Macroeconomics, that a period of a person or a country's total expenditures for consumer goods. Strictly speaking, the "consumer" should only refer to this period are entirely used up in the (share-off or "eaten) for consumer goods. But in fact, consumer spending, including all purchased goods, among which the use of many goods far beyond the inspection time to time, such as furniture, clothing and automobiles. 30 years of this century ago, research on consumption theory is relatively simple. At that time the orthodox theory is the dominant theory of Marshall's demand. The gist of this demand theory: Suppose consumer income constant, the number of consumer goods gained by lifting the price movements in the opposite direction. Engel coefficient is a measure of the level of consumption of the important factors. 30 years later, Keynes introduced to the macroeconomic area consumer issues, he is a consumer as the basic form of the national income distribution. Purchase of consumer goods spending, as consumer spending. See from the whole society, a person's spending is another person's income, total expenditure is equal to total income. In the two-sector economy, aggregate demand is equal to the sum of consumption and investment, remove from the investment spending aggregate demand is consumption expenditure. Keynes in the analysis based on the concept of consumption, but also raised the average propensity to consume, marginal propensity to consume, the concepts of consumer theory to add a new meaning. Consumption is a basic macroeconomics variables.
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Engel Coefficient
Engel coefficient is a measure of the level of consumption of the important factors, the Engel coefficient is: is the total amount of food expenditure proportion of total personal consumption expenditures, the formula: (food expenditure / personal (family or country) of total consumption expenditure) * 100%. The higher the Engel coefficient, indicating the poorer, the Engel coefficient, the lower that their more affluent. The Engel coefficient for the poor in more than 59% 59% 50-40-50% for food and clothing for the well-off 30-40%, lower than the richest 30%
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Consumer
Pinyin xao fei Under the new spelling reform program, will be omitted vowels. Xiao (consumption) → xao References: (new spelling reform program) Attachment:
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"2009 global cost of living," the top 25 cities
1. Tokyo, Japan 2. Osaka, Japan 3. Moscow, Russia 4. Geneva, Switzerland 5. Hong Kong, China 6. Zurich, Switzerland 7. Copenhagen, Denmark 8. New York 9. Beijing, China 10. Singapore 11. Milan, Italy 12. Shanghai, China 13. Paris, France 14. Oslo, Norway 15. Caracas, Venezuela 16. London 17. Tel Aviv, Israel 18. Rome, Italy 19. Helsinki, Finland 20. Dubai, United Arab Emirates 21. Geneva, Austria 22. Shenzhen, China 23. Los Angeles tied 23. Guangzhou, China 25. Dublin, Ireland
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Economic Wikipedia
People use of material to meet the needs of the process of production and living. Consumption, including Production and consumption and personal consumption. Production and consumption is in the process of material production and of production Use and cost of labor, is a direct act of production, production and consumption and production is the same. A Produced for human consumption is that people put out of material and spiritual products to meet individual needs Behavior and processes. Personal consumption is essential for restoring and developing the conditions of labor, but also security Permit the normal process of social reproduction of the premise. Commonly referred to as consumption mainly refers to private consumption. This consumption is determined by production, consumption, production of material objects to create, produce and create a consumer And consumption structure, production and create a spending power, there is no consumption without production. However, elimination Costs of production also has some reaction, consumption of workers engaged in the production of reproduction out, consumption record Create the power production and consumption to create new needs, which provides the direction and development of production materials Quality content.
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Encyclopedia
xiaofei Consumer consumption People in order to meet the needs of production and living information on the substance use and consumption. Including the production and consumption and consumption. Generally refers to production and consumption in the production process of production use and consumption. Generalized also include labor in the production process of consumption. Of labor (such as machinery and plant, etc.) used multiple times in the production process, and its long-standing physical form, but can not always be due to wear out its functions, and become a wreck; labor object is to change shape, performance and position, the original The physical form is gone, turned into new products. Labor consumption in the production process is labor intensive physical and mental. Production and labor as factors of production, consumption, is the production process, including the production of its own. Marx said: "act of production itself, it is also all the elements of consumer behavior" ("Marx and Engels, _Select_ed Works," Volume 2, p. 93). The results of production and consumption is produced with a use value of products (including services). To production in general, consume less factors of production, produce more products, is an important way for expanded reproduction. However, different social systems, this process has different characteristics. In a capitalist system, the purpose is the pursuit of the production of surplus value, which the capitalists trying to advance with a minimum of capital, access to as much as the form of surplus value into profit. Meanwhile, the anarchy of capitalist production, and periodic economic crises, but also caused the production results and a huge waste of social wealth. Under the socialist system, the production is designed to meet the working people's material and cultural life of the growing need, which determines the need for socialist enterprises may also be materialized through the conservation of living labor and the labor consumption of ways to reduce production, but also by improving management, improve equipment utilization, the use of advanced technology and rational organization and use of human and other measures to reduce the production of consumption. Personal consumption spending and social spending can be divided into consumer and social spending. Personal consumption by individuals and family members to maintain their survival, development and the needs of species Fanyan variety of subsistence consumption. Because different social systems, personal consumption of a different nature. In a capitalist system, workers in personal consumption is a necessary condition for the reproduction of labor goods, is so that workers can continue to re-emergence of the guarantee on the labor market, which is but one element in the reproduction process of capital. The number of consumer goods by the value of labor by the decision. Marx said: the capitalists, the workers in personal consumption, "to add their own subsistence, is to maintain the functioning of their labor, just as coal, water add to the steam engine, the same oil to the wheel" ("The Complete Works of Marx and Engels," the first 23, p. 627). Under the socialist system, workers in the personal consumption is not only a social reproduction an important condition for the smooth conduct, and to meet this consumer need is the fundamental goal of socialist production. With the development of socialist construction, the scope of personal consumption will continue to expand the level of consumption will continue to increase, the composition of consumption will continue to improve the way consumers will continue to develop and improve. Social spending, including for non-material production of material consumption, such as for state administration, defense, science, culture, education, health care, environmental protection, city services, public utilities, and various aspects of life, material consumption. In different social systems, changes in social spending have different characteristics. In a capitalist system, with the inherent contradictions of capitalism
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