplankton as a victim of serious damage to the oxygen content is bound to affect the global balance. Population growth and increased production activities, a new impact on the environment and pressure. Many species of diminishing resources, and face the danger of depletion. Due to the unreasonable farming systems, the world is wind erosion, salinization of land is increasing. According to United Nations authorities estimated that annual soil loss of 24 billion tons due to erosion, desertification, expansion of 6 million hectares of land each year. In addition, since the disappearance of the native environment, human hunting and environmental pollution, the world's plant and animal genetic resources drastically reduced. Estimated 25,000 species of plants and 1OOO vertebrate species, subspecies and varieties are threatened with extinction, which would be irreparable human losses. Above facts show that today's world of air, water, soil and biological pollution and damage suffered has reached dangerous levels. The ecological balance of nature by growing interference by the large-scale destruction of natural resources, natural environment is degraded. Environmental Science is to address human faces serious environmental problems, to create a more suitable environment for a better and gradually developed. Its rise and development, marks the human understanding of the environment, the use and transformation into a new stage. Environmental science research areas and major tasks of environmental science research, in the 50 to 60 years focuses on natural sciences and engineering aspects. Has been extended to sociology, economics, law and other social sciences. Systematic study of environmental issues, we should apply to science, biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, engineering, mathematics and sociology, economics, law and other disciplines of knowledge. Therefore, environmental science is a very complex subject. It is in the macro study of human interaction with the environment, mutual promotion and mutual restraint in the unity of opposites, reveal social and economic development and environmental protection, coordinated development of the basic law; in the microscopic study of the physical environment, especially in human activities emissions of molecules, atoms and other tiny particles in the organic body of migration, transformation, and accumulation and movement of the process, and explore their impact on life and its mechanism and so on.
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The main task
Environmental science major to explore the evolution of global environmental law; reveal the natural environment with human activities, the relationship between; exploration of environmental change on the impact of human existence; of comprehensive control of regional environmental pollution technical measures and management measures and so on. In the process of human transformation of nature, in order to make the environment conducive to the direction of human development, to avoid the unfavorable direction of human development, we must understand the process of environmental change, including the basic characteristics of the environment, the environment in the form of the structure and evolution mechanism of . Human production and consumption systems of matter and energy migration, transformation process is very complex. However, material and energy must enter the same relative balance between output. The balance consists of two elements, one can not exceed the waste discharged into the environment, environmental self-purification capacity, so as not to cause environmental pollution and damage to environmental quality; the second is to obtain from the environment renewable renewable resources can not exceed its proliferation, to protect the permanent continued use. Therefore, the social and economic development planning must be included in the content of environmental protection, the social and economic development decision-making must take into account ecological requirements, in order to achieve human and environmental development. Environmental changes are caused by physical, chemical, biological and social factors and their interactions caused. Therefore, pollutants in the environment must be studied physical and chemical changes in the process of transforming the ecosystem in the mechanism, and after entering the body of various effects, including teratogenicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. At the same time, must study the environmental degradation and the relationship between the material cycle. These studies for the protection of human environment, the development of environmental standards to control emissions of pollutants provide the basis. Practice shows that environmental protection requires comprehensive use of various engineering and technical measures and management tools, starting from the overall regional environment, regulation and technical measures and management tools, starting from the overall regional environment, regulation and control between humans and the environment, the relationship between use of system analysis and system engineering methods to find optimal solutions to solve environmental problems.
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Objective
1, to maintain quality of the environment, develop environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge standards provide a scientific basis. 2, for countries to develop environmental planning, environmental policy and environmental and resource protection provide the basis for legislation.
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Branches
Environmental science major is the use of natural science and social science disciplines related to the theory, techniques and methods to study environmental issues. With related disciplines, cross many branches formed. Natural science is an environmental study, environmental biology, environmental chemistry, environmental physics, environmental medicine, environmental engineering; a social science for environmental management, environmental economics, environmental law and so on. Environmental geology to the people - to system objects, the study of its occurrence and development, composition and structure, regulation and control, adaptation and utilization. The main contents are: geographical and geological environment of the composition, structure, nature and evolution, environmental quality surveys, assessment and forecasting, and environmental quality change on human beings and so on. Environment of the subject system has not been completely finalized, the current branch of a more mature environment, geology, environmental geochemistry, environmental oceanography, environmental soil science, pollution, meteorology and so on. Environmental Biology of biological and environment by human intervention in the interaction between the mechanism and laws. It has two research areas: one for the environmental pollution problems pollution ecology; one for the environmental damage of natural protection. Environmental Biology to study the ecological system as the core, the two directions: from the macro studies of pollutants in the ecosystem migration, conversion, enrichment and end, and on ecosystem structure and function; from the micro to study the toxicological effects of pollutants on biological and genetic variation of the mechanism and laws. Environmental Chemistry is mainly the identification and measurement of chemical contaminants in the environment of the content of their existing form and migration, transformation rules of recycling and decomposition of pollutants into harmless compounds, a simple mechanism. It has two branches: Environmental Pollution Chemistry and Environmental Analytical Chemistry. Environmental physics physical environment and human interaction. The main sound, light, heat, electromagnetic fields and radiation on humans, and the elimination of the adverse effects of the technical approaches and measures. Sound, light, heat, electricity, radiation, as necessary for human survival and development. However, the amount in the environment they are too high or too low, it will cause pollution and harm. Environment and Environmental Medicine of the relationship between population health, particularly of environmental pollution on human health and prevention of the harmful effects of measures, including contaminants in the human body to explore the dynamics and mechanism of action, to identify environmental risk factors and disease conditions, clarify the pollutants on health damage early response and potential long-term effects, in order to develop environmental and health standards and provide the scientific basis for preventive measures. The field of medical research environment environmental epidemiology, environmental toxicology, environmental medicine monitoring. Environmental engineering is the use of engineering principles and methods, prevention of environmental pollution, rational use of natural resources, protect and improve environmental quality. The main contents of air pollution control projects, water pollution control projects, solid waste disposal and use, noise control, and integrated control of environmental pollution, and the use of systems analysis and systems engineering approach from the regional environment as a whole to find a solution the best solution to environmental problems. In addition, the environmental engineering also studied the economic problems of pollution control technology, technical development, environmental impact assessment. Environmental Management of the use of administrative, legal, economic, educational and scientific and technological means to adjust the various socio-economic development with environmental protection the relationship between the various departments dealing with the national economy, the social groups and individuals on environmental issues relationship, through a comprehensive planning and rational use of natural resources, to protect the environment and promote economic development. Environmental study of economic development and environmental protection Jingji Xue relationship between, explore properly regulate the human activities and environmental material exchange between the basic law, which aims to achieve the best economic activities in the economic and environmental benefits. Environment is an organic whole, environmental pollution is very complex and covers a wide range of issues. Therefore, the process of development in environmental science, environmental science, although the different characteristics of each branch, but mutual penetration, interdependence, environmental science that they are an integral whole interdependent, they are not this whole environmental science separated components.
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And development
1, Environmental Science 50 years in the 20th century, serious environmental problems in the context of the birth, the first American scholar in 1954 proposed the "environmental science" is used. 2, an international environmental science institutions have 60 years in the 20th century, the Joint Council in 1968 _set_ up the international scientific environment of the Scientific Committee, 20th century, 70 years appeared to environmental science specialist for the content of books, including the 1972 "United Nations Human Conference on the Environment "and published in" Only One Earth "is one of the most famous environmental science introduction of the book. Future Environmental Science As human control of environmental pollution in progress, the new environmental science disciplines are becoming increasingly mature, and form the basis of their theories and research methods. It from different categories of environmental and environmental issues, and gradually developed into a comprehensive study on the whole. Environmental science methodology is also developing. For example, in environmental quality assessment, and gradually establish a history of environmental research with the status quo combined with the macro-microcosmic study of the combined dynamics of the static study combined with research methods; and the theory of mathematical statistics, mathematics model to the further development of a comprehensive study on the whole. In this study, the gradual formation of ecosystems and the relationship between economic and social systems theory. Environmental science methodology is also developing. For example, in environmental quality assessment, and gradually establish a history of environmental research with the status quo combined with the macro-microcosmic study of the combined dynamics of the static study combined with research methods; and the theory of mathematical statistics, mathematics patterns and norms of evaluation procedures, the formation of a basically fully and accurately assess environmental quality evaluation. The various branches of the existing environmental science disciplines, is in a boom. In-depth study of these branches of the theory and environmental science to solve environmental problems during the ways and means, will be more new branches. Such as environmental pollution on the microbial biology in the study of life events and the impact of population structure, as well as changes in microbial populations due to environmental change, will lead to the emergence of environmental microbiology. Environmental Science will make this development a huge flourishing discipline system. Environmental Science business training objectives: the professional training with the basic theory of environmental science, basic knowledge and basic skills, in research institutions, universities, enterprises and administrative departments engaged in research, education, environmental protection and environmental management, etc. high-level expertise. Business training requirements: The students mainly study the basic theory of environmental science, basic knowledge, by the application of basic research, applied research and basic training in environmental management, with better science literacy and a certain degree of teaching, research, development and management , master of environmental monitoring and environmental quality assessment methods as well as environmental planning and management of the basic skills. Graduates should be given the following knowledge and abilities: 1. Master mathematics, physics, chemistry and other basic theory and basic knowledge; 2. Environmental Science and Management to master the basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills; 3. Understand the general principles and similar professional knowledge; 4. Familiar with the national environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, sustainable development, intellectual property and other relevant policies and regulations; 5. Forefront of environmental science to understand the theory, application prospects, and the latest developments, as well as the development of environmental protection industry; 6. Master data query, document retrieval and use of modern information technology, the basic method of access to relevant information; has a certain experimental design, to create experimental conditions, summarize, organize, analyze results, write papers, participate in academic exchange capacity. Main courses: Main Subject: Environmental Science Main courses: ecology, environmental science, environmental chemistry, environmental biology, environmental monitoring, environmental engineering, environmental quality and assessment, environmental management and environmental law, environmental information systems. Main practice teaching links: combination of natural geography, ecology, environmental engineering, environmental monitoring and other courses such as teaching practice, the general arrangements for 10 - 20 weeks. Duration: four years Degrees: Bachelor of Science Similar professional: Ecology Resources Environmental Science Environmental Science Applied Meteorology Open Environmental Sciences (BS, MA) of the Institution: Beijing Normal University, Tsinghua University, Peking University, Zhejiang University, Tongji University, Nankai University, China West Normal University, Sichuan Normal University and so on.
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Encyclopedia
Environmental Science Environmental science and human social and economic development activities, the evolution of the environment The relationship between, for coevolution of human society and the environment, sustainable development approach and the party The scientific method. The research object is the contradiction between human relationships and the environment. By adjusting the people Class socio-economic behavior, protection, development and construction of the environment, so that the environment for human society Will be sustained, coordinated and stable development of good support and assurance. Environmental science from The emergence of environmental problems to solve environmental problems and human needs. Over the years, all walks of life The experts from the scientific point of different traditions, from the side of environmental issues to seek recognition of different Identify environmental problems and ways to solve environmental problems, so there environmental mathematics, physical environment Science, environmental chemistry, environmental geology, environmental biology, environmental medicine, environmental engineering, Environmental economics, environmental law, environmental management and environmental philosophy, and many marginal, Cross-cutting branches. Environmental Science is the basis of these branches gradually shaped Become a very complex new science.
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Physics Encyclopedia
Environmental Science Environmental protection is a common concern of all peoples the world's major social economic issue, but also a major field of science and technology research. Environmental science in the modern socio-economic and scientific development during the formation of a comprehensive science. On a global scale, environmental science as a science, or nearly two to three decades to do. Environment and environmental issues Environment in terms of relative to the center of things. And a center of things around about things, is this something the environment. Environmental Sciences of the environment, based on the human as the main body of the outside world, that human survival and development of a comprehensive body of material conditions, including natural and social environment. The natural environment is directly or indirectly affect all the naturally occurring human substances and their overall energy. Most of the Earth surface is highly human intervention, original natural environment is running out. Environmental science is the study of human social environment on the basis of the natural environment, a sense of community through long-term labor created by the artificial environment. It is the human development of material civilization and spiritual civilization, a symbol, and with the development of human society and constantly enrich and evolve. Environment has many layers, a variety of structures, can be used for a variety of division. Environmental factors can be divided in accordance with air, water, soil and biological environment; by human activities can be divided into workshops, factories, villages, cities, regional, global, space and other environments. Environmental science is the environment as a whole comprehensive study. There are four spheres of the Earth's surface, the air, hydrosphere, soil - the lithosphere and the intersection of three circles suitable for biological survival of the biosphere (soil, some scholars - the lithosphere is divided into soil and rock circle circle Some scholars draw mankind from the biosphere, a separate intelligence circles). The four circles, mainly in the role of solar energy under the material circulation and energy flow. In this case, the nature of all things King presents a new and prosperous scene. Human evolution is the Earth's environment to a certain stage of the product. Elements of human tissue and its content to some extent, with the abundance of the crust between elements and their relationship, that person is a product of the environment. Human appears, through the production and consumption activities, access to subsistence resources from nature, and then move through the transformation and use of natural objects, and various waste back to nature, to participate in the nature of the material circulation and energy flow process, constantly changing Earth's environment. In the transformation process of the human environment, the Earth's environment is still inherent in the law in motion, continue to react on human beings, they often cause environmental problems. Environmental issues can be said that there was in ancient times. Western Asia, Mesopotamia, China's Yellow River, the birthplace of human civilization. Since large-scale deforestation, land clearing, but not pay attention to cultivate trees, causing serious soil erosion, resulting in the United States and gradually reduced to barren farmland soil. After the industrial revolution, the rapid development of social productive forces, the widespread use of the machine, created a vast wealth of mankind, and discharge of industrial waste has caused environmental pollution. Half of the 19th century, one of the world's largest industrial centers in London, have been frequent soot emissions caused by severe smoke events. As Engels pointed out, human nature, "every victory in the first step we have indeed achieved the expected results, but there are second and third steps in a completely different, unexpected effects, often the first result and canceled. " In a small number of the world's population, the production is small, when the impact of human activities on the environment is not great, even if there is only localized environmental problems. 50 years since the 20th century, the social productive forces and science and technology advances, population explosion, the ability of the human conquest of nature, greatly enhanced, the environment will be increasingly strong reaction to reveal themselves as people of the world global issues of common concern. To the 18th century, human beings found a total of only 20 kinds of chemical elements. Today, all 94 natural elements have been found, but also made a dozen man-made elements. Artificial Preparation of the various compound classes with age, according to statistics, currently has more than 500 million. In these chemicals, toxic chemicals output reached 400 million tons. Making a lot of artificial compounds, including toxic substances into the environment, including, in the environment, proliferation, migration, accumulation and transformation, continued to deteriorate the environment, a serious threat to the survival of humans and other organisms. Irish Sea late 60s died tens of thousands of sea birds, the biologists discovered anatomy, seabird body contains a high concentration of PCBs. From live coverage of the ice sheet, uninhabited penguins on the Antarctic continent have also been detected in vivo DDT. Greenland ice sheet near the layer in the Arctic, the recent decades of lead and mercury on the rise. Japan in the 40's there mainly by the cadmium pollution Itai-itai disease, has emerged in the 50s caused the Minamata mercury pollution, disease and the petrochemical industry emissions of air pollutants caused by the Yokkaichi asthma. Many kinds of hazardous substances into the body and also produce other potential in vivo and long-term harm. All this has caused widespread concern around the world. Waste emissions from human activities, more than environmental self-purification capacity of the earth, which affects global environmental quality. 70 years, according to estimates released into the environment each year worldwide more than 3 billion tons of solid waste, waste water of about 6000 to 7000 million tons of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions, only the nearest 400 million tons. A lot of waste into the environment so that the composition of the atmosphere and water bodies has changed. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (by volume) from the 19th century to the present 0.028% 0.032%. Carbon dioxide plays a regulatory role on the Earth's climate. Scientific experiments confirmed that, if its content continues to increase, will inevitably lead to global climate anomalies. Western European countries a large number of sulfur oxide emissions, nitrogen oxides, the wind sent, with the rain fall, resulting in a number of freshwater lakes in Scandinavia lake acidity increased significantly. Some lakes in Sweden hydrogen ion concentration in water than 30 years 70 years increased by almost 100 times, fish production fell dramatically. In recent years the world every year because of ocean, coastal drilling and drilling for oil, accidents and waste spills oil into the sea and its products reached 500 million tons. Marine pollution by oil, so that the survival of marine plankton under serious threat. It is estimated that the oxygen in the atmosphere now, a quarter of marine phytoplankton in the ocean generated through photosynthesis. Marine phytoplankton as a victim of serious damage to the oxygen content is bound to affect the global balance. Population growth and increased production activities, as the impact on the environment and pressure. Many species of diminishing resources, and face the danger of depletion. The world's annual consumption of fossil fuels, the beginning of the 20th century, less than 15 million tons (calculated by Standard kcal), 70 to 70 to 80 million tons. Global forest area, 1862, about 55 million hectares, about 38 years of 20 century, 60 million hectares of the late 70s is less than the 2.6 billion hectares. Should be specifically mentioned, the tropical rain forests in regulating the global climate has an important role in large-scale deforestation, would have serious consequences. Due to the unreasonable farming systems, the world is wind erosion, salinization of land is increasing. According to United Nations authorities estimated that annual soil loss of 24 billion tons due to erosion, desertification, expansion of 6 million hectares of land each year, that rate if it continues to develop, together with the development of urban and transport use up a lot of farmland, the world's 1.24 billion of existing hectares of arable land for 20 years after the loss of one third of world food production will be seriously threatened. In addition, since the disappearance of the native environment, human hunting and environmental pollution, the world's plant and animal genetic resources drastically reduced. An estimated 25,000 species of plants and 1,000 kinds of vertebrate species, subspecies and varieties are threatened with extinction, which would be irreparable human losses. Above facts show that today's world of air, water, soil and biological pollution and damage suffered has reached dangerous levels. The ecological balance of nature by growing interference by the large-scale destruction of natural resources, natural environment is degraded. Environmental Science is to address human faces serious environmental problems, to create a more suitable environment for a better and gradually developed. Its rise and development, marks the human understanding of the environment, the use and transformation into a new stage. Environmental science research areas and major tasks Environmental science research, in the 50 to 60 years focuses on natural sciences and engineering aspects, has been extended to sociology, economics, law and other social sciences. Systematic study of environmental issues, we should apply to science, biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, engineering, mathematics and sociology, economics, law and other disciplines, knowledge
environmental chemistry