Environmental monitoring (environmental monitoring), refers to factors affecting the quality of the environment on behalf of the values measured to determine the quality of the environment (or pollution) and their trends. Environmental monitoring of the process is generally given the task of on-site surveys and data collection, monitoring program design, optimization distribution, sample collection, sample transportation and preservation, sample preparation, analytical testing, data processing, comprehensive evaluation. Environmental monitoring objects: natural factors, human factors, pollution components. Environmental monitoring, including: chemical monitoring, physical monitoring, biological monitoring, ecological monitoring.
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The development of environmental monitoring
(A) three stages of the development of environmental monitoring 1, a typical accident investigation and monitoring of pollution or passive monitoring phase of the development stage 2, monitoring of pollution sources monitoring the development stage or active monitoring, the purpose of the monitoring phase 3, based on environmental quality monitoring stage of development or automatic monitoring phase (B) trends 1, by classical chemical analysis to the development of instrumental analysis; 2, from manual to automated straight forward; 3, trace analysis (0.01% to 1%) to trace (<0.01%), the development of ultra-trace; 4, the pollutant content analysis of the development to the chemical speciation; 5, the joint use of equipment and computerization.
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The purpose of environmental monitoring
Accurate, timely and comprehensive reflection of the status quo and development trend of environmental quality for environmental management, pollution control, environmental planning, and provide a scientific basis. Specific summarized as follows: 1, according to the environmental quality criteria to evaluate the quality of the environment; 2, according to the pollution distribution, tracking to find sources for the realization of supervision and management, provide the basis for pollution control; 3, collection of background data, the accumulation of long-term monitoring data for the study of environmental capacity, the implementation of total control and management by objectives, forecasting quality of the environment to provide data; 4, for the protection of human health, environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, development of environmental regulations, standards, planning and other services.
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Environmental monitoring features
(A) a comprehensive environmental monitoring 1, monitoring tools, including chemistry, physics, biology, physical chemistry, biochemistry and biophysics and all methods can be characterized by environmental quality. 2, monitoring of objects, including air, water, soil, solid waste, biological and other objects. 3, the statistical processing of monitoring data, comprehensive analysis, involving the area's natural and social aspects of the situation must be taken into account. (B) the continuity of environmental monitoring With time and space due to environmental pollution, etc., only by adhering to long-term measure in order to reveal data from a large number of its variation. (C) the tracking of environmental monitoring To ensure the monitoring results with a certain accuracy, comparability, representativeness and completeness of the need for a tracking system to monitor value.
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Environmental Monitoring category
(A) the purpose of monitoring or monitoring task partitioning 1, monitoring of monitoring (routine monitoring, routine monitoring) Including the monitoring of pollution sources and environmental quality monitoring, to determine the status of environmental quality and pollution sources, evaluation of the effect of control measures, to measure the implementation of environmental standards and environmental protection work in progress. It is monitoring the largest and most comprehensive work. 2, the specific purpose of monitoring (special case of monitoring, emergency monitoring) (1) monitoring pollution accidents In the event of pollution incidents in a timely manner in-depth accident emergency monitoring sites to determine the types of pollutants, diffusion direction, speed and scope of pollution and hazards to find the reasons for the contamination occurred, for the control of pollution incidents to provide a scientific basis. Such monitoring is often used to monitor flow (cars, boats, etc.), simple monitoring, low-altitude aerial survey, remote sensing and other means. (2) monitoring the dispute arbitration Major incidents of pollution disputes, environmental law enforcement in the contradictions arising from monitoring, to provide notarized data. (3) assessment of validation monitoring Including personnel assessment, method validation, the new project's environmental evaluation, permit system for assessment monitoring, the "three simultaneous" project acceptance monitoring, pollution control project completion acceptance monitoring. (4) Advisory services to monitor For government departments, research institutions, production units provide service monitoring. Government departments to formulate the national environmental regulations, standards, planning to provide basic data and tools. Such as building new enterprises should carry out environmental impact assessment, required by the assessment requirements for monitoring. 3, research monitoring (scientific monitoring) For a particular purpose high-level scientific research and for monitoring pollution by monitoring mechanisms to understand and clarify the changes of the migration of pollutants, the extent of environmental contamination, such as environmental monitoring and research background, toxic and hazardous substances on employees the impact of research, monitoring their monitoring of research services (such as harmonization of analytical methods and standard methods of research, reference material developed to prevent monitoring), etc. Such studies often require multi-disciplinary cooperation. (B) the monitoring of media or object classification Can be divided into water quality monitoring, air monitoring, soil monitoring, solid waste monitoring, biological monitoring, noise and vibration monitoring, electromagnetic radiation monitoring, radiation monitoring, thermal monitoring, optical monitoring, health monitoring (pathogens, viruses, parasites, etc.). (C) of the professional sector classification Can be divided into: weather monitoring, health monitoring, resource monitoring. In addition, can be divided into: chemical monitoring, physical monitoring, biological monitoring. (D) the monitoring of the regional classification Can be divided into: plant monitoring and regional monitoring.
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百科 Daquan
huanjing jiance Environmental Monitoring environmental monitoring Intermittent or continuous determination of the concentration of pollutants in the environment, observe, analyze its impact on the environment changes and the process. As the pollution intensity, geographical and meteorological factors in different ways, emissions of harmful substances dispersion, diffusion, chemical activity and other differences, the extent and impact of pollution is different. The scope of localized pollution, regional and even global; pollution some short-term, acute, and some are long-term, chronic or latent in nature. Therefore, to a certain number of monitoring points within the _set_ to form a monitoring network to monitor pollutant concentrations and their impact, and accordingly the development of countermeasures. Environmental monitoring generally use manual or semi-automatic sampling, chemical analysis using a laboratory regular, fixed-point determination. With the development of environmental monitoring, the establishment of a fixed air pollution monitoring stations, mobile air pollution monitoring stations, fixed stations of water pollution, water pollution and other mobile stations. Pollutant emissions in the case of surge, intermittent monitoring of pollution sources have been unable to grasp the changes and environmental pollution. The late 1960s early 1970s, air pollution and water pollution monitoring system for continuous automatic continuous automatic monitoring system have also been established. Environmental monitoring by monitoring purposes can be divided into three kinds. ① research monitoring: study to determine sources of pollutants to the receptor from the movement, identification of environmental contaminants that need attention. Such monitoring requires chemical analysis, physical measurements, biological, physiological and biochemical tests, and combined in atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric physics, water chemistry, hydrology, biology, epidemiology, toxicology, pathology and other disciplines of knowledge. If monitoring data show that there is no pollution problem, you must determine the pollutants on people, the impact of biological and other objects. ② Monitoring of monitoring: monitoring of environmental change in the trend of known harmful pollutants, evaluate the effect of control measures, the implementation of environmental standards to judge the situation and the progress made in improving the environment, the establishment of monitoring networks, such as air pollution monitoring network, water pollution monitoring network, the cumulative monitoring data, pursuant to identify a city, provincial, regional, national and even global pollution and its trends. ③ accident surveillance: the accidental pollution, such as oil spill accidents caused by marine pollution, nuclear power plant accident fallout caused by atmospheric pollution monitoring, including monitoring by car or boat to monitor the flow monitoring, air monitoring, telemetry, remote sensing, to determine the extent and severity of pollution in order to take measures. By monitoring the different objects can be divided into air pollution monitoring, monitoring of water pollution, soil pollution monitoring, biological monitoring of pollution. According to the different nature of pollutants, toxic chemicals can be divided into monitoring, health (including pathogens, viruses, parasites, fungal toxins such as pollution) monitoring, thermal pollution monitoring, monitoring of noise pollution, electromagnetic pollution monitoring, monitoring of radioactive pollution, eutrophication of monitoring. Pollutants present in the environment, most content is very low, trace and trace scope is, the general chemical and physical methods for monitoring and analysis. Automatic continuous monitoring of air pollution for the method, the early use of colorimetric, conductivity and other chemical methods, has been developed to use the chemiluminescence, UV fluorescence spectroscopy pulse, chromatography and other physical methods. For water pollution monitoring methods are automatic and continuous UV absorption spectrophotometry, ion _select_ive electrode, conductivity, etc. (see environmental analysis). Given some of the contaminants has resulted in global air pollution and water pollution, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1970 began development of a global atmospheric monitoring program established for the uniform determination of the air monitoring and sampling methods program. This program has been gradually implemented in the Member States. World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme's assistance in 1974 for a global water quality monitoring program, established in November 1976 a joint global water quality monitoring program. China respectively in 1979 and 1980 as the world's air monitoring plan and a member of the global water quality monitoring program. Mid-1950s, China's health sector and the urban construction departments have a number of cities in the air, water and soil pollution survey of hygiene and routine analysis. The mid-1970s, local environmental protection agencies and stations have been established to carry out the atmosphere, rivers, reservoirs, pollution monitoring. Of large rivers, lakes, such as the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Songhua River, Xiangjiang River, Pearl River, Haihe River, Guanting, Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake, Chaohu Lake, Taihu Lake, and the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, South China Sea and East China Sea, also has conducted water quality monitoring . (Wu Pengming)
Environmental Monitoring measures for administration
Pingxiang City environment monitoring station
China Environmental monitoring system
Nanchang Municipal environment monitoring station
GEMS
Taicang city environment monitoring station
Anhui Province environment monitoring station
China Environmental monitoring terminal
other Environmental monitoring personnel
Fishery body Environmental Monitoring
Being impose Environmental Monitoring
Anhui Province Renju environment monitoring Center
country Briny environmental monitoring Center
Environment monitoring equipment development handbook
Shaanxi Province Chamber internal environment monitoring Center
Environmental monitoring Principle And technology
thermal power plant Environmental Monitoring
ironworks Environment monitoring station design
Environmental monitoring Plan standard assembly
China geology Environmental monitoring courtyard
throughout the country Environmental monitoring regulations on administration
China geology Environmental monitoring courtyard personnel
China geology Environmental Monitoring courtyard Office
China geology Environmental monitoring courtyard bureau
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard faith the lobby of a hotel [theater]
China geology Environmental monitoring courtyard dispensary
China geology Environmental monitoring courtyard bursary
Wavelet basio- water Environmental monitoring information system
Shandong Province Geological environment monitoring terminal
Gansu Province Environmental monitoring technology Company
Liu zhou railway bureau Guilin (city) environment monitoring station
Changsha Environmental monitoring central sation
Environmental Monitoring engineer
Gansu Province Petroleum chemical industry environment monitoring station
Wuxi Environmental monitoring central sation
Lanzhou University Semiarid climate And environment monitoring station
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Device Management Office
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Technology Foreign affairs And Project Management Office
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Geological environment Consult evaluate Center
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard The party and mass Office
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Xifeng Temple Training Center
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Technology advices data Center
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard address archives
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Environment geology Fair price chamber
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard away Regrade Cadre place
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Territorial resources Environment Consult evaluate Center
Conservancy Ecotope Monitoring network small net measures for administration
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Meta geology engineering Corporation ltd.
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard the Three Gorges (Qutang Gorge, Wu Gorge and Xiling Gorge) of the Yangtze river Geologic hazard monitoring Center
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard The three gorges (qutang gorge, wu gorge and xiling gorge) of the yangtze river storeroom District Geologic hazard prevention and cure employment command
China geology Environmental monitoring courtyard service centre
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Digging environment And Land Cure Fair price chamber
Jiangsu province radiation Environmental monitoring management station
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard synthesis facility
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard groundwater Resouces and environment Survey Monitoring chamber
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Geologic hazard early-warning central forecasting offfice
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Groundwater dummy Center
throughout the country Environmental monitoring Institution Directory And profile
Three Gorges Project Biology and environment monitoring system research
China geology environmental monitoring courtyard Geologic hazard Survey Monitoring chamber
other Environmental monitoring And Waste handling personnel
Wuwei City Chamber internal environment Monitoring administer Center
Quality Supervision