Dalai audience with Emperor Shun Zhi Qing Dynasty was established by the Chinese Manchu feudal dynasty in Chinese history, unified the country one of the great dynasty. Qing Dynasty, the population is the highest feudal dynasties, the late Qing Dynasty reached four hundred million or more. Qing exploiting the boundary, when the territory reached its peak more than 13 million square kilometers. Qing to ease class conflict, the implementation of incentive wilderness, relief from taxation policy, the Mainland and the border areas of both social and economic development. To the mid-18th century feudal economy to a new peak, called the "Kangxi and Qianlong." So a more rigorous system of centralized authoritarian, national strength, order and stability, the late 18th century Qing Dynasty population has reached three hundred million or so. Kangxi, the unification of Taiwan, and signed with Russia "Nerchinsk Treaty", Sino-Russian eastern border delineation; mid-Qianlong, put down the Junggar, Hui Bu, the unification of Xinjiang. This is not only one solution to the Chinese history between nomadic and farming protracted ethnic conflict, and with a series of policies adopted, the development of border areas of economic, cultural and transportation, the consolidation of the unity of the Chinese multi-ethnic country, laid the modern Chinese territory, and enhance the unity and cohesion of the Chinese nation. In culture, Kangxi period, compiled a comprehensive expression of several, such as "Si Ku Quan Shu", "Ancient and Modern Book integration," etc., to clean up and summarize the Chinese made a major contribution to historical and cultural heritage. After the payment period Nuerhachi Jurchen Manchu predecessor. From 2000 years ago, "Sushen" Han - Jin period called "pour Lou," Northern and Southern Dynasties called "Wuji" (pronounced "Moggi"), Sui said, "Mohe", was the establishment of Bohai Sea. Liao and Jin periods called "Jurchen" Liao book is also for "Jurchen." Jurchen Jin Dynasty was established. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Jurchen lived northeast. The early Ming Dynasty, Jurchen Jurchen into statehood, Hercynian Jurchen, Savage Jurchen three units. Then divided by region statehood, Landrace, East China, Hu Lun four major sections. The establishment of the Ming Dynasty in the northeast are the Secretary of Liaodong, slave children are the Secretary as a management body dry, Jurchen ministries are to submit to the Ming Dynasty. Qing rulers came statehood Jurchen Aixinjueluo. Meng Columbia statehood Jurchen leader Timur (Nurhachu six ancestor, after the former emperor bestowed the Zhaozu) when statehood Wei Ming left the military governor, in 1433 due to tribal conflict victims. Department of statehood in 1440 moved south and eventually _set_tled in the Early Qing. South, the Ministry of statehood Jurchen had close contacts with the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of statehood social productivity and economic prosperity. 1583, Aisingiorro Nurhachi Xifeng command to left-back to statehood, to ancestors, and the parent left behind a thirteen, have merged Hercynian Jurchen Department, Ministry of Jurchen conquest of the East China Sea, the unification of the Jurchen ministries. He also built fortresses, _set_ the Minister, the legal, management actions, the establishment of the Eight Banners system. Eight Banners system according to the military organization, the preparation of the Jurchen up in the nobility of war and under the control of production activities, the unity of the people is a military social organization. Jurchen Eight Banners system promotes the development of society, consolidated Nurhaci dominance. 1616, Nurhachi in Early Qing self Khan, the country's gold (known as the Later Jin), Chien-yuan destiny, open revolt Ming government. 1618, Nurhachi released "Seven hate" to discuss next call to arms, pledging cutting out, shocked. 1619, the Ming Dynasty in Sa'erhu war fiasco, a few years the city lost more than seventy Liaodong. 1621, Nurhachi capture Liaoyang, Shenyang, moved the capital in Liaoyang. Spring 1625, Zhu Chen Nurhaci despite objections Baylor decided to move the capital Shenyang. 3 March in the year thanks to the Lunar ancestors tomb, they rate Baiguan relatives from Tokyo (Liaoyang) leave, overnight tiger Station, the next day arrived in Shenyang. From Shenyang to become the rule of the regime after the payment center. However, the Ning Nurhaci campaign in 1626 the Ming army's artillery was seriously wounded and soon died. Eighth child Taiji to the throne. He continued in the Ming offensive and joint Mongol tribes, forces have continued to expand. Unified national In 1635, the Qing Taizong abolition of the old family name of Huang Taiji, "Zhu Shen" (Jurchen), _set_ family called "Manchukuo." 1636, the Qing surrender Monan Mongolia. In the same year the emperor Huang Taiji and change the "gold" of the country as a "clear", the formal establishment of the Qing Dynasty, reign of Zonta change. 1640, the outbreak of war the Ming and Qing Jin Song, 1642 Chengchou captured in Matsuyama, Zuda Shou in Jinzhou surrender. Song Jin Ming Dynasty in the battle marked the complete collapse of the Liaodong defense system, the customs only Ningyuan an isolated city. 1644, led by Li Zicheng Dashun army captured Beijing, the Ming Chong Zhen Emperor's army in the siege guns farmers committed suicide in the Imperial City after the Jingshan. Ming will be stationed Shanhaiguan Sangui surrendering. Regent Dorgon clear command of the Eight Banners crack, and hardships of entry, as leading to Sangui, beating Dashun peasant army, to occupy Beijing. In the same year Emperor moved the capital to Beijing Shunzhi, Ji Gao world ancestors, that he has all of China's sovereign. Then, Qing south extermination peasant army, north of landlords, bureaucrats have to welcome fall, Qing collusion, suppression of peasant army. At the same time, in the south, some pro-Chen Li Ming left the royal family established several Xiaochao Ting, known as Ming (Hiromitsu, Long Wu, Shaowu, Yongli). Rereading the Dashun addition, Chang Hsien-chung of the Atlantic regime. Qing Dynasty in 1645 off Dashun, Ming Hiromitsu; 1646 off Onishi, Nanming Long Wu, Nanming Shao Wu; 1662 off Ming Yongli; 1664 Dashun eliminate remnants. Qing Dynasty after entering the pass after 20 years of war, the basic unity of the country. Qing into the South in the process of evil, stirred southern people's strong resistance, especially Dressed make enforcement around the Ming forces ignited the raging fire. Qing brutal repression, in Yangzhou, Jiading, Jiangyin carried out wantonly massacre, called the "Yangzhou 10, Jiading three Tu." Since then around the Qing, "Dressed in fashion," resulting in the population plummeted, the occurrence of depression in southwest livelihood, Miles no picture. 1659, Qing occupation of the southwest. And population migration Huguang fill River, to supplement labor shortage, as the history of the second "Hubei and Hunan to Sichuan." Yanping Wang Ming Zheng Chenggong was recovered in 1661 as a Dutch colony in Taiwan. Yongli Emperor killed, the son of Zheng Chenggong Zheng Ming Yongli reign by the continued use of, respect for the former Mingning Jing Gui Wang Zhu surgery to monitor the country. In 1683, the Qing Dynasty reunification with Taiwan, the Taiwan government _set_ up in 1684. Generation of monarch and Emperor Kangxi Kangxi 8-year-old Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, reign, capture Oboi, San Francisco flat, flat Taiwan, Junggar put down the rebellion, aggression against Russia, compilation "Past and the Present Integrated" and "Kangxi." Emperor Kangxi attention to restore and develop production, to take a series of favorable socio-economic recovery and development initiatives. Encourage the wilderness, from 1671 onwards from the Division worked hard for years to relax and reclaim a performance requirement, according to the number of Reclamation, to give a different office, which worked hard to promote the enthusiasm of the Kangxi Dynasty, the country has been largely open wasteland. In 1669, Emperor Kangxi ordered the abolition of enclosure so that, after the permanent cessation of enclosure, and provides for the circle of land shall be returned to farmers. 1685, Emperor Kangxi also provides civil Xinken Tian Mu, "from the ring after never promised" to some extent limit the noble flag of the main economic expansion, will help farmers to the people. Fan Wang Ming Dynasty Emperor Kangxi also ordered the village fields to "rename fields." Emperor Kangxi adapted to the needs of historical development, a series of war of unification, the situation stabilized, the Qing government much consolidation, but also through a series of sandwiches, and promoting economic and cultural development, the Chinese people to live 112 years live in peace. After the mid-Kangxi, was severely damaged by the war and the handicraft gradually restored and developed. To the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Jiangning, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Foshan, Guangzhou and other places of the silk industry is very developed. South of the cotton industry, Jingdezhen porcelain has reached a historical peak. To the mid-18th century, the Qing population also increased significantly. Yongzheng Prime Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne, reigned 13 years. His main characteristic is that the reform can be described as bold, sharp knife cut hemp. He was many things to do major reforms, especially for some system to do some reforms. Yongzheng from the "Kangxi" three generations of linking role. Rectify the official management: to crack down on corruption, financial audit attention. Fire consumed go public: to stamp out corruption. Farmland: Basic to give up control of the farmers and reduce their burdens, help demographics and population growth. Qing Dynasty flow: the promotion of the ethnic minority areas of economic and cultural development, the consolidation of the Southwest border. Close off the system: strengthening the supervision of officials. Qianlong Qianlong Emperor ruling 60 years, although ambitious, he compiled "Si Ku Quan Shu", which many books on the big tampering, tampering and destruction of books actually accounted for the vast majority of books collected prior to codification. Began in 1772, compiled by ten years. This loss of many precious materials. Qianlong Emperor loves Chinese, eager to write poetry, leaving a body of poems about 42,613 each. Emperor Wang Duihan a minority culture so fond of Chinese culture have a certain positive role in promoting. However, due to the Qing literary inquisition, were not included in _Select_ed Poems of compile, evaluate dynasty emperor's poem, and the original ('imperial poems') and voluminous, so Qianlong's poetry does not spread, most of the imperial body limerick . Qianlong six down the south, and extensive repair generic southern gardens gardens, waste of resources. Qianlong Emperor in 1757 shattered the aristocratic Junggar separatist forces, unified Tianshan Road. 1759 Zhuo put down the rebellion and the size of Tianshan road. In 1762, the Qing Dynasty _set_ up the Ili General, unified management, including Lake Balkhash, including the entire Xinjiang region. Since 1762, the Qing Dynasty sent a large number of troops stationed in Xinjiang after another. Permanent garrison of soldiers with their families, mainly from the northeast, Hebei and other places Daur, Manchu, etc. The garrison to defend the motherland, and made a great contribution to the development of border. In 1771, Simon moved westward to the Volga lower reaches of the ancient desert Torghut Ministry in, led by outstanding leaders Wo Baxi, get rid of the rule of tsarist Russia, embarked on a journey of return to the motherland. They crushed Russia's besieged army, overcame hardships, thousands of miles journey, finally returned to the motherland. Ministry Tuerhute return for the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country, wrote a glorious chapter in the epic. Qing Dynasty in 1792, Gurkhas fought off the invasion of Tibet. 1793 (Qianlong Fifty-eight years), the Qing central government has formulated and enacted the "imperial possession statute twenty-nine in the aftermath" of Tibet's personnel, administrative, financial, military, foreign relations and other aspects made it clear that and legal form to be determined. The main contents include the Qing government control to determine the major Living Buddhas of Tibet including the Dalai Lama, the Panchen Lama reincarnation after the death of identification and approval of the throne of power, all matters relating to Tibet's foreign minister stationed in Tibet by the full treatment. The charter is China's sovereignty over Tibet proved an important historical document. In the "Kangxi and Qianlong", the social and economic development is very fast. The first is the rapid increase of arable land, to the time of the Yongzheng to nine hundred million acres, restored and over the period of the Ming Dynasty. Coupled with the development of agricultural technology, to increase the yield per unit area, so that the country's total grain output increased significantly, China's population in the "Kangxi and Qianlong," to break through the 100 million mark. The actual ruler of the late Qing Dynasty Empress Dowager Cixi in the modern era Qing Dynasty Qianlong began to decline from the phenomenon of growing corruption in politics. Jiaqing Di and the early monarchy Emperor Daoguang also lost a pioneering spirit, something goes wrong style, the increasingly conservative and rigid. Bureaucracy, cronyism and mutual strife, buying and selling MG, bribery was rampant. Army, equipped with old, do not drill ground, Camp breakdowns in discipline corrupt. Financial, treasury growing deficit, make ends meet. Class conflicts, the outbreak of the White Lotus and Tenrikyo have such peasant uprisings. In order to save their own destiny and to enhance national strength, the Qing government then launched an internal part of the Han people of insight in the Reform Movement, trying to reform and strengthen the country, most notably since the 1860s started the Westernization Movement. With the launching of the Westernization Movement, the country has begun the introduction of foreign science and technology, open mining, factories, construction of railways, _set_ up telegraph network, build new schools, training of technical personnel; also _set_ up a new military industry, and gradually improve the Qing weapons and methods of warfare. Representatives include Zeng, Li, Zuo, such as Zhang Zhidong. Westernization Movement makes the Qing Dynasty's strength to a certain degree to restore and enhance, to the Empress Dowager Cixi of the ruling coalition with Prince Gong Tongzhi years, under the concerted efforts of the Qing Dynasty in the civil and military, was once a more stable situation, called the "Restoration." During the Qing Dynasty in the West with the help of successful eradication of the Taiping, Nian Rebellion put down, and recover in Xinjiang, in the international status and image and thus is considerably improved. To the 1880s, the Qing army before the equipment and the Westernization Movement has been significantly improved compared; in 1884-1885 a series of battles during the Sino-French War, the Qing and the French had successes and losses. After the war, the Qing Dynasty _set_ up the Navy Yamen, and built a modern navy - Northern Division. Although the Westernization Movement made great achievements, but because the majority of people not known when the contemporary international situation, the urgency of the minority and the majority of bureaucrats can not change the old thinking, the Qing reform movement below the Meiji Restoration in Japan as the ultimate effectiveness of the results Sino-Japanese War in 1894 led to the failure, and in 1895 Japan signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki." Subsequently, the Guangxu Emperor Kang and Liang and political reform movement launched by the leadership: Empress Dowager Cixi and the Hundred Days Reform and because conservatives oppose, and the house arrest of the Emperor Guangxu, Reform and so fail, because only 103 days, it is also known as the "Hundred Days Restoration. " In October, the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, followed by the provinces have declared independence, the rule of the Qing Dynasty began to collapse. Qing Yuan appointed military commander for the Northern New Prime Minister, Cabinet and lead the establishment of the Qing. But he the one hand, the Revolutionary Armed Forces compression force (Yang summer war), on the other hand secretly negotiating with the revolutionaries. Qing emperor on February 12, 1912 formally abdicated, and in the abdication edict declared, "that is organized by the Yuan discretionary temporary republican government," marking the Chinese two thousand years of monarchy formally ended.
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Political system
Palace of Heavenly Purity in the Eight Banners system is Nurhachu Jurchen cattle recorded based on the creation of a system of military unity of the people. Political power concentrated in the nobility, to discuss major decisions decided by the nobility, is the Manchurian government Wangda Chen meeting. Taiji in Tiancong after five years (AD 1631) system of the Ming Dynasty _set_ up six imitation, trying to gradually weaken the power of the Manchu nobility. Emperor tried to implement a centralized effort focused on the early Qing Dynasty. Junji seven years (1650 AD), emperor of the Eight Banners system reform, by their own personal control is yellow, inlaid yellow, white three flags, formed a "three on the flag" and "under five flags", change the previous Banners grasp of the situation by different kings, and to enhance the strength of the three flags, Wangda Chen Manchu government authority of the Conference has been weakened. Qing Dynasty _set_ up six (officials, family, ceremony, military, criminal, workers), Book of ministries Executive said, Deputy Executive said the assistant minister, who previously served as chancery are full, Junji first year (1644) provides full-Book and assistant minister, Han each one. In the six and six side by side outside the central administration are: supreme court, Chang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taipusi, taken care of Temple, Imperial College, Royal Astronomer, the Imperial Academy, so the hospital, Court of Colonial Affairs, who were Fu, Zhan Shi House, Imperial Household, Censorate. Level of Qing officials, "Nine eighteen", and so there are from each of the other, not less than eighteen inflow is not known, from the level attached to the Nine. Kangxi sixteen years (AD 1677) the establishment of the South study Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi at first minister to have discussions with the Imperial Academy word knowledge, poetry and painting the _set_. Due to special provision in the southwest corner of Palace of Heavenly Purity premises named South study. As the South study "non-Chong Bangui purlins, are not allowed to enter on the trusted", so it is entirely controlled by the emperor of a tight core of confidential agency at any time to Cheng Zhi Chao out of the line so that the South study, "power on worship." . South advancement of the study is the power of Emperor Kangxi weaken the government Wangda Chen meeting, while outside the cabinet toward the inner court of some of the functions of the IND, an important step in the implementation of highly centralized. Qing Dynasty Qing Eight Banners and Green Standard is divided into two kinds. Banners Banners are divided into Manchuria, Mongolia, Manchu, Han Banners. Flag _set_ all system (Katayama amount of true), eight by the Central Park brag bureaucratic control systems, local governors right to requisition. Green Standard Army, mainly Qingjunruguan incorporated the military and provincial adaptation of the Ming Dynasty down the ranks, with the green flag, so called green criminals or Green Standard Army. Arms are horsemen, infantry and navy. In the provinces who, by the Governor, governor, Admiral, Chief General etc. govern. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the Han landlords have raised self-training since the militia Xiangyong. After the rise due to the Taiping movement, the long-term government support as the Eight Banners, idle, not martial arts thing, and gradually lost the combat, when the failures in the suppression of the Taiping, north and south parts of the landlord so the rapid development of the armed militia, Tseng Kuo-fan's Hunan will be shipped the birth. Well as the organization's Huai Li, Zuo Chu organization, these landlords armed militia and later adapted for military training anti-military. After the mid-dynasty, because of the Sino-defeat, anti-﹑ military training are secondary Guard was changed by the Yuan to train a new army, as the main defense force.
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National policy
清朝 民族政策
Mongolian policy Qing government of Inner Mongolia, special management areas. On the one hand to win the Mongol tribes by marriage leaders to royal clan chiefs and their departments women marrying nephews. On the other hand, the implementation of the political divide and conquer "Zhasa restraint", which Mengqi system. Qing Dynasty unified the Mongol tribes, the Mongol rule of strategy is necessary to make it no longer Shuofang trouble on the frontier forces, but also to win over the ruling Mongolian People have their slave owners, the Qing government to rule the country of Mongolia as an important military and northern boundaries of the Qing empire undefended barrier. Strong support, including promotion of Lamaism in Mongolia, effectively rein in the people, maintain stability in the Mongolian region. Tibet policy Qing Dynasty, Tibet was under the jurisdiction of three powerful initiatives canonized system, Resident Minister and the lot-drawing system. Canonized system Qing dynasty, the Dalai Lama to Beijing Asaga V, Emperor Shun Zhi and officially gave him a grand reception, "the Dalai Lama," the title; later, the Kangxi Emperor and canonized V Panchen Lama as the "Panchen Lama," the title, and thanks to copies printed; Since then, the "Dalai Lama" and "Panchen Lama" in the title officially fixed, after the Dalai Lama and the Panchen calendar must be customized through the canonization of the central government. _Set_ Resident Minister 1727, the Qing government _set_ up in Tibet, Tibet Minister for Tibetan affairs; Resident Minister on behalf of the Central Government, jointly managed with the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama of Tibet; Resident Minister of the _set_ting, marking the central government has jurisdiction strengthened. Lot-drawing system Strengthen the Qing central government Dalai and Panchen reincarnation of supervision and of any authority. This is the reform of Tibet, the Qing dynasty, the administrative management system, establish the system of laws and regulations governing possession of an important element. This system continues today. Qianlong. Qing government promulgated the "Tibet aftermath Constitution" and "Tibet in the aftermath of charter twenty-nine" to determine the Resident Minister and the Chief of the Dalai Lama together on an equal footing, strengthen the central government's rule of Tibet. Tibet, the Qing government to revitalize the measures of economic reform Siniora, rent Fu, money law and trade system; active national trade; create reports, up schools, the development of mining and pastoral workers to enhance transportation, post and telecommunications industry's development. Han Policy Literary inquisition The rise of the Qing literary inquisition designed to deter anti-forces, to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government, its features are: guilt by the power of people's distorted interpretation of the text into the sky, evidence by the power of people's distorted interpretation of the text is made. Once a word or a sentence is considered heads of state or criticized the government for libel, which constitutes a criminal offense. Qing history, Junji, Kangxi period of "literary inquisition" is only an individual phenomenon, the Yongzheng become a universal "system." In the wave of literary inquisition was most insane character is Emperor Qianlong, there were over 1.3 case. Han Qing Dynasty minister of state Manchu for the win and consolidate the rule of the whole of China, in addition to only use such as Fan Cheng Han Chinese elite, but in the process of entry has summon somebody to surrender the former army generals Ming Wu Sangui, Licheng Dong, Shang Kexi, Gengzhong Ming Han army and command. After the rebellion by the Kangxi cut off its three main Military Governors which, known as the San Francisco level. Soldier is recovering Taiwan Han Shi Lang officer before that. Qing Han minister of state there Chengchou and so on. China has long ruled the Qing government to vigorously respected Confucianism, according to the ancient tradition of the Han Dynasty _set_ up examination, _select_ion of scholars from the Han to win the support of intellectuals, to prevent resistance. Appointment of Han Lin Qing officials had seized the opium from British hands nearly 2 million cases of about 237 million pounds. Nineteen years in dynasty, April 22 (3 June 1839) publicly destroyed in Humen beach. The late Qing Zeng, Li, Zuo, such as Zhang Zhidong Han minister of state in the counter-insurgency campaign in Taiping and Westernization play a key role. After the implementation of new training Qing Sino military are drawn mainly Han Chinese soldiers. Which, such as Yuan Shikai, students learn the Prussian military Duan, Feng Guozhang, studied in Japan Wang Shizhen, and Li to overthrow the Qing Dynasty were the Revolution of 1911 played a key role, and became the Republic of China, the central figure in the Northern Government. Dressed in fashion Since ancient times, Chinese people attach great importance dressed costumes. "Book of Filial Piety," a saying: "your body is affected by the parents, not damage, also the beginning of filial piety." After the Han Chinese can not be shaved adult men and women regard hair into a bun tray York in the head. Han Chinese, Manchu hairstyle and different, the family man to the anterior cranial hair shaved, head hair into a long braids hanging down. Han Chinese clothing Chinese clothing to pay collar, the right junction, no deduction as the main feature, full of the main features of the collar, buttons down the front, plate buttons, etc. Qing Dynasty by the Manchu people living in northeast China's establishment. Crossed the border before the Manchu rulers outside the customs already in the implementation of the "Dressed in fashion" policy. All of the conquered Han Chinese forced to change hair, change clothes, surrendered Ming soldiers must Dressed in fashion, as a sign of surrender. Manchu Qing rulers implementation of the "Dressed in fashion" reasons: generally believed that the Manchu rulers want to fight through millennia, in fashion, destroyed the majority of the Han people, especially the upper class in the national spirit, to keep the Manchu domination, to maintain the Manchu not assimilated by Han Chinese. Later history has shown, the Manchu rulers of this measure basically reached the expected results. Han people gradually forget the costumes, used Manchu hair and clothing. To the 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing Empire, when calling people cut queue, there are still many people do not want to cut, one of the reasons is the fear of official beheaded after being cut braids, see "head without leaving any hair left, leaving hair does not stay in the first "and" Dressed in fashion, "the policy impact of the Han deep. "Dressed in fashion" is a major social conflicts of the early Qing Dynasty. At that time the struggle against the Han Chinese come and go throughout the case, then Chen Ming Xia said: "Free shaved re dressed, and the world to peace." Soon, however, because he said these words were Manmenchaozhan.
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Zoning boundaries
Qing territory 1759 (Qianlong twenty-four years) after the boundaries of the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country is: north of Mongolia and Siberia Tangnu Tannu region, south China Sea, including the "thousands of miles Shitang, Cheung Sha Wan, James Shoal" (now the Paracel Islands , Nansha Islands and other South Sea islands and reefs), Xi Nanda Tawang region of Tibet, Yunnan Namkham, river slope region and northern Burma, the Aral Sea and the West do Congling regions, including Xinjiang and the 亚巴尔喀什 this lake, arrived in the Northeast Stanovoy, including Sakhalin, the South East including Taiwan, the Penghu Islands. When the heyday of the total area of 1,300 square kilometers. In addition, many neighboring countries have become a vassal state of Qing Dynasty, when the Qing vassal are: east side of Lee Korea, Okinawa, South Peninsula, Kofi Annan, South Palm (Laos), Siam (Thailand), Burma , southwest Gorkha (Nepal), Zhe Meng Xiong (Sikkim), Bhutan, Central Asia and West Asia Khokand, Kazakhstan, bruit, Bu Haer, mountain grams, Ai Wuhan (Afghanistan) and Southeast Asia Lanfang Republic vassal state. Qing dynasty in maintaining the contribution of Chinese territory 1683, reunification with Taiwan, the Taiwan government _set_ up 1689, Jaxa war, defeat Russia aggression, ensure the sovereignty of foreign Northeast 1690 - 1757, put down the rebellion Junggar, Simon ancient desert uniform 1727, _set_ the Resident Minister, sent directly by the court supervision of Tibetan affairs on behalf of the Central Qing Dynasty and the situation surrounding the fan in the country chart in 1759, put down the rebellion size and excellence, unity of Xinjiang, the establishment of Ili General 1792, defeated the Gurkha invasion of Tibet, and the following year issued the "Imperial Constitution aftermath of Tibet", the charter is China's sovereignty over Tibet proved an important historical documents 1878, beat A Gubai invaders, recover in Xinjiang, the establishment of Xinjiang province In 1909, the signing of the Treaty between the islands, the cost of mineral rights in order to ensure the road for inter-island (Yanbian) sovereignty, territorial ambitions of Japan defeat North Korea The loss of the Qing the territory of modern Hong Kong (1842 to 1898 between batches ceded or leased to Britain in 1997, returned to China) Macao (1887 and Portugal signed a "draft treaty between China and Portugal meeting" and "commercial treaty between China and Portugal and good," admitted Portugal in Macau all the rights - "perpetual occupation and government of Macao and Portugal is a land of Australia and Portugal area governance It is at the same ", 1999 return to China) Taiwan and the Penghu Islands (1895 ceded to Japan after the Japanese surrender in 1945, Russia, Taiwan and the Penghu sovereignty occupation of Chinese territory, China diagram). Outside the Northeast (Heilongjiang, north of 600,000 square kilometers, and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin, including about 40 million square kilometers of territory, respectively, in 1858 and 1860 was forced to cede to Russia, not to recover) Outside the northwest (southeast of Lake Balkhash, Ili, west and east of the Pamir Pyanj River and other areas about 53 million square kilometers of territory, respectively, in the 1860s, 1980s and 1990s, or the seizure by the Russian Gezhan not recovered) Mainland Division Qing Ming local administrative divisions basically followed the system, but according to their actually doing a lot of reform, such as Manchuria, Tibet, Xinjiang and other minority areas of different administrative divisions and the Mainland. Following Chengyuan Ming Qing Dynasty since the provincial establishment in order to save maximum for the local administrative area, under the government, office, state, county, constitute the local province, prefecture and county levels, the basic administrative system to organize. Provincial Governor's highest office, called the Governor a certain province, the local prefect military affairs, etc., forage, and the governor or something. Qing Dynasty established a total of 23 provinces, 18 provinces of the mainland which followed the old system or the old system, based on the rest of the border and home to the late Qing Dynasty. These provinces are: Zhili, Mukden, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou . Kill them, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Taiwan _set_ for the post. The Governor under the governor, the governor of a province-wide as the local prefect military affairs, etc. and forage management, or control towns, terms of very broad. Some additional assistant minister title, is positive at the second, or from the two products. Tube is basically a province governor, also focused on the military, but more than the District Governor tube, a province of the military for the Explorer, administration, supervision and education, including senior officers. Qing Dynasty established a total of twenty-one governor, one by the Governor and are Mukden, Zhili Deng Baren, a separate _set_ of Jiangsu, Anhui Thirteen. Shandong, Shanxi governor of all the five provinces and admirals title, the title of Guizhou governor and control horses. Provincial government _set_ up a school prefect who, by the assistant minister or Branch Road Scholars appointed officials came with the original grade, school and science examinations palm decree. Cheng Xuan provincial administrative commissioner's office is located, referred to as administrative commissioner or Fan Si. Lieutenant-governor from the two products, one for each province, but Jiangsu is located two. Lieutenant-governor is actually a province of Executive, the Cheng Zhaoting decree, under ao, state, magistrate, but there are governors of the _set_, gradually subordinated. The Division is experienced through all things, according to according to the grinding mill, reasonable grounds to ask the question, library ambassador, ambassadors and other positions, sub-charge of the cashier instruments, according to the brush files, Legal Advisors, and save the file review, revenue and expenditure and so on. Provinces, the provincial judge _set_ting Tixing Secretary, the Secretary referred to the provincial judge or a provincial judge Division. Provincial judge a person, is Mishina, slightly lower than the lieutenant position, palm judicial supervision, "to clarify the official management ', often with the lieutenant and known as the" cloth press. " Legal Advisors under Governor palm of their investigation, prosecutors Secretary prison inmates, experience, according to the same Fan Si wear the palm. The provincial government under a local administrative structures. Government Executive is a prefect, from the four products, palm consul-general is a county, that of religion, Hennessy pesticides, never a good inspection of First Instance. Zhu Li a test for three years, with their advantages and disadvantages reported. Yao Zheng units are required by the Governor of all, ask permission is OK. Qing Dynasty to the prefect, "took positions on the bearing," so strict decree Governor, ask for its assessment. Sub-prefect of the Five, pass sentence is six products, to help prefect, sub-grain salt Dubu palm, Jiang Fang Hai Phong, Gong water, Qing members, ask all the people Sui post. Case of an experience there, the governor, according to mill, Secretary prison and so on. In addition to the government, as well as Zhili Hall, Office of the State and the general, state. Where many people who rule and Zhili on administrative commissioner for the Office of Zhili, state, roughly the same position with the government. Hall of the official sub-prefect of the Five, pass sentence is six items, state officials know the state is located five items, six items from the state with the state sentence from seven items. Office of the Qing Dynasty in the country with forty-one Zhili, state seventy-three Zhili. Away from it, the office, state, known as the scattered hall, state, status come first in the county. To the late Qing Dynasty, the country has been _set_ loose hall seventy-eight, bulk state one hundred forty-five. Powder Room, State Department _set_ up official and Zhili, state the same, while the differential first-class products. San hall, state government jurisdiction, the scribe in general or individual channel members. County is a local grass-roots political organization. China Qing Dynasty _set_ up one thousand three hundred fifty-eight County. Officer for the magistrate of each county to one person, are seven items, Xian Cheng is one eight items, the main book is the Nine, no Capacity. Charge of a county magistrate governance, mainly off the provision of First Instance decision, to persuade farmers relief of poverty, poor relief to persuade farmers to discuss sly eliminating traitors, Xing Yang Rikkyo. County Deputy, the main book sub-grain charge of horse, taxation, residence, arrest all staff. Code inspection history of prison inmates palm JI. Frontier Division Qing Dynasty in Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet and other places, _set_ up a special area, and the mainland to take a different administrative practices. Region in Mongolia to implement the AU, the flag system. Flags, the central government under the leadership of the basic administrative unit. In the Uygur region, the Prime Minister _set_ a person back to business Zha Sake Dukes, governance of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Associate Tusalake Sarkozy has _set_ up two of the rank and file of the. Qing Dynasty stationed in Ili, Xinjiang is also general, the highest military and political power in charge of Tianshan Mountain, supplemented by one person under Cenzandachen. In Tibet, the Dalai Lama (in Lhasa) and the Panchen Lama (in Zhashi Columbus) palm decree, the line values, the same as the political and religious leaders, monks and laymen, but they "as in the Resident Minister and subject." Qing Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, the Mukden are located within the old one minister, Fudu Tong two. In Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces of the southwest area of some ethnic minorities, still clinging to the Ming Dynasty and early Qing chieftain system, there Pacification Commissioner, Xuan Fu, Zhao Tao, to appease, various Executive Secretary, also soil the government, the state of soil, soil County _set_ting. Yongzheng, the Qing government has re-established flow will Tuguan officials to further strengthen the southwestern minority regions of direct rule.
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Science and Technology
Agriculture Qing Emperor Kangxi reign of 60 years worked hard Mita government incentives, emphasis on building water conservancy projects, many tax relief, the economy gradually restored and developed. Yongzheng Emperor inherited his father's business, social and economic development continues, the Qianlong period, showing social and economic prosperity. The so-called "Kangxi and Qianlong." The early Qing Dynasty 100 years, the sustainable development of agricultural production, arable land in the first performance of a large number of wasteland reclamation, expansion of cultivated area. 1661 (Junji eighteen years), the national land area of 5.26 million ares; 1722 (Kangxi 61 years) to reach 8.51 million ares; to 1725 (Yongzheng three years), reaching 8.9 million ares. Cultivated area increased by 40%, and the population quickly grew to 360 million. The Qing government to promote the provinces according to local conditions, using a variety of methods of cultivation, so that food production increased significantly. Sweet potato planting high-yield crops, from Fujian, Zhejiang and other provinces to promote to the Yangtze River and Yellow River. Sang crops, tea, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, acreage, and had already become a commodity. Emperor Kangxi was the double-crop rice cultivation, promotion to the Jiangbei parts. Qianlong period, Qing government to promote the reform of farming methods, to promote multi-cropping. After the rice harvest in some areas of Guangdong, and _insert_ed rice; after the rice harvest, and then kind of rape or sweet potatoes, cooked three times a year. Jiangxi soil is thin, can not be added after the rice harvest rice species, the species of buckwheat, two crops a year. As the South to promote multi-cropping, grain yield per year more than 60 billion kg. Qing Dynasty, when the farmers specializing in vegetable production has increased. Beijing suburban farmers, the use of "fire room", "cellar" and other equipment in the winter planting chives, cucumber and other fresh vegetables, to get the market to sell. Qianlong, cotton, popular in the late Ming and basic, based on the cultivation of more popular, the original non-cotton in some parts of Hebei, cultivated cotton accounted for nine out of ten. Qing Dynasty, sugar cane throughout the southeastern coastal provinces. Guangdong's sugar cane planting in some places, often on a one thousand ares contiguous, from afar, like the reed, as Taiwan is "the cane fields, ten thousand ares Bi lush." Tobacco cultivation has also been extended to the country. In the "South, Shandong, Zhili, the sweet land of all kinds of smoke, while those who heard in his province, the same applies." Qing cash crop development, further development of the handicraft industry provides more raw materials. Medicine Qianlong official repair when the "Golden Mirror" ninety volumes, collecting a lot of cheats and experience new recipe, and the "Golden Chamber", "typhoid fever" and the book made a lot of textual research, is a description clinical experience of important works. Qing Wang Qing-ren in the medical doctors on the outstanding achievements of the "Medical forest error correction," a book. He stressed that the anatomical knowledge of the importance of medical treatment, and the ancient records in the organs into question. His internal organs of the body through anatomical studies, drawn into a "witness to correct the internal organs diagram" Twenty-five, corrected some previous mistakes, the development of the motherland anatomy make a useful contribution. Geological Survey Kangxi, had organized labor on a nationwide geodetic, after thirty years of planning, surveying and mapping work, made a "Wong Yu-wide view map." This map "is not only a map of Asia at that time all the best one, and then all over the map of Europe are better and more precise" (Needham, "History of Science and Technology of China," Volume V). Finally, "Wong Yu-wide view map" based on the mapping of new information, made a "government within the Qianlong Emperor Yu the whole map." In the first detailed map to draw in China's Xinjiang region. The two maps, there are still a great reference value. Architecture In addition, "Yuan Ming" is the Prince Yongzheng Emperor from the Beige has been used during the Yongzheng Emperor in thrall Buddhism, No. "Yuanmingyuan lay", and has a deep study of Buddhism. Author of "Imperial election Quotations," 19 and "imperial pick magic Distinction recorded." Buddhist sects in the pattern of the early Qing Dynasty, Emperor Yongzheng to Zen Zongjiang itself, and the "world master" to impose the identity of the Buddhist influence, efforts to promote the "three religions" and "Chanjing one", is the history of Buddhism very important person. Emperor Kangxi in the garden gave Yin zhen (later Emperor Yongzheng), the pro-theme park called "Summer Palace" is intended to take in the Yongzheng's chanted "Yuanmingyuan." There's the famous Mountain Resort and Eight Outer Temples in Chengde, Beijing's Lama Temple and so on. Agriculture Book about the Qing Dynasty more than 100 farmers, especially Kangxi, Yongzheng dynasties as prosperous. The "Book of Imperial timing" "wide spectrum of beautiful and fragrant flowers," "fill agricultural book" and other works. One large-scale comprehensive agricultural book "Imperial timing examination results," Qianlong years (1737), a group convened by the Emperor Qianlong Hong Li literary compilation. The size of the book than the "agricultural policy book" smaller. Essays by the emperor imperial official book, the provinces have engraved a large, widely circulated, but also quite international reputation. Represented and Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Qing Dynasty, China's transportation industry to develop. Represented is the first prominent Chinese railway engineer, he presided over the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Projects arduous was rare in the history of the world's railways. Represented overcome a difficult period, creatively design a "people" shaped track, slow down a slope, reduce the cost, completed two years ahead of schedule. Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the Chinese people to use their technology Xiu, in China's railway history, wrote a glorious page.
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Qing Dynasty Culture
清朝文化
Qing Dynasty novel Qing Dynasty novel distinguished by many people, waiting for Cao Xueqin, "Dream of Red Mansions" is considered to represent the highest level of classical Chinese fiction. "Strange," "Scholars" and condemned the late Qing novels have a great impact. Qing poetry Qing Dynasty in Chinese history, poetry has little effect. Early Nalanxingde the "water words" praise for future generations. Emperor Qianlong love poetry, his "imperial poetry five episodes" of 41,863, but few are masterpieces. Called "Poetic Revolution" movement in poetry improved after the Hundred Days Reform, the representatives Huangzunxian of poetry, the rest such as Tan, Tang Caichang, Kang, Huang Tsun-hsien, Chiang Chi by, Qiu, Xia Yu both works. The formation of Peking Opera Peking Opera and Beijing accent from the Ming Dynasty, was formed in the Qianlong, Jiaqing years. Peking Opera is China's "national essence", 200-year history. The name first appeared in the opera two years the Qing dynasty (1876) and "declaration", the history, there has been skin yellow, two yellow, yellow cavity, Beijing, transfer, Peking Opera, Peking Opera, Peking Opera and other titles, five-year Department of Qianlong (1790 years) after four to Beijing and Beijing emblem classes Ju Tan's opera, Han Ju, Yiyang, strum and other operas and five or six years to integrate, evolve from, is China's largest operas. The repertoire is rich, many performing artists, theater as much as the audience as much deep impact are highest in the country. Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing arts. _Set_ sing (singing), read (read white), do (performance), playing (martial arts), dance (dance) as a whole, the program's performance by means of Syria played the story depicts characters, expressing "happiness, anger, sadness and joy , shock, fear, grief, "thoughts and feelings. Role can be divided into: Health (man), Dan (woman), net (men), ugly (male, female Jie) four major line of business. People are divided Zhong Jian, beauty and ugliness of the points, good and evil. Vivid, lifelike. Qing Dynasty painting High level of Qing painting. Painting dominated by the literati painting, landscape painting impressionistic painting of branches and the prevalence of ink, more ink painter seeking fun, surprisingly in the art form of renovation, and the emergence of many different styles of genre. Qing Zhu Da, Shi Tao's landscape flower, medium-term, "Eccentrics," Qing Ren Bo, the Changshuo ladies flower and willow, and folk paintings are Taohuawu have a significant impact on future generations.
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Imperial lineage
清朝 帝王世系
Temple name posthumous name of the Qing Dynasty imperial tombs reign reign Edward holiness magic Zhaoji Li Guang Yun Rui Wu Duanyi Qinan Hirofumi very Rensiao industry _set_ high and the emperor (Zhuizun) Aisingiorro Nurhachu (1559-1626 ) 1616 - 1626 Destiny Fuling day rejuvenating Hongde Zhang Qing Taizong should Rensheng Rui Wu wide temperature sensitive Zhaoding Long Road was honor Emperor Aisingiorro Kumon Taiji (1592-1643) 1626 ~ 1643 Tiancong Zonta Zhao Ling Qing Tian Long ancestor body fixed system build operation Qin Wen Rui was a very British success Gracious Chun Xiao Hong Wu Dade Chapter Emperor Aisingiorro Fulin (1638-1661) 1643 ~ 1661 Junji Xiaoling Wu Qing Patriarch together day Hong Yunwen Ruizhe Gong Jian W Yu Xiaojing integrity and merit a large pay the price in the Emperor Xuan Ye Aisingiorro (1654-1722) 1661 ~ 1722 the Qing emperors Kangxi Jing Ling Jing-day body of Fortune Jianzhong Wu Yingming benevolent Table Core Santa Xiao Xinyi sincere constitution Emperor Aisingiorro Yin zhen (1678-1735) 1722 - 1735, Tailing Gaozong law Tianlong Yongzheng operation very sincere Illuminati voxel Li Fen Wu Chin-Ming Koji deposited the sacred text of pure Emperor Aisingiorro Hong Li (1711-1799) 1735 ~ In 1795 the Qing Emperor Qianlong Ren Yuling deposited by the day of operation Sui Hing Yau Chongwen thrift Duanmin Yingzhe by Wu Guangyu Xiaogong Aixinjueluo Yong Rui Yan Emperor (1760-1820) 1796 ~ 1820 Jiaqing Chang Ling Qing Emperor Xuan Zong effective days break up in the body is transported to Mercy Wensheng Wu Zhiyong Xiao Qin Jian Min width _set_ as emperor Aisingiorro Minning (1782-1850) 1820 ~ 1850, the Qing dynasty, Mu-Ling Yi Zong-day co-operation in the implementation of vertical mo Mao Dezhen Wusheng Xiao Yuan Kung end Zhuang Jian Yan Kuan-min was the emperor Aisingiorro Yi Zhu (1830-1861) 1850 ~ 1861 Xianfeng Ding Tomb clear Mouzon following days Luck Paul calmed by Masahiro Nakai power Nobutoshi Christine St. Zhicheng Xiao Su Yi Ming emperor Aisingiorro wide _set_ soon (1856-1875) 1861 - 1875 M-wen Hui Ling Chong Qing Corrections shipped the same day, medium and large positive scriptures Jian Wei Wu Renxiao side width wise King Emperor Qin Tian Aixinjueluo _set_ (1871-1908) 1875 - 1908 no no Aixinjueluo dynasty tomb of Pu Yi Chong (1906-1967) 1908 ~ 1912 Xuantong Hualong Ling Park (1) (1) Pu Yi, the first burial cemetery, buried down after the family asked Hualong Ling Park.
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Qing war
Civil war Unity and victory over Russia's invasion of counter-insurgency war Jaxa 1644 -1664, the clear unity of War (off Dashun, Atlantic, and Ming) 1673 -1681 years Qingping San Francisco Rebellion 1681 -1683 year, the Battle of clear recovery of Taiwan 1690 -1757, the Qing put down the rebellion war Junggar 1758 -1759, the Qingping Tianshan road battle (size and Zhuo rebellion) 1820 -1827, the Qingping Zhang Siegel rebellion Peasant uprising 1796 -1804, the White Lotus uprising 1813, Tenrikyo uprising 1851 -1864, the Taiping Rebellion 1852 -1868, the Nien rebellion Other 1862 -1873 years, changed back to Shaanxi and Gansu 1895 -1911, the Revive China Society, led an armed uprising League Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and other places of the Muslims has occurred many times people change or rebellion, such as Shaanxi and Gansu back to change. These are basically dominated by the western minority, many of which are over a dozen years. Resistance and early Qing Jiangnan different, this time from the Qing court to protect the Han people were victims of widespread support. Foreign war Time of war belligerent Dingmao 1627 Battle of the results of Lee defeated North Korea, sum, brother of the country about the Battle of the Rat 1636 Lee defeated North Korea, a subsidiary of the Qing Dynasty in China 1685 -1686 war Jaxa Russia Russia defeated, "Nerchinsk Treaty" in 1765 -1770 years at war in Myanmar Myanmar signed a peace treaty in 1788 -1789 years at the Battle of Nguyen Hue offensive Annan Annan (Nguyen Hue) Annan sum back in 1788 -1792 years at the Gurkhas Gurkha war (now Nepal) China wins, defending the territory of Tibet in 1840 -1842 Great Britain wins the first Opium War, "Nanjing Treaty" in 1856 -1860 in the Second Opium War Britain, France (Russian and U.S. support ) British and French victory, Russia profit, "Treaty of Tianjin", "Beijing Treaty" of 1875 -1878 years back Agu Bai Qing Battle of Kokand recover in Xinjiang countries (Russia and Britain support) China wins, recovered Xinjiang in 1883 -1885 France War undefeated and defeated China in France, "French New Testament," etc. 1894 -1895 years, Sino-Japanese War Japan Japan wins, "Treaty of Shimonoseki" Boxer Rebellion of 1900 war of aggression against the British, French, German, Russian, United States, Japan, Italy and Austria Eight wins, 'Boxer Protocol' 1900 invasion of northeast soldiers to fight the Battle of Sha Esha Russia Russia win, but failed to achieve its "Yellow Russia plans", "Collection of the Northeast China-Russia Treaty"
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Qing treaty
Equal treaty Name Time Country Profile Nerchinsk Russian treaty of 1689 designated the eastern section of China-Russia border treaty cloth with Braschi middle of 1727 Russia Russia border delimitation treaty kyakhta the middle of 1728 Sino-Russian border delimitation between China and Russia Tumen Terms of service sector Jiang China and South Korea-Japan 1909, Japan and China on behalf of South Korea clearly between the island (Yanbian) territorial sovereignty of China and South Korea in the Tumen River as the boundary Unequal treaty China signed the treaty name who claim lost ground over time in Britain and around Guangzhou Purity - 6,702,000 May 27, 1841 Sino-British Treaty of Nanking seniors, Yili Bu Hong Kong Island twenty-one million round in August 1842 29 Japan United Kingdom provisions of the Treaty of Nanking added seniors - 6702000 July 22, 1843 China-US Treaty of Mong Ha seniors --1,844 July 03, Sino-British Treaty of Humen seniors - October 24, 1844 France Treaty of Whampoa Seniors - October 24, 1844 Sino-Russian Treaty of Aigun Yishan 600,000 square kilometers (north of Heilongjiang) -1858 May 28, China and Russia in the Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana - June 1858 13th China-US Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana --1,858 June 18, Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana - 4002000 June 26, 1858 Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana - 2,002,000 June 27, 1858 Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin added Guiliang --1,858 November 8, Woodland Sino-British Treaty of Beijing, the Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street one thousand Triple 1002000 October 24, 1860 France Treaty of Beijing Yi - 8,002,000 October 25, 1860 Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing Yi 40 million square kilometers (east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin) -1860 in Russia on November 4 survey points around the northwest sector Kee Ming Yi 440,000 square kilometers (south east of Lake Balkhash) -1864 October 7-year renewal of the treaty before the United States by U.S. envoy Burlingame ---1868 July 28, Sino-British Treaty of general repair, after the new constitution - -1869 Japan on October 23, fix the treaty Li --1,871 Japan on August 13, Treaty of Beijing Yi - 1874 October 31, Sino-British Treaty of Yantai, Li - two hundred and two thousand September 13, 1876 Sino-Russian Treaty of Riva several sub-Chong thick - October 2, 1879 Sino-Russian Ili Treaty Tseng Chi-tse 70,000 km2 nine million rubles February 24, 1881 meeting of the Sino-French Concise Terms of Li - November 5, 1884 Sino-Japanese Treaty of Tianjin Li - April 18, 1885 French New Testament, Li - 1885 June 09, continuous growth of Sino-British Treaty of Yantai Treaty Guiliang - June 9, 1885 Treaty of Portugal Beijing Yi Kuang - -1887 December 1 liter Sino-British Treaty of Indo-Tibetan Thai - - March 17, 1890
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National Flag National Anthem
清朝 国旗国歌
Qing Huang Qi and other dynasties in Chinese history, as the Qing Dynasty had no statutory national flag and national anthem. Modern times, with the contacts with the West Qing Qing gradually introducing the concepts of Western countries, including the national flag and national anthem. 1888 (Guangxu fourteen years), the Qing government to recognize the "yellow Blue Dragon play Red Bead map" (commonly known as the Qing "Dragon Flag") to the Qing flag. Late 19th century to early 20th century, the Qing Dynasty has worked with "Celebration Music", "Lizhong Tang music," "Ode to Dragon flag" as a semi-official national anthem or on behalf of the national anthem. Until 1911, the Qing government _set_, "Gong Ca Mau," as the official national anthem, but since the 1911 Revolution broke out, "Gong Ca Mau" was not popular.
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There is time
1616--1912, calculated according to tradition, was built from the sweat Nurhaci that gold began, but it was not a national political institutions. 1636--1912, strictly speaking, from the Taiji changed the country of the Qing, began to count officially proclaimed himself emperor. 1644--1912, according to the chronological date to the Qing Dynasty through customs, began to rule the country.
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Zoning boundaries
Qing territory 1759 (Qianlong twenty-four years) after the boundaries of the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country is: north of Mongolia and Siberia Tangnu Tannu region, south China Sea, including the "thousands of miles Shitang, Cheung Sha Wan, James Shoal" (now the Paracel Islands , Nansha Islands and other South Sea islands and reefs), Xi Nanda Tawang region of Tibet, Yunnan Namkham, river slope region and northern Burma, the Aral Sea and the West do Congling regions, including Xinjiang and the 亚巴尔喀什 this lake, arrived in the Northeast Stanovoy, including Sakhalin, the South East including Taiwan, the Penghu Islands. When the heyday of the total area of 1,300 square kilometers. In addition, many neighboring countries have become a vassal state of Qing Dynasty, when the Qing vassal are: east side of Lee Korea, Okinawa, South Peninsula, Kofi Annan, South Palm (Laos), Siam (Thailand), Burma , southwest Gorkha (Nepal), Zhe Meng Xiong (Sikkim), Bhutan, Central Asia and West Asia Khokand, Kazakhstan, bruit, Bu Haer, mountain grams, Ai Wuhan (Afghanistan) and Southeast Asia Lanfang Republic vassal state. Qing dynasty in maintaining the contribution of Chinese territory 1683, reunification with Taiwan, the Taiwan government _set_ up 1689, Jaxa war, defeat Russia aggression, ensure the sovereignty of foreign Northeast 1690 - 1757, put down the rebellion Junggar, Simon ancient desert uniform 1727, _set_ the Resident Minister, sent directly by the court supervision of Tibetan affairs on behalf of the Central Qing Dynasty and the situation surrounding the fan in the country chart in 1759, put down the rebellion size and excellence, unity of Xinjiang, the establishment of Ili General 1792, defeated the Gurkha invasion of Tibet, and the following year issued the "Imperial Constitution aftermath of Tibet", the charter is China's sovereignty over Tibet proved an important historical documents 1878, beat A Gubai invaders, recover in Xinjiang, the establishment of Xinjiang province In 1909, the signing of the Treaty between the islands, the cost of mineral rights in order to ensure the road for inter-island (Yanbian) sovereignty, territorial ambitions of Japan defeat North Korea The loss of the Qing the territory of modern Hong Kong (1842 to 1898 between batches ceded or leased to Britain in 1997, returned to China) Macao (1887 and Portugal signed a "draft treaty between China and Portugal meeting" and "commercial treaty between China and Portugal and good," admitted Portugal in Macau all the rights - "perpetual occupation and government of Macao and Portugal is a land of Australia and Portugal area governance It is at the same, "returned to China in 1999) Taiwan and the Penghu Islands (1895 ceded to Japan after the Japanese surrender in 1945, Russia, Taiwan and the Penghu sovereignty occupation of Chinese territory, China diagram). Outside the Northeast (Heilongjiang, north of 600,000 square kilometers, and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin, including about 40 million square kilometers of territory, respectively, in 1858 and 1860 was forced to cede to Russia, not to recover) Outside the northwest (southeast of Lake Balkhash, Ili, west and east of the Pamir Pyanj River and other areas about 53 million square kilometers of territory, respectively, in the 1860s, 1980s and 1990s, or the seizure by the Russian Gezhan not recovered) Mainland Division Qing Ming local administrative divisions basically followed the system, but according to their actually doing a lot of reform, such as Manchuria, Tibet, Xinjiang and other minority areas of different administrative divisions and the Mainland. Following Chengyuan Ming Qing Dynasty since the provincial establishment in order to save maximum for the local administrative area, under the government, office, state, county, constitute the local province, prefecture and county levels, the basic administrative system to organize. Provincial Governor's highest office, called the Governor a certain province, the local prefect military affairs, etc., forage, and the governor or something. Qing Dynasty established a total of 23 provinces, 18 provinces of the mainland which followed the old system or the old system, based on the rest of the border and home to the late Qing Dynasty. These provinces are: Zhili, Mukden, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou . Kill them, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Taiwan _set_ for the post. The Governor under the governor, the governor of a province-wide as the local prefect military affairs, etc. and forage management, or control towns, terms of very broad. Some additional assistant minister title, is positive at the second, or from the two products. Tube is basically a province governor, also focused on the military, but more than the District Governor tube, a province of the military for the Explorer, administration, supervision and education, including senior officers. Qing Dynasty established a total of twenty-one governor, one by the Governor and are Mukden, Zhili Deng Baren, a separate _set_ of Jiangsu, Anhui Thirteen. Shandong, Shanxi governor of all the five provinces and admirals title, the title of Guizhou governor and control horses. The provincial government under a local administrative structures. Government Executive is a prefect, from the four products, palm consul-general is a county, that of religion, Hennessy pesticides, never a good inspection of First Instance. Zhu Li a test for three years, with their advantages and disadvantages reported. Yao Zheng units are required by the Governor of all, ask permission is OK. Qing Dynasty to the prefect, "took positions on the bearing," so strict decree Governor, ask for its assessment. Sub-prefect of the Five, pass sentence is six products, to help prefect, sub-grain salt Dubu palm, Jiang Fang Hai Phong, Gong water, Qing members, ask all the people Sui post. Case of an experience there, the governor, according to mill, Secretary prison and so on. In addition to the government, as well as Zhili Hall, Office of the State and the general, state. Where many people who rule and Zhili on administrative commissioner for the Office of Zhili, state, roughly the same position with the government. Hall of the official sub-prefect of the Five, pass sentence is six items, state officials know the state is located five items, six items from the state with the state sentence from seven items. Office of the Qing Dynasty in the country with forty-one Zhili, state seventy-three Zhili. Away from it, the office, state, known as the scattered hall, state, status come first in the county. To the late Qing Dynasty, the country has been _set_ loose hall seventy-eight, bulk state one hundred forty-five. Powder Room, State Department _set_ up official and Zhili, state the same, while the differential first-class products. San hall, state government jurisdiction, the scribe in general or individual channel members. County is a local grass-roots political organization. China Qing Dynasty _set_ up one thousand three hundred fifty-eight County. Officer for the magistrate of each county to one person, are seven items, Xian Cheng is one eight items, the main book is the Nine, no Capacity. Charge of a county magistrate governance, mainly off the provision of First Instance decision, to persuade farmers relief of poverty, poor relief to persuade farmers to discuss sly eliminating traitors, Xing Yang Rikkyo. County Deputy, the main book sub-grain charge of horse, taxation, residence, arrest all staff. Code inspection history of prison inmates palm JI. Frontier Division Qing Dynasty in Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet and other places, _set_ up a special area, and the mainland to take a different administrative practices. Region in Mongolia to implement the AU, the flag system. Flags, the central government under the leadership of the basic administrative unit. In the Uygur region, the Prime Minister _set_ a person back to business Zha Sake Dukes, governance of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Associate Tusalake Sarkozy has _set_ up two of the rank and file of the. Qing Dynasty stationed in Ili, Xinjiang is also general, the highest military and political power in charge of Tianshan Mountain, supplemented by one person under Cenzandachen. In Tibet, the Dalai Lama (in Lhasa) and the Panchen Lama (in Zhashi Columbus) palm decree, the line values, the same as the political and religious leaders, monks and laymen, but they "as in the Resident Minister and subject." Qing Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, the Mukden are located within the old one minister, Fudu Tong two. In Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces of the southwest area of some ethnic minorities, still clinging to the Ming Dynasty and early Qing chieftain system, there Pacification Commissioner, Xuan Fu, Zhao Tao, to appease, various Executive Secretary, also soil the government, the state of soil, soil County _set_ting. Yongzheng, the Qing government has re-established flow will Tuguan officials to further strengthen the southwestern minority regions of direct rule.
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Qing Dynasty History
Dalai audience with Emperor Shun Zhi Qing Dynasty was established by the Chinese Manchu feudal dynasty in Chinese history, unified the country one of the great dynasty. Qing Dynasty, the population is the highest feudal dynasties, the late Qing Dynasty reached four hundred million or more. Qing exploiting the boundary, when the territory reached its peak more than 13 million square kilometers. Qing to ease class conflict, the implementation of incentive wilderness, relief from taxation policy, the Mainland and the border areas of both social and economic development. To the mid-18th century feudal economy to a new peak, called the "Kangxi and Qianlong." So a more rigorous system of centralized authoritarian, national strength, order and stability, the late 18th century Qing Dynasty population has reached three hundred million or so. Kangxi, the unification of Taiwan, and signed with Russia "Nerchinsk Treaty", Sino-Russian eastern border delineation; mid-Qianlong, put down the Junggar, Hui Bu, the unification of Xinjiang. This is not only one solution to the Chinese history between nomadic and farming protracted ethnic conflict, and with a series of policies adopted, the development of border areas of economic, cultural and transportation, the consolidation of the unity of the Chinese multi-ethnic country, laid the modern Chinese territory, and enhance the unity and cohesion of the Chinese nation. In culture, Kangxi period, compiled a comprehensive expression of several, such as "Si Ku Quan Shu", "Ancient and Modern Book integration," etc., to clean up and summarize the Chinese made a major contribution to historical and cultural heritage. After the payment period Nuerhachi Jurchen Manchu predecessor. From 2000 years ago, "Sushen" Han - Jin period called "pour Lou," Northern and Southern Dynasties called "Wuji" (pronounced "Moggi"), Sui said, "Mohe", was the establishment of Bohai Sea. Liao and Jin periods called "Jurchen" Liao book is also for "Jurchen." Jurchen Jin Dynasty was established. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Jurchen lived northeast. The early Ming Dynasty, Jurchen Jurchen into statehood, Hercynian Jurchen, Savage Jurchen three units. Then divided by region statehood, Landrace, East China, Hu Lun four major sections. The establishment of the Ming Dynasty in the northeast are the Secretary of Liaodong, slave children are the Secretary as a management body dry, Jurchen ministries are to submit to the Ming Dynasty. Qing rulers came statehood Jurchen Aixinjueluo. Meng Columbia statehood Jurchen leader Timur (Nurhachu six ancestor, after the former emperor bestowed the Zhaozu) when statehood Wei Ming left the military governor, in 1433 due to tribal conflict victims. Department of statehood in 1440 moved south and eventually _set_tled in the Early Qing. South, the Ministry of statehood Jurchen had close contacts with the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of statehood social productivity and economic prosperity. 1583, Aisingiorro Nurhachi Xifeng command to left-back to statehood, to ancestors, and the parent left behind a thirteen, have merged Hercynian Jurchen Department, Ministry of Jurchen conquest of the East China Sea, the unification of the Jurchen ministries. He also built fortresses, _set_ the Minister, the legal, management actions, the establishment of the Eight Banners system. Eight Banners system according to the military organization, the preparation of the Jurchen up in the nobility of war and under the control of production activities, the unity of the people is a military social organization. Jurchen Eight Banners system promotes the development of society, consolidated Nurhaci dominance. 1616, Nurhachi in Early Qing self Khan, the country's gold (known as the Later Jin), Chien-yuan destiny, open revolt Ming government. 1618, Nurhachi released "Seven hate" to discuss next call to arms, pledging cutting out, shocked. 1619, the Ming Dynasty in Sa'erhu war fiasco, a few years the city lost more than seventy Liaodong. 1621, Nurhachi capture Liaoyang, Shenyang, moved the capital in Liaoyang. Spring 1625, Zhu Chen Nurhaci despite objections Baylor decided to move the capital Shenyang. 3 March in the year thanks to the Lunar ancestors tomb, they rate Baiguan relatives from Tokyo (Liaoyang) leave, overnight tiger Station, the next day arrived in Shenyang. From Shenyang to become the rule of the regime after the payment center. However, the Ning Nurhaci campaign in 1626 the Ming army's artillery was seriously wounded and soon died. Eighth child Taiji to the throne. He continued in the Ming offensive and joint Mongol tribes, forces have continued to expand. Unified national In 1635, the Qing Taizong abolition of the old family name of Huang Taiji, "Zhu Shen" (Jurchen), _set_ family called "Manchukuo." 1636, the Qing surrender Monan Mongolia. In the same year the emperor Huang Taiji and change the "gold" of the country as a "clear", the formal establishment of the Qing Dynasty, reign of Zonta change. 1640, the outbreak of war the Ming and Qing Jin Song, 1642 Chengchou captured in Matsuyama, Zuda Shou in Jinzhou surrender. Song Jin Ming Dynasty in the battle marked the complete collapse of the Liaodong defense system, the customs only Ningyuan an isolated city. 1644, led by Li Zicheng Dashun army captured Beijing, the Ming Chong Zhen Emperor's army in the siege guns farmers committed suicide in the Imperial City after the Jingshan. Ming will be stationed Shanhaiguan Sangui surrendering. Regent Dorgon clear command of the Eight Banners crack, and hardships of entry, as leading to Sangui, beating Dashun peasant army, to occupy Beijing. In the same year Emperor moved the capital to Beijing Shunzhi, Ji Gao world ancestors, that he has all of China's sovereign. Then, Qing south extermination peasant army, north of landlords, bureaucrats have to welcome fall, Qing collusion, suppression of peasant army. At the same time, in the south, some pro-Chen Li Ming left the royal family established several Xiaochao Ting, known as Ming (Hiromitsu, Long Wu, Shaowu, Yongli). Rereading the Dashun addition, Chang Hsien-chung of the Atlantic regime. Qing Dynasty in 1645 off Dashun, Ming Hiromitsu; 1646 off Onishi, Nanming Long Wu, Nanming Shao Wu; 1662 off Ming Yongli; 1664 Dashun eliminate remnants. Qing Dynasty after entering the pass after 20 years of war, the basic unity of the country. Qing into the South in the process of evil, stirred southern people's strong resistance, especially Dressed make enforcement around the Ming forces ignited the raging fire. Qing brutal repression, in Yangzhou, Jiading, Jiangyin carried out wantonly massacre, called the "Yangzhou 10, Jiading three Tu." Since then around the Qing, "Dressed in fashion," resulting in the population plummeted, the occurrence of depression in southwest livelihood, Miles no picture. 1659, Qing occupation of the southwest. And population migration Huguang fill River, to supplement labor shortage, as the history of the second "Hubei and Hunan to Sichuan." Yanping Wang Ming Zheng Chenggong was recovered in 1661 as a Dutch colony in Taiwan. Yongli Emperor killed, the son of Zheng Chenggong Zheng Ming Yongli reign by the continued use of, respect for the former Mingning Jing Gui Wang Zhu surgery to monitor the country. In 1683, the Qing Dynasty reunification with Taiwan, the Taiwan government _set_ up in 1684. Generation of monarch and Emperor Kangxi Kangxi 8-year-old Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne, reign, flat San Francisco, to close Taiwan, the three signs Junggar rebellion, aggression against Russia, compilation "Past and the Present Integrated" and "Kangxi." Emperor Kangxi attention to restore and develop production, to take a series of favorable socio-economic recovery and development initiatives. Encourage the wilderness, from 1671 onwards from the Division worked hard for years to relax and reclaim a performance requirement, according to the number of Reclamation, to give a different office, which worked hard to promote the enthusiasm of the Kangxi Dynasty, the country has been largely open wasteland. In 1669, Emperor Kangxi ordered the abolition of enclosure so that, after the permanent cessation of enclosure, and provides for the circle of land shall be returned to farmers. 1685, Emperor Kangxi also provides civil Xinken Tian Mu, "from the ring after never promised" to some extent limit the noble flag of the main economic expansion, will help farmers to the people. Fan Wang Ming Dynasty Emperor Kangxi also ordered the village fields to "rename fields." Emperor Kangxi adapted to the needs of historical development, a series of war of unification, the situation stabilized, the Qing government much consolidation, but also through a series of sandwiches, and promoting economic and cultural development, the Chinese people to live 112 years live in peace. After the mid-Kangxi, was severely damaged by the war and the handicraft gradually restored and developed. To the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Jiangning, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Foshan, Guangzhou and other places of the silk industry is very developed. South of the cotton industry, Jingdezhen porcelain has reached a historical peak. To the mid-18th century, the Qing population also increased significantly. Yongzheng Prime Emperor Yongzheng ascended the throne, reigned 13 years. His main characteristic is that the reform can be described as bold, sharp knife cut hemp. He was many things to do major reforms, especially for some system to do some reforms. Yongzheng from the "Kangxi" three generations of linking role. Rectify the official management: to crack down on corruption, financial audit attention. Fire consumed go public: to stamp out corruption. Farmland: Basic to give up control of the farmers and reduce their burdens, help demographics and population growth. Qing Dynasty flow: the promotion of the ethnic minority areas of economic and cultural development, the consolidation of the Southwest border. Close off the system: strengthening the supervision of officials. Gaozong Qianlong Emperor Qianlong Qianlong Emperor ruling 60 years, achievements in Wenzhiwugong aspects for the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country, the development of Kangxi and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty made important contributions to the situation, there is indeed a generation to whom king. He compiled "Si Ku Quan Shu", started in 1772, compiled by ten years for clean-up and summary of China made a significant contribution to the historical and cultural heritage, but the loss of many precious materials. Qianlong Emperor loves Chinese, eager to write poetry, leaving a body of poems about 42,613 each. Emperor Wang Duihan a minority culture so fond of Chinese culture has a positive role in promoting. As the Qing dynasty literary inquisition, were not included in _Select_ed Poems of compile, evaluate dynasty emperor's poem, and the original ('imperial poems') and voluminous, so Qianlong's poetry does not spread, most of the imperial body limericks. Qianlong six down the south, and extensive repair generic southern gardens gardens, waste of resources. Qianlong Emperor in 1757 shattered the aristocratic Junggar separatist forces, unified Tianshan Road. 1759 Zhuo put down the rebellion and the size of Tianshan road. In 1762, the Qing Dynasty _set_ up the Ili General, unified management, including Lake Balkhash, including the entire Xinjiang region. Since 1762, the Qing Dynasty sent a large number of troops stationed in Xinjiang after another. Permanent garrison of soldiers with their families, mainly from the northeast, Hebei and other places Daur, Manchu, etc. The garrison to defend the motherland, and made a great contribution to the development of border. In 1771, Simon moved westward to the Volga lower reaches of the ancient desert Torghut Ministry in, led by outstanding leaders Wo Baxi, get rid of the rule of tsarist Russia, embarked on a journey of return to the motherland. They crushed Russia's besieged army, overcame hardships, thousands of miles journey, finally returned to the motherland. Ministry Tuerhute return for the consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country, wrote a glorious chapter in the epic. Qing Dynasty in 1792, Gurkhas fought off the invasion of Tibet. 1793 (Qianlong Fifty-eight years), the Qing central government has formulated and enacted the "imperial possession statute twenty-nine in the aftermath" of Tibet's personnel, administrative, financial, military, foreign relations and other aspects made it clear that and legal form to be determined. The main contents include the Qing government control to determine the major Living Buddhas of Tibet including the Dalai Lama, the Panchen Lama reincarnation after the death of identification and approval of the throne of power, all matters relating to Tibet's foreign minister stationed in Tibet by the full treatment. The charter is China's sovereignty over Tibet proved an important historical document. In the "Kangxi and Qianlong", the social and economic development is very fast. The first is the rapid increase of arable land, to the time of the Yongzheng to nine hundred million acres, restored and over the period of the Ming Dynasty. Coupled with the development of agricultural technology, to increase the yield per unit area, so that the country's total grain output increased significantly, China's population in the "Kangxi and Qianlong," to break through the 100 million mark. The actual ruler of the late Qing Dynasty Empress Dowager Cixi in the modern era Qing Dynasty Qianlong began to decline from the phenomenon of growing corruption in politics. Jiaqing Di and the early monarchy Emperor Daoguang also lost a pioneering spirit, something goes wrong style, the increasingly conservative and rigid. Bureaucracy, cronyism and mutual strife, buying and selling MG, bribery was rampant. Army, equipped with old, do not drill ground, Camp breakdowns in discipline corrupt. Financial, treasury growing deficit, make ends meet. Class conflicts, the outbreak of the White Lotus and Tenrikyo have such peasant uprisings. In order to save their own destiny and to enhance national strength, the Qing government then launched an internal part of the Han people of insight in the Reform Movement, trying to reform and strengthen the country, most notably since the 1860s started the Westernization Movement. With the launching of the Westernization Movement, the country has begun the introduction of foreign science and technology, open mining, factories, construction of railways, _set_ up telegraph network, build new schools, training of technical personnel; also _set_ up a new military industry, and gradually improve the Qing weapons and methods of warfare. Representatives include Zeng, Li, Zuo, such as Zhang Zhidong. Westernization Movement makes the Qing Dynasty's strength to a certain degree to restore and enhance, to the Empress Dowager Cixi of the ruling coalition with Prince Gong Tongzhi years, under the concerted efforts of the Qing Dynasty in the civil and military, was once a more stable situation, called the "Restoration." During the Qing Dynasty in the West with the help of successful eradication of the Taiping, Nian Rebellion put down, and recover in Xinjiang, in the international status and image and thus is considerably improved. To the 1880s, the Qing army before the equipment and the Westernization Movement has been significantly improved compared; in 1884-1885 a series of battles during the Sino-French War, the Qing and the French had successes and losses. After the war, the Qing Dynasty _set_ up the Navy Yamen, and built a modern navy - Northern Division. Although the Westernization Movement made great achievements, but because the majority of people not known when the contemporary international situation, the urgency of the minority and the majority of bureaucrats can not change the old thinking, the Qing reform movement below the Meiji Restoration in Japan as the ultimate effectiveness of the results Sino-Japanese War in 1894 led to the failure, and in 1895 Japan signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki." Subsequently, the Guangxu Emperor Kang and Liang and political reform movement launched by the leadership: Empress Dowager Cixi and the Hundred Days Reform and because conservatives oppose, and the house arrest of the Emperor Guangxu, Reform and so fail, because only 103 days, it is also known as the "Hundred Days Restoration. " In October, the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, followed by the provinces have declared independence, the rule of the Qing Dynasty began to collapse. Qing Yuan appointed military commander for the Northern New Prime Minister, Cabinet and lead the establishment of the Qing. But he the one hand, the Revolutionary Armed Forces compression force (Yang summer war), on the other hand secretly negotiating with the revolutionaries. Qing emperor on February 12, 1912 formally abdicated, and in the abdication edict declared, "that is organized by the Yuan discretionary temporary republican government," marking the Chinese two thousand years of monarchy formally ended. Military regime Palace of Heavenly Purity Eight Banners system Jurchen Nurhaci in cattle is recorded based on the creation of a system of military unity of the people. Political power concentrated in the nobility, to discuss major decisions decided by the nobility, is the Manchurian government Wangda Chen meeting. Taiji in Tiancong after five years (AD 1631) system of the Ming Dynasty _set_ up six imitation, trying to gradually weaken the power of the Manchu nobility. Emperor tried to implement a centralized effort focused on the early Qing Dynasty. Junji seven years (1650 AD), emperor of the Eight Banners system reform, by their own personal control is yellow, inlaid yellow, white three flags, formed a "three on the flag" and "under five flags", change the previous Banners grasp of the situation by different kings, and to enhance the strength of the three flags, Wangda Chen Manchu government authority of the Conference has been weakened. Six Qing Dynasty _set_ up six (officials, family, ceremony, military, criminal, workers), Book of ministries Executive said, Deputy Executive said the assistant minister, who previously served as chancery are full, Junji first year (1644) provides full-Book and assistant minister, Han each one. In the six and six side by side outside the central administration are: supreme court, Chang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taipusi, taken care of Temple, Imperial College, Royal Astronomer, the Imperial Academy, so the hospital, Court of Colonial Affairs, who were Fu, Zhan Shi House, Imperial Household, Censorate. Level of Qing officials, "Nine eighteen", and so there are from each of the other, not less than eighteen inflow is not known, from the level attached to the Nine. South study Kangxi sixteen years (AD 1677) the establishment of the South study Emperor Kangxi, Emperor Kangxi at first minister to have discussions with the Imperial Academy word knowledge, poetry and painting the _set_. Due to special provision in the southwest corner of Palace of Heavenly Purity premises named South study. As the South study "non-Chong Bangui purlins, are not allowed to enter on the trusted", so it is entirely controlled by the emperor of a tight core of confidential agency at any time to Cheng Zhi Chao out of the line so that the South study, "power on worship." . South advancement of the study is the power of Emperor Kangxi weaken the government Wangda Chen meeting, while outside the cabinet toward the inner court of some of the functions of the IND, an important step in the implementation of highly centralized. Grand Council Han Pan- Qing Dynasty Qing Eight Banners and Green Standard is divided into two kinds. Banners Banners are divided into Manchuria, Mongolia, Manchu, Han Banners. Flag _set_ all system (Katayama amount of true), eight by the Central Park brag bureaucratic control systems, local governors right to requisition. Green Standard Army, mainly Qingjunruguan incorporated the military and provincial adaptation of the Ming Dynasty down the ranks, with the green flag, so called green criminals or Green Standard Army. Arms are horsemen, infantry and navy. In the provinces who, by the Governor, governor, Admiral, Chief General etc. govern. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the Han landlords have raised self-training since the militia Xiangyong. After the rise due to the Taiping movement, the long-term government support as the Eight Banners, idle, not martial arts thing, and gradually lost the combat, when the failures in the suppression of the Taiping, north and south parts of the landlord so the rapid development of the armed militia, Tseng Kuo-fan's Hunan will be shipped the birth. Well as the organization's Huai Li, Zuo Chu organization, these landlords armed militia and later adapted for military training anti-military. After the mid-dynasty, because of the Sino-defeat, anti-﹑ military training are secondary Guard was changed by the Yuan to train a new army, as the main defense force. Mongolia's policy of national policy Qing government of Inner Mongolia, special management areas. On the one hand to win the Mongol tribes by marriage leaders to royal clan chiefs and their departments women marrying nephews. On the other hand, the implementation of the political divide and conquer "Zhasa restraint", which Mengqi system. Qing Dynasty unified the Mongol tribes, the Mongol rule of strategy is necessary to make it no longer Shuofang trouble on the frontier forces, but also to win over the ruling Mongolian People have their slave owners, the Qing government to rule the country of Mongolia as an important military and northern boundaries of the Qing empire undefended barrier. Strong support, including promotion of Lamaism in Mongolia, effectively rein in the people, maintain stability in the Mongolian region. Tibet policy Qing Dynasty, Tibet was under the jurisdiction of three powerful initiatives canonized system, Resident Minister and the lot-drawing system. Canonized system Qing dynasty, the Dalai Lama to Beijing Asaga V, Emperor Shun Zhi and officially gave him a grand reception, "the Dalai Lama," the title; later, the Kangxi Emperor and canonized V Panchen Lama as the "Panchen Lama," the title, and thanks to copies printed; Since then, the "Dalai Lama" and "Panchen Lama" in the title officially fixed, after the Dalai Lama and the Panchen calendar must be customized through the canonization of the central government. _Set_ Resident Minister 1727, the Qing government _set_ up in Tibet, Tibet Minister for Tibetan affairs; Resident Minister on behalf of the Central Government, jointly managed with the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama of Tibet; Resident Minister of the _set_ting, marking the central government has jurisdiction strengthened. Lot-drawing system Strengthen the Qing central government Dalai and Panchen reincarnation of supervision and of any authority. This is the reform of Tibet, the Qing dynasty, the administrative management system, establish the system of laws and regulations governing possession of an important element. This system continues today. Qianlong. Qing government promulgated the "Tibet aftermath Constitution" and "Tibet in the aftermath of charter twenty-nine" to determine the Resident Minister and the Chief of the Dalai Lama together on an equal footing, strengthen the central government's rule of Tibet. Tibet, the Qing government to revitalize the measures of economic reform Siniora, rent Fu, money law and trade system; active national trade; create reports, up schools, the development of mining and pastoral workers to enhance transportation, post and telecommunications industry's development. Han Policy Literary inquisition The rise of the Qing literary inquisition designed to deter anti-forces, to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government, its features are: guilt by the power of people's distorted interpretation of the text into the sky, evidence by the power of people's distorted interpretation of the text is made. Once a word or a sentence is considered heads of state or criticized the government for libel, which constitutes a criminal offense. Qing history, Junji, Kangxi period of "literary inquisition" is only an individual phenomenon, the Yongzheng become a universal "system." In the wave of literary inquisition was most insane character is Emperor Qianlong, there were over 1.3 case. Han Qing Dynasty minister of state Manchu for the win and consolidate the rule of the whole of China, in addition to only use such as Fan Cheng Han Chinese elite, but in the process of entry has summon somebody to surrender the former army generals Ming Wu Sangui, Licheng Dong, Shang Kexi, Gengzhong Ming Han army and command. After the rebellion by the Kangxi cut off its three main Military Governors which, known as the San Francisco level. Soldier is recovering Taiwan Han Shi Lang officer before that. Qing Han minister of state there Chengchou and so on. China has long ruled the Qing government to vigorously respected Confucianism, according to the ancient tradition of the Han Dynasty _set_ up examination, _select_ion of scholars from the Han to win the support of intellectuals, to prevent resistance. Appointment of Han Lin Qing officials had seized the opium from British hands nearly 2 million cases of about 237 million pounds. Nineteen years in dynasty, April 22 (3 June 1839) publicly destroyed in Humen beach. The late Qing Zeng, Li, Zuo, such as Zhang Zhidong Han minister of state in the counter-insurgency campaign in Taiping and Westernization play a key role. After the implementation of new training Qing Sino military are drawn mainly Han Chinese soldiers. Which, such as Yuan Shikai, students learn the Prussian military Duan, Feng Guozhang, studied in Japan Wang Shizhen, and Li to overthrow the Qing Dynasty were the Revolution of 1911 played a key role, and became the Republic of China, the central figure in the Northern Government. Dressed in fashion Since ancient times, Chinese people attach great importance dressed costumes. "Book of Filial Piety," a saying: "your body is affected by the parents, not damage, also the beginning of filial piety." After the Han Chinese can not be shaved adult men and women regard hair into a bun tray York in the head. Han Chinese, Manchu hairstyle and different, the family man to the anterior cranial hair shaved, head hair into a long braids hanging down. Han Chinese clothing Chinese clothing to pay collar, the right junction, no deduction as the main feature, full of the main features of the collar, buttons down the front, plate buttons, etc. Qing Dynasty by the Manchu people living in northeast China's establishment. Crossed the border before the Manchu rulers outside the customs already in the implementation of the "Dressed in fashion" policy. All of the conquered Han Chinese forced to change hair, change clothes, surrendered Ming soldiers must Dressed in fashion, as a sign of surrender. Manchu Qing rulers implementation of the "Dressed in fashion" reasons: generally believed that the Manchu rulers want to fight through millennia, in fashion, destroyed the majority of the Han people, especially the upper class in the national spirit, to keep the Manchu domination, to maintain the Manchu not assimilated by Han Chinese. Later history has shown, the Manchu rulers of this measure basically reached the expected results. Han people gradually forget the costumes, used Manchu hair and clothing. To the 1911 Revolution overthrew the Qing Empire, when calling people cut queue, there are still many people do not want to cut, one of the reasons is the fear of official beheaded after being cut braids, see "head without leaving any hair left, leaving hair does not stay in the first "and" Dressed in fashion, "the policy impact of the Han deep. "Dressed in fashion" is a major social conflicts of the early Qing Dynasty. At that time the struggle against the Han Chinese come and go throughout the case, then Chen Ming Xia said: "Free shaved re dressed, and the world to peace." Soon, however, because he said these words were Manmenchaozhan. Boundaries of zoning boundaries of the Qing Dynasty 1759 (Qianlong twenty-four years) after the boundaries of the Qing Dynasty unified the whole country is: north of Mongolia and Siberia Tangnu Tannu region, south China Sea, including the "thousands of miles Shitang, Cheung Sha Wan, James Shoal" (now the Paracel Islands , Nansha Islands and other South Sea islands and reefs), Xi Nanda Tawang region of Tibet, Yunnan Namkham, river slope region and northern Burma, the Aral Sea and the West do Congling regions, including Xinjiang and the 亚巴尔喀什 this lake, arrived in the Northeast Stanovoy, including Sakhalin, the South East including Taiwan, the Penghu Islands. When the heyday of the total area of 1,300 square kilometers. In addition, many neighboring countries have become a vassal state of Qing Dynasty, when the Qing vassal are: east side of Lee Korea, Okinawa, South Peninsula, Kofi Annan, South Palm (Laos), Siam (Thailand), Burma , southwest Gorkha (Nepal), Zhe Meng Xiong (Sikkim), Bhutan, Central Asia and West Asia Khokand, Kazakhstan, bruit, Bu Haer, mountain grams, Ai Wuhan (Afghanistan) and Southeast Asia Lanfang Republic. Qing dynasty in maintaining the contribution of Chinese territory 1683, reunification with Taiwan, the Taiwan government _set_ up 1689, Jaxa war, defeat Russia aggression, ensure the sovereignty of foreign Northeast 1690 - 1757, put down the rebellion Junggar, Simon ancient desert uniform 1727, _set_ the Resident Minister, sent directly by the court supervision of Tibetan affairs on behalf of the Central 1759, put down the rebellion size and excellence, unity of Xinjiang, the establishment of Ili General 1792, defeated the Gurkha invasion of Tibet, and the following year issued the "Imperial Constitution aftermath of Tibet", the charter is China's sovereignty over Tibet proved an important historical documents 1878, beat A Gubai invaders, recover in Xinjiang, the establishment of Xinjiang province In 1909, the signing of the Treaty between the islands, the cost of mineral rights in order to ensure the road for inter-island (Yanbian) sovereignty, territorial ambitions of Japan defeat North Korea The loss of the Qing the territory of modern Hong Kong (1842 to 1898 between batches ceded or leased to Britain in 1997, returned to China) Macao (1887 and Portugal signed a "draft treaty between China and Portugal meeting" and "commercial treaty between China and Portugal and good," admitted Portugal in Macau all the rights - "perpetual occupation and government of Macao and Portugal is a land of Australia and Portugal area governance It is at the same ", 1999 return to China) Taiwan and the Penghu Islands (1895 ceded to Japan after the Japanese surrender in 1945, Russia, Taiwan and the Penghu sovereignty occupation of Chinese territory, China diagram). Outside the Northeast (Heilongjiang, north of 600,000 square kilometers, and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin, including about 40 million square kilometers of territory, respectively, in 1858 and 1860 was forced to cede to Russia, not to recover) Outside the northwest (southeast of Lake Balkhash, Ili, west and east of the Pamir Pyanj River and other areas about 53 million square kilometers of territory, respectively, in the 1860s, 1980s and 1990s, or the seizure by the Russian Gezhan not recovered) Mainland Division Qing Ming local administrative divisions basically followed the system, but according to their actually doing a lot of reform, such as Manchuria, Tibet, Xinjiang and other minority areas of different administrative divisions and the Mainland. Following Chengyuan Ming Qing Dynasty since the provincial establishment in order to save maximum for the local administrative area, under the government, office, state, county, constitute the local province, prefecture and county levels, the basic administrative system to organize. Provincial Governor's highest office, called the Governor a certain province, the local prefect military affairs, etc., forage, and the governor or something. Qing Dynasty established a total of 23 provinces, 18 provinces of the mainland which followed the old system or the old system, based on the rest of the border and home to the late Qing Dynasty. These provinces are: Zhili, Mukden, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Fujian, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou . Kill them, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Xinjiang and Taiwan _set_ for the post. The Governor under the governor, the governor of a province-wide as the local prefect military affairs, etc. and forage management, or control towns, terms of very broad. Some additional assistant minister title, is positive at the second, or from the two products. Tube is basically a province governor, also focused on the military, but more than the District Governor tube, a province of the military for the Explorer, administration, supervision and education, including senior officers. Qing Dynasty established a total of twenty-one governor, one by the Governor and are Mukden, Zhili Deng Baren, a separate _set_ of Jiangsu, Anhui Thirteen. Shandong, Shanxi governor of all the five provinces and admirals title, the title of Guizhou governor and control horses. The provincial government under a local administrative structures. Government Executive is a prefect, from the four products, palm consul-general is a county, that of religion, Hennessy pesticides, never a good inspection of First Instance. Zhu Li a test for three years, with their advantages and disadvantages reported. Yao Zheng units are required by the Governor of all, ask permission is OK. Qing Dynasty to the prefect, "took positions on the bearing," so strict decree Governor, ask for its assessment. Sub-prefect of the Five, pass sentence is six products, to help prefect, sub-grain salt Dubu palm, Jiang Fang Hai Phong, Gong water, Qing members, ask all the people Sui post. Case of an experience there, the governor, according to mill, Secretary prison and so on. In addition to the government, as well as Zhili Hall, Office of the State and the general, state. Where many people who rule and Zhili on administrative commissioner for the Office of Zhili, state, roughly the same position with the government. Hall of the official sub-prefect of the Five, pass sentence is six items, state officials know the state is located five items, six items from the state with the state sentence from seven items. Office of the Qing Dynasty in the country with forty-one Zhili, state seventy-three Zhili. Away from it, the office, state, known as the scattered hall, state, status come first in the county. To the late Qing Dynasty, the country has been _set_ loose hall seventy-eight, bulk state one hundred forty-five. Powder Room, State Department _set_ up official and Zhili, state the same, while the differential first-class products. San hall, state government jurisdiction, the scribe in general or individual channel members. County is a local grass-roots political organization. China Qing Dynasty _set_ up one thousand three hundred fifty-eight County. Officer for the magistrate of each county to one person, are seven items, Xian Cheng is one eight items, the main book is the Nine, no Capacity. Charge of a county magistrate governance, mainly off the provision of First Instance decision, to persuade farmers relief of poverty, poor relief to persuade farmers to discuss sly eliminating traitors, Xing Yang Rikkyo. County Deputy, the main book sub-grain charge of horse, taxation, residence, arrest all staff. Code inspection history of prison inmates palm JI. Frontier Division Qing Dynasty in Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet and other places, _set_ up a special area, and the mainland to take a different administrative practices. Region in Mongolia to implement the AU, the flag system. Flags, the central government under the leadership of the basic administrative unit. In the Uygur region, the Prime Minister _set_ a person back to business Zha Sake Dukes, governance of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Associate Tusalake Sarkozy has _set_ up two of the rank and file of the. Qing Dynasty stationed in Ili, Xinjiang is also general, the highest military and political power in charge of Tianshan Mountain, supplemented by one person under Cenzandachen. In Tibet, the Dalai Lama (in Lhasa) and the Panchen Lama (in Zhashi Columbus) palm decree, the line values, the same as the political and religious leaders, monks and laymen, but they "as in the Resident Minister and subject." Qing Dynasty moved the capital to Beijing, the Mukden are located within the old one minister, Fudu Tong two. In Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces of the southwest area of some ethnic minorities, still clinging to the Ming Dynasty and early Qing chieftain system, there Pacification Commissioner, Xuan Fu, Zhao Tao, to appease, various Executive Secretary, also soil the government, the state of soil, soil County _set_ting. Yongzheng, the Qing government has re-established flow will Tuguan officials to further strengthen the southwestern minority regions of direct rule. Agriculture Science and Technology Qing Emperor Kangxi reign of 60 years worked hard Mita government incentives, emphasis on building water conservancy projects, many tax relief, the economy gradually restored and developed. Yongzheng Emperor inherited his father's business, social and economic development continues, the Qianlong period, the social economy has shown signs of prosperity. The so-called "Kangxi and Qianlong." The early Qing Dynasty 100 years, the sustainable development of agricultural production, arable land in the first performance of a large number of wasteland reclamation, expansion of cultivated area. 1661 (Junji eighteen years), the national land area of 5.26 million ares; 1722 (Kangxi 61 years) to reach 8.51 million ares; to 1725 (Yongzheng three years), reaching 8.9 million ares. Cultivated area increased by 40%, and the population quickly grew to 360 million. The Qing government to promote the provinces according to local conditions, using a variety of methods of cultivation, so that food production increased significantly. Sweet potato planting high-yield crops, from Fujian, Zhejiang and other provinces to promote to the Yangtze River and Yellow River. Sang crops, tea, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, acreage, and had already become a commodity. Emperor Kangxi was the double-crop rice cultivation, promotion to the Jiangbei parts. Qianlong period, Qing government to promote the reform of farming methods, to promote multi-cropping. After the rice harvest in some areas of Guangdong, and _insert_ed rice; after the rice harvest, and then kind of rape or sweet potatoes, cooked three times a year. Jiangxi soil is thin, can not be added after the rice harvest rice species, the species of buckwheat, two crops a year. As the South to promote multi-cropping, grain yield per year more than 60 billion kg. Qing Dynasty, when the farmers specializing in vegetable production has increased. Beijing suburban farmers, the use of "fire room", "cellar" and other equipment in the winter planting chives, cucumber and other fresh vegetables, to get the market to sell. Qianlong, cotton, popular in the late Ming and basic, based on the cultivation of more popular, the original non-cotton in some parts of Hebei, cultivated cotton accounted for nine out of ten. Qing Dynasty, sugar cane throughout the southeastern coastal provinces. Guangdong's sugar cane planting in some places, often on a one thousand ares contiguous, from afar, like the reed, as Taiwan is "the cane fields, ten thousand ares Bi lush." Tobacco cultivation has also been extended to the country. In the "South, Shandong, Zhili, the sweet land of all kinds of smoke, while those who heard in his province, the same applies." Qing cash crop development, further development of the handicraft industry provides more raw materials. Medicine Qianlong official repair when the "Golden Mirror" ninety volumes, collecting a lot of cheats and experience new recipe, and the "Golden Chamber", "typhoid fever" and the book made a lot of textual research, is a description clinical experience of important works. Qing Wang Qing-ren in the medical doctors on the outstanding achievements of the "Medical forest error correction," a book. He stressed that the anatomical knowledge of the importance of medical treatment, and the ancient records in the organs into question. His internal organs of the body through anatomical studies, drawn into a "witness to correct the internal organs diagram" Twenty-five, corrected some previous mistakes, the development of the motherland anatomy make a useful contribution. Geological Survey Kangxi, had organized labor on a nationwide geodetic, after thirty years of planning, surveying and mapping work, made a "Wong Yu-wide view map." This map "is not only a map of Asia at that time all the best one, and then all over the map of Europe are better and more precise" (Needham, "History of Science and Technology of China," Volume V). Finally, "Wong Yu-wide view map" based on the mapping of new information, made a "government within the Qianlong Emperor Yu the whole map." In the first detailed map to draw in China's Xinjiang region. The two maps, there are still a great reference value. Architecture In addition, "Yuan Ming" is the Prince Yongzheng Emperor from the Beige has been used during the Yongzheng Emperor in thrall Buddhism, No. "Yuanmingyuan lay", and has a deep study of Buddhism. Author of "Imperial election Quotations," 19 and "imperial pick magic Distinction recorded." Buddhist sects in the pattern of the early Qing Dynasty, Emperor Yongzheng to Zen Zongjiang itself, and the "world master" to impose the identity of the Buddhist influence, efforts to promote the "three religions" and "Chanjing one", is the history of Buddhism very important person. Emperor Kangxi in the garden gave Yin zhen (later Emperor Yongzheng), the pro-theme park called "Summer Palace" is intended to take in the Yongzheng's chanted "Yuanmingyuan." There's the famous Mountain Resort and Eight Outer Temples in Chengde, Beijing's Lama Temple and so on. Agriculture Book about the Qing Dynasty more than 100 farmers, especially Kangxi, Yongzheng dynasties as prosperous. The "Book of Imperial timing" "wide spectrum of beautiful and fragrant flowers," "fill agricultural book" and other works. One large-scale comprehensive agricultural book "Imperial timing examination results," Qianlong years (1737), a group convened by the Emperor Qianlong Hong Li literary compilation. The size of the book than the "agricultural policy book" smaller. Essays by the emperor imperial official book, the provinces have engraved a large, widely circulated, but also quite international reputation. Represented and Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Qing Dynasty, China's transportation industry to develop. Represented is the first prominent Chinese railway engineer, he presided over the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Projects arduous was rare in the history of the world's railways. Represented overcome a difficult period, creatively design a "people" shaped track, slow down a slope, reduce the cost, completed two years ahead of schedule. Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the Chinese people to use their technology Xiu, in China's railway history, wrote a glorious page. Qing Qing's novel culture Qing Dynasty novel distinguished by many people, waiting for Cao Xueqin, "Dream of Red Mansions" is considered to represent the highest level of classical Chinese fiction. "Strange," "Scholars" and condemned the late Qing novels have a great impact. Qing poetry Qing Dynasty in Chinese history, poetry has little effect. Early Nalanxingde the "water words" praise for future generations. Emperor Qianlong love poetry, his "imperial poetry five episodes" of 41,863, but few are masterpieces. Called "Poetic Revolution" movement in poetry improved after the Hundred Days Reform, the representatives Huangzunxian of poetry, the rest such as Tan, Tang Caichang, Kang, Huang Tsun-hsien, Chiang Chi by, Qiu, Xia Yu both works. The formation of Peking Opera Peking Opera and Beijing accent from the Ming Dynasty, was formed in the Qianlong, Jiaqing years. Peking Opera is China's "national essence", 200-year history. The name first appeared in the opera two years the Qing dynasty (1876) and "declaration", the history, there has been skin yellow, two yellow, yellow cavity, Beijing, transfer, Peking Opera, Peking Opera, Peking Opera and other titles, five-year Department of Qianlong (1790 years) after four to Beijing and Beijing emblem classes Ju Tan's opera, Han Ju, Yiyang, strum and other operas and five or six years to integrate, evolve from, is China's largest operas. The repertoire is rich, many performing artists, theater as much as the audience as much deep impact are highest in the country. Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing arts. _Set_ sing (singing), read (read white), do (performance), playing (martial arts), dance (dance) as a whole, the program's performance by means of Syria played the story depicts characters, expressing "happiness, anger, sadness and joy , shock, fear, grief, "thoughts and feelings. Role can be divided into: Health (man), Dan (woman), net (men), ugly (male, female Jie) four major line of business. People are divided Zhong Jian, beauty and ugliness of the points, good and evil. Vivid, lifelike. Qing Dynasty painting High level of Qing painting. Painting dominated by the literati painting, landscape painting impressionistic painting of branches and the prevalence of ink, more ink painter seeking fun, surprisingly in the art form of renovation, and the emergence of many different styles of genre. Qing Zhu Da, Shi Tao's landscape flower, medium-term, "Eccentrics," Qing Ren Bo, the Changshuo ladies flower and willow, and folk paintings are Taohuawu have a significant impact on future generations. Temple name posthumous imperial lineage names of the Qing Dynasty imperial tombs reign reign Edward holiness magic Zhaoji Li Guang Yun Rui Wu Duanyi Qinan Hirofumi very Rensiao industry _set_ high and the emperor (Zhuizun) Aisingiorro Nurhachu (1559 -1626) 1616 - 1626 Destiny Fuling day rejuvenating Hongde Zhang Qing Taizong should Rensheng Rui Wu wide temperature sensitive Zhaoding Long Road was honor Emperor Aisingiorro Kumon Taiji (1592-1643) 1626 ~ 1643 Tiancong Chongde Zhao Ling Qing Tian Long ancestor transported the body to build a very English _set_ting system was Wu Dade Hong Rui Qin Wen Chun Xiao Zhang Gong Gracious Emperor Aisingiorro Fulin (1638-1661) 1643 ~ 1661 Junji Xiaoling Qing Patriarch co Celestica Gong Jian W Yu Xiaojing Yun Chiang Ruizhe integrity and merit a large pay the price in the Emperor Xuan Ye Aisingiorro (1654-1722) 1661 ~ 1722 the Qing emperors Kangxi Jing Ling Jing-day body of Fortune Jianzhong Wu Yingming benevolent Table Core Santa Xiao Xinyi Emperor Xian Yin zhen Aisingiorro sincerity (1678-1735) 1722 - 1735, Tailing Gaozong law Tianlong Yongzheng operation very sincere Illuminati voxel Li Fen Wu Chin-Ming Koji deposited the sacred text of pure Emperor Aisingiorro Hong Li (1711-1799) 1735 ~ 1795 Qianlong Qing Ren Yuling deposited by the day of operation Sui Hing Yau Chongwen thrift Duanmin Yingzhe by Wu Guangyu Xiaogong Aixinjueluo Yong Rui Yan Emperor (1760-1820) 1796 ~ 1820 Jiaqing Chang Ling Qing Emperor Xuan Zong Fu Yun-day effect in the body is established to Wensheng Wu Zhiyong Qin Xiao-Min Kim mercy given as emperor Aisingiorro Minning W (1782-1850) 1820 ~ 1850, the Qing dynasty, Mu-Ling Yi Zong-day co-operation in the implementation of vertical mo Maode Yuan Zhen Wu Shengxiao Christine Kuan-min Ren Zhuang Jian side was the emperor Aisingiorro Yi Zhu (1830-1861) 1850 ~ 1861 Xianfeng Ding Tomb clear Mouzon following day fortune by Masahiro Nakai St. Paul calmed power Nobutoshi Zhicheng Xiao Ming Su Yi Gong W love the new emperor Jue Luo Chun _set_ (1856-1875) 1861 - 1875 M-wen Hui Ling Chong Qing Corrections shipped the same day, medium and large positive scriptures Jian Wei Wu Renxiao side width wise King Emperor Qin Tian Aixinjueluo _set_ (1871-1908) 1875 - 1908 no no Aixinjueluo dynasty tomb of Pu Yi Chong (1906-1967) 1908 ~ 1912 Xuantong Hualong Ling Park (1) (1) Pu Yi, the first burial cemetery, burial after the family asked down Hualong Ling Park . Qing war civil war Unity and victory over Russia's invasion of counter-insurgency war Jaxa 1644 -1664, the clear unity of War (off Dashun, Atlantic, and Ming) 1673 -1681 years Qingping San Francisco Rebellion 1681 -1683 year, the Battle of clear recovery of Taiwan (Ming legacy) 1690 -1757, the Qing put down the rebellion war Junggar 1758 -1759, the Qingping Tianshan road battle (size and Zhuo rebellion) 1820 -1827, the Qingping Zhang Siegel rebellion (size and Zhuo legacy) Peasant uprising 1796 -1804, the White Lotus uprising 1813, Tenrikyo uprising 1851 -1864, the Taiping Rebellion 1852 -1868, the Nien rebellion Other 1862 -1873 years, changed back to Shaanxi and Gansu 1895 -1911, the Revive China Society revolutionary movement led by League Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and other places of the Muslims has occurred many times people change or rebellion, such as Shaanxi and Gansu back to change. These are basically dominated by the western minority, many of which are over a dozen years. Resistance and early Qing Jiangnan different, this time from the Qing court to protect the Han people were victims of widespread support. Foreign war Time of war belligerent Dingmao 1627 Battle of the results of Lee defeated North Korea, sum, brother of the country about the Battle of the Rat 1636 Lee defeated North Korea, a subsidiary of the Qing Dynasty in China 1685 -1686 war Jaxa Russia Russia defeated, "Nerchinsk Treaty" in 1765 -1770 years at war in Myanmar Myanmar signed a peace treaty in 1788 -1789 years at the Battle of Nguyen Hue offensive Annan Annan (Nguyen Hue) Annan sum back in 1788 -1792 years at the Gurkhas Gurkha war (now Nepal) China wins, defending the territory of Tibet in 1840 -1842 Great Britain wins the first Opium War, "Nanjing Treaty" in 1856 -1860 in the Second Opium War Britain, France (Russian and U.S. support ) British and French victory, Russia profit, "Treaty of Tianjin", "Beijing Treaty" of 1875 -1878 years back Agu Bai Qing Battle of Kokand recover in Xinjiang countries (Russia and Britain support) China wins, recovered Xinjiang in 1883 -1885 France war, no war and defeat of China in France, "French New Testament," etc. 1894 -1895 years, Sino-Japanese War Japan Japan wins, "Treaty of Shimonoseki" Boxer Rebellion of 1900 war of aggression against the British, French, German, Russian, United States, Japan, Italy and Austria Eight wins, 'Boxer Protocol' 1900 invasion of northeast soldiers to fight the Battle of Sha Esha Russia Russia win, but failed to achieve its "Yellow Russia plans", "Collection of the Northeast China-Russia Treaty" equal treaty treaty the Qing Dynasty Name Time Country Profile Nerchinsk Russian treaty of 1689 designated the eastern section of China-Russia border treaty cloth with Braschi middle of 1727 Russia Russia border delimitation treaty kyakhta the middle of 1728 Sino-Russian border delimitation between China and Russia Tumen Terms of service sector Jiang China and South Korea-Japan 1909, Japan and China on behalf of South Korea clearly between the island (Yanbian) territorial sovereignty of China and South Korea in the Tumen River as the boundary Unequal treaty China signed the treaty name who claim lost ground over time in Britain and around Guangzhou Purity - 6,702,000 May 27, 1841 Sino-British Treaty of Nanking seniors, Yili Bu Hong Kong Island twenty-one million round in August 1842 29 Japan United Kingdom provisions of the Treaty of Nanking added seniors - 6702000 July 22, 1843 China-US Treaty of Mong Ha seniors --1,844 July 03, Sino-British Treaty of Humen seniors - October 24, 1844 France Treaty of Whampoa Seniors - October 24, 1844 Sino-Russian Treaty of Aigun Yishan 600,000 square kilometers (north of Heilongjiang) -1858 May 28, China and Russia in the Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana - June 1858 13th China-US Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana --1,858 June 18, Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana - 4002000 June 26, 1858 Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin Guiliang, flowers Chana - 2,002,000 June 27, 1858 Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin added Guiliang --1,858 November 8, Woodland Sino-British Treaty of Beijing, the Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street one thousand Triple 1002000 October 24, 1860 France Treaty of Beijing Yi - 8,002,000 October 25, 1860 Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing Yi 40 million square kilometers (east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin) -1860 in Russia on November 4 survey points around the northwest sector Kee Ming Yi 440,000 square kilometers (south east of Lake Balkhash) -1864 October 7-year renewal of the treaty before the United States by U.S. envoy Burlingame ---1868 July 28, Sino-British Treaty of general repair, after the new constitution - -1869 Japan on October 23, fix the treaty Li --1,871 Japan on August 13, Treaty of Beijing Yi - 1874 October 31, Sino-British Treaty of Yantai, Li - two hundred and two thousand September 13, 1876 Sino-Russian Treaty of Riva several sub-Chong thick - October 2, 1879 Sino-Russian Ili Treaty Tseng Chi-tse 70,000 km2 nine million rubles February 24, 1881 meeting of the Sino-French Concise Terms of Li - November 5, 1884 Sino-Japanese Treaty of Tianjin Li - April 18, 1885 French New Testament, Li - 1885 June 09, continuous growth of Sino-British Treaty of Yantai Treaty Guiliang - June 9, 1885 Treaty of Portugal Beijing Yi Kuang - -1887 December 1 liter Sino-British Treaty of Indo-Tibetan Thai - - March 17, 1890 Yang Ru-US treaty laborers --1,894 March 7, Japan-China Treaty of Shimonoseki Li on 36,000 square kilometers (Taiwan and the Penghu Islands) two million two 1895 on April 7, Japan-China Treaty of Li redemption of the Liaodong Peninsula in southern Liaoning Triple 10,002,000 November 8, 1895 Russian secret about Li - June 3, 1896 Sino-German Treaty of rubber O lease Li - 1896 Sino-British on June 3 Extension of Hong Kong New Territories boundary special section Li (lease ninety nine) -1898 Power Allied Forces in June 9, Li Boxer Protocol - one billion two, the actual payment of about 60% of the 1901 September 07, Sino-British Treaty of Tibet and India to renew Tong - 1904 on July 9, Japan the aftermath of the Treaty, also known as Manchurian "is about meeting the Northeast and with some issues," Yi Kuang, Hong-Qi Qu, Yuan - December 22, 1905 Russian Manchuria community about Songxiao Lim 1400 square kilometers (Argun North) -1911 December 20, the national flag in the Qing Dynasty Dragon flag and national anthem on the other dynasty in Chinese history, as the Qing Dynasty had no statutory national flag and national anthem. Modern times, with the contacts with the West Qing Qing gradually introducing the concepts of Western countries, including the national flag and national anthem. 1888 (Guangxu fourteen years), the Qing government to recognize the "yellow Blue Dragon play Red Bead map" (commonly known as the Qing "Dragon Flag") to the Qing flag. Late 19th century to early 20th century, the Qing Dynasty has worked with "Celebration Music", "Lizhong Tang music," "Ode to Dragon flag" as a semi-official national anthem or on behalf of the national anthem. Until 1911, the Qing government _set_, "Gong Ca Mau," as the official national anthem, but since the 1911 Revolution broke out, "Gong Ca Mau" was not popular.
Qing Dynasty empress and imperial concubines