That "coal." Plant residues undergo different degrees of decomposition of a shift in black or brown black solid combustible mineral substance
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The coal
The coal. Used as a fuel and chemical raw materials, a black solid minerals. Ming Song should sing "Heavenly Creations coal": "Where the coal, Putian all students to use for training stone." "Hua Yue" fourth eight back: "And call the woman picked brick, back salt, Chun Ho, cut bamboo stick, open coal. "
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Coal is formed
Coal is millions of years to plant foliage and roots, piled on the ground in a very thick layer of black humus, due to changes in the earth's crust continued to be buried underground, long isolated from the air, and under heat and pressure, after a series of complex physical and chemical changes and other factors, the formation of black combustible sedimentary rock, which is the formation of coal. A coal seam thickness and rate of decline in this region of the crust and the amount of the accumulation of plant remains. Crust down faster, too thick accumulation of plant remains, this thick coal seam on the contrary, the crust down slow accumulation of plant remains thin, thin on the mine's coal. Also, because the crustal tectonic movement of coal to the original level of folding and faulting occurred, some underground coal seam buried deeper places, and some has been pushed to the surface, even above the ground, more easily be found. Some coal seams are relatively thin, but area is not large, so there is no exploitation of the value of the coal formation has yet to find the updated statement. Coal is formed it? Some discussion of whether it should be further studied and discussed. A large coal mine, very thick coal seams, coal quality is excellent, but overall it's area is not great. If it is millions of years of plant foliage and roots made of natural accumulation, its area should be large. Because in ancient times, everywhere on the planet of forests and grasslands, therefore, underground storage should be everywhere the traces of coal; not necessarily very thick coal seams, because the plant foliage, roots decay into humus, will be absorbed by plants, So again, eventually buried underground, it would be concentrated, the boundaries of soil and coal will not be so clearly divided. However, the undeniable facts and the basis for the coal plant remains true is the evolution after the formation of a system, it is not broken bumps the truth, as long as careful look at coal, we can see leaves and roots of plants traces; if sliced into the coal under the microscope, you can find very clear organization and structure of plants, and sometimes still preserved in the coal seam in a class of things like tree trunks, some still wrapped in the coal seam integrity insect fossils. It's worth asking why it was so concentrated form, and is so so good it? Trivial, thus we can infer the coal formation may have a direct relationship with the flood. If you do not like powerful force and the flood handling capabilities, the formation of coal will not so concentrated, it would be good. We can imagine, in millions of years ago during the geological history, is very suitable due to weather conditions on the ground, the plants grow tall and lush in the coastal and inland swamps, but also the growth of a large number of plants, when the rainfall is quite abundant, when the hundred years of natural disasters such as floods or tsunami comes, will be flooded grasslands and flooded large tracts of forest, where the size of the plant will be uprooted from the dial, floating on the water, plant roots the soil will also be washed clean, with fibrous roots and twigs of these trees and grass the size of each plant will climb tied together, floating down the river down, washed once shallow, cross the Bay will be stranded, they will _set_tle there, and like a sieve, like all the floating debris screening there, and soon there will be a barrier, and this place will be the next flood accumulation of plant debris (there will be many animals debris) in place. When the flood subsided, there will form an accumulation of plant debris winding QIULING, through long-term geological changes, this plant debris QIULING will gradually buried underground, and finally evolved into today's coal mines. In addition, due to the enhanced understanding of human nature, against unexpected natural disasters continue to increase, building water conservancy projects, build strong dikes, river bank reinforcement, embankments, greatly slowed the ferocious impact of floods, flood phenomenon less, even obediently follow the call of humanity, and the ferocious flood into electrical energy, kinetic energy, thermal energy, the benefit of mankind, to serve human society. This flood has not only the ability to transport animals and plants, and tides, typhoons, tsunamis also have this ability. Due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other factors caused by the tsunami, waves can _set_ off three, forty meters high also, and in a split second to an island on the flora and fauna against a blank; the entire coastline of all biological looted. Furthermore, the material on the surface of the Earth can not wait for a permanent static sedimentation of the Earth, and the material on the Earth's surface is constantly circulating flowing. Therefore, the "Flood said," is to enable the formation of coal was so concentrated, high-quality, still has some truth, is convincing, but also to convincing. Since a large number of ancient sediments in the plant, to be deeply buried in the subsurface by high pressure and temperature, after hundreds of millions of years, into a coal Coal and other minerals, is layered, and not everywhere, if the surface of plant roots, it is not so concentrated, it should be everywhere, so I think the book says is wrong. Therefore, some carbon is the Earth, the surface of the carbon compounds form a large majority, the carbon center of the earth to form a single mass, center of the earth's carbon emitted to the surface, the part of the diamond, part of the graphite, the majority of coal ( formed under different conditions, different material), and other causes, like most of mine. When pressure in the underground plant, in a long time under conditions of high pressure oxygen will form coal. Carboniferous plant large prosperous Earth for the formation of the coal formation of a strong material foundation, the orogeny was the formation of coal to provide the external conditions. After years and years, there was coal.
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Coal mining process
Gangue emissions: emissions from the largest coal production of solid waste, industrial solid waste is produced in China and the accumulation of the largest volume of solid waste generation is generally about 10% of coal production. Chinese coal gangue in the annual emissions of about 150 million to 2.0 million t between. The end of 2002, the national coal waste accumulated about 3.4 billion t, an area of 26,000 hectares, is China's output of industrial solid waste in the largest quantity and the cumulative amount of total solid waste. In 2004, the amount of gangue comprehensive utilization of 1.35 million t, 54% utilization. Mine water discharge: in the coal mine construction and production process, various types of source water through different channels and face into the roadway, in order to ensure mine safety, prevent water damage occurs, the need to discharge mine water gushing. According to incomplete statistics, in the mining process, the 2004 national coal mine water discharge of about 30 billion m3, the average tons of coal water inflow of about 2m3. Resource utilization accounted for only about 22%. Mine gas drainage and ventilation: in the former coal mining and gas exploration in the gas drainage is an important measure to ensure mine safety. But the drainage of gas into the atmosphere, will have a strong greenhouse effect, greenhouse gas methane contained 20 times larger than carbon dioxide. Another mine in the production process, the underground tunnel will need hundreds of thousands per second or even several million cubic meters of air, which is mainly done through the mine ventilation, mine ventilation gas containing the same, and there are a lot of dust. According to the evaluation of estimates in recent years, the national coal seam gas resource of 3 × 106 Mm3. 2002 China's key coal seam gas generation is 9773.37Mm3, which use gas volume of 517.49 Mm3, about 5% utilization. Ignore other symbiotic traditional coal mining, associated minerals mining, processing, utilization, resulting in waste of resources. China coal symbiotic, 20 kinds of minerals associated with, the vast majority do not use, store the other random drops of mineral will cause environmental pollution and damage to the environment. Ecological damage: coal mining destroyed the interior of the original crust mechanical equilibrium. Caused by surface subsidence, the original ecosystem has been damaged. The damage to the original loss or reduction of land revenue, but also a result of surface water conservancy facilities, ecological destruction and environmental degradation. Each year due to mining-induced surface subsidence area has reached 400,000 hm2, and the average annual increase rate of 15,000 hm2.
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The role of coal
Coal use is widespread, according to its intended use summarized as two main purposes: (1) coal, (2) of coking coal. China's coal is mainly used: 1) Power generation coal: China about 1 / 3 of the coal used to generate electricity, the current average coal consumption of coal power generation 370g / (kW · h) or so. Calorific value of coal power plants to use, the heat energy into electrical energy. 2) steam coal: coal-fired power accounts for about 2%, the average coal boiler steam locomotive indicators 100kg / (ten thousand tons km) or so. 3) Building Materials coal: about power more than l0% of coal, coal to cement the largest, followed by glass, brick, tile and so on. 4) general industrial steam coal: In addition to large-scale thermal power plants and heating boilers, in general, corporate and industrial heating boiler model range, the number of large and scattered, coal accounts for about 30% of thermal coal. 5) The life of coal: the larger the number of live coal, coal fuels about 20%. 6) metallurgical coal: steam coal used primarily for metallurgical sintering and blast furnace with anthracite, the amount of less than 1% of coal power. (2) of coking coal Although China has rich coal resources, but coking coal resources are relatively small, coking coal reserves account for only 27.65% of China's total coal reserves. Class includes coking coal gas coal (accounting for 13.75%), fat (accounting for 3.53%), coking coal (accounting for 5.81%), lean coal (accounting for 4.01%), others are not sub-grade coal (0.55%); non- Class includes anthracite coking coal (accounting for 10.93%), lean coal (accounting for 5.55%), weak base coal (accounting for 1.74%), non-payment of coal (13.8%), long-flame coal (accounting for 12.52%), lignite (accounting for 12.76 %), natural coke (accounting for 0.19%), not sub-grade coal (accounting for 13.80%) and grades of coal unclear (accounting for 1.06%). The main purpose is refining coking coal coke, coking coal or mixed coal coke from the high-temperature smelting made, generally about 1.3 tons of coking coal to coke smelting one ton. Coke used for steel making, iron and steel industry is a major producer of raw materials, iron and steel industry has been hailed as the "basic food." China is the largest producer of coke, the coke market is the world's leading exporter. In 2003, the global coke production was 3.9 million tons, China's coke output reached 178 million tons, accounting for 46% of global output. On the export side, in 2003 China exported 14.75 million tons of coking coal, of which exports to the EU 4.58 million tonnes, about 1 / 3 of 2004, China exported 14.72 million tons of coke, the equivalent of global coke trade volume of 56%, international coke market is still in short supply.
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Major categories of coal
There are lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, semi-anthracite and other types. (1) lignite: mostly massive, dark brown, shiny dark, loose; containing about 40% volatile matter, low-lit, easy to ignite, burning to get angry fast, big flame, black smoke; carbon content and low heat (due to different levels of coal origin, heat very different), the burning time is short, often need to add coal. (2) bituminous coal: generally granular, small block, there are powder, mostly black and shiny, delicate texture, with more than 30% volatile matter, light is not too high, easily ignited; carbon content and heat higher, faster burning lit, the flame length, there are a lot of smoke, burn longer; most bituminous sticky, easy to slagging combustion. (3) Anthracite: There are two kinds of powder and small block, black with metallic luster and shine. Impurities, close texture, fixed carbon content, up to 80%; volatile matter content is low, below 10%, burning high and difficult to fire; but high heat, just get angry when the slow burn, fire up after a relatively large , fire intensity, short flame, smoke less, burning for a long time, weak adhesion, easy to slagging combustion. Amount of coal burned soil should be mixed use, to reduce fire intensity. In October 1989, National Bureau of Standards issued "China's national standard coal classification" (GB5751-86), based on dry ash-free basis volatile Vdaf, caking index G, gelatinous layer thickness Y, Hoya swelling degree b, coal like translucent P, ash-free coal-based high-humidity heat Qgr, maf other six categories of indicators, the coal is divided into 14 categories. That lignite, long-flame coal, non-caking coal, coal weak stick, 1 / 2 stick of coal, gas coal, fat coal gas, 1 / 3 coking coal, fat coal, coking coal, lean coal, meager lean coal, lean coal and anthracite .
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Coal moisture, ash, volatile
Coal organic matter at a certain temperature and conditions, the heat decomposition of combustible gas, known as "volatile", which is composed of various hydrocarbons, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and other compounds composed of a mixture of gases. Volatile coal is the main indicator in determining the means of processing and utilization of coal and process conditions, volatile an important reference. Low degree of coalification of coal, more volatile. If improper combustion conditions, high volatile coal combustion is easy to produce unburned carbon, commonly known as "black smoke"; and produce more carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes and other pollutants, thermal efficiency. Therefore, according to the coal volatile combustion conditions and _select_ the appropriate equipment. Inorganic substances in coal rarely, mainly water and minerals, their presence reduces the coal quality and value in use. The main minerals are coal impurities, such as sulfide, sulfate, carbonate, etc., most of which are harmful ingredients. "Water" on the coal processing and utilization have a significant impact. Water into steam to the combustion heat absorption, thereby reducing the calorific value of coal. Coal in the water can be divided into external and internal moisture of water, generally less than coal as a measure of the moisture indicator. The lower the coal rank, coal's internal surface area, the higher the moisture content. "Ash" is left after coal combustion solid residues, coal is an important indicator. Mainly from coal ash minerals can not be burned. When burning ash minerals to absorb heat, a large number of slag to remove heat, and therefore the higher the ash, the thermal efficiency of coal combustion lower; more ash, coal ash produced by burning the more the more emissions of fly ash . General, high-quality coal and clean coal ash content is relatively low.
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World coal reserves
Coal is most abundant on Earth, the most extensive geographic distribution of fossil fuels. According to the World Energy Council's assessment of the world's recoverable resources of coal amounted to 4.84 × 104 million t of coal, the world's total recoverable resources of fossil fuels 66.8%. According to the "Statistical Review of World Energy 1997," Statistics, to the end of 1996, the world's proven recoverable coal reserves of 1.03161 × 104 million t, the reserve-production ratio of 224 years, seven of the largest reserves of countries were the United States, China, Australia , India, Germany, South Africa and Poland.
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Place of origin
In all continents, oceanic islands are coal distribution, coal in the world but unevenly distributed, each country has coal reserves are very different. China, the United States, Russia, Germany is the coal-rich states, but also the world's major coal-producing countries, of which China is the world's coal production is highest. China's coal resources among the highest in the world after the United States and Russia.
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China Coal Industry Development
China 2007 new proven reserves of mineral energy a larger increase, 17 major mineral resources to 62 new large-scale mining, including coal, proved 41 new large-scale mineral deposits, which reserves more than one billion tons of large mineral to have 14, net proved reserves 44.8 billion tons. China has been verified to reach 724.116 billion tons of coal reserves, which have been occupied in the construction of production and reserves of 186.822 billion tons, untapped reserves of 453.896 billion tons. January to December 2006, China's coal mining and washing industry realized total industrial output value of 698,829,619,000 yuan, an increase of 23.45% over the same period last year; to achieve total sales of 709,234,867,000 yuan, an increase of 23.72% over the same period last year, to achieve a total profit total amount of 67,726,662,000 yuan, an increase of 25.34% over the same period last year. January to December 2007, China's coal mining and washing industry realized total industrial output value of 916,447,509,000 yuan, an increase of 28.06% over the same period last year. January to October 2008, China's coal mining and dressing industry realized total industrial output value of 1,155,383,579,000 yuan, an increase of 57.81% over the same period last year. "Eleventh Five-Year" period is the coal industry restructuring, industrial restructuring is the best time. Coal is China's basic energy in primary energy mix in about 70%. "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed to further establish the "coal-based, diversified development," the basic strategy for China's booming coal industry has laid a foundation. "During" the need to create the scale of about 300 million tons coal, production of which 200 million tons, carried forward "five-second" 1 million tons. China's coal industry will continue to maintain strong trend in the future a longer period of time, China's coal industry development prospects are very bright.
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Promote the healthy development of coal industry policy recommendations
1, adjusting the structure of rail capacity, and increase investment in railway construction capacity deficit areas As the impact of transport bottlenecks, capacity allocation imbalance, China's main coal producing areas of coal has long been focused on the supply to the east and south China coast is relatively narrow, while the central part of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi Province, most of the southwest and western provinces parts of the rail transport capacity due to the distribution of coal supplies, especially electricity supply has been tight. Therefore, efforts should adjust the structure of rail capacity, increase the coal supply, the shortage of capacity investment in railway construction in the region. 2, through the integration of resources to speed up large-scale coal enterprises and coal base 3, a joint venture to actively explore a new model of coal, new ways 4, speed up industrial restructuring and economic growth pattern 5, accelerate the reform of resource tax system to promote the economical use of coal resources Reform our tax system resources, change the amount collected from the levy from the price, the implementation of the reserves base, linked with the recovery rate of compensation for the use of resources means that this area has increased the difficulty of access to coal resources, coal production increased upfront investment and financial costs, making the coal mine to expand production scale can not be blind; the other hand, will allow coal producers to cherish resources, resource conservation, more scientific and rational allocation of mining, in part to curb "take the fat lost lean" increase production of blind behavior.
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Associated elements in coal
Refers to the enrichment of organic or inorganic forms in coal seams and rock elements. Some elements of a high degree of enrichment in the coal, can form the industrial deposits, such as germanium-rich coal, uranium-rich coal, stone coal, vanadium-rich, its value is much higher than the coal itself.
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What is Coal Liquefaction?
Coal liquefaction is the solid state of the coal by chemical processing to make it into liquid products (liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline, diesel and other products or chemicals) technology. Coal can be liquefied by sulfur and other harmful elements, and ash removal, get clean secondary energy, optimizing energy structure of the terminal, to solve the oil shortage, reduce environmental pollution has important strategic significance. Coal liquefaction method consists of direct coal liquefaction and indirect liquefaction of coal into two categories. (1) direct coal liquefaction of coal in hydrogen and the catalyst through hydrocracking into liquid fuels is known as direct coal liquefaction. Cracking a hydrocarbon molecule to split into several smaller molecular reaction. Mainly due to the use of direct coal liquefaction process of hydrogenation means, it is also known as hydrogenation of coal liquefaction. (2) indirect coal liquefaction Indirect liquefaction based on coal as raw material, made of synthetic gasification gas, and then, through the catalyst to synthesis gas into hydrocarbon fuels, alcohol fuels and chemicals in the process.
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Solid coal into liquid fuel, which has several methods?
Coal into oil usually has a direct and indirect liquefaction liquefaction two ways. Direct liquefaction also known as "hydro-liquefaction", mainly refers to high temperature and pressure and catalyst, catalytic hydrocracking of coal directly to degradation and hydrogenation of liquid oils into the process; indirect coal liquefaction is to the gas, production of raw gas, after purification were synthesized by the reaction of the oil process. Direct coal liquefaction is to use chemical methods, the hydrogen added to the coal molecules, to improve its hydrogen carbon atomic ratio. In direct coal liquefaction process, the catalyst is to reduce production costs and reduce severity of the critical reaction conditions.
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Encyclopedia
Coal coal Continued deterioration, produce anthracite. Coal generation must have some prerequisites: a large number of plant breeding, appropriate Should the climate and geography, as well as rhythmic crustal movement. When these conditions Favorably to appear together with large-scale coal accumulation period. China's main Coal-late Paleozoic Carboniferous periods (about 200 million years ago), Permian (from Today about 1.8 billion years), Mesozoic Jurassic (about 130 million years ago), new Generation of the Tertiary (dating back some 2 E over 0 years). China is now mining coal, Mainly formed during these periods. Social and economic development of coal in China occupies a very important position. It not only The industrial sector the main source of fuel and power, but also a major industrial chemical raw materials And civilian energy. It is expected that coal will remain China's main energy source. (L. F. Chen in Zhu Xinyu Wang) melton Coal (Coal) accumulation of the geological history of the plant remains, after re- Complex biochemical, physical chemical change from solid to soft mineral. A variety of complex mixture of organic compounds and minerals. According to more than 500,000 different ancient plant growth and structure, can be divided into Lower plants and higher plants into two categories. They are two different types of coal formation. ① lower plants (eg algae) die sink to the bottom of lakes and marshes, with some Muddy sediments together to form sapropel. Sapropel formation of rot after coalification peat. Ash up to 40% ~ so% of the low coal rank rotten peat became oil shale, high Peat is the coal rank rotten stone coal. ② from the higher plants (tree) generated Coal is called humic coal. China's coal sapropel distribution is small, the thickness is not large. Such as Shanxi, Shandong, Guizhou area, the bottom could be seen in the thin seams of sapropel Coal. Humic coal and more widely distributed in China, is the exploitation of the main target. Conversion of coal generated plant debris, geologists believe into peat, coal rank two Stage. In the first stage, the plant debris after the biochemical-based After the bacterial decomposition into peat. The second phase, due to crustal subsidence, mud Carbon accumulates, through diagenesis into lignite. As the crustal movement and Cover layer thicker, lignite layer gradually buried deep underground by the temperature and pressure The influence of carbon content continues to increase, the oxygen content decreased, the color gradually Gradient depth, hardness and gloss is gradually increased, culminating in the bituminous coal. Following the bituminous coal Will Ningxia Taixi coal - China's first anthracite ("national painting before the people.")
wash coal