Physical chemistry is a physics-based principles and experimental techniques to study the nature and behavior of chemical systems, chemical systems discovered and establish special rules and disciplines. With the rapid development of science interpenetration and between the various disciplines, physical chemistry and physics, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry exists in the content is difficult to accurately divide boundaries, in order to continuously produce new branches, such as physical organic chemical, biological, physical chemistry and chemical physics. Physical chemistry but also with many non-chemical disciplines are closely linked, for example, the physical metallurgy metallurgical physical chemistry is actually metal.
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Historical development of physical chemistry
Generally, physical chemistry as a discipline was officially formed, from the 1877 German chemist Ostwald and Dutch chemist van't Hoff founded the "Journal of Physical Chemistry" began. From this period to the early 20th century, with the vigorous development of the physical chemistry of its characteristic chemical thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics is widely used in various chemical systems, especially on the solution system. Research on Multi-Phase Systems Gibbs and van't Hoff chemical equilibrium, Arrhenius proposed ionization theory, Nernst heat theorem of discovery is an important contribution to the chemical thermodynamics. After the 1906 Lewis raised the concept of fugacity and activity dealing with non-ideal system, as well as their determination, all the basic chemical thermodynamics have been met. Laue and Bragg for creative research X-ray crystal structure analysis, crystallographic classic to modern crystalline laid the foundation for the development of chemistry. Arrhenius activation energy concept of chemical reactions, and Bodengshitan and Nernst concept of chain reactions, the later development of chemical kinetics have also made important contributions. 1920s to 1940s was a period of structural chemistry leading the development of physical chemistry research time has been deep into the microscopic world of atoms and molecules, changing the internal structure of complex molecules ignorant of the situation. In 1926, the rise of quantum mechanics research, not only created an upsurge in physics, physical chemistry studies also give great impact. Especially in 1927, quantum mechanics deal with Heitler and London on the issue of hydrogen molecules, shared electron pair covalent bond Lewis proposed the concept in 1916 to provide a theoretical basis. In 1931 Pauling and Slater put this approach extended to other diatomic molecules and polyatomic molecules, forming a chemical bond valence bond method. In 1932, Mulliken and Hund in dealing with the problem of the hydrogen molecule depending on the physical model, using different trial wave function, and thus the development of the molecular orbital method. Valence bond and molecular orbital method has become the foundation of the modern theory of the chemical bond. Orbital hybridization method, and hydrogen bonding and Pauling electronegativity concepts, such as the development of the proposed chemical structure also plays an important role. During this period, other branches of physical chemistry are also more or less microscopic Strip colors, such as radical chain of Hinshelwood and Semenov two schools developed reaction kinetics, Debye and shock Seoul theory of strong interactions absorption of electrolyte ions, as well as progress in the course of the study the electrochemical electrodes - hydrogen overvoltage theory. During the Second World War to the 1960s, experimental physical chemistry research methods and measurement techniques, in particular the rapid development of various spectroscopic techniques and the resulting fruitful for its characteristics. The accuracy of rapid e-learning, high vacuum and computer technology, not only traditional experimental methods of physical chemistry and measurement technology, precision and time resolution has greatly improved, but also the emergence of many new spectroscopic techniques. Spectroscopy and other spectroscopic time resolution and self-control, and continuously improve the means of recording, so the study is beyond the physical and chemical stability of the ground state molecules begin to enter all kinds of excited state of research. Photochemical first obtain considerable progress, because the research spectrum preliminary figure out the essence of the photochemical process to promote the study of various chemical reaction mechanism. These rapid and sensitive detection methods can be found in the transient reaction intermediates occurring during the reaction mechanism of the reaction rate equation is no longer just guesswork and conclusions. These detection methods for the development of chemical kinetics is also a great role in promoting. Advanced equipment and testing methods have greatly shortened the time measurement structure, the crystal chemistry has been a major breakthrough in the complex crystal structure determination of biological macromolecules, penicillin, vitamin B12, protein structure determination Insulin and DNA configuration spirochetes are determined to succeed. Electron spectroscopy study of the chemical structure appears more capable of phase from the body of the object relative to the surface, and the surface of the solid catalyst, this is an effective new research methods. 1960s, the invention of the laser and the continuous improvement of laser technology. Emergence of large-capacity high-speed computer, as well as the invention of weak signal detection means pregnant with the birth of Physical Chemistry of the new growth point. Since the 1970s, molecular reaction dynamics, chemistry and surface structure of the chemical laser represents the forefront of physical chemistry. Usually expanded from the study of molecular bonding molecules bonded to the registration, the van der Waals molecules, clusters, molecular clusters and non-stoichiometric compounds. In the experiment, the chemical reaction can be controlled not only bland and pressure conditions, and thus the interior of the reactant molecules quantum state, the energy and spatial orientation under control. In theory, the rapid development of large-scale computer accelerated quantum chemistry in terms of quantitative calculation. For many chemical systems, the Schrödinger equation is no longer expected to be up and unsolvable. Kenichi Fukui frontier orbital theory proposed by Woodward and Hoffmann and the establishment of the proposed principle of conservation of orbital symmetry is important to the development of quantum chemistry. Physical chemistry is constantly absorbing research in physics and mathematics, for example, in the early 1970s, Prigogine and put forward the theory of dissipative structures, so that non-equilibrium theory gained encouraging progress has deepened people's systems far from equilibrium Stability of understanding. The history of Chinese physical chemistry in 1949 founding of the PRC for the sector, can be roughly divided into two phases. In 30 to 40 years, even though the material conditions of weak, but the older generation is not only a physical chemist at the chemical thermodynamics, electrochemistry, colloid and surface chemistry, molecular spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, quantum chemistry has made considerable achievements, but also trained many physical and chemical aspects of talent. After 1949, after decades of effort, in various colleges and universities _set_ up the Department of Physical Chemistry conduct personnel training, it is also relevant Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute and all the key institutions of higher learning to establish the physical and chemical laboratory, in structural chemistry, quantum chemistry, catalysis, electrochemistry, molecular reaction dynamics has made gratifying achievements.
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Physical chemistry research
Generally accepted physical and chemical research can be roughly summarized in three aspects: Three macroeconomic equilibrium properties of chemical systems with the basic laws of thermodynamics as the theoretical basis, research macroeconomic equilibrium chemical systems and their physical and chemical properties of regularity in gaseous, liquid, solid, and highly dispersed and dissolved state. In this case, the time is not a variable. Belong to this branch of physical chemistry chemical thermodynamics. Solution, colloid and surface chemistry. Microstructure and properties of chemical systems with quantum theory as the theoretical basis of the study of atomic and molecular structure, the body of the object phase space structure of atoms and molecules, the structure of surfaces, as well as the structure and properties of regularity. Belong to this branch of physical chemistry and structural chemistry quantum chemistry. The dynamic nature of chemical systems research due to the chemical or physical factors of disturbance caused by changes in the rate and mechanism of chemical change processes occurring system. In this case, time is an important variable. Belong to this branch of physical chemistry chemical kinetics, catalysis, photochemistry and electrochemistry.
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Theoretical Physical Chemistry of the pillars
The main pillars of the theory of physical chemistry is thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics of three parts. Thermodynamics and quantum mechanics applied to microscopic systems, statistical mechanics, compared with the two bridges. In principle to infer or calculate macroscopic phenomena using statistical mechanics methods substances other molecules through a micro data atoms.
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Part of the physical chemistry
Physical chemistry of chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and structural chemistry of three parts.
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Creating Physical Chemistry
Chemistry and physics of contact, if counted as the first phase of the Lavoisier era, Bunsen era as the second phase, then to Hoof era can be said to be the beginning of the third period. The third phase, the physical chemistry has had a scientific system. If you want to determine the physical and chemical created to commemorate the years, I am afraid to 1887 most appropriate. Because in this year, the publication of the classic style of the standard textbook and founded the professional journal "Journal of Physical Chemistry 'sake.
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Classic textbook Physical Chemistry
The so-called classical standard textbook refers Ostwald wrote "General Chemistry Textbook" (Lehrbuch der allgemeinem Chemie), is composed of the upper and lower volumes (later revised to three volumes) masterpiece composed of the volume is about the amount of chemical theory, the next volume is about theoretical affinity. This is a system overview about the achievements of the past, pointed out the scope of the standard works of research methods and physical chemistry, as well as the future development direction. Ostwald and Hoof should share the honor of the creator of physical chemistry. Hoof established a school in Amsterdam, Ostwald in Leipzig train a large number of experts, the two sides tied for this emerging science of the two centers, can be considered a pioneering work of this era. Hoof is centered in Amsterdam, gathered around the Derwent (Ch.vanDeventer, 1860 ~), Springfield (Walther Spring, 1848 ~ 1911), Laixi Er (Lodewijk Th.Reicher, 1857 ~), Cohen (Ernst Cohen, 1869 ~), Gode Schmidt (Heinrich Goldschmidt, 1857 ~) and Bray Deasy (Georg Bredig, 1868 ~), etc.; surrounding areas in Leipzig Ostwald have Nernst ( Walther Nernst, 1864 ~ 1941), Walden (Paul Walden, 1863 ~), Beckman (Ernst Beckmann, 1853 ~ 1923), Bodenstein (MaxBodenstein, 1871 ~ 1942), Le Bulan (M.Le Blance) and Road Patel (R.Luther) and others, something echoed by exchanging information and building chemistry theory and strive to contribute is very clear. One specific example is the "Journal of Physical Chemistry" (Zeit-schrift für physikaliche Chemie) is founded. In the past, in Germany, had founded the professional journal of organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry and applied chemistry, but yet there are about theoretical chemistry or physical chemistry professional publications. Thus, with regard to the core Ostwald, actively assisted by van Hoof, and the German, British, American and Russian experts to participate in, and finally out of the first issue in 1887, since then, to form a strong in this area and Editing strong academic institutions. Author: Fu Xian Cai Publisher: Higher Education Press ISBN: 7040028689 Publication Date: May 1990 Introduction The book is based on the third edition of the "physical chemistry" 1979 revision, in the light of the physical status of college chemistry course of China in recent years, the original book has been adjusted and deletions. The book focuses on the basic concepts and theories, taking into account the needs of different readers and also introduce some appropriate disciplinary trends related content. Each chapter is accompanied by a bibliography extracurricular reading to expand the depth and breadth of teaching content. To help readers to consolidate what they have learned and improve problem-solving ability, but also to facilitate the self-study, the book incorporated into more examples and exercises, the end of the book with the answers. The book uses a symbol to the International System of Units (SI) units based on the "PRC legal units of measurement" and national standards (GB) as stipulated.
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Encyclopedia
wulihuaxue Physical Chemistry physical chemistry In theory and experimental techniques based on physical, chemical properties and behavior research system, discover and create special rules and disciplines of chemical systems. With the rapid development of science interpenetration and between the various disciplines, physical chemistry and physics, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry exists in the content is difficult to accurately divide boundaries, in order to continuously produce new branches, such as physical organic chemical, biological, physical chemistry and chemical physics. Physical chemistry but also with many non-chemical disciplines are closely linked, for example, the physical metallurgy metallurgical physical chemistry is actually metal. Generally accepted physical and chemical research can be roughly summarized in three aspects: ① macroeconomic equilibrium properties of chemical systems with three basic laws of thermodynamics as the theoretical basis to study macroscopic chemical system (containing the order of 1,023 molecular systems) equilibrium physics in gaseous, liquid, solid, dissolved and chemical properties of highly dispersed state and regularity. In this case, the time is not a variable. Belong to this branch of physical chemistry chemical thermodynamics, solution, colloid and surface chemistry. ② microstructure and properties of chemical systems with quantum theory as the theoretical basis of the study of atomic and molecular structure, the body of the object phase space structure of atoms and molecules, the structure of surfaces, as well as the structure and properties of regularity. Belong to this branch of physical chemistry and structural chemistry quantum chemistry. ③ dynamic nature of chemical systems research due to the chemical or physical factors of disturbance caused by changes in the rate and mechanism of chemical change processes occurring system. In this case, time is an important variable. Belong to this branch of physical chemistry chemical kinetics, catalysis, photochemistry and electrochemistry. Generally, physical chemistry as a discipline was officially formed in 1877 from a German chemist W. Ostwald and Dutch chemist JH van't Hoff founded the German "Journal of Physical Chemistry" began. From this period to the early 20th century, with the vigorous development of the physical chemistry of its characteristic chemical thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics is widely used in various chemical systems, especially on the solution system. Research on multi-phase equilibrium system JW Gibbs and van't Hoff chemical equilibrium, SA Arrhenius proposed ionization theory, WH Nernst heat theorem of discovery is an important contribution to the chemical thermodynamics. After the 1906 GN Lewis proposed the concept of fugacity and activity processing systems as well as their non-ideal measurement method, all the basic chemical thermodynamics have been met. Creative research M.von Laue and WH cloth □ grid for X-ray crystal structure analysis of classical crystallography to the development of modern chemistry crystalline foundation. Arrhenius activation energy of a chemical reaction on the concept and M. Bodengshitan and Nernst on the concept of chain reaction of the later development of chemical kinetics are also made important contributions. Period of 20 to 40 years is leading the development of structural chemistry, physical chemistry research time has been deep into the microscopic world of atoms and molecules, changing the internal structure of complex molecules ignorant of the situation. In 1926, the rise of quantum mechanics research, not only created an upsurge in physics, physical chemistry studies also give great impact. Especially in 1927, WH Heitler and London FW quantum mechanical treatment of the hydrogen molecule problem shared electron pair covalent bond Lewis proposed the concept in 1916 to provide a theoretical basis. 1931 LC Pauling and JC Slater put this method to the other outside the grounds of diatomic molecules and polyatomic molecules, forming a chemical bond valence bond method. 1932, RS Mulliken and FH Hund in dealing with the problem of the hydrogen molecule, depending on the physical model, using different trial wave function, and thus the development of the molecular orbital method. Valence bond and molecular orbital method has become the foundation of the modern theory of the chemical bond. Orbital hybridization method, and hydrogen bonding and Pauling electronegativity concepts, such as the development of the proposed chemical structure also plays an important role. At the same time, M. Polanyi and H. Irene draws reaction potential energy surface H + H □ system based on the calculation of London, which made the transition state theory reaction rate. This theory, at least in principle, the reaction rate can be calculated only according to the molecular structure of the data to participate in the reaction. During this period, other branches of physical chemistry are also more or less microscopic Strip colors, such as free radical chain by the CN Hinshelwood and Semenov two schools developed HH reaction kinetics, P. Debye
standard condition